1167:
hypothesis has not been wholly supported. While some studies have found that older adults have a more difficult time encoding and retrieving information when their attention is divided, other studies have not found meaningful differences from younger adults. Similarly, one might expect older adults to do poorly on tasks of sustained attention, which measure the ability to attend to and respond to stimuli for an extended period of time. However, studies suggest that sustained attention shows no decline with age. Results suggest that sustained attention increases in early adulthood and then remains relatively stable, at least to the middle of the eighth decade of life. More research is needed on how normal aging impacts attention after age eighty.
1150:
does not decline over the lifespan. For example, in one study 92% of normal elderly adults (65–84 years) presented with perfect or near perfect orientation. However some data suggest that mild changes in orientation may be a normal part of aging. For example, Sweet and colleagues concluded that "older persons with normal, healthy memory may have mild orientation difficulties. In contrast, younger people with normal memory have virtually no orientation problems" (p. 505). So although current research suggests that normal aging is not usually associated with significant declines in orientation, mild difficulties may be a part of normal aging and not necessarily a sign of a particular pathology.
1823:
1896:
2025:
1749:(NIA) began in 1986 and followed a group of 678 Roman Catholic sisters and recorded the effects of aging. The researchers used autobiographical essays collected as the nuns joined their Sisterhood. Findings suggest that early idea density, defined by number of ideas expressed and use of complex prepositions in these essays, was a significant predictor of lower risk for developing Alzheimer's disease in old age. Lower idea density was found to be significantly associated with lower brain weight, higher
807:
841:
1085:
148:
137:
280:
706:
409:
1487:: it is about 15 years younger than expected in a centenarian. By contrast, all brain regions and brain cells appear to have roughly the same epigenetic age in subjects who are younger than 80. These findings suggest that the cerebellum is better protected from aging effects, which in turn could explain why the cerebellum exhibits fewer neuropathological hallmarks of age related dementias compared to other brain regions.
670:(reviewed in Bernstein et al.). Increasing DNA damage with age has been reported in the brains of the mouse, rat, gerbil, rabbit, dog, and human. Young 4-day-old rats have about 3,000 single-strand breaks and 156 double-strand breaks per neuron, whereas in rats older than 2 years the level of damage increases to about 7,400 single-strand breaks and 600 double-strand breaks per neuron.
2068:, and spatial skills. Meanwhile, for children in families of high SES, small changes in parental income were associated with small changes in surface area within these regions. With respect to global cortical thickness, low SES children showed a curvilinear decrease in thickness with age while those of high SES demonstrated a steeper linear decline, suggesting that
519:
1787:, which has shown new anti-aging properties when injected into mice outside the hypothalamus, while causing the opposite effect when injected into the hypothalamus. It'll be some time before this can be applied to humans in a meaningful way, as more studies on this pathway are necessary to understand the mechanics of GnRH's anti-aging properties.
2003:, 11.0–11.2 %). At the same time, frequency of the neuroprotective ε2 allele was also highest for Caribbean Latinos (5.2–8.6 %) and lowest for those of mainland heritage (2.9–3.9 %). Among mainland Latinos, the most prevalent is the "median" ε3 allele: 85.2–86.2 % compared to 73.9–81.5% among Caribbean Latinos.
237:, which in turn would affect the ability of the brain to alter its structure or function (i.e. its plastic nature). Due to the complexity of the brain, with all of its structures and functions, it is logical to assume that some areas would be more vulnerable to aging than others. Two circuits worth mentioning here are the
1686:
Intellectual quotients derived from psychometric testing have been identified as valuable proxy measures of cognitive reserve, with higher scores relative to the mean being associated with slower rates of cognitive decline. However, the rate of decline in some cognitive subdomains, such as processing
606:
reactions and changes in the cerebral microvasculature. The exact impact of each of these mechanisms in affecting cognitive aging is unknown. Oxidative stress is the most controllable risk factor and is the best understood. The online
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary defines oxidative stress as,
557:
make it difficult to distinguish the normal patterns of aging. One of the important differences between normal aging and pathological aging is the location of neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of paired helical filaments (PHF). In normal, non-demented aging, the number of
2011:
Indigenous populations are often understudied in research. Reviews of current literature studying natives in
Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States from participants aged 45 to 94 years old reveal varied prevalence rates for cognitive impairment not related to dementia, from 4.4% to 17.7%.
