Macular degeneration

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several functions of the retinal pigment epithelium. One of the main functions of the retinal pigment epithelium is to minimize oxidative stress. It does so by absorbing light, and thus preventing it from getting to the underlying layers. The layers underlying the retinal pigment epithelium are very vascularlized so they have very high oxygen tension. Thus, if light was to get to those layers, many free radicals would form and cause damage to nearby tissues. The deepest layer that undergoes atrophy in geographic atrophy is called the choriocappilaris. It is a capillary network that provides nutrients to the retinal pigment epithelium.

336: 1524:(RPE) (see diagram) has an essential role in the eye. It secretes a large variety of factors including at least 22 proteins important in maintaining the structure, function and micro-environments on the two sides of the RPE. (The two sides of the RPE include the choroid side, where blood vessels form and bring nourishment to the eye, and the photoreceptor side, with rods and cones that receive light signals.) In particular, the RPE secretes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at its basement membrane, with the VEGF reaching the choriocapillaris to maintain proper blood vessel formation in the choroid region. 1440:

years of age. Smoking is the strongest modifiable risk factor. As of 2008, age-related macular degeneration accounts for more than 54% of all vision loss in the white population in the US. An estimated 8 million Americans are affected with early age-related macular degeneration, of whom over 1 million will develop advanced age-related macular degeneration within the next 5 years. In the UK, age-related macular degeneration is the cause of blindness in almost 42% of those who go blind aged 65–74 years, almost two-thirds of those aged 75–84 years, and almost three-quarters of those aged 85 years or older.

426: 1054:, tiny accumulations of extracellular material that build up on the retina. While there is a tendency for drusen to be blamed for the progressive loss of vision, drusen deposits can be present in the retina without vision loss. Some patients with large deposits of drusen have normal visual acuity. If normal retinal reception and image transmission are sometimes possible in a retina when high concentrations of drusen are present, then, even if drusen can be implicated in the loss of visual function, there must be at least one other factor that accounts for the loss of vision. 942: 328: 3693: 60: 695: 1286: 1154:(Izervay) are approved for medical use in the United States. In 2023 it was reported that the aging pigment lipofuscin can be broken down with the help of melanin and drugs through a newly discovered mechanism. The pigment lipofuscin plays a central role in the development of dry AMD and Stargardt's disease. The clinical development of this mechanism, which has the potential to clear Bruch's membrane and to reduce formation of Drusen, is in preparation. 831:. Most people with these early changes (referred to as age-related maculopathy) still have good vision. People with drusen may or may not develop AMD. In fact, the majority of people over age 60 have drusen with no adverse effects. The risk of developing symptoms is higher when the drusen are large and numerous, and associated with the disturbance in the pigmented cell layer under the macula. Large and soft drusen are thought to be related to elevated 1513: 731:(CFH) is an important inhibitor of this inflammatory cascade, and a disease-associated polymorphism in the CFH gene strongly associates with AMD. Thus an AMD pathophysiological model of chronic low grade complement activation and inflammation in the macula has been advanced. Lending credibility to this has been the discovery of disease-associated genetic polymorphisms in other elements of the complement cascade including 6566: 894:(also called atrophic AMD) is an advanced form of AMD in which progressive and irreversible loss of retinal cells leads to a loss of visual function. There are multiple layers that make up the retina, and in geographic atrophy, there are three specific layers that undergo atrophy: the choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium, and the overlying photoreceptors. 902:

Recent studies have begun to look at each layer individually. They found that decreased blood flow in the choriocapillaris precedes atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and the overlying photoreceptors. Since the choriocapillaris is a vascular layer, this may be used as an argument for why geographic atrophy could be a disease due to decreased blood flow.

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nucleotide polymorphisms which are common in the population have small effects on individual patients with AMD. Therefore, there is increasing interest in understanding the functional consequences of rare mutations, which often have more pronounced effects. Genetic testing to guide clinical management is not currently recommended.

933:(VEGF). Because these blood vessels are abnormal, these are also more fragile than typical blood vessels, which ultimately leads to blood and protein leakage below the macula. Bleeding, leaking, and scarring from these blood vessels eventually cause irreversible damage to the photoreceptors and rapid vision loss if left untreated. 319:. It most commonly occurs in people over the age of fifty and in the United States is the most common cause of vision loss in this age group. About 0.4% of people between 50 and 60 have the disease, while it occurs in 0.7% of people 60 to 70, 2.3% of those 70 to 80, and nearly 12% of people over 80 years old. 901:

The pathophysiology of geographic atrophy is still uncertain. Some studies questioned whether it was due to a deficient retinal pigment epithelium, leading to increased oxidative stress. Other studies have looked for inflammatory causes of damage. Thus far, the medical community is still not certain.

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The three layers that undergo atrophy in geographic atrophy are all adjacent to each other. The photoreceptors are the most superficial and they are the cells that are responsible for converting energy from the light from the outside world, into an electrical signal to be sent to the brain. There are

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The area of the macula constitutes only about 2.1% of the retina, and the remaining 97.9% (the peripheral field) remains unaffected by the disease. Even though the macula provides such a small fraction of the visual field, almost half of the visual cortex is devoted to processing macular information.

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Age-related macular degeneration is a main cause of central blindness among the working-aged population worldwide. As of 2022, it affects more than 200 million people globally with the prevalence expected to increase to 300 million people by 2040 as the proportion of elderly persons in the population

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The transition from dry to wet AMD can happen rapidly, and if it is left untreated can lead to legal blindness in as little as six months. To prevent this from occurring and to initiate preventive strategies earlier in the disease process, dark adaptation testing may be performed. A dark adaptometer

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Dry AMD (also called nonexudative AMD) is a broad designation, encompassing all forms of AMD that are not neovascular (wet AMD). This includes early and intermediate forms of AMD, as well as the advanced form of dry AMD known as geographic atrophy. Dry AMD patients tend to have minimal symptoms in

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As illustrated by the Figure in this section, derived from data presented by the National Eye Institute of the United States, among those over 80 years of age, White individuals are more than 6-fold more likely to develop AMD than Black or Hispanic individuals. Thus, white background is a major risk

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Early or intermediate AMD may be asymptomatic, or it may present with blurred or decreased vision in one or both eyes. This may manifest initially as difficulty with reading or driving (especially in poorly lit areas). Other symptoms of AMD include distortion of vision and blind spots (especially in

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or complement inhibitors. However, there remain several challenges to using predictive tools which incorporate genetic variation in clinical practice. As well as our limited understanding of the way that different genetic variants and environmental factors interact to influence AMD risk, the single

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Smoking: Smoking tobacco increases the risk of AMD by two to three times that of someone who has never smoked, and may be the most important modifiable factor in its prevention. A review of previous studies found "a strong association between current smoking and AMD. ... Cigarette smoking is likely

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Macular degeneration by itself will not lead to total blindness. For that matter, only a small number of people with visual impairment are totally blind. In almost all cases, some vision remains, mainly peripheral. Other complicating conditions may lead to such an acute condition (severe stroke or

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The prevalence of any age-related macular degeneration is higher in Europeans than in Asians and Africans. There is no difference in prevalence between Asians and Africans. The incidence of age-related macular degeneration and its associated features increases with age and is low in people <55

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due to the risk of lung cancer in smokers taking beta-carotene. There is some evidence to indicate that people with bilateral early or intermediate AMD, or intermediate AMD in one eye and advanced AMD in the other eye may benefit from vitamin and mineral supplementation. AREDS supplementation may

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Treatment of AMD varies depending on the category of the disease at the time of diagnosis. In general, treatment is aimed at slowing down the progression of AMD. As of 2018, there are no treatments to reverse the effects of AMD. Early-stage and intermediate-stage AMD is managed by modifying known

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In late AMD, enough retinal damage occurs that, in addition to drusen, people will also begin to experience symptomatic central vision loss. The damage can either be the development of atrophy or the onset of neovascular disease. Late AMD is further divided into two subtypes based on the types of

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can lead to the identification of genetic variation which can predispose to AMD, the complex pathogenesis of the condition prevents the use of these tests in routine practice. Nevertheless, they can be useful in selecting patients for clinical trials and analysing their response to treatment. The

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Because peripheral vision is not affected, persons with macular degeneration can learn to use their remaining vision to partially compensate. Assistance and resources are available in many countries and every state in the U.S. Classes for "independent living" are given and some technology can be

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It was recently discovered that the aging pigment lipofuscin can be broken down with the help of melanin and drugs through a newly discovered mechanism (chemical excitation). The pigment lipofuscin plays a central role in the development of dry AMD and geographic atrophy. This breakdown can be

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Cataract surgery could improve visual outcomes for people with AMD, though there have been concerns about surgery increasing the progression of AMD. A randomized controlled trial found that people who underwent immediate cataract surgery (within two weeks) had improved visual acuity and better

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are reviewed by Markiewicz and Idowu. Also, as reviewed by Sturm et al. "increasing intracellular concentrations of either tyrosine or L-DOPA both result in an increase in melanogenesis" or formation of the black pigment melanin. Thus there appears to be an association between reduced L-DOPA

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analysis has identified 5 sets of gene variants at three locations on different chromosomes (1, 6 and 10) as explaining at least 50% of the risk. These genes have roles regulating the immune response, inflammatory processes and homeostasis of the retina. Variants of these genes give rise to

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Many factors, including genetic factors, hypoxia, oxidative stress and inflammatory stressors, may cause pathologic over-production of VEGF by the RPE. This over-production causes excess blood vessel formation in the choroid region (the choriocapillaris), which is a major cause of wet AMD.

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Pigmentary changes in the retina – In addition to the pigmented cells in the iris (the colored part of the eye), there are pigmented cells beneath the retina. As these cells break down and release their pigment, dark clumps of released pigment and later, areas that are less pigmented may

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Blurred vision: Those with nonexudative (dry) macular degeneration may be asymptomatic or notice a gradual loss of central vision, whereas those with exudative (wet) macular degeneration often notice a rapid onset of vision loss (often caused by leakage and bleeding of abnormal blood

713:(RPE) thinning or depigmentation that precede geographic atrophy in the early stages of AMD. In advanced stages of AMD, atrophy of the RPE (geographic atrophy) and/or development of new blood vessels (neovascularization) result in the death of photoreceptors and central vision loss. 1205:

use of cheaper bevacizumab over the approved, but expensive, ranibizumab. Ranibizumab is a smaller fragment, Fab fragment, of the parent bevacizumab molecule specifically designed for eye injections. Other approved antiangiogenic drugs for the treatment of neo-vascular AMD include

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help slow the progression to more severe forms of AMD and there is some evidence of improved visual acuity at 5 years. There is no evidence that micronutrient supplementation prevents AMD progression in those with severe disease or prevents disease onset in those without AMD.

