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603:-chieftains, however, were neither permanent nor inherited. This status came about by a combination of respect, honour, influence and wealth. The chieftains had to demonstrate their qualities as leaders, either by giving gifts to their followers or by holding great feasts. If the chieftain was seen as failing in any respect, his followers could simply choose another, more qualified
715:. The king insisted that Snorri help him bring Iceland under the sovereignty of Norway. Snorri returned home, and although he soon became the country's most powerful chieftain, he did little to enforce the king's will. According to one historian, "we do not know whether inactivity was due to lack of will or his conviction that the case was hopeless".
747:
Snorri
Sturluson returned home to Iceland, having fallen out of favor with the king because of his support for Earl Skúli in an attempted coup. Gissur Þorvaldsson, also a vassal of the Norwegian king, received instructions to assassinate Snorri. In 1241, Gissur went with many men to Snorri's home and
782:
probably means "The
Stutterer"), Snorri's brother, returned home to Iceland from abroad. He had cause for vengeance, for his brothers and father had fallen in the Battle of Örlygsstaðir. He soon showed himself to be a formidable tactician and leader. Four years later, the rule of the Ásbirnings was
794:Þórður kakali and Gissur Þorvaldsson, however, did not fight each other. Both were vassals of the king of Norway, and they appealed to him as dispute mediator. The king decided in favor of Þórður and from 1247 to 1250 Þórður ruled Iceland almost alone. He died in Norway in 1256.
743:
was the largest armed conflict in the history of
Iceland— Sturla had 1,000 armed men, and Gissur and Kolbeinn the young had 1,200 armed men. More than 50 people were killed. After this victory, Gissur and Kolbeinn became the most powerful chieftains in the country.
810:. Despite his influence and power, Gissur was unable to find the leader of the arsonists and was forced to return to Norway in 1254 to bear the censure of the king, who was displeased with his failure in bringing Iceland under the Norwegian throne.
722:
also accepted vassalage under the king. Sturla was more aggressive: he sent his uncle back to Norway and started warring with the chieftains who refused to accept the king's demands. However, Sturla and his father
Sighvatur were soundly defeated by
685:
and were obliged to do his bidding. In exchange, they received gifts, followers and a status of respect. Consequently, the greatest
Icelandic chieftains were soon affiliated with the King of Norway in one way or the other.
817:
and sent home to negotiate. Only when the king had sent his special emissary, Hallvarður gullskór ("Goldenshoes"), did the
Icelanders agree on Norwegian kingship. The commonwealth came to an end with the signing of the
610:
The greatest chieftains of the 12th and 13th century started amassing great wealth and subsuming lesser dominions. Power in the country had consolidated within the grasp of a few family clans. They were:
589:-chieftains protected the farmers in their territory and exacted compensation or vengeance if their followers' rights were violated. In exchange, the farmers pledged their support to the
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Note, however, Sverrir
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In 1252, the king sent Gissur to
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681:, King of Norway, was trying to extend his influence in Iceland. Many Icelandic chieftains became his
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578:). The North farthing had an additional three dominions because of its size. There were 39
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787:(1244 – the only naval battle in Icelandic history with Icelanders on both sides) and the
542:, the most powerful family clan in Iceland at the time. The era led to the signing of the
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Minor conflicts continued throughout
Iceland. Meanwhile, Gissur was given the title of
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463:
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parliament and (if needed) by taking up arms against his enemies. The powers of the
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906:
917:, ed. Sigurður Líndal, Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag, Sögufélagið, Reykjavík 1975.
17:
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524:) was a 42–44 year period of violent internal strife in mid-13th century
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538:, who amassed followers and fought wars, and is named for the
532:. This period is marked by the conflicts of local chieftains,
29:
748:
murdered him. Snorri's last words are said to have been "
566:(local chieftains). Iceland was effectively divided into
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effectively over, after fierce battles with Þórður. The
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913:Gunnar Karlsson: “Frá þjóðveldi til konungsríkis",
546:, which brought Iceland under the Norwegian crown.
763:An illustration of Hákon, King of Norway, and
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962:
699:The Age of the Sturlungs began in 1220, when
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8:
910:, University of California Press, USA 1990.
907:Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power
570:(quarters). Within each farthing were nine
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80:Learn how and when to remove this message
929:Auðnaróðal. Baráttan um Ísland 1096-1281
338:
43:This article includes a list of general
935:Vísindavefurinn: Hvað var Sturlungaöld?