6806:
Iram, Tal; Kern, Fabian; Kaur, Achint; Myneni, Saket; Morningstar, Allison R.; Shin, Heather; Garcia, Miguel A.; Yerra, Lakshmi; Palovics, Robert; Yang, Andrew C.; Hahn, Oliver; Lu, Nannan; Shuken, Steven R.; Haney, Michael S.; Lehallier, Benoit; Iyer, Manasi; Luo, Jian; Zetterberg, Henrik; Keller,
1682:
The ability of an individual to demonstrate attenuated cognitive signs of aging despite an aging brain is called cognitive reserve. This hypothesis suggests that two patients might have the same brain pathology, with one person experiencing noticeable clinical symptoms, while the other continues to
1318:
Behavioral flexibility can refer to efficiently and appropriately adapting to different situations and changing environmental demands, including the speed of adaptation, and to the capacity to develop solutions to novel problems or novel solutions to old problems. Studies indicate late-stage aging,
1149:
evaluations. While research has primarily focused on levels of orientation among clinical populations, a small number of studies have examined whether there is a normal decline in orientation among healthy aging adults. Results have been somewhat inconclusive. Some studies suggest that orientation
6740:
Minhas, Paras S.; Latif-Hernandez, Amira; McReynolds, Melanie R.; Durairaj, Aarooran S.; Wang, Qian; Rubin, Amanda; Joshi, Amit U.; He, Joy Q.; Gauba, Esha; Liu, Ling; Wang, Congcong; Linde, Miles; Sugiura, Yuki; Moon, Peter K.; Majeti, Ravi; Suematsu, Makoto; Mochly-Rosen, Daria; Weissman, Irving
1162:
is a broad construct that refers to "the cognitive ability that allows us to deal with the inherent processing limitations of the human brain by selecting information for further processing". Since the human brain has limited resources, people use their attention to zone in on specific stimuli and
2063:
is the interaction between social and economic factors. It has been demonstrated that socio-demographic factors can be used to predict cognitive profiles within older individuals to some extent. This may be because families of higher socioeconomic status (SES) are equipped to provide their
1144:
is defined as the awareness of self in relation to one's surroundings. Often orientation is examined by distinguishing whether a person has a sense of time, place, and person. Deficits in orientation are one of the most common symptoms of brain disease, hence tests of orientation are included in
391:
appear more predominantly in the left versus right hemisphere, and were confined to posterior language cortices. Certain language functions such as word retrieval and production were found to be located to more anterior language cortices, and deteriorate as a function of age. Sowell et al., also
185:
studies have reported age-related regional decreases in cerebral volume. Regional volume reduction is not uniform; some brain regions shrink at a rate of up to 1% per year, whereas others remain relatively stable until the end of the life-span. The brain is very complex, and is composed of many
1166:
If older adults have fewer attentional resources than younger adults, we would expect that when two tasks must be carried out at the same time, older adults' performance will decline more than that of younger adults. However, a large review of studies on cognition and aging suggest that this
6246:
Boehme, Marcus; Guzzetta, Katherine E.; Bastiaanssen, Thomaz F. S.; van de Wouw, Marcel; Moloney, Gerard M.; Gual-Grau, Andreu; Spichak, Simon; Olavarría-Ramírez, Loreto; Fitzgerald, Patrick; Morillas, Enrique; Ritz, Nathaniel L.; Jaggar, Minal; Cowan, Caitlin S. M.; Crispie, Fiona; Donoso,
1881:
For certain demographics, the effects of normal cognitive aging are especially pronounced. Differences in cognitive aging might be tied to the lack of or reduced access to medical care and, as a result, suffer disproportionately from negative health outcomes. As the global population grows,
1123:
white matter, has also been noted. Although these levels were studied in the normal human brain, the parietal and basal ganglia regions are often affected in degenerative brain diseases associated with aging and it has therefore been suggested that brain glutamate may be useful as a
1915:
profiles of the healthy aging index - a score that assesses neurocognitive function, among other correlates of health through the years - are associated with cardiovascular disease. Healthy cardiovascular function is critical for maintaining neurocognitive efficiency into old age.
2064:
children with resources early on to facilitate cognitive development. For children in families of low SES, relatively small changes in parental income were associated with large changes in brain surface area; these losses were seen in areas associated with language, reading,
6525:
48:
is only pertinent if accompanied by health span extension, and, more importantly, by preserving brain health and cognition, finding rejuvenating approaches that act simultaneously in peripheral tissues and in brain function is a key strategy for development of
7456:
Lipnicki, Darren M.; Crawford, John D.; Dutta, Rajib; Thalamuthu, Anbupalam; Kochan, Nicole A.; Andrews, Gavin; Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda; Castro-Costa, Erico; Brayne, Carol; Matthews, Fiona E.; Stephan, Blossom C. M. (2017-03-21). Miller, Bruce L. (ed.).
4785:
Crosson, B., Garcia, A., Mcgregor, K., & Wierenga, C. E. (2013). The Impact of Aging on Neural
Systems for Language. In M. F. G. Sandra Koffler, Joel Morgan, Ida Sue Baron (Ed.), Neuropsychology, Volume 1 (pp. 149–187). Oxford University Press.
2903:
Tao Liu; Wei Wen; Wanlin Zhu; Nicole A Kochan; Julian N Trollor; Simone
Reppermund; Jesse S Jin; Suhuai Luo; Henry Brodaty; Perminder S Sachdev (2011). "The relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly".
186:
different areas and types of tissue, or matter. The different functions of different tissues in the brain may be more or less susceptible to age-induced changes. The brain matter can be broadly classified as either grey matter, or white matter.
998:, although the ratio of these receptors did not show age-related changes. The loss of dopamine with age is thought to be responsible for many neurological symptoms that increase in frequency with age, such as decreased arm swing and increased
848:
In addition to the structural changes that the brain incurs with age, the aging process also entails a broad range of biochemical changes. More specifically, neurons communicate with each other via specialized chemical messengers called
798:, involved in waste clearance, may be important for maintaining brain health and its transport efficiency appears to be declining with aging. Factors in the circulation have been shown to modulate ageing and to rejuvenate the brain.
3004:
Pini, Lorenzo; Pievani, Michela; Bocchetta, Martina; Altomare, Daniele; Bosco, Paolo; Cavedo, Enrica; Galluzzi, Samantha; Marizzoni, Moira; Frisoni, Giovanni B. (1 September 2016). "Brain atrophy in
Alzheimer's Disease and aging".