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brains, is one of the proteins that accumulate in AMD, which is a reason why AMD is sometimes called "Alzheimer's of the eye" or "Alzheimer's of the retina". AMD can be divided into 3 stages: early, intermediate, and late, based partially on the extent (size and number) of

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Genetic testing can help identify whether a patient with AMD is at a greater risk of developing the condition and can inform disease progression. Genetic testing can also allow researchers to identify whether patients are more or less likely to respond to treatments, such

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found that the systemic safety of bevacizumab and ranibizumab are similar when used to treat neovascular AMD, except for gastrointestinal disorders. Bevacizumab however is not FDA approved for treatment of macular degeneration. A controversy in the UK involved the

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and/or iRORA (incomplete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy). These 'high-risk' subgroups of intermediate AMD can be used to inform patients of theirs prognosis. In addition, these can be applied in clinical trials as endpoints.

1181:, meaning they are injected directly into the eye. Bevacizumab is another VEGF inhibitor that has been shown to have similar efficacy and safety as the previous two drugs, however, is not currently indicated for AMD. AMD can also be treated with 1018:

changes (for wet AMD). Preferential hyperacuity perimetry is a test that detects drastic changes in vision and involves the macula being stimulated with distorted patterns of dots and the patient identification of where in the visual field this

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production and white skin. As suggested by the Figure and information in this section, reduced L-DOPA, resulting in white skin, appears to be associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration for white individuals over the age of 80.

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In addition, people with dry macular degeneration often do not experience any symptoms but can experience gradual onset of blurry vision in one or both eyes. People with wet macular degeneration may experience acute onset of visual symptoms.

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The imbalance between the production of damaged cellular components and degradation leads to the accumulation of harmful products, for example, intracellular lipofuscin and extracellular drusen. Incipient atrophy is demarcated by areas of

4896: 724:, causing atrophy and scarring to the retina. In the wet (exudative) form, which is more severe, blood vessels grow up from the choroid (neovascularization) behind the retina which can leak exudate and fluid and also cause hemorrhaging. 358:, in which a grid of straight lines appears wavy and parts of the grid may appear blank: Patients often first notice this when looking at things like miniblinds in their home or telephone poles while driving. There may also be central 3980:

Rohrer B, Long Q, Coughlin B, Renner B, Huang Y, Kunchithapautham K, et al. (2010). "A Targeted Inhibitor of the Complement Alternative Pathway Reduces RPE Injury and Angiogenesis in Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration".

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the earlier stages; visual function loss occurs more often if the condition advances to geographic atrophy. Dry AMD accounts for 80–90% of cases and tends to progress slowly. In 10–20% of people, dry AMD progresses to the wet type.

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Maller J, George S, Purcell S, Fagerness J, Altshuler D, Daly MJ, et al. (September 2006). "Common variation in three genes, including a noncoding variant in CFH, strongly influences risk of age-related macular degeneration".

2111:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1557:

There are a few other (rare) kinds of macular degeneration with similar symptoms but unrelated in etiology to Wet or Dry age-related macular degeneration. They are all genetic disorders that may occur in childhood or middle age.

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With regards to AREDS-1 compared with AREDS-2 formulations, there is only weak evidence comparing the effectiveness of each formulation and the effectiveness of lutein and zeaxanthin as a replacement in the AREDS-2 formulation.

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can help in predicting wet AMD early enough to make prevention possible. A study tested an AI model for predicting whether people with wet AMD in one eye would develop it in the other within six months. Compared to doctors and

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Radiotherapy has been proposed as a treatment for wet AMD but the evidence to support the use of modern stereotactic radiotherapy combined with anti-VEGF is currently uncertain and is awaiting the results of ongoing studies.

1576:(juvenile macular degeneration, STGD) is an autosomal recessive retinal disorder characterized by juvenile-onset macular dystrophy, alterations of the peripheral retina, and subretinal deposition of lipofuscin-like material. 5270:

Okada M, Kandasamy R, Chong EW, McGuiness M, Guymer RH (August 2018). "The Treat-and-Extend Injection Regimen Versus Alternate Dosing Strategies in Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

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different kinds of dysfunction in these processes. Over time, this results in accumulation of intracellular and extracellular metabolic debris. This can cause scarring of the retina or breakdown of its vascularization.

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Hughes AE, Orr N, Esfandiary H, Diaz-Torres M, Goodship T, Chakravarthy U (October 2006). "A common CFH haplotype, with deletion of CFHR1 and CFHR3, is associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration".

1225:, the patients always receive treatment, but the interval to the next visit is extended if the lesion was inactive. Recently, researchers have started to apply AI algorithms to predict the future need for treatment. 2498: 269:, cellular debris in their macula that gradually damages light-sensitive cells and leads to vision loss. In wet form AMD, blood vessels grow under the macula, causing blood and fluid to leak into the retina. 6370:

Lyu Y, Tschulakow AV, Wang K, Brash DE, Schraermeyer U. Chemiexcitation and melanin in photoreceptor disc turnover and prevention of macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(20):e2216935120.

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The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration is not well known, although some theories have been put forward, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory processes.

6096:"Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease" 3708:"Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease" 1273:

Nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors like they are used in anti-HIV therapy was associated with a reduced risk of developing atrophic macular degeneration. This is because Alu elements undergo

618:(CFH), factor B (CFB) and factor 3 (C3), among others, are strongly associated with a person's risk for developing AMD. CFH is involved in inhibiting the inflammatory response. The mutation in CFH ( 486:): In the ALIENOR study 2013, early and late AMD were not significantly associated with systolic or diastolic blood pressure (BP), hypertension, or use of antihypertensive medications, but elevated 1326:

Video cameras can be fed into standard or special-purpose computer monitors, and the image can be zoomed in and magnified. These systems often include a movable table to move the written material.

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increases. It affects females more frequently than males, and it is more common in those of European or North American ancestry. In 2013, it was the fourth most common cause of blindness, after

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Recently, subgroups of intermediate AMD have been identified, which have a very high risk of progression toward late AMD. This subgroup (depending on the precise definitions) is termed nascent

2878:"Association between dietary fat intake and age-related macular degeneration in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS): an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative" 638:, is strongly associated with the occurrence of AMD. The authors of both papers consider their study to underscore the influence of the complement pathway in the pathogenesis of this disease. 4688:"Diagnostic accuracy of the Amsler grid and the preferential hyperacuity perimetry in the screening of patients with age-related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis" 4073:

Fritsche LG, Loenhardt T, Janssen A, Fisher SA, Rivera A, Keilhauer CN, et al. (July 2008). "Age-related macular degeneration is associated with an unstable ARMS2 (LOC387715) mRNA".

4024:"Sublytic membrane-attack-complex (MAC) activation alters regulated rather than constitutive vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in retinal pigment epithelium monolayers" 1092:

Dietary supplements may be suggested for people with AMD, with the goal of reducing damage to the cells in the retina with antioxidants. The formulations commonly suggested are known as

239:. Early on there are often no symptoms. Over time, however, some people experience a gradual worsening of vision that may affect one or both eyes. While it does not result in complete 851:

Intermediate AMD is diagnosed by large drusen and/or any retinal pigment abnormalities. Intermediate AMD may cause some vision loss, but, like early AMD, it is usually asymptomatic.

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Chen LJ, Liu DT, Tam PO, Chan WM, Liu K, Chong KK, et al. (December 2006). "Association of complement factor H polymorphisms with exudative age-related macular degeneration".

1076:(CNV): dry AMD (no CNV present) or wet AMD (CNV present). No effective treatments exist for dry AMD. The CNV present in wet AMD is managed with vascular endothelial growth factor ( 3421:

Maller JB, Fagerness JA, Reynolds RC, Neale BM, Daly MJ, Seddon JM (October 2007). "Variation in complement factor 3 is associated with risk of age-related macular degeneration".

622:) results in reduced ability of the protein to localise to and protect tissues such as the retina from complement overactivation. Absence of the complement factor H-related genes 1064:

risk factors such as smoking cessation, management of hypertension and atherosclerosis and making dietary modifications. For intermediate-stage AMD, management also includes

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There is a loss of contrast sensitivity, so that contours, shadows, and color vision are less vivid. The loss in contrast sensitivity can be quickly and easily measured by a

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correlate with disease progression. The early stigmata of disease, drusen, are rich in cholesterol, offering face validity to the results of genome-wide association studies.

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Exercising, eating well, and not smoking may reduce the risk of macular degeneration. There is no cure or treatment that restores the vision already lost. In the wet form,

262:. Severity is divided into early, intermediate, and late types. The late type is additionally divided into "dry" and "wet" forms, with the dry form making up 90% of cases. 4922: 7731: 2211: 5449: 1348: 1262:

is administered intravenously; light of a certain wavelength is then applied to the abnormal blood vessels. This activates the verteporfin destroying the vessels.

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practice guidelines do not recommend laser coagulation therapy for macular degeneration, but state that it may be useful in people with new blood vessels in the

5406:"Machine Learning Can Predict Anti-VEGF Treatment Demand in a Treat-and-Extend Regimen for Patients with Neovascular AMD, DME, and RVO Associated Macular Edema" 1217:

These anti-VEGF agents may be administered monthly or adaptively. For adaptive anti-VEGF treatment, two approaches are conventionally applied. In the case of

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AMD is a highly heritable condition. Recurrence ratios for siblings of an affected individual are three- to six-fold higher than in the general population.

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Ferris FL, Wilkinson CP, Bird A, Chakravarthy U, Chew E, Csaky K, et al. (April 2013). "Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration".

6556: 4986:"Brolucizumab: Evolution through Preclinical and Clinical Studies and the Implications for the Management of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 8291: 6473: 3521:

Dewan A, Liu M, Hartman S, Zhang SS, Liu DT, Zhao C, et al. (November 2006). "HTRA1 promoter polymorphism in wet age-related macular degeneration".

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performed a screen on 402 AMD patients and revealed a statistically significant correlation between mutations in fibulin-5 and incidence of the disease.

6490: 5602:"Clinical effectiveness and cost–utility of photodynamic therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and economic evaluation" 1240:

who don't respond to drug treatment. There is strong evidence that laser coagulation will result in the disappearance of drusen but does not affect

8281: 6513: 6740: 6275:"Directional protein secretion by the retinal pigment epithelium: roles in retinal health and the development of age-related macular degeneration" 5248: 843:

Early AMD is diagnosed based on the presence of medium-sized drusen, about the width of an average human hair. Early AMD is usually asymptomatic.

2518:"Melanogenic Difference Consideration in Ethnic Skin Type: A Balance Approach Between Skin Brightening Applications and Beneficial Sun Exposure" 2396:"Revisiting the role of factor H in age-related macular degeneration: Insights from complement-mediated renal disease and rare genetic variants" 1221:, the patient comes at fixed intervals, but treatment is only administered if an activity is detected (i.e., presence of fluid). In the case of 7748: 7743: 7568: 2788:"Mendelian Randomization Implicates High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol–Associated Mechanisms in Etiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 2567:

Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF (October 2001). "Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation".

5919:"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1084:

or other home visual monitoring tools can be used to monitor for development of distorted vision, which may be a sign of disease progression.