850:
560:, power was mostly in the hands of the
105:
94:
593:, both by voting in his favor in the
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7:
824:("Old Covenant") agreement in 1264.
901:, 2. útg., Sögufélagið, Rvk. 1980.
727:, the chief of the Haukdælir, and
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1735:
1122:
116:
34:
27:Period of the Icelandic history
924:, Sögufélagið, Reykjavík 1972.
731:, chief of the Ásbirnings, in
1:
931:, Reykjavík: Sögufélag, 1980.
128:Timeline of Icelandic history
920:”Goðar og bændur”, s. 5–57,
711:writers, became a vassal of
331:Allied occupation of Iceland
521:[ˈstʏ(r)tluŋkaˌœlt]
322:British invasion of Iceland
1931:
1792:Eyjólfur ofsi Þorsteinsson
1110:2008–2011 financial crisis
528:. It is documented in the
1767:Þórður kakali Sighvatsson
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871:Karlsson, Gunnar (2000).
776:Þórður kakali Sighvatsson
753:
718:In 1235, Snorri's nephew
1298:Administrative divisions
1905:13th century in Iceland
1782:Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson
798:End of the commonwealth
357:Iceland in the Cold War
64:more precise citations.
1915:Sturlungar family clan
1910:13th-century conflicts
1869:Icelandic Commonwealth
1814:Battle of Örlygsstaðir
875:The History of Iceland
834:Icelandic Commonwealth
771:
741:Battle of Örlygsstaðir
705:Sturlungar family clan
558:Icelandic Commonwealth
516:
156:Icelandic Commonwealth
1801:Battles and conflicts
1080:Independence Movement
1075:Danish trade monopoly
804:burning his residence
762:
707:and one of the great
695:Rise of the Sturlungs
673:, of Hvammur in Dalir
429:Icelandic nationality
340:Invader relationships
276:Independence movement
243:Danish trade monopoly
145:Settlement of Iceland
1688:Age of the Sturlungs
897:Björn Þorsteinsson:
505:Age of the Sturlungs
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1849:Haakon IV of Norway
1787:Brandur Kolbeinsson
927:Sverrir Jakobsson:
899:Íslensk miðaldasaga
713:Haakon IV of Norway
703:, chieftain of the
1826:Battle of Haugsnes
1820:Battle of the Gulf
1777:Gissur Þorvaldsson
1762:Sturla Sighvatsson
1757:Sighvatr Sturluson
1498:Icelandic Language
940:2012-02-07 at the
839:History of Iceland
789:Battle of Haugsnes
785:Battle of the Gulf
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725:Gissur Þorvaldsson
720:Sturla Sighvatsson
296:Kingdom of Iceland
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750:Eigi skal höggva!
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1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
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1068:
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1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
952:
949:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
926:
923:
919:
916:
912:
909:
908:
903:
900:
896:
895:
891:
882:
877:
876:
867:
864:
860:
854:
851:
844:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
825:
823:
822:
816:
811:
809:
805:
797:
795:
792:
790:
786:
781:
777:
770:
766:
761:
757:
751:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
689:
687:
684:
680:
679:Hákon the Old
672:
668:
666:
662:
661:Svínfellingar
658:
656:
652:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
625:
621:
618:
614:
613:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
597:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:
559:
552:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
494:
489:
487:
482:
480:
475:
474:
472:
471:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
454:
453:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
409:
408:
397:
396:
392:
387:
386:
382:
377:
373:
368:
364:
359:
358:
354:
349:
348:
344:
341:
337:
332:
328:
323:
319:
314:
313:
309:
307:
303:
298:
297:
293:
288:
287:
283:
278:
277:
273:
272:
266:
265:
254:
253:
249:
244:
240:
235:
231:
226:
225:
221:
216:
212:
207:
206:
202:
196:
192:
187:
186:
182:
177:
173:
168:
164:
158:
157:
152:
147:
146:
142:
141:
135:
134:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
119:
115:
114:
111:
104:
99:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1864:Old Covenant
1695:Family clans
1687:
1556:Coat of arms
1536:Architecture
1478:Demographics
1427:Nordic model
1323:Human rights
1308:Constitution
1090:World War II
1065:Sturlung Era
1064:
1050:Commonwealth
921:
914:
905:
898:
892:Bibliography
874:
866:
858:
853:
819:
812:
808:Skagafjörður
801:
793:
779:
773:
769:Flateyjarbók
752:" (English:
749:
746:
737:Skagafjörður
733:Örlygsstaðir
717:
698:
676:
645:Skagafjörður
628:Rangárvellir
609:
607:to support.