7406:
Radford, Kylie; Lavrencic, Louise M.; Delbaere, Kim; Draper, Brian; Cumming, Robert; Daylight, Gail; Mack, Holly A.; Chalkley, Simon; Bennett, Hayley; Garvey, Gail; Hill, Thi Yen (2019-08-13). Anstey, Kaarin; Peters, Ruth (eds.).
2048:- higher education is associated with later diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment as neuropathological load increases. Currently there are no known studies to identify a characteristic pattern of cognitive decline with age in
7184:
González, Hector M.; Tarraf, Wassim; Vásquez, Priscilla; Sanderlin, Ashley H.; Rosenberg, Natalya I.; Davis, Sonia; Rodríguez, Carlos J.; Gallo, Linda C.; Thyagarajan, Bharat; Daviglus, Martha; Khambaty, Tasneem (July 2018).
6923:
Møllgård, Kjeld; Beinlich, Felix R. M.; Kusk, Peter; Miyakoshi, Leo M.; Delle, Christine; Plá, Virginia; Hauglund, Natalie L.; Esmail, Tina; Rasmussen, Martin K.; Gomolka, Ryszard S.; Mori, Yuki; Nedergaard, Maiken (2023).
4192:
Yamamoto, M.; Suhara, T.; Okubo, Y.; Ichimiya, T.; Sudo, Y.; Inoue, Y.; Takano, A.; Yasuno, F.; Yoshikawa, K.; Tanada, S. (2001). "Age-related decline of serotonin transporters in living human brain of healthy males".
1252:, vary in predictable patterns with age. For example, behavioral changes associated with age include compromised performance on tasks related to word retrieval, comprehension of sentences with high syntactic and/or
224:
refers to the brain's ability to change structure and function. This ties into the common phrase, "if you don't use it, you lose it," which is another way of saying, if you do not use it, your brain will devote less
6247:
Francisco; Halitzki, Evelyn; Neto, Marta C.; Sichetti, Marzia; Golubeva, Anna V.; Fitzgerald, Rachel S.; Claesson, Marcus J.; Cotter, Paul D.; O’Leary, Olivia F.; Dinan, Timothy G.; Cryan, John F. (August 2021).
7283:
González, Hector M.; Tarraf, Wassim; Jian, Xueqiu; Vásquez, Priscilla M.; Kaplan, Robert; Thyagarajan, Bharat; Daviglus, Martha; Lamar, Melissa; Gallo, Linda C.; Zeng, Donglin; Fornage, Myriam (December 2018).
7773:
Noble, Kimberly G; Houston, Suzanne M; Brito, Natalie H; Bartsch, Hauke; Kan, Eric; Kuperman, Joshua M; Akshoomoff, Natacha; Amaral, David G; Bloss, Cinnamon S; Libiger, Ondrej; Schork, Nicholas J (May 2015).
2857:
Tao Liu; Wei Wen; Wanlin Zhu; Julian
Trollor; Simone Reppermund; John Crawford; Jesse S Jin; Suhuai Luo; Henry Brodaty; Perminder Sachdev (2010). "The effects of age and sex on cortical sulci in the elderly".
1349:
processes. Research focused on discovering the genetic component in developing
Autosomal Dominant (AD) has also contributed greatly to the understanding the genetics behind normal or "non-pathological" aging.
693:). They concluded that DNA damage may reduce the expression of selectively vulnerable genes involved in learning, memory and neuronal survival, initiating a pattern of brain aging that starts early in life.
7516:
O'Dwyer, Laurence; Lamberton, Franck; Bokde, Arun L. W.; Ewers, Michael; Faluyi, Yetunde O.; Tanner, Colby; Mazoyer, Bernard; O'Neill, Desmond; Bartley, Máiréad; Collins, Rónán; Coughlan, Tara (2012-07-02).
3874:
Ota, M.; Yasuno, F.; Ito, H.; Seki, C.; Kozaki, S.; Asada, T.; Suhara, T. (2006). "Age-related decline of dopamine synthesis in the living human brain measured by positron emission tomography with L-DOPA".
1683:
function relatively normally. Studies of cognitive reserve explore the specific biological, genetic and environmental differences which make some people more resistant to cognitive decline than others.
618:
and individual differences in cognition in healthy elderly people. In 'normal aging', the brain is undergoing oxidative stress in a multitude of ways. The main contributors include protein oxidation,
7584:
Rapp, Stephen R.; Espeland, Mark A.; Manson, Joann E.; Resnick, Susan M.; Bryan, Nick R.; Smoller, Sylvia; Coker, Laura H.; Phillips, Lawrence S.; Stefanick, Marcia L.; Sarto, Gloria E. (August 2013).
1865:, whose discovery was reported around 2023, likely plays a role in cerebrospinal fluid functions and, as both a protective barrier and a host of immune cells that monitor the brain for infection and
3913:
Kaasinen, V.; Vilkman, H.; Hietala, J.; Någren, K.; Helenius, H.; Olsson, H.; Farde, L.; Rinne, J. O. (2000). "Age-related dopamine D2/D3 receptor loss in extrastriatal regions of the human brain".
4887:
Frank, Sebastian M.; Becker, Markus; Qi, Andrea; Geiger, Patricia; Frank, Ulrike I.; Rosedahl, Luke A.; Malloni, Wilhelm M.; Sasaki, Yuka; Greenlee, Mark W.; Watanabe, Takeo (5 December 2022).