5058:"Alternative treatments to inhibit VEGF in age-related choroidal neovascularisation: 2-year findings of the IVAN randomised controlled trial" 3998: 929:. It is usually, but not always, preceded by the dry form of AMD. The proliferation of abnormal blood vessels in the retina is stimulated by 6555: 7608: 3338:"An imbalance of human complement regulatory proteins CFHR1, CFHR3 and factor H influences risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)" 1487: 5759:"Cytoplasmic synthesis of endogenous Alu complementary DNA via reverse transcription and implications in age-related macular degeneration" 4897:"FDA Approves Syfovre (pegcetacoplan injection) as the First and Only Treatment for Geographic Atrophy (GA), a Leading Cause of Blindness" 4583:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). 1277:-mediated reverse transcription in the cytoplasm resulting in DNA synthesis. First clinical trials are being prepared as of January 2021. 1007:

is now used by most ophthalmologists in the diagnosis and the follow-up evaluation of the response to treatment with antiangiogenic drugs.

5365:"Analyzing and Predicting Visual Acuity Outcomes of Anti-VEGF Therapy by a Longitudinal Mixed Effects Model of Imaging and Clinical Data" 3573: 1457:

associated with AMD are similar in molecular composition to amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and deposits in other age-related diseases such as

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protein may localize to the mitochondria and participate in energy metabolism, though much remains to be discovered about its function.

4519:"Correlations between Choriocapillaris Flow Deficits around Geographic Atrophy and Enlargement Rates Based on Swept-Source OCT Imaging" 4118:"Genetic variants near TIMP3 and high-density lipoprotein-associated loci influence susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration" 7716: 7603: 7170: 4953:"Iveric Bio Receives U.S. FDA Approval for Izervay (avacincaptad pegol intravitreal solution), a New Treatment for Geographic Atrophy" 4588: 1570:

is an autosomal dominant, retinal disease characterized by sudden acuity loss resulting from untreatable submacular neovascularisation

1077: 1015: 930: 6213:"Lentiviral delivery of co-packaged Cas9 mRNA and a Vegfa -targeting guide RNA prevents wet age-related macular degeneration in mice" 3757:"A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration" 7331: 4372:"OCT Signs of Early Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Interreader Agreement: Classification of Atrophy Meetings Report 6" 1229: 335: 7471: 2160: 1896: 1461:

and atherosclerosis. This suggests that similar pathways may be involved in the etiologies of AMD and other age-related diseases.

7436: 3876:"CFH haplotypes without the Y402H coding variant show strong association with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration" 1659: 1654: 1293: 542: 4870: 4177:"Genome-wide association study of advanced age-related macular degeneration identifies a role of the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC)" 1756: 664:

mutation: Rare forms of the disease are caused by genetic defects in fibulin-5, in an autosomal dominant manner. In 2004, Stone

8011: 7529: 7441: 6598: 2088: 998: 654:(Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor, Clade G (C1 Inhibitor), Member 1) are associated with AMD. Mutations in this gene can also cause 425: 7431: 7160: 6381: 1316: 549:. There is no evidence to support the claim that exposure to digital screens contributes to the risk of macular degeneration. 2927:"The relationship of dietary lipid intake and age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS Report No. 20" 3640:

Canter JA, Olson LM, Spencer K, Schnetz-Boutaud N, Anderson B, Hauser MA, et al. (May 2008). Nicholas Weedon M (ed.).

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Adaptive devices can help people read. These include magnifying glasses, special eyeglass lenses, computer screen readers,

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does not radiate harmful energy against human eyes, but staring at the screen for a long time without pauses does increase

7524: 7415: 7281: 6571: 5858: 5445: 1562: 1352: 953:, not necessarily vision. Early diagnosis of AMD can prevent further visual deterioration and potentially improve vision. 538:

from sunlight is maybe associated with an increased risk of developing AMD, although evidence is weaker than other causes.

244: 4614:"Delayed Rod-Mediated Dark Adaptation Is a Functional Biomarker for Incident Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 7922: 7613: 7598: 5606: 4928: 1567: 1497: 1241: 1073: 1004: 918: 388:

Formed visual hallucinations and flashing lights have also been associated with severe visual loss secondary to wet AMD

5884: 5181:"Intravitreal Ranibizumab for Choroidal Neovascularization in Best's Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy in a 6-Year-Old Boy" 956:

Diagnosis of dry (or early stage) AMD may include the following clinical examinations as well as procedures and tests:

6810: 6768: 6733: 1178: 243:, loss of central vision can make it hard to recognize faces, drive, read, or perform other activities of daily life. 59: 5099:

Moja L, Lucenteforte E, Kwag KH, Bertele V, Campomori A, Chakravarthy U, et al. (September 2014). Moja L (ed.).

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supported by medication. This discovery can be translated into the development of a therapy to treat dry AMD.

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Velilla S, García-Medina JJ, García-Layana A, Dolz-Marco R, Pons-Vázquez S, Pinazo-Durán MD, et al. (2013).

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HTRA serine peptidase 1/Age Related Maculopathy Susceptibility 2 (HTRA1/ARMS2) on chromosome 10 at location 10q26

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Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Fleckenstein M, Zouache MA, Pfau M, Pappas C, Hageman JL, et al. (3 February 2022).

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is effective and economical method, but that the benefits are limited for vessels next to or below the fovea.

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The difference between the two forms is categorized by the change in the macula. Those with dry form AMD have

4661: 1932:"Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration" 7927: 7681: 7481: 7001: 6994: 5316:"Probabilistic Forecasting of Anti-VEGF Treatment Frequency in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 5157: 1541: 1323:

computers. Also, Apple devices provide a wide range of features (voice-over, screen readers, Braille etc.).

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and Maximum Color Contrast Sensitivity test (MCCS) for assessing color acuity and color contrast sensitivity

112: 3692: 327: 8196: 8166: 8101: 8096: 7823: 7101: 6966: 6726: 5569:

Virgili G, Bini A (July 2007). "Laser photocoagulation for neovascular age-related macular degeneration".

5473:"Interventions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Are Practice Guidelines Based on Systematic Reviews?" 5025:

Virgili G, Bini A (July 2007). "Laser photocoagulation for neovascular age-related macular degeneration".

2643:

Cougnard-Grégoire A, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF, Rougier MB, Malet F, Le Goff M, et al. (March 2013).

1573: 1458: 808: 732: 678: 3642:"Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism A4917G is independently associated with age-related macular degeneration" 3092: 8139: 7815: 6510: 5256: 1329: 655: 5056:

Chakravarthy U, Harding SP, Rogers CA, Downes SM, Lotery AJ, Culliford LA, et al. (October 2013).

4323:"Prospective Longitudinal Evaluation of Nascent Geographic Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 3835:"Complement factor H polymorphism, complement activators, and risk of age-related macular degeneration" 1177:

are approved VEGF inhibitors for the treatment of CNV in wet AMD. All three drugs are administered via

1496:

are injected into the affected anatomical regions for transient editing that could reduce the area of

1196:

had similar efficacy, and reported no significant increase in adverse events with bevacizumab. A 2014

7912: 7498: 7451: 7266: 7182: 6586: 5770: 4188: 4129: 3936: 3653: 3530: 3477: 3248: 1471: 1312: 1255: 985:

In dry macular degeneration, which occurs in 85–90 percent of AMD cases, drusen spots can be seen in

965: 764: 465: 446: 281: 273: 196: 188: 117: 5101:"Systemic safety of bevacizumab versus ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration" 3336:

Fritsche LG, Lauer N, Hartmann A, Stippa S, Keilhauer CN, Oppermann M, et al. (December 2010).

3150: 8286: 8217: 8091: 7891: 7774: 7766: 7554: 7518: 7503: 7358: 7138: 6918: 6644: 5180: 4768:"Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration" 2876:

Parekh N, Voland RP, Moeller SM, Blodi BA, Ritenbaugh C, Chappell RJ, et al. (November 2009).

2737:"Cholesterol-enriched diet causes age-related macular degeneration-like pathology in rabbit retina" 1669: 1581: 1483: 926: 528: 524: 483: 4116:

Chen W, Stambolian D, Edwards AO, Branham KE, Othman M, Jakobsdottir J, et al. (April 2010).

2684:

García-Layana A, Cabrera-López F, García-Arumí J, Arias-Barquet L, Ruiz-Moreno JM (October 2017).

7828: 7578: 7486: 7410: 7363: 7175: 7111: 7096: 6956: 6905: 6522: 6452: 6397: 6248: 6125: 5814: 5739: 5296: 4821:

Sarwar S, Clearfield E, Soliman MK, Sadiq MA, Baldwin AJ, Hanout M, et al. (February 2016).

4556: 4352: 4175:

Neale BM, Fagerness J, Reynolds R, Sobrin L, Parker M, Raychaudhuri S, et al. (April 2010).

4098: 3962: 3737: 3554: 3503: 3446: 3318: 3274: 3070: 2431: 2351: 2299: 1838: 1305: 1151: 1069: 986: 891: 886: 855: 772: 520: 300: 292: 92: 31: 5757:

Fukuda S, Varshney A, Fowler BJ, Wang Sb, Narendran S, Ambati K, et al. (9 February 2021).

3755:

Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV, Hancox LS, Taiber AJ, Hardisty LI, et al. (May 2005).

2324:

Lim LS, Mitchell P, Seddon JM, Holz FG, Wong TY (May 2012). "Age-related macular degeneration".

1285: 17: 5522:"Laser treatment of drusen to prevent progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration" 3833:

Despriet DD, Klaver CC, Witteman JC, Bergen AA, Kardys I, de Maat MP, et al. (July 2006).

3577: 2109:

Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (August 2015).

1516:

This is an enlarged diagram showing the retinal pigment epithelium and its position in the eye.

1011:

Diagnosis of wet (or late stage) AMD may include the following in addition to the above tests:

379:

Trouble discerning colors, specifically dark ones from dark ones and light ones from light ones

8171: 8068: 7833: 7693: 7476: 7133: 7039: 6695: 6666: 6444: 6436: 6353: 6304: 6240: 6232: 6193: 6117: 6076: 6058: 6016: 5940: 5806: 5788: 5731: 5713: 5674: 5625: 5582: 5551: 5502: 5427: 5386: 5345: 5288: 5208: 5200: 5138: 5081: 5038: 5007: 4852: 4800: 4717: 4643: 4612:

Owsley C, McGwin G, Clark ME, Jackson GR, Callahan MA, Kline LB, et al. (February 2016).

4594: 4584: 4548: 4499: 4450: 4401: 4393: 4344: 4303: 4265: 4216: 4157: 4090: 4055: 4004: 3994: 3954: 3905: 3874:

Li M, Atmaca-Sonmez P, Othman M, Branham KE, Khanna R, Wade MS, et al. (September 2006).

3856: 3815: 3788: 3729: 3681: 3622: 3546: 3495: 3438: 3403: 3359: 3310: 3266: 3217: 3199: 3122: 3062: 3000: 2948: 2925:

SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Clemons TE, Davis MD, Ferris FL, Gensler GR, et al. (May 2007).