604:
600:
594:
590:
586:
584:
579:
575:
574:-dominions (
571:
562:
555:
550:
544:Old Covenant
533:
517:Sturlungaöld
509:Sturlung Era
508:
504:
502:
393:
383:
355:
345:
312:World War II
310:
306:Act of Union
294:
284:
274:
250:
222:
215:Old Covenant
203:
185:Sturlung era
184:
183:
154:
143:
76:
67:
48:
1707:Ásbirningar
1394:Agriculture
1338:LGBT rights
1157:Earthquakes
1070:Reformation
1060:Aristocracy
1022:Prohibition
1017:Nationality
859:Auðnaróðal,
641:Ásbirningar
631: [
419:Aristocracy
286:Prohibition
234:Reformation
224:Danish rule
138:Middle ages
107:History of
62:introducing
1899:Categories
1712:Oddaverjar
1702:Sturlungar
1606:Television
1576:Mass media
1571:Literature
1493:Icelanders
1488:Healthcare
1411:(currency)
1348:Parliament
1258:Localities
1222:Waterfalls
1045:Settlement
879:. p.
845:References
671:Sturlungar
655:Ísafjörður
624:Oddaverjar
399:2020–2022
389:2008–2011
370:1948–1976
361:1947–1991
334:1940–1945
316:1939–1944
300:1918–1944
290:1915–1989
280:1809–1847
269:Modern era
256:1783–1785
246:1602–1874
237:1536–1627
228:1380–1918
209:1262–1380
198:1178–1297
195:Staðamálin
189:1180–1264
45:references
1859:Vassalage
1717:Haukdælir
1503:Languages
1483:Education
1447:Transport
1432:Outvasion
1358:President
1313:Elections
1253:Farthings
1236:Political
1217:Volcanoes
1187:Highlands
1133:Geography
774:In 1236,
617:Haukdælir
568:farthings
540:Sturlungs
513:Icelandic
179:999–1118
167:Farthings
160:930–1262
1842:Politics
1641:Category
1508:Religion
1473:Abortion
1437:Taxation
1343:Military
1286:Politics
1248:Counties
1227:Wildlife
1182:Glaciers
1105:Cod Wars
1100:Cold War
1095:Invasion
1037:Timeline
1012:Military
1007:Economic
999:By topic
982:articles
938:Archived
861:p. 122).
828:See also
576:"Goðorð"
459:Category
367:Cod Wars
149:870–930
98:a series
96:Part of
70:May 2021
1879:Alþingi
1874:Jarldom
1625:Outline
1561:Cuisine
1523:Culture
1461:Society
1442:Tourism
1399:Banking
1382:Economy
1303:Cabinet
1268:Regions
1212:Valleys
1192:Islands
1177:Geology
1172:Forests
1152:Climate
1145:Natural
1085:Kingdom
990:History
978:Iceland
767:, from
690:History
683:vassals
663:of the
596:Alþingi
556:In the
526:Iceland
507:or the
109:Iceland
58:improve
1884:Goðorð
1834:(1253)
1828:(1246)
1822:(1244)
1816:(1238)
1810:(1208)
1646:Portal
1551:Cinema
1531:Anthem
1417:Energy
1409:Króna
1207:Rivers
1167:Fjords
1027:Rulers
980:
922:Saga X
780:kakali
739:. The
580:Goðorð
464:Portal
444:Rulers
100:on the
47:, but
1632:Index
1601:Sport
1586:Names
1581:Music
1546:Chess
1513:Women
1197:Lakes
643:, of
635:]
626:, of
563:goðar
551:Goðar
535:goðar
379:1949
351:1944
325:1940
218:1262
1566:Flag
815:Jarl
669:The
659:The
649:The
639:The
622:The
615:The
605:Goði
601:Goði
591:Goði
587:Goði
585:The
572:Goði
503:The
170:965
1541:Art
1328:Law
806:in
756:).
735:in
653:of
1901::
881:80
633:is
582:.
515::
1680:e
1673:t
1666:v
970:e
963:t
956:v
883:.
511:(
492:e
485:t
478:v
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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