2044:
due to larger absolute brain size and neuronal density. As a result, women tend to manifest symptoms of cognitive decline at lower thresholds than men do. This effect seems to be moderated by
1174:
deficits impact older adults' attentional abilities. In other words, impaired hearing or vision may make it more difficult for older adults to do well on tasks of visual and verbal attention.
3056:
Habes M, Janowitz D, Erus G, Toledo JB, Resnick SM, Doshi J, Van der Auwera S, Wittfeld K, Hegenscheid K, Hosten N, Biffar R, Homuth G, Völzke H, Grabe HJ, Hoffmann W, Davatzikos C (2016).
104:
profile of healthy older adults. However, research suggests that the aging process is associated with several structural, chemical, and functional changes in the brain as well as a host of
5941:
Holland, Thomas Monroe; Agarwal, Puja; Wang, Yamin; Dhana, Klodian; Leurgans, Sue E.; Shea, Kyla; Booth, Sarah L.; Rajan, Kumar; Schneider, Julie A.; Barnes, Lisa L. (22 November 2022).
614:
Compared to other tissues in the body, the brain is deemed unusually sensitive to oxidative damage. Increased oxidative damage has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, mild
6319:
Lee, Juneyoung; Venna, Venugopal R.; Durgan, David J.; Shi, Huanan; Hudobenko, Jacob; Putluri, Nagireddy; Petrosino, Joseph; McCullough, Louise D.; Bryan, Robert M. (9 November 2020).
3382:
Harris SE, Deary IJ, MacIntyre A, et al. (October 2006). "The association between telomere length, physical health, cognitive ageing, and mortality in non-demented older people".
5421:
4648:
Sweet, J.J.; Such, Y.; Leahy, B.; Abramowitz, C.; Nowinski, C.J. (1999). "Normative clinical relationships between orientation and memory: Age as an important moderator variable".
157:
Aging entails many physical, biological, chemical, and psychological changes and the brain is no exception to this phenomenon. These various changes have attempted to be mapped by
7459:"Age-related cognitive decline and associations with sex, education and apolipoprotein E genotype across ethnocultural groups and geographic regions: a collaborative cohort study"
6103:
Di Giosia, Paolo; Stamerra, Cosimo Andrea; Giorgini, Paolo; Jamialahamdi, Tannaz; Butler, Alexandra E.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (May 2022). "The role of nutrition in inflammaging".
2947:
Ding, Xiao-Qi; Maudsley, Andrew A.; Sabati, Mohammad; Sheriff, Sulaiman; Schmitz, Birte; Schütze, Martin; Bronzlik, Paul; Kahl, Kai G.; Lanfermann, Heinrich (15 August 2016).
659:
accumulates with age in the mammalian brain. This DNA damage includes the oxidized nucleoside 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), single- and double-strand breaks, DNA-protein
611:
and that is held to be associated with aging." Hence oxidative stress is the damage done to the cells by free radicals that have been released from the oxidation process.
392:
reported that these anterior language cortices were found to mature and decline earlier than the more posterior language cortices. It has also been found that the width of
6623:
Riley KP, Snowdon DA, Desrosiers MF, Markesbery WR (2005). "Early life linguistic ability, late life cognitive function, and neuropathology: Findings from the Nun Study".
7010:
6896:
6494:
Gazes, Yunglin; Lee, Seonjoo; Fang, Zhiqian; Mensing, Ashley; Noofoory, Diala; Nazario, Geneva
Hidalgo; Babukutty, Reshma; Habeck, Christian; Stern, Yaakov (2021-02-23),
6060:
Kent, K.; Charlton, K. E.; Netzel, M.; Fanning, K. (June 2017). "Food-based anthocyanin intake and cognitive outcomes in human intervention trials: a systematic review".
1783:
in mice test subjects, which showed increased activation as mice test subjects aged in the study. This activation not only affects aging, but affects a hormone known as
463:
around the world that age-induced cognitive deficits may not be due to neuronal loss or cell death, but rather may be the result of small region-specific changes to the
5394:
647:
replicates, the telomeric DNA component shortens. As telomere length is partly inheritable, there are individual differences in the age of onset of cognitive decline.
3212:
Davis, P.; Morris, J.; et al. (1991). "The distribution of tangles, plaques, and related immunohistochemical markers in healthy aging and
Alzheimer's disease".
7643:"Discriminant power of socio-demographic characteristics and mood in distinguishing cognitive performance clusters in older individuals: a cross-sectional analysis"
7076:
Yeri, Ashish; Murphy, Rachel A; Marron, Megan M; Clish, Clary; Harris, Tamara B; Lewis, Gregory D; Newman, Anne B; Murthy, Venkatesh L; Shah, Ravi V (2017-12-14).
1170:
It is worth noting that there are factors other than true attentional abilities that might relate to difficulty paying attention. For example, it is possible that
7265:
5770:
Chappus-McCendie, Hillary; Chevalier, Laurie; Roberge, Claude; Plourde, Mélanie (30 August 2019). "Omega-3 PUFA metabolism and brain modifications during aging".
5287:
1558:
7078:"Metabolite Profiles of Healthy Aging Index Are Associated With Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study"
2012:
These results can be interpreted in the context of culturally biased neurocognitive tests, preexisting health conditions, poor access to healthcare, lower
1538:
1301:
7831:
7053:
574:. As the non-demented individual ages, there is a general increase in the density of tangles, but no significant difference in where tangles are found.