2907: 2858: 2817: 2768: 2717: 2666: 2625: 2584: 2549: 2480: 2423: 2415: 2343: 2291: 2142: 2069: 2051: 2010: 1992: 1961: 1878: 1830: 1649: 1355:

for macular degeneration and other (sense organ diseases) per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004

1320: 1182: 992: 635: 611: 567: 438: 383: 277: 258:. Genetic factors and smoking may play a role. The condition is diagnosed through a complete 192: 165: 76: 5404:

Gallardo M, Munk MR, Kurmann T, De Zanet S, Mosinska A, Karagoz IK, et al. (July 2021).

917:

AMD, the "wet" form of advanced AMD, causes vision loss due to abnormal blood vessel growth (

7959: 7949: 7795: 7770: 7703: 7669: 7588: 7219: 7209: 7106: 6961: 6848: 6838: 6428: 6389: 6343: 6335: 6294: 6286: 6224: 6183: 6107: 6066: 6050: 6006: 5996: 5930: 5796: 5778: 5721: 5705: 5664: 5656: 5615: 5574: 5541: 5533: 5492: 5484: 5417: 5376: 5335: 5327: 5280: 5192: 5128: 5120: 5112: 5071: 5030: 4997: 4842: 4834: 4790: 4782: 4707: 4699: 4633: 4625: 4538: 4530: 4489: 4481: 4440: 4432: 4383: 4334: 4295: 4255: 4247: 4206: 4196: 4147: 4137: 4082: 4045: 4035: 3986: 3944: 3895: 3887: 3846: 3778: 3768: 3719: 3671: 3661: 3612: 3538: 3485: 3430: 3393: 3349: 3302: 3256: 3207: 3189: 3112: 3104: 3054: 2990: 2982: 2938: 2897: 2889: 2848: 2807: 2799: 2758: 2748: 2707: 2697: 2656: 2615: 2576: 2539: 2529: 2470: 2462: 2407: 2335: 2283: 2132: 2124: 2059: 2041: 2000: 1951: 1943: 1870: 1820: 1812: 1644: 1512: 1292:, an Israeli composer who was affected by macular degeneration, checks a manuscript using a 950: 922: 571: 498: 366: 251: 144: 6388:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 6 November 2020. 3093:"Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Homozygous Risk at Chromosome 1 or 10" 2835:

Adams MK, Simpson JA, Aung KZ, Makeyeva GA, Giles GG, English DR, et al. (June 2011).

2274:

Cunningham J (March 2017). "Recognizing age-related macular degeneration in primary care".

2030:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment" 1244:. A 2007 Cochrane review on found that laser photocoagulation of new blood vessels in the 995:, points in the macula with a weak or absent response compared to a normal eye may be found 8026: 7990: 7954: 7573: 7398: 7385: 7319: 7276: 7194: 7006: 6938: 6858: 6843: 6706: 6517: 6497: 6477: 3923:

Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S, Scott WK, Olson LM, Gallins P, et al. (April 2005).

3466:"A variant of the HTRA1 gene increases susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration" 3380:

Yates JR, Sepp T, Matharu BK, Khan JC, Thurlby DA, Shahid H, et al. (9 August 2007).

1631: 1249: 1237: 1197: 749: 586: 559: 493: 170: 5363:

Vogl WD, Waldstein SM, Gerendas BS, Schlegl T, Langs G, Schmidt-Erfurth U (August 2017).

2971:"What do we know about the macular pigment in AMD: the past, the present, and the future" 1580:

Similar symptoms with a very different etiology and different treatment can be caused by

759:

Other gene markers of progression risk includes tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (

742:

at LOC 387715. An insertion/deletion polymorphism at this site reduces expression of the

727:

Early work demonstrated a family of immune mediators was plentiful in drusen. Complement

5774: 4543: 4518: 4192: 4133: 3940: 3657: 3534: 3481: 3252: 3086: 3084: 1956: 1931: 767:

metabolism in AMD progression. Variations in cholesterol metabolising genes such as the

8256: 8108: 8053: 7896: 7664: 7593: 7375: 7345: 7291: 7245: 7116: 6989: 6923: 6913: 6649: 6348: 6323: 6299: 6274: 6071: 6038: 6011: 5984: 5801: 5758: 5726: 5669: 5644: 5546: 5521: 5497: 5472: 5340: 5315: 5133: 5100: 4847: 4822: 4795: 4712: 4687: 4638: 4613: 4494: 4469: 4445: 4420: 4260: 4235: 4211: 4176: 4152: 4117: 4050: 4023: 3900: 3875: 3783: 3756: 3676: 3641: 3212: 3177: 3117: 2995: 2970: 2902: 2877: 2812: 2787: 2763: 2736: 2712: 2685: 2544: 2517: 2475: 2450: 2287: 2164: 2137: 2110: 2064: 2029: 2005: 1980: 1825: 1800: 1673: 1606: 1585: 1266:

quality of life outcomes than those who underwent delayed cataract surgery (6 months).

768: 630:

protects against AMD. Two independent studies in 2007 showed a certain common mutation

487: 355: 351: 228: 97: 6054: 5935: 5918: 5076: 5057: 2580: 2411: 2339: 2128: 961:

can detect subclinical AMD at least three years earlier than it is clinically evident.

610:

Polymorphisms in genes for complement system proteins: Variation in the genes for the

250:

Macular degeneration typically occurs in older people, and is caused by damage to the

8275: 8176: 8031: 7971: 7688: 7636: 7583: 7513: 7422: 7309: 7286: 7214: 7123: 6928: 6833: 6456: 6401: 6382:"Artificial intelligence can predict the development of a leading cause of blindness" 6339: 6252: 6212: 5818: 5743: 4356: 4102: 3108: 2686:"Early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: update and clinical review" 2602:

Thornton J, Edwards R, Mitchell P, Harrison RA, Buchan I, Kelly SP (September 2005).

2435: 2303: 2186: 1842: 1748: 1639: 1147: 1125: 1113: 979: 787:

In AMD there is a progressive accumulation of characteristic yellow deposits, called

512: 312: 81: 6129: 5300: 4560: 4517:

Thulliez M, Zhang Q, Shi Y, Zhou H, Chu Z, de Sisternes L, et al. (June 2019).

4370:

Wu Z, Pfau M, Blodi BA, Holz FG, Jaffe GJ, Liakopoulos S, et al. (March 2021).

3966: 3925:"Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration" 3741: 3558: 3507: 3322: 3278: 3074: 2893: 2395: 2355: 8041: 7869: 7250: 7165: 7073: 6951: 6946: 6891: 6886: 6417:"Predicting conversion to wet age-related macular degeneration using deep learning" 6416: 5709: 5660: 5578: 5537: 5116: 5034: 4838: 4786: 4767: 3599:

Udar N, Atilano SR, Memarzadeh M, Boyer DS, Chwa M, Lu S, et al. (June 2009).

3450: 2451:"Genetics of age-related macular degeneration: current concepts, future directions" 1947: 1611: 1274: 1170: 804: 671: 236: 105: 6415:

Yim J, Chopra R, Spitz T, Winkens J, Obika A, Kelly C, et al. (18 May 2020).

3464:

Yang Z, Camp NJ, Sun H, Tong Z, Gibbs D, Cameron DJ, et al. (November 2006).

2645:"Long-term blood pressure and age-related macular degeneration: the ALIENOR study" 2256:

Roberts DL (September 2006). "The First Year – Age Related Macular Degeneration".

2241:

Roberts DL (September 2006). "The First Year – Age Related Macular Degeneration".

1930:

Evans JR, Lawrenson JG (13 September 2023). Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (ed.).

6660: 6554: 5693: 5488: 5448:. American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern. 29 January 2015. 5314:

Pfau M, Sahu S, Rupnow RA, Romond K, Millet D, Holz FG, et al. (June 2021).

5196: 5002: 4985: 4629: 4468:

Kauppinen A, Paterno JJ, Blasiak J, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K (6 February 2016).

4321:

Wu Z, Luu CD, Hodgson LA, Caruso E, Tindill N, Aung KZ, et al. (June 2020).

4299: 3990: 3985:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 703. pp. 137–49. 3666: 2803: 2466: 8240: 8191: 8134: 8129: 8086: 8064: 7975: 7966: 7886: 7864: 7676: 7648: 7446: 7314: 7155: 6976: 6853: 6805: 6752: 6690: 6322:

Penn JS, Madan A, Caldwell RB, Bartoli M, Caldwell RW, Hartnett ME (July 2008).

5958: 5917:

Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CM, Klein R, Cheng CY, et al. (February 2014).

4578: 3601:"Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups associated with age-related macular degeneration" 1259: 1211: 1193: 1189: 1166: 1162: 1142: 1081: 1065: 1045: 1023: 972: 910: 832: 641:

In two 2006 studies, another gene that has implications for the disease, called

579: 285: 232: 155: 101: 6671: 6228: 6188: 6168: 5862: 5422: 5405: 4534: 4388: 4371: 4339: 4322: 4181:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4122:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3761:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3235:

Edwards AO, Ritter R, Abel KJ, Manning A, Panhuysen C, Farrer LA (April 2005).

2943: 2926: 372:

Visual acuity drastically decreasing (two levels or more), e.g.: 20/20 to 20/80

8161: 8124: 8048: 8036: 7980: 7941: 7847: 7783: 7762: 7652: 7011: 6876: 6634: 6432: 5284: 5062: 4485: 4436: 3381: 3194: 3178:"Not All Stressors Are Equal: Mechanism of Stressors on RPE Cell Degeneration" 2986: 2394:

Tzoumas N, Hallam D, Harris CL, Lako M, Kavanagh D, Steel DH (November 2020).

2326: 2115: 1874: 1621: 1601: 1493: 1207: 1121: 1030:

allows for the identification and localization of abnormal vascular processes.

945:

Super resolution microscopic investigation of human eye tissue affected by AMD

600:

Complement Factor B/Complement Component 2 (CFB/CC2) on chromosome 6 at 6p21.3

546: 454: 296: 6440: 6236: 6062: 5792: 5717: 5204: 4397: 3203: 2419: 2055: 1996: 397:, etc.), but few macular degeneration patients experience total visual loss. 8212: 8186: 8060: 8006: 7994: 7879: 7874: 7859: 7855: 7393: 7091: 7068: 6881: 6828: 6823: 6800: 6718: 6701: 6112: 6095: 5783: 4201: 4142: 4040: 3949: 3924: 3773: 3724: 3707: 3542: 3490: 3465: 3261: 3236: 2753: 1546: 1333: 1289: 1202: 1174: 1105: 1097: 914: 698: 516: 308: 240: 85: 6448: 6357: 6308: 6244: 6197: 6121: 6080: 6020: 5944: 5810: 5735: 5678: 5629: 5586: 5555: 5506: 5431: 5390: 5349: 5292: 5212: 5142: 5085: 5042: 5011: 4856: 4804: 4721: 4647: 4598: 4552: 4503: 4454: 4405: 4348: 4307: 4269: 4220: 4161: 4094: 4059: 4008: 3958: 3909: 3860: 3851: 3834: 3819: 3792: 3733: 3685: 3626: 3550: 3499: 3442: 3407: 3363: 3314: 3270: 3221: 3126: 3066: 3004: 2952: 2911: 2862: 2821: 2772: 2721: 2670: 2629: 2620: 2603: 2588: 2553: 2484: 2427: 2347: 2295: 2146: 2073: 2014: 1979:

Ramin S, Soheilian M, Habibi G, Ghazavi R, Gharebaghi R, Heidary F (2015).

1965: 1882: 1834: 1332:

provides larger fonts for printed books, patterns to make tracking easier,

6617: 6001: 5520:

Virgili G, Michelessi M, Parodi MB, Bacherini D, Evans JR (October 2015).

5381: 5364: 2661: 2644: 1816: 8251: 8016: 7550: 7353: 6984: 6211:

Ling S, Yang S, Hu X, Yin D, Dai Y, Qian X, et al. (February 2021).

6094:

Mullins RF, Russell SR, Anderson DH, Hageman GS, et al. (May 2000).

5331: 4703: 4421:"Oxidative stress, innate immunity, and age-related macular degeneration" 4251: 3617: 3600: 3398: 3354: 3337: 2853: 2836: 2534: 2046: 728: 650: 615: 535: 457: 394: 316: 259: 6574:

was created from a revision of this article dated 19 July 2005

6393: 5836: 3382:"Complement C3 Variant and the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 2702: 1072:

supplementation. Advanced-stage AMD is managed based on the presence of

968:

test like Pelli Robson performed either at home or by an eye specialist.

449:

responsible for the early steps (including the first step, formation of

417:. Advanced age is the strongest predictor of AMD, particularly over 50. 8078: 8021: 7563: 7370: 7301: 7271: 7261: 6868: 6290: 5645:"Surgery for cataracts in people with age-related macular degeneration" 5643:

Casparis H, Lindsley K, Kuo IC, Sikder S, Bressler NM (February 2017).

5124: 4236:"Dementia of the eye: the role of amyloid beta in retinal degeneration" 3237:"Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration" 2604:"Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: a review of association" 1245: 1233: 828: 800: 721: 717: 505: 461: 359: 288: 5959:"Age-related macular degeneration - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment" 5227:"FDA Approves New Drug Treatment for Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 5179:

Heidary F, Hitam WH, Ngah NF, George TM, Hashim H, Shatriah I (2011).

4419:

X Shaw P, Stiles T, Douglas C, Ho D, Fan W, Du H, et al. (2016).

2735:

Dasari B, Prasanthi JR, Marwarha G, Singh BB, Ghribi O (August 2011).

949:

Diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration depends on signs in the

868:

damage: Geographic atrophy and Wet AMD (also called Neovascular AMD).

8181: 7083: 7060: 6780: 6629: 6602: 1454: 1117: 1109: 1051: 820: 813: 792: 788: 682: 450: 442: 266: 255: 148: 68: 5620: 5601: 1486:

may be used to treat wet age-related macular degeneration caused by

590:

three loci where identified gene variants are found are designated:

5471:

Lindsley K, Li T, Ssemanda E, Virgili G, Dickersin K (April 2016).

4086: 3891: 3434: 3306: 3058: 8153: 3983:

Inflammation and Retinal Disease: Complement Biology and Pathology

1347: 1284: 1093: 776: 760: 753: 744: 693: 661: 334: 326: 6520:", Macular Society. (notable for doing the voice of Wallace from 5985:"Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: review and update" 4686:

Faes L, Bodmer NS, Bachmann LM, Thiel MA, Schmid MK (July 2014).

365:

Slow recovery of visual function after exposure to bright light (

7233: 6795: 1101: 1048:

in the eye, hard exudates, subretinal/sub-RPE/intraretinal fluid

803:. This accumulation is believed to damage the retina over time. 748:

gene though destabilization of its mRNA through deletion of the

675: 490:

was significantly associated with an increased risk of late AMD.

303:

may slow the progression in those who already have the disease.

8238: 7634: 7037: 6766: 6722: 5694:"Radiotherapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration" 4470:"Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration" 1985:

Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology

975:, some straight lines appear wavy and some patches appear blank 4823:"Aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration" 1861:

Mehta S (September 2015). "Age-Related Macular Degeneration".

511:

Fat intake: Consuming high amounts of certain fats, including

6552: 4899:(Press release). Apellis Pharmaceuticals. 17 February 2023. 3706:

Mullins RF, Russell SR, Anderson DH, Hageman GS (May 2000).

2969:

Arunkumar R, Calvo CM, Conrady CD, Bernstein PS (May 2018).

1981:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Scientometric Analysis" 1026:

can visualize the leakage of bloodstream behind the macula.

594:

Complement Factor H (CFH) on chromosome 1 at location 1q31.3

566:

The list of genetic variations association with AMD include

4580:

Age-related macular degeneration: diagnosis and management

347:

Other signs and symptoms of macular degeneration include:

6143: 6037:

Coleman HR, Chan CC, Ferris FL, Chew EY (November 2008).

1141:

Further information on the investigational new drug:

5692:

Evans JR, Igwe C, Jackson TL, Chong V (26 August 2020).

2837:"Abdominal obesity and age-related macular degeneration" 1549:

the AI model predicted the development more accurately.

437:

In Caucasian (White) skin, there is a specific group of

6471:

Judi Dench 'can't read any more due to failing eyesight

2449:

Deangelis MM, Silveira AC, Carr EA, Kim IK (May 2011).

791:(buildup of extracellular proteins and lipids), in the 413:

Key risk factors are age, race/ethnicity, smoking, and

819:

AMD-like pathology begins with small yellow deposits (

720:) form, drusen accumulates between the retina and the 645:(encoding a secreted serine protease), was identified. 5446:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration PPP – Updated 2015" 2212:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration PPP – Updated 2015" 1588:

or any other condition affecting the macula, such as

441:(with single nucleotide alterations) that encode for 71:

showing intermediate age-related macular degeneration

6607: 1308:, and TV systems that enlarge the reading material. 1301:

obtained from a state department of rehabilitation.

1096:. The specific vitamins and minerals in AREDS-1 are 429:

AMD by race and age from National Eye Institute data

8205: 8152: 8117: 8077: 7989: 7940: 7905: 7846: 7814: 7782: 7761: 7702: 7647: 7543: 7384: 7344: 7300: 7241: 7232: 7082: 7059: 7050: 6975: 6937: 6904: 6867: 6788: 6779: 6681: 6611: 6324:"Vascular endothelial growth factor in eye disease" 5859:"Agencies, Centers, Organizations, & Societies" 5185:

Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus

5158:"Novartis challenges UK Avastin use in eye disease" 4955:(Press release). Astellas Pharma Inc. 4 August 2023 4234:Ratnayaka JA, Serpell LC, Lotery AJ (August 2015). 738:A powerful predictor of AMD is found on chromosome 501:: Elevated cholesterol may increase the risk of AMD 339:

The same view with age-related macular degeneration

202: 184: 176: 164: 154: 139: 131: 123: 111: 91: 75: 49: 44: 2269: 2267: 1508:RPE, L-DOPA and Melanin in amelioration of wet AMD 634:in the C3 gene, which is a central protein of the 27:Vision loss due to damage to the macula of the eye 7727:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION) 5861:. Mdsupport.org. 1 September 2005. Archived from 3574:"Gene discovery may help hunt for blindness cure" 3605:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2649:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 5763:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2499:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Tables" 578:, DNA excision repair protein, and age-related 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 2089:"Risk Factors for Macular Degeneration - AMDF" 1749:"Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 1258:has also been used to treat wet AMD. The drug 464:synthesis pathway. Many of these enzymes and 227:), is a medical condition which may result in 6734: 5249:"FDA Approves Eylea for Macular Degeneration" 4281: 4279: 8: 7801:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia 4871:"Syfovre- pegcetacoplan injection, solution" 4747:Bishop P. Age-related macular degeneration. 1492:. Scientists described an approach in which 299:do not appear to affect the onset; however, 7129:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy 5649:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5571:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5526:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5105:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5027:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4827:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4775:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3182:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 1449:Association with other age-related diseases 527:are potentially protective. In particular, 8235: 7999: 7788: 7779: 7657: 7644: 7631: 7238: 7056: 7047: 7034: 6785: 6776: 6763: 6741: 6727: 6719: 6608: 5885:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates" 5833:"Low Vision Rehabilitation Delivery Model" 4022:Kunchithapautham K, Rohrer B (July 2011). 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1665:Stem cell therapy for macular degeneration 1116:(15 mg). In the AREDS-2 formulation, 58: 41: 6347: 6298: 6187: 6111: 6070: 6010: 6000: 5934: 5800: 5782: 5725: 5668: 5619: 5545: 5496: 5421: 5380: 5339: 5132: 5075: 5001: 4846: 4794: 4711: 4637: 4577:National Guideline Alliance (UK) (2018). 4542: 4493: 4444: 4387: 4338: 4259: 4210: 4200: 4151: 4141: 4049: 4039: 3948: 3899: 3850: 3782: 3772: 3723: 3675: 3665: 3616: 3489: 3397: 3353: 3260: 3211: 3193: 3116: 2994: 2942: 2901: 2852: 2811: 2762: 2752: 2711: 2701: 2660: 2619: 2543: 2533: 2474: 2136: 2063: 2045: 2004: 1955: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1824: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 276:injected into the eye or, less commonly, 6582:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 6565: 3375: 3373: 2786:Burgess S, Davey Smith G (August 2017). 1511: 940: 424: 6273:Kay P, Yang YC, Paraoan L (July 2013). 5698:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5156:Copley C, Hirschler B (24 April 2012). 1936:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1794: 1685: 6032: 6030: 5237:from the original on 20 November 2015. 4816: 4814: 4761: 4759: 4757: 2389: 2387: 2385: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1536:Artificial intelligence for prediction 1188:A randomized control trial found that 508:is a risk factor, especially among men 344:and around the central visual field). 5912: 5910: 5895:from the original on 11 November 2009 5233:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 4903:from the original on 17 February 2023 4766:Lawrenson JG, Evans JR (April 2015). 4572: 4570: 3145: 3143: 2964: 2962: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 1759:from the original on 22 December 2015 479:to have toxic effects on the retina." 7: 7609:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 5452:from the original on 21 October 2016 4474:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 795:(a part of the retina), between the 362:, shadows or missing areas of vision 180:Exercising, eating well, not smoking 7732:non-arteritic anterior (NAION) 7569:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 6491:Joan bows out to a standing ovation 6169:"Transient editing catches the eye" 4028:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 523:, likely contributes to AMD, while 7604:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis 6039:"Age-related macular degeneration" 5255:. 19 November 2011. Archived from 2288:10.1097/01.jaa.0000512227.85313.05 2161:"Age-related Macular Degeneration" 1897:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 1801:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 1500:by 63% without inducing undesired 1016:Preferential hyperacuity perimetry 931:vascular endothelial growth factor 25: 8292:Visual disturbances and blindness 7332:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 6480:", The Guardian, 23 February 2014 5168:from the original on 22 May 2013. 3023:American Academy of Ophthalmology 2412:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.10.008 2218:. 29 January 2015. Archived from 2216:American Academy of Ophthalmology 2163:. 22 October 2013. Archived from 1230:American Academy of Ophthalmology 771:, cholesterol ester transferase, 7437:Central retinal artery occlusion 6564: 6340:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.05.001 3691: 3109:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.6072 3019:"Are Computer Glasses Worth It?" 2841:American Journal of Epidemiology 1660:Gene therapy of the human retina 1655:Gene therapy for color blindness 1624: 1340:books with both text and audio. 1311:Computer screen readers such as 217:age-related macular degeneration 53:Age-related macular degeneration 18:Age related macular degeneration 8282:Disorders of choroid and retina 7442:Branch retinal artery occlusion 7171:Terrien's marginal degeneration 5835:. Mdsupport.org. Archived from 4923:"Novel Drug Approvals for 2023" 3386:New England Journal of Medicine 2894:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.130 2690:Clinical Interventions in Aging 2516:Markiewicz E, Idowu OC (2020). 1805:New England Journal of Medicine 1504:or anti-Cas9 immune responses. 999:Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test 7472:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy 7432:Central retinal vein occlusion 7161:Pellucid marginal degeneration 6511:Patrons of the Macular Society 5710:10.1002/14651858.cd004004.pub4 5661:10.1002/14651858.CD006757.pub4 5579:10.1002/14651858.CD004763.pub2 5538:10.1002/14651858.CD006537.pub3 5117:10.1002/14651858.CD011230.pub2 5035:10.1002/14651858.cd004763.pub2 4839:10.1002/14651858.cd011346.pub2 4787:10.1002/14651858.cd010015.pub3 3572:Hirschler B (7 October 2008). 2028:Vyawahare H, Shinde P (2022). 1948:10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub5 1080:) inhibitors. Daily use of an 206:8.7% global prevalence in 2020 1: 7525:Vitelliform macular dystrophy 7416:Posterior vitreous detachment 7282:Persistent pupillary membrane 6217:Nature Biomedical Engineering 6176:Nature Biomedical Engineering 6055:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61759-6 5936:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70145-1 5077:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61501-9 2581:10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00694-1 2522:Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2340:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60282-7 2129:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 1563:Vitelliform macular dystrophy 1353:Disability-adjusted life year 1022:In wet macular degeneration, 823:) in the macula, between the 531:may decrease the risk of AMD. 8012:Leber's congenital amaurosis 7923:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 7614:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease 7599:Persistent fetal vasculature 7530:Leber's congenital amaurosis 6500:", The Guardian, 13 May 2014 5607:Health Technology Assessment 5489:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.12.004 5197:10.3928/01913913-20110308-02 5003:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.12.031 4929:Food and Drug Administration 4630:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.09.041 4300:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.036 3991:10.1007/978-1-4419-5635-4_10 3667:10.1371/journal.pone.0002091 2804:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.03.042 2467:10.3109/08820538.2011.577129 1498:choroidal neovascularization 1242:choroidal neovascularisation 1074:choroidal neovascularization 1005:Optical coherence tomography 919:choroidal neovascularization 284:may slow worsening. Dietary 6811:Meibomian gland dysfunction 685:molecule, predicts wet AMD. 30:For the advanced form, see 8308: 7535:Birdshot chorioretinopathy 7509:Central serous retinopathy 7327:Focal choroidal excavation 7200:Corneal neovascularization 7017:Subconjunctival hemorrhage 6229:10.1038/s41551-020-00656-y 6189:10.1038/s41551-021-00695-z 5423:10.1016/j.oret.2021.05.002 4911:– via GlobeNewswire. 4535:10.1016/j.oret.2019.01.024 4389:10.1016/j.oret.2021.03.008 4340:10.1016/j.oret.2019.12.011 2944:10.1001/archopht.125.5.671 1590:central serous retinopathy 1522:retinal pigment epithelium 1484:CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing 1140: 982:, at least 2 lines decline 884: 825:retinal pigment epithelium 797:retinal pigment epithelium 711:retinal pigment epithelium 648:Six mutations of the gene 582:susceptibility protein 2. 576:fibroblast growth factor 2 29: 8247: 8234: 8002: 7918:Convergence insufficiency 7791: 7660: 7643: 7630: 7559:Primary juvenile glaucoma 7404:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 7046: 7033: 6819: 6775: 6762: 6753:Diseases of the human eye 6433:10.1038/s41591-020-0867-7 6182:(2): 127. February 2021. 5923:The Lancet. Global Health 5889:World Health Organization 5369:Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 5285:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.05.026 4486:10.1007/s00018-016-2147-8 4437:10.3934/molsci.2016.2.196 3576:. Reuters. Archived from 3195:10.3389/fcell.2020.591067 2987:10.1038/s41433-018-0044-0 2931:Archives of Ophthalmology 2882:Archives of Ophthalmology 2455:Seminars in Ophthalmology 1875:10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 1799:Apte RS (5 August 2021). 1568:Sorsby's fundus dystrophy 1540:Research is exploring if 763:), suggesting a role for 473:Environment and lifestyle 135:Early, intermediate, late 66: 57: 7428:Ocular ischemic syndrome 5989:Journal of Ophthalmology 4963:– via PR Newswire. 3342:Human Molecular Genetics 7928:One and a half syndrome 7682:Foster Kennedy syndrome 6113:10.1096/fasebj.14.7.835 5784:10.1073/pnas.2022751118 4202:10.1073/pnas.0912019107 4143:10.1073/pnas.0912702107 4041:10.1074/jbc.M110.214593 3950:10.1126/science.1110359 3774:10.1073/pnas.0501536102 3725:10.1096/fasebj.14.7.835 3543:10.1126/science.1133807 3491:10.1126/science.1133811 3262:10.1126/science.1110189 3176:Tong Y, Wang S (2020). 3151:"Understanding Wet AMD" 2754:10.1186/1471-2415-11-22 2400:Survey of Ophthalmology 2191:nandhanaeyehospital.com 2187:"Nandhana Eye Hospital" 1542:artificial intelligence 1494:engineered lentiviruses 1028:Fluorescein angiography 777:ATP-binding cassette A1 191:injected into the eye, 8167:Argyll Robertson pupil 6967:Periorbital cellulitis 6560: 6540:Listen to this article 5320:Transl Vis Sci Technol 4425:AIMS Molecular Science 3852:10.1001/jama.296.3.301 2621:10.1038/sj.eye.6701978 2503:National Eye Institute 1753:National Eye Institute 1517: 1436: 1297: 1179:intravitreal injection 946: 733:complement component 3 702: 430: 340: 332: 8140:Scintillating scotoma 7806:Kearns–Sayre syndrome 7749:Toxic and nutritional 7722:posterior (PION) 7205:Kayser–Fleischer ring 6559: 6144:"EYE-RISK - EYE-RISK" 5382:10.1167/iovs.17-21878 2662:10.1167/iovs.12-10192 2258:Marlowe & Company 2243:Marlowe & Company 1817:10.1056/NEJMcp2102061 1515: 1351: 1330:Accessible publishing 1288: 1124:(2 mg) replaced 944: 807:, which builds up in 697: 656:hereditary angioedema 466:transcription factors 447:transcription factors 428: 338: 330: 245:Visual hallucinations 235:in the center of the 118:Visual hallucinations 104:in the center of the 7913:Conjugate gaze palsy 7784:Paralytic strabismus 7717:anterior (AION) 7499:Retinitis pigmentosa 7494:Macular degeneration 7267:Intermediate uveitis 7183:Keratoconjunctivitis 6599:Macular degeneration 6591:More spoken articles 5332:10.1167/tvst.10.7.30 5253:www.medpagetoday.com 4704:10.1038/eye.2014.104 4523:Ophthalmology Retina 4252:10.1038/eye.2015.100 3618:10.1167/iovs.08-2646 3399:10.1056/NEJMoa072618 2535:10.2147/CCID.S245043 2087:AMDF (18 May 2016). 