359:, reported that the first 6 decades of an individual's life were correlated with the most rapid decreases in grey matter density, and this occurred over
2144:
2084:
1687:
speed, may be less affected by premorbid IQ. The degree of association between IQ and cognitive reserve may vary between different types of dementia.
6984:
3546:
Mou, Yi; Du, Yu; Zhou, Lixing; Yue, Jirong; Hu, Xianliang; Liu, Yixin; Chen, Sao; Lin, Xiufang; Zhang, Gongchang; Xiao, Hengyi; Dong, Birong (2022).
2949:"Physiological neuronal decline in healthy aging human brain — An in vivo study with MRI and short echo-time whole-brain 1H MR spectroscopic imaging"
7286:"Apolipoprotein E genotypes among diverse middle-aged and older Latinos: Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging results (HCHS/SOL)"
4534:
Hopp, G.A.; Dixon, R.A.; Grut, M.; Bacekman, L. (1997). "Longitudinal and psychometric profiles of two cognitive status tests in very old adults".
4103:
Wong, D. F.; et al. (1984). "Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron tomography in the living human brain".
3330:
490:, 2003; morph). A 46% decrease in spine number and spine density has been reported in humans older than 50 compared with younger individuals. An
5890:
Denis, Isabelle; Potier, Brigitte; Heberden, Christine; Vancassel, Sylvie (March 2015). "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and brain aging".
4009:
Iyo, M.; Yamasaki, T. (1993). "The detection of age-related decrease of dopamine, D1, D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in living human brain".
3548:"Gut Microbiota Interact With the Brain Through Systemic Chronic Inflammation: Implications on Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Aging"
2531:
1862:
6576:"Association of a functional polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene with memory decline and incidence of dementia"
4440:
3850:
3437:
2134:
7586:"Educational Attainment, MRI Changes, and Cognitive Function in Older Postmenopausal Women from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study"
5411:
2814:
Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW (March 2003). "Mapping cortical change across the human life span".
2180:
1245:
2087:"had about 2 fewer years of cognitive aging over a 10-year period compared with non-users" despite it having nearly no conditions for the
1547:
does not allow to stop and reverse aging. However, one may potentially delay the effects and severity of its symptoms. While there is no
3961:
Wang Y, Chan GL, Holden JE, et al. (September 1998). "Age-dependent decline of dopamine D1 receptors in human brain: a PET study".
1846:
from around brain cells of young mice into aged brains rejuvenates aspects of the brain, proving that it play a role in brain aging and
249:
alterations. Evidence in support of this idea from animal work has also suggested that this cognitive deficit is due to functional and
229:
for it. One proposed mechanism for the observed age-related plasticity deficits in animals is the result of age-induced alterations in
7351:
de Souza-Talarico, Juliana N.; de
Carvalho, Anna P.; Brucki, Sonia M.D.; Nitrini, Ricardo; Ferretti-Rebustini, Renata E.de.L. (2016).
4547:
1941:
1712:
7859:"Association Between Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Use and Memory Decline: Findings From the Health and Retirement Study"
6435:
Boyle, R.; Knight, S. P.; De Looze, C.; Carey, D.; Scarlett, S.; Stern, Y.; Robertson, I. H.; Kenny, R. A.; Whelan, R. (2021-07-12).
4803:
Heckner, Marisa K.; Cieslik, Edna C.; Eickhoff, Simon B.; Camilleri, Julia A.; Hoffstaedter, Felix; Langner, Robert (1 August 2021).
3058:"Advanced brain aging: relationship with epidemiologic and genetic risk factors, and overlap with Alzheimer disease atrophy patterns"
2033:
41:, including changes all individuals experience and those of illness (including unrecognised illness). Usually this refers to humans.
6009:
Gardener, Samantha L.; Rainey-Smith, Stephanie R.; Weinborn, Michael; Bondonno, Catherine P.; Martins, Ralph N. (3 September 2021).
4791:
4168:
3974:
2455:
233:. The changes in the organism's abilities to handle calcium will ultimately influence neuronal firing and the ability to propagate
6437:"Verbal intelligence is a more robust cross-sectional measure of cognitive reserve than level of education in healthy older adults"
1052:
receptor in the frontal cortex was also found, as well as a decreased binding capacity of the serotonin transporter (5-HHT) in the
7947:
6321:"Young versus aged microbiota transplants to germ-free mice: increased short-chain fatty acids and improved cognitive performance"
4688:
Cognition in aging and age related disease. In P. R. Hof & C. V. Mobbs (Eds.), Handbook of the neuroscience of aging (249-256)
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Rinne, Juha O.; Lonnberg, Pirkko; Marjamaiki, Paivi (1989). "Age-dependent decline in human brain dopamine D1 and D2 receptors".
1984:
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Lu, Peiyi; Kezios, Katrina; Lee, Jongseong; Calonico, Sebastian; Wimer, Christopher; Hazzouri, Adina Zeki Al (9 November 2022).
3424:
Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K. (2008) Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage. In:
1822:
325:
Advances in MRI technology have provided the ability to see the brain structure in great detail in an easy, non-invasive manner
7963:
7002:
2129:
161:
like the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC) in 2009. The STAC model looks at factors like neural changes to the
5386:
4569:
Benton, A.L.; Eslinger, P.; Damasio, A. (1981). "Normative observations on neuropsychological test performances in old age".
3449:
Mandavilli BS, Rao KS (1996). "Accumulation of DNA damage in aging neurons occurs through a mechanism other than apoptosis".
7706:
Piccolo, Luciane R.; Merz, Emily C.; He, Xiaofu; Sowell, Elizabeth R.; Noble, Kimberly G. (2016-09-19). Zuo, Xi-Nian (ed.).
3495:
Lu T, Pan Y, Kao SY, Li C, Kohane I, Chan J, Yankner BA (2004). "Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain".
1727:
experienced a relative 51% less decline in memory compared to a reference group after adjusting for demographic factors and
607:"physiological stress on the body that is caused by the cumulative damage done by free radicals inadequately neutralized by
5176:
Horvath S, Mah V, Lu AT, Woo JS, Choi OW, Jasinska AJ, Riancho JA, Tung S, Coles NS, Braun J, Vinters HV, Coles LS (2015).
5387:"How old is your brain, really? AI-powered analysis accurately reflects risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease"
5116:"Memory Decline and Behavioral Inflexibility in Aged Mice Are Correlated With Dysregulation of Protein Synthesis Capacity"
3429:
3258:
Whalley LJ, Deary IJ, Appleton CL, Starr JM (November 2004). "Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging".
1869:, appears to be substantially involved in major brain diseases and brain aging. It is "the host for a large population of
1663:
1619:
1060:. Postmortem studies on humans have indicated decreased binding capacities of serotonin and a decrease in the number of S
4805:"The Aging Brain and Executive Functions Revisited: Implications from Meta-analytic and Functional-Connectivity Evidence"
7641:
Santos, Nadine Correia; Moreira, Pedro Silva; Castanho, Teresa Costa; Sousa, Nuno; Costa, Patrício Soares (2016-01-12).
7137:"Patterns of relationships between cardiovascular disease risk factors and neurocognitive function in African Americans"
5942:
4862:
1029:
878:
443:. Moreover, neuronal density appears to decrease, white matter microstructure gets altered and energy metabolism in the
387:
appear exempt from this decrease in grey matter density over time. Age effects on grey matter density in the posterior
5727:; Evans, D. A. (2004). "Social resources and cognitive decline in a population of older African Americans and whites".
4751:
Carrier, J. S. A.; Cheyne, A.; Solman, G. J. F.; Smilek, D. (2010). "Age trends for failures of sustained attention".
2149:
1746:
1642:
6876:
7353:"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Prevalence and Associated Factors in Indigenous Populations: A Systematic Review"
1895:
1354:
Autosomal Dominant (AD) - Autosomal dominant is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. "
6666:
Zhang Guo, Guo; Li, Juxue; Purkayastha, Purkayastha; Tang, Yizhe; Zhang, Hai; Yin, Ye; Li, Bo; et al. (2013).
6011:"Intake of Products Containing Anthocyanins, Flavanols, and Flavanones, and Cognitive Function: A Narrative Review"
4606:"A normative community based study of mini-mental state in elderly adults: The effect of age and educational level"
1504:
974:, and lateral thalamus. One study also indicated a significant inverse correlation between dopamine binding in the
690:
559:
5833:"Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA"
5555:
Krivanek, Taylor J.; Gale, Seth A.; McFeeley, Brittany M.; Nicastri, Casey M.; Daffner, Kirk R. (1 January 2021).
4384:"Age-related glutamate and glutamine concentration changes in normal human brain: 1H MR spectroscopy study at 4 T"
942:
receptor density has also been shown to occur with age. Significant age-related declines in dopamine receptors, D
881:(PET) in living human subjects have shown a significant age-related decline in dopamine synthesis, notably in the
7917:
6291:
4230:
2037:
1394:
1265:
1107:
that tends to decrease with age. Studies have shown older subjects to have lower glutamate concentration in the
951:
754:
85:
61:
57:
6715:
245:
circuits. It has been suggested that age-related cognitive decline is due in part not to neuronal death but to
7187:"Metabolic Syndrome and Neurocognition Among Diverse Middle-Aged and Older Hispanics/Latinos: HCHS/SOL Results"
5497:
Baker, L.D.; Frank, L.L.; Foster-Schubert, K.; Green, P.S.; Wilinson, C.W.; McTiernan, A.; et al. (2010).
3062:
2650:
2598:
1921:
1657:
of the latter, complementing similar results of a 2020 study. Diet and other factors influence the microbiome.
372:
4228:
Marcusson, J.; Oreland, L.; Winblad, B. (1984). "Effect of age on human brain serotonin (S-1) binding sites".
2024:
1319:
and/or late-life dementias, decreases behavioral flexibility and impair deliberation about courses of action.
746:
343:, whereas white matter volume was found to increase from age 19–40, and decline after this age. Studies using
5943:"Association of Dietary Intake of Flavonols With Changes in Global Cognition and Several Cognitive Abilities"
1711:
and their offspring to identify protective factors against the negative effects of aging. In particular, the
1216:
are especially vulnerable to age-related decline. A number of studies utilizing a variety of methods such as
2139:
2088:
2077:
1089:
874:
854:
674:
344:
226:
81:
73:
6195:
Braidy, Nady; Liu, Yue (November 2020). "Can nicotinamide riboside protect against cognitive impairment?".
681:
of individuals ranging from 26 to 106 years of age. This led to the identification of a set of genes whose
6976:
4456:
Alverzo JP (2006). "A review of the literature on orientation as an indicator of level of consciousness".
2109:
2045:
2013:
1761:
1754:
1605:
1508:
1411:
1342:
1312:
857:, that exhibit a marked alteration in different regions of the brain as part of the normal aging process.
817:
578:
542:
538:
530:
460:
77:
69:
3719:
Benveniste, Helene; Liu, Xiaodan; Koundal, Sunil; Sanggaard, Simon; Lee, Hedok; Wardlaw, Joanna (2019).
2764:
Hof PR, Morrison JH (October 2004). "The aging brain: morphomolecular senescence of cortical circuits".
2226:
2154:
1908:
1904:
1623:
1544:
1516:
1338:
1233:
1084:
1025:
1003:
999:
774:
762:
563:
393:
4661:
2331:"Age-associated bidirectional modulation of gene expression in single identified R15 neuron of Aplysia"
4332:"Regional variations and the effects of age and gender on glutamate concentrations in the human brain"
3112:
Gabrieli, J.; Hedden, T. (2004). "Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience".
2481:"Regional Brain Changes in Aging Healthy Adults: General Trends, Individual Differences and Modifiers"
1964:
but also is associated with lower neurocognitive function during midlife. This take place even though
689:
sequences of these particular genes accumulated oxidative DNA damage, including 8-OHdG, with age (see
7719:
7530:
7297:
6939:
6900:
6820:
6754:
6668:"Hypothalamic programming of systemic ageing involving IKK-[bgr], NF-[kgr]B and GnRH"
6495:
5416:
5339:
5328:"Anatomically interpretable deep learning of brain age captures domain-specific cognitive impairment"
4908:
4900:
4816:
4114:
3789:
3504:
2060:
1953:
1632:
1548:
1359:
1334:
1213:
1141:
908:
901:
894:
615:
599:
464:
3664:"Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Healthy Ageing and Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review"
2572:
585:. However, unlike tangles, plaques have not been found to be a consistent feature of normal aging.
7968:
2065:
1843:
1628:
1496:
1431:
1378:
1333:
Variation in the effects of aging among individuals can be attributed to both genetic, health, and
1277:
886:
840:
791:
769:
could be disturbed by increasing age. According to a review, neuroinflammatory changes, "including
686:
491:
246:
4604:
Ishizaki, J.; Meguro, K.; Ambo, H.; Shimada, M.; Yamaguchi, S.; Harasaka, C.; et al. (1998).
7904:
7688:
7388:
6963:
6862:
6648:
6228:
6177:
6128:
6085:
5991:
5923:
5813:
5752:
4944:
4516:
4491:
Brotchie, J.; Brennan, J.; Wyke, M. (1985). "Temporal orientation in the presenium and old age".
4255:
4138:
4080:
4034:
3986:
3938:
3701:
3528:
3474:
3407:
3361:
3283:
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3189:
3137:
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2839:
2789:
2737:
2691:
2114:
1835:
1827:
1700:
1601:
1594:
1574:
1479:
is the youngest brain region (and probably body part) in centenarians according to an epigenetic
1362:" means that a single copy of the mutated gene (from one parent) is enough to cause the disorder.
1244:
Changes in performance on verbal tasks, as well as the location, extent, and signal intensity of
1221:
1189:
1021:
979:
813:
620:
355:
gyri as being especially vulnerable to age-related losses in grey matter of older adults. Sowell
230:
178:
151:
1499:, detection systems and software systems to measure biological age of the brain. For example, a
147:
1358:" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. "
7896:
7878:
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2041:
1949:
1866:
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1563:
Staying intellectually engaged, i.e. reading and mental activities (such as crossword puzzles)
1425:
1328:
1212:. Studies done, have found that memory functions, more specifically those associated with the
1209:
825:
821:
795:
750:
628:
571:
507:
483:
1345:. The search for genetic factors has always been an important aspect in trying to understand
7886:
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7803:
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7727:
7662:
7654:
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7597:
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6595:
6587:
6537:
6501:
6466:
6448:
6407:
6389:
6348:
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6260:
6204:
6159:
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6032:
6022:
5973:
5957:
5899:
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5844:
5787:
5779:
5736:
5695:
5687:
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5584:
5568:
5518:
5510:
5469:
5461:
5363:
5347:
5308:
5300:
5271:
5250:
5240:
5197:
5189:
5145:
5127:
5086:
5068:
5035:
4994:
4978:
4918:
4834:
4826:
4760:
4725:
4657:
4617:
4578:
4543:
4500:
4465:
4403:
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4351:
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4299:
4291:
4239:
4202:
4122:
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4018:
3970:
3922:
3884:
3813:
3797:
3748:
3732:
3675:
3634:
3618:
3577:
3559:
3512:
3458:
3391:
3345:
3267:
3221:
3173:
3121:
3079:
3071:
3014:
2976:
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2913:
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2823:
2773:
2721:
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2613:
2554:
2546:
2502:
2492:
2409:
2393:
2352:
2342:
2301:
2285:
2238:
2197:
2189:
2069:
1972:
1903:
In the United States, Black and African American demographics disproportionately experience
1750:
1728:
1704:
1638:
1528:
1484:
1437:
1309:
1225:
1183:
1104:
1069:
975:
850:
829:
828:. The motor functions of dopamine are linked to a separate pathway, with cell bodies in the
594:
554:
479:
384:
380:
234:
158:
6378:"The Potential Effects of Probiotics and ω-3 Fatty Acids on Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation"
2040:
tend to show more microstructural damage than females with MCI, but seem to have a greater
1907:
with age. This has many downstream effects, but the most prominent of these is the toll on
7243:
7038:
5674:
Hall, C.B.; Lipton, R. B.; Sliwinski, M.; Katz, M. J.; Derby, C. A.; Verghese, J. (2009).
3301:
2507:
1996:
1965:
1961:
1929:
1777:
1612:
1449:
1405:
1389:
1367:
1197:
1193:
1146:
1048:, and frontal cerebral cortex, decline with age. A decreased binding capacity of the 5-HT
1041:
991:
959:
931:
682:
664:
632:
582:
577:
The other main neurodegenerative contributor commonly found in the brain of patients with
499:
476:
472:
468:
448:
376:
258:
221:
195:
170:
136:
113:
101:
97:
7409:"Factors Associated with the High Prevalence of Dementia in Older Aboriginal Australians"
6636:
6146:
Moore, Katie; Hughes, Catherine F.; Ward, Mary; Hoey, Leane; McNulty, Helene (May 2018).
4399:
3662:
Graff, Barnaby J.; Harrison, Stephanie L.; Payne, Stephen J.; El-Bouri, Wahbi K. (2023).
1715:
gene is linked to prevention of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Specifically,
7723:
7534:
7301:
6943:
6824:
6758:
5343:
4904:
4729:
4118:
3793:
3622:
3508:
3462:
2202:
2175:
853:. Several studies have identified a number of these neurotransmitters, as well as their
7973:
7891:
7858:
7808:
7775:
7750:
7707:
7618:
7585:
7561:
7518:
7493:
7458:
7433:
7408:
7328:
7285:
7219:
7186:
7161:
7136:
7112:
7077:
6849:
6808:
6783:
6742:
6692:
6667:
6600:
6575:
6497:
IQ moderation of cognitive decline supports cognitive reserve and not brain maintenance
6471:
6436:
6412:
6377:
6353:
6320:
6037:
6010:
5978:
5867:
5832:
5740:
5700:
5675:
5651:
5618:
5589:
5556:
5523:
5498:
5474:
5449:
5368:
5327:
5255:
5231:
5226:
5202:
5150:
5115:
5091:
5056:
4999:
4966:
4839:
4804:
4408:
4383:
4356:
4331:
4304:
4279:
4243:
3818:
3777:
3753:
3720:
3639:
3606:
3582:
3547:
3349:
3084:
3057:
2981:
2948:
2559:
2414:
2357:
2330:
2306:
2273:
2119:
2073:
1855:
1646:
1532:
1346:
1253:
1249:
1205:
1201:
1171:
1033:
955:
758:
678:
503:
348:
306:
141:
109:
105:
45:
6541:
5619:"Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States"
4967:"Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations"
4206:
3926:
3177:
1507:
estimated brain age with relatively high accuracy, including detecting early signs of
794:
was shown to decrease 0.3-0.5% per year in healthy ageing. An efficiently functioning
705:
439:
Age-related decrease in gray matter volume was the largest contribution to changes in
408:
279:
7957:
7908:
6967:
6925:
6866:
6249:"Microbiota from young mice counteracts selective age-associated behavioral deficits"
6232:
6132:
5995:
5927:
5817:
5724:
4948:
4469:
4068:
4022:
3705:
3225:
2964:
2917:
2873:
2695:
2072:
is more efficient in the latter group. This trend was especially evident in the left
2000:
1988:
1971:
Among different Latin heritages, frequency of the dementia-predisposing ε4 allele of
1957:
1800:
1500:
1419:
1386:
1116:
1112:
1096:
facilitates reuptake of glutamate and decreases extracellular glutamate concentration
388:
368:
352:
299:
292:
199:
7692:
7392:
7352:
6652:
6181:
5756:
5676:"Cognitive activities delay onset of memory decline in persons who develop dementia"
4520:
4259:
4142:
4084:
4038:
3990:
3942:
3478:
3411:
3193:
3042:
2843:
2793:
2550:
1882:
diversifies, and grays, there is an increasing need to understand these inequities.
1776:
may be connected to our overall aging bodies. They focused on the activation of the
7776:"Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents"
7642:
6741:
L.; Longo, Frank M.; Rabinowitz, Joshua D.; Andreasson, Katrin I. (February 2021).
6089:
4889:"Efficient learning in children with rapid GABA boosting during and after training"
3532:
3331:"Evidence of increased oxidative damage in subjects with mild cognitive impairment"
3287:
3241:
3141:
2933:
2889:
2741:
2092:
1945:
1925:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1773:
1724:
1650:
1570:
1512:
1305:
1229:
1120:
1108:
870:
741:
644:
603:
550:
440:
364:
285:
250:
203:
162:
50:
7658:
6336:
3365:
2617:
1381:
regions in the genome. Genes that are down-regulated over the age of 40 include:
1111:
compared to younger subjects. A significant age-related decline especially in the
7874:
7732:
7543:
7475:
7368:
6208:
5961:
5903:
5691:
3395:
6877:"Giving an old mouse cerebrospinal fluid from a young mouse improves its memory"
6505:
5783:
5514:
5465:
5057:"Aging impairs deliberation and behavioral flexibility in inter-temporal choice