2047:10.7759/cureus.29583 1472:anti-VEGF medication 1256:Photodynamic therapy 966:contrast sensitivity 765:extracellular matrix 701:cross-sectional view 681:such as that in the 525:monounsaturated fats 384:contrast sensitivity 282:photodynamic therapy 274:anti-VEGF medication 213:Macular degeneration 197:photodynamic therapy 189:Anti-VEGF medication 45:Macular degeneration 8218:Childhood blindness 8197:Parinaud's syndrome 7767:Extraocular muscles 7555:Ocular hypertension 7519:Epiretinal membrane 7504:Retinal haemorrhage 7359:Congenital cataract 6394:10.3310/alert_42401 6002:10.1155/2013/895147 5775:2021PNAS..11822751F 4666:myhealth.alberta.ca 4193:2010PNAS..107.7395N 4134:2010PNAS..107.7401C 3941:2005Sci...308..419H 3658:2008PLoSO...3.2091C 3535:2006Sci...314..989D 3482:2006Sci...314..992Y 3253:2005Sci...308..421E 2703:10.2147/cia.s142685 2222:on 13 November 2018 1670:epiretinal membrane 1582:epiretinal membrane 1574:Stargardt's disease 1459:Alzheimer's disease 1433: more than 240 1367: less than 100 1319:work with standard 1088:Dietary supplements 1044:Exudative changes: 827:and the underlying 809:Alzheimer's disease 799:and the underlying 529:omega-3 fatty acids 521:omega-6 fatty acids 504:Obesity: Abdominal 484:high blood pressure 301:dietary supplements 7744:Leber's hereditary 7411:Retinal detachment 7364:Childhood cataract 7176:Post-LASIK ectasia 6957:Orbital cellulitis 6906:Lacrimal apparatus 6682:External resources 6561: 6523:Wallace and Gromit 6516:2013-02-08 at the 6496:2016-04-20 at the 6476:2016-10-19 at the 6328:Prog Retin Eye Res 6291:10.1111/jcmm.12070 5839:on 7 November 2010 5769:(6): e2022751118. 4984:Nguyen QD (2020). 4877:. 23 February 2023 4749:BMJ Best Practice. 3580:on 11 October 2008 3355:10.1093/hmg/ddq399 3155:EverydayHealth.com 3097:JAMA Ophthalmology 2854:10.1093/aje/kwr005 2167:on 22 October 2013 1518: 1437: 1306:electronic glasses 1298: 1152:avacincaptad pegol 987:Fundus photography 947: 892:Geographic atrophy 887:Geographic atrophy 881:Geographic atrophy 773:lipoprotein lipase 703: 568:complement factors 431: 421:Race and ethnicity 393:trauma, untreated 341: 333: 323:Signs and symptoms 32:Geographic atrophy 8269: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8172:Marcus Gunn pupil 8148: 8147: 8069:Visual impairment 7936: 7935: 7842: 7841: 7829:Fourth-nerve (IV) 7757: 7756: 7694:Optic disc drusen 7626: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7340: 7339: 7228: 7227: 7134:Corneal dystrophy 7029: 7028: 7025: 7024: 6900: 6899: 6716: 6715: 6557: 6049:(9652): 1835–45. 5963:BMJ Best Practice 5614:(9): v–vi, 1–98. 5410:Ophthalmol Retina 5375:(10): 4173–4181. 5070:(9900): 1258–67. 4376:Ophthalmol Retina 4327:Ophthalmol Retina 4000:978-1-4419-5634-7 2741:BMC Ophthalmology 2334:(9827): 1728–38. 2123:(9995): 743–800. 1650:Visual impairment 1453:Studies indicate 1183:laser coagulation 1120:(10 mg) and 993:electroretinogram 636:complement system 612:complement system 439:polymorphic genes 278:laser coagulation 210: 209: 193:laser coagulation 166:Diagnostic method 160:Genetics, smoking 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 8299: 8236: 8000: 7991:Vision disorders 7950:Refractive error 7892:Brown's syndrome 7848:Other strabismus 7834:Sixth-nerve (VI) 7824:Oculomotor (III) 7796:Ophthalmoparesis 7789: 7780: 7771:Binocular vision 7704:Optic neuropathy 7670:optic papillitis 7658: 7645: 7632: 7521:(Macular pucker) 7239: 7220:Band keratopathy 7057: 7048: 7035: 6962:Orbital lymphoma 6849:Blepharophimosis 6839:Blepharochalasis 6786: 6777: 6764: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6720: 6609: 6581: 6579: 6568: 6567: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6527: 6507: 6501: 6487: 6481: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6378: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6191: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6115: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6074: 6034: 6025: 6024: 6014: 6004: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5938: 5914: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5804: 5786: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5729: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5623: 5600:Meads C (2003). 5597: 5591: 5590: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5532:(10): CD006537. 5517: 5511: 5510: 5500: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5425: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5384: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5136: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5005: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4933:. 18 August 2023 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4850: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4772: 4763: 4752: 4745: 4726: 4725: 4715: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4641: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4574: 4565: 4564: 4546: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4497: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4391: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4342: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4263: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4214: 4204: 4187:(16): 7395–400. 4172: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4145: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4043: 4034:(27): 23717–24. 4019: 4013: 4012: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3952: 3935:(5720): 419–21. 3920: 3914: 3913: 3903: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3854: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3808:Molecular Vision 3803: 3797: 3796: 3786: 3776: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3727: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3679: 3669: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3620: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3529:(5801): 989–92. 3518: 3512: 3511: 3493: 3476:(5801): 992–93. 3461: 3455: 3454: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3401: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3357: 3348:(23): 4694–704. 3333: 3327: 3326: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3264: 3247:(5720): 421–24. 3232: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3197: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3120: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2998: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2946: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2905: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2856: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2815: 2798:(8): 1165–1174. 2783: 2777: 2776: 2766: 2756: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2705: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2664: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2623: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2547: 2537: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2478: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2391: 2360: 2359: 2321: 2308: 2307: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2140: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2049: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2008: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1959: 1927: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1858: 1847: 1846: 1828: 1796: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1745: 1645:Macula of retina 1634: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1502:off-target edits 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1281:Adaptive devices 1223:treat-and-extend 1112:(2 mg) and 971:When viewing an 927:Bruch's membrane 923:choriocapillaris 847:Intermediate AMD 572:apolipoprotein E 499:High cholesterol 434:factor for AMD. 367:photostress test 352:Distorted vision 247:may also occur. 215:, also known as 62: 42: 21: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8261: 8243: 8222: 8201: 8144: 8113: 8073: 8027:Color blindness 7993: 7985: 7932: 7906:Other binocular 7901: 7838: 7810: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7753: 7698: 7651: 7639: 7618: 7574:Ocular hypotony 7539: 7399:Chorioretinitis 7380: 7336: 7320:Chorioretinitis 7296: 7277:Rubeosis iridis 7255: 7224: 7195:Corneal opacity 7151:Corneal ectasia 7078: 7042: 7021: 7007:Pseudopterygium 6971: 6933: 6896: 6863: 6859:Ankyloblepharon 6815: 6771: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6717: 6712: 6711: 6707:article/1223154 6677: 6676: 6620: 6595: 6594: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6572:This audio file 6569: 6562: 6553: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6518:Wayback Machine 6508: 6504: 6498:Wayback Machine 6488: 6484: 6478:Wayback Machine 6468: 6464: 6421:Nature Medicine 6414: 6413: 6409: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6036: 6035: 6028: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5916: 5915: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5865:on 11 June 2011 5857: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5704:(8): CD004004. 5691: 5690: 5686: 5655:(2): CD006757. 5642: 5641: 5637: 5621:10.3310/hta7090 5599: 5598: 5594: 5573:(3): CD004763. 5568: 5567: 5563: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5273:Am J Ophthalmol 5269: 5268: 5264: 5259:on 28 May 2013. 5247: 5246: 5242: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5111:(9): CD011230. 5098: 5097: 5093: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5029:(3): CD004763. 5024: 5023: 5019: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4833:(2): CD011346. 4820: 4819: 4812: 4781:(4): CD010015. 4770: 4765: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4729: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4591: 4576: 4575: 4568: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4128:(16): 7401–06. 4115: 4114: 4110: 4075:Nature Genetics 4072: 4071: 4067: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4001: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3880:Nature Genetics 3873: 3872: 3868: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3767:(20): 7227–32. 3754: 3753: 3749: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3429:(10): 1200–01. 3423:Nature Genetics 3420: 3419: 3415: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3301:(10): 1173–77. 3295:Nature Genetics 3291: 3290: 3286: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3090: 3089: 3082: 3047:Nature Genetics 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3025:. 27 April 2017 3017: 3016: 3012: 2981:(5): 992–1004. 2968: 2967: 2960: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2888:(11): 1483–93. 2875: 2874: 2870: 2847:(11): 1246–55. 2834: 2833: 2829: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2393: 2392: 2363: 2323: 2322: 2311: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2027: 2026: 2022: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1942:(9): CD000254. 1929: 1928: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1860: 1859: 1850: 1798: 1797: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1747: 1746: 1687: 1682: 1632:Medicine portal 1630: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1598: 1555: 1538: 1510: 1481: 1467: 1465:Genetic testing 1451: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1346: 1283: 1248:outside of the 1236:outside of the 1198:Cochrane review 1160: 1145: 1139: 1100:(500 mg), 1090: 1061: 1037: 978:When viewing a 939: 908: 889: 883: 874: 865: 849: 841: 785: 750:polyadenylation 692: 690:Pathophysiology 607: 587:genetic testing 560:Genetic linkage 556: 494:Atherosclerosis 475: 423: 411: 354:in the form of 325: 171:Eye examination 69:back of the eye 67:Picture of the 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8305: 8303: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8274: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8257:Onchocerciasis 8254: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8109:Quadrantanopia 8106: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8083: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8054:Oguchi disease 8046: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7969: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7946: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7897:Duane syndrome 7894: 7889: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7867: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7777: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7708: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7665:Optic neuritis 7661: 7655: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7594:Phthisis bulbi 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7477:Coats' disease 7474: 7469: 7467:of prematurity 7464: 7459: 7454: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7425: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7390: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7376:Ectopia lentis 7373: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7350: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7234:Vascular tunic 7230: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7117:Photokeratitis 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7088: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7063: 7054: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6990:Conjunctivitis 6987: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6924:Dacryocystitis 6921: 6916: 6914:Dacryoadenitis 6910: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6873: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6783: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6698: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6663: 6652: 6637: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612:Classification 6606: 6605: 6584: 6570: 6563: 6551: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534:External links 6532: 6529: 6528: 6502: 6482: 6462: 6427:(6): 892–899. 6407: 6373: 6363: 6314: 6279:J Cell Mol Med 6265: 6203: 6160: 6148:www.eyerisk.eu 6135: 6086: 6026: 5975: 5950: 5929:(2): e106–16. 5906: 5876: 5850: 5824: 5749: 5684: 5635: 5592: 5561: 5512: 5463: 5437: 5416:(7): 604–624. 5396: 5355: 5306: 5262: 5240: 5218: 5171: 5148: 5091: 5048: 5017: 4976: 4966: 4944: 4914: 4888: 4862: 4810: 4753: 4727: 4678: 4653: 4604: 4590:978-1473127876 4589: 4566: 4509: 4480:(9): 1765–86. 4460: 4431:(2): 196–221. 4411: 4362: 4333:(6): 568–575. 4313: 4275: 4246:(8): 1013–26. 4226: 4167: 4108: 4087:10.1038/ng.170 4065: 4014: 3999: 3972: 3915: 3892:10.1038/ng1871 3886:(9): 1049–54. 3866: 3825: 3798: 3747: 3698: 3632: 3611:(6): 2966–74. 3591: 3564: 3513: 3456: 3435:10.1038/ng2131 3413: 3369: 3328: 3307:10.1038/ng1890 3284: 3227: 3168: 3157:. 10 June 2022 3139: 3103:(3): 252–260. 3080: 3059:10.1038/ng1873 3053:(9): 1055–59. 3036: 3010: 2958: 2917: 2868: 2827: 2778: 2727: 2676: 2655:(3): 1905–12. 2635: 2594: 2575:(1–2): 49–62. 2559: 2508: 2490: 2441: 2406:(2): 378–401. 2361: 2309: 2263: 2248: 2233: 2203: 2178: 2152: 2101: 2079: 2020: 1971: 1913: 1888: 1848: 1811:(6): 539–547. 1770: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1674:macular pucker 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1607:Joan Plowright 1604: 1597: 1594: 1586:macular pucker 1578: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1554: 1551: 1537: 1534: 1509: 1506: 1480: 1479:Genome editing 1477: 1466: 1463: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1345: 1342: 1282: 1279: 1159: 1156: 1150:(Syfovre) and 1138: 1135: 1104:(80 mg), 1089: 1086: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1020: 1009: 1008: 1002: 996: 989: 983: 976: 969: 962: 938: 935: 907: 904: 885:Main article: 882: 879: 873: 870: 864: 861: 848: 845: 840: 837: 784: 781: 769:hepatic lipase 691: 688: 687: 686: 669: 659: 646: 639: 606: 605:Specific genes 603: 602: 601: 598: 595: 555: 552: 551: 550: 543:digital screen 539: 532: 513:saturated fats 509: 502: 496: 491: 488:pulse pressure 482:Hypertension ( 480: 474: 471: 422: 419: 415:family history 410: 407: 390: 389: 386: 380: 377: 373: 370: 363: 356:metamorphopsia 324: 321: 208: 207: 204: 200: 199: 186: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 168: 162: 161: 158: 152: 151: 143:Damage to the 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 115: 109: 108: 95: 89: 88: 79: 73: 72: 64: 63: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8304: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8237: 8233: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8177:Adie syndrome 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8032:Achromatopsia 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7972:Anisometropia 7970: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7775:Accommodation 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7689:Optic atrophy 7687: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7589:Keratomycosis 7587: 7585: 7584:Globe rupture 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7514:Macular edema 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7423:Retinoschisis 7421: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7310:Choroideremia 7308: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7287:Iridodialysis 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:Arcus senilis 7213: 7211: 7210:Haab's striae 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7124:Corneal ulcer 7122: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7102:acanthamoebic 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7052:Fibrous tunic 7049: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6929:Xerophthalmia 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6834:Lagophthalmos 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6732: 6730: 6725: 6724: 6721: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6573: 6533: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6408: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6386:NIHR Evidence 6383: 6377: 6374: 6367: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6334:(4): 331–71. 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6285:(7): 833–43. 6284: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6266: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6223:(2): 144–56. 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6106:(7): 835–46. 6105: 6101: 6100:FASEB Journal 6097: 6090: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5976: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5483:(4): 884–97. 5482: 5478: 5477:Ophthalmology 5474: 5467: 5464: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5191:(6): e19-22. 5190: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4996:(7): 963–76. 4995: 4991: 4990:Ophthalmology 4987: 4980: 4977: 4970: 4967: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4932: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4698:(7): 788–96. 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4679: 4667: 4663: 4662:"Amsler grid" 4657: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4624:(2): 344–51. 4623: 4619: 4618:Ophthalmology 4615: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529:(6): 478–88. 4528: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4294:(4): 844–51. 4293: 4289: 4288:Ophthalmology 4282: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4081:(7): 892–96. 4080: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3845:(3): 301–09. 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3718:(7): 835–46. 3717: 3713: 3712:FASEB Journal 3709: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3392:(6): 553–61. 3391: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3037: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2937:(5): 671–79. 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792:Ophthalmology 2789: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2614:(9): 935–44. 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2105: 2102: 2090: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2040:(9): e29583. 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869:(3): 377–91. 1868: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1758: 1755:. June 2015. 1754: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1640:Ophthalmology 1638: 1637: 1633: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1596:Notable cases 1595: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1427: 226–240 1421: 212–226 1415: 198–212 1409: 184–198 1403: 170–184 1397: 156–170 1391: 142–156 1385: 128–142 1379: 114–128 1373: 100–114 1361: no data 1354: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1302: 1296:desktop unit. 1295: 1291: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1148:Pegcetacoplan 1144: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1126:beta-carotene 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:beta-carotene 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 990: 988: 984: 981: 980:Snellen chart 977: 974: 970: 967: 963: 959: 958: 957: 954: 952: 943: 936: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 905: 903: 899: 895: 893: 888: 880: 878: 871: 869: 862: 860: 857: 852: 846: 844: 838: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 782: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 746: 741: 736: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 714: 712: 706: 700: 696: 689: 684: 680: 679:polymorphisms 677: 673: 672:Mitochondrial 670: 667: 663: 660: 657: 653: 652: 647: 644: 640: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 608: 604: 599: 596: 593: 592: 591: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 561: 553: 548: 544: 540: 537: 533: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 507: 503: 500: 497: 495: 492: 489: 485: 481: 477: 476: 472: 470: 467: 463: 459: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 427: 420: 418: 416: 408: 406: 402: 398: 396: 387: 385: 381: 378: 374: 371: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 350: 349: 348: 345: 337: 331:Normal vision 329: 322: 320: 318: 314: 313:preterm birth 310: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 263: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 205: 201: 198: 194: 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 169: 167: 163: 159: 157: 153: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 116: 114: 113:Complications 110: 107: 103: 99: 96: 94: 90: 87: 83: 82:Ophthalmology 80: 78: 74: 70: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8067: / 8063: / 8042:Monochromacy 7974: / 7870:Heterophoria 7858: / 7557: / 7553: / 7493: 7457:hypertensive 7430: / 7251:Ciliary body 7166:Keratoglobus 7074:Episcleritis 6952:Enophthalmos 6947:Exophthalmos 6892:Trichomegaly 6887:Distichiasis 6789:Inflammation 6700: 6689: 6665: 6654: 6639: 6624: 6521: 6505: 6485: 6465: 6424: 6420: 6410: 6385: 6376: 6366: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6256:. 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Retrieved 3022: 3013: 2978: 2974: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2461:(3): 77–93. 2458: 2454: 2444: 2403: 2399: 2331: 2325: 2282:(3): 18–22. 2279: 2275: 2257: 2251: 2242: 2236: 2224:. Retrieved 2220:the original 2215: 2206: 2194:. Retrieved 2190: 2181: 2169:. Retrieved 2165:the original 2155: 2120: 2114: 2104: 2092:. Retrieved 2082: 2037: 2033: 2023: 1991:(2): 39–49. 1988: 1984: 1974: 1939: 1935: 1904:. Retrieved 1900: 1891: 1866: 1863:Primary Care 1862: 1808: 1804: 1761:. Retrieved 1752: 1612:Peter Sallis 1579: 1556: 1547:optometrists 1539: 1530: 1526: 1519: 1488: 1482: 1468: 1452: 1438: 1344:Epidemiology 1328: 1325: 1310: 1303: 1299: 1275:L1 (protein) 1272: 1268: 1264: 1254: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1187: 1171:brolucizumab 1161: 1146: 1131: 1091: 1062: 1010: 955: 948: 909: 900: 896: 890: 875: 866: 853: 850: 842: 818: 805:Amyloid beta 786: 758: 743: 739: 737: 726: 718:nonexudative 716:In the dry ( 715: 707: 704: 665: 649: 642: 631: 627: 623: 619: 584: 565: 557: 534:Exposure to 436: 432: 412: 409:Risk factors 403: 399: 391: 346: 342: 305: 271: 264: 249: 237:visual field 224: 220: 216: 212: 211: 156:Risk factors 127:Older people 106:visual field 36: 8192:Cycloplegia 8135:Photophobia 8130:Hemeralopia 8087:Hemianopsia 8065:Vision loss 7976:Aniseikonia 7967:Astigmatism 7887:Cyclotropia 7865:Hypertropia 7677:Papilledema 7649:Optic nerve 7482:Sickle cell 7462:Purtscher's 7447:Retinopathy 7315:Choroiditis 7156:Keratoconus 6977:Conjunctiva 6854:Xanthelasma 6806:Blepharitis 6691:MedlinePlus 6526:until 2012) 6172:(Editorial) 5968:13 November 5899:11 November 5279:: 184–197. 5125:2434/273140 4907:18 February 4382:(1): 4–14. 3814:: 1536–42. 2696:: 1579–87. 2528:: 215–232. 2226:13 November 1763:21 December 1553:Other types 1260:verteporfin 1219:pro re nata 1212:aflibercept 1194:ranibizumab 1190:bevacizumab 1167:aflibercept 1163:Ranibizumab 1143:Tinlarebant 1082:Amsler grid 1066:antioxidant 1046:hemorrhages 1024:angiography 973:Amsler grid 911:Neovascular 833:cholesterol 580:maculopathy 297:carotenoids 286:antioxidant 124:Usual onset 50:Other names 8287:Senescence 8276:Categories 8241:Infections 8162:Anisocoria 8125:Asthenopia 8118:subjective 8102:homonymous 8097:bitemporal 8049:Nyctalopia 8037:Dichromacy 7981:Presbyopia 7942:Refraction 7763:Strabismus 7653:Optic disc 7012:Pinguecula 6877:Trichiasis 6667:DiseasesDB 6587:Audio help 6578:2005-07-19 6043:The Lancet 5995:: 895147. 5869:11 January 5843:11 January 5456:22 October 5063:The Lancet 3188:: 591067. 3132:3 February 3029:2 February 2327:The Lancet 2171:5 November 2116:The Lancet 1680:References 1602:Judi Dench 1334:audiobooks 1208:pegaptanib 1122:zeaxanthin 1108:(400 IU), 1059:Management 925:, through 835:deposits. 547:eye strain 517:trans fats 455:amino acid 382:A loss in 177:Prevention 8213:Nystagmus 8187:Mydriasis 8061:Blindness 8007:Amblyopia 7995:Blindness 7955:Hyperopia 7880:Exophoria 7875:Esophoria 7860:Exotropia 7856:Esotropia 7394:Retinitis 7092:Keratitis 7069:Scleritis 7002:Pterygium 6882:Madarosis 6829:Ectropion 6824:Entropion 6801:Chalazion 6702:eMedicine 6457:218682821 6441:1078-8956 6402:243121774 6253:230508724 6237:2157-846X 6063:0140-6736 5819:231761522 5793:0027-8424 5744:221326233 5718:1465-1858 5326:(7): 30. 5205:0191-3913 4959:25 August 4937:25 August 4398:2468-6530 4357:211263484 4103:205344383 3584:7 October 3204:2296-634X 2436:226274874 2420:0039-6257 2304:205396269 2056:2168-8184 1997:2322-4436 1843:236926930 1290:Josef Tal 1203:off-label 1185:therapy. 1175:faricimab 1106:vitamin E 1098:vitamin C 1035:Histology 991:Using an 937:Diagnosis 921:) in the 915:exudative 839:Early AMD 699:Human eye 674:-related 662:Fibulin-5 614:proteins 585:Although 460:) of the 453:from the 376:vessels). 309:cataracts 241:blindness 233:no vision 203:Frequency 185:Treatment 102:no vision 86:optometry 77:Specialty 8252:Trachoma 8017:Diplopia 7712:Ischemic 7637:Pathways 7551:Glaucoma 7452:diabetic 7354:Cataract 7292:Synechia 7144:Meesmann 7112:Exposure 7097:herpetic 6995:allergic 6985:Chemosis 6919:Epiphora 6589: · 6514:Archived 6494:Archived 6474:Archived 6449:32424211 6358:18653375 6309:23663427 6245:33398131 6198:33580230 6130:24601453 6122:10783137 6081:19027484 6021:24368940 5945:25104651 5893:Archived 5891:. 2009. 5811:33526699 5736:32844399 5679:28206671 5630:12709292 5587:17636773 5556:26493180 5507:26804762 5450:Archived 5432:33971352 5391:28837729 5350:34185055 5301:47012435 5293:29885297 5235:Archived 5213:21417187 5166:Archived 5143:25220133 5086:23870813 5043:17636773 5012:32107066 4901:Archived 4875:DailyMed 4857:26857947 4805:25856365 4722:24788016 4648:26522707 4599:29400919 4561:86851083 4553:31174669 4544:11402513 4504:26852158 4455:27239555 4406:33766801 4349:32088159 4308:23332590 4270:26088679 4221:20385826 4162:20385819 4095:18511946 4060:21566137 4009:20711712 3967:32716116 3959:15761120 3910:16936733 3861:16849663 3820:17167412 3793:15870199 3742:24601453 3734:10783137 3686:18461138 3646:PLOS ONE 3627:19151382 3559:85725181 3551:17053108 3508:19577378 3500:17053109 3443:17767156 3408:17634448 3364:20843825 3323:21178921 3315:16998489 3279:31337096 3271:15761121 3222:33330470 3127:35113155 3075:15830119 3067:16936732 3005:29576617 2953:17502507 2912:19901214 2863:21422060 2822:28456421 2773:21851605 2722:29042759 2671:23404120 2630:16151432 2589:11602344 2554:32210602 2485:21609220 2428:33157112 2356:25049931 2348:22559899 2296:28151737 2147:26063472 2074:36312607 2015:26060829 1966:37702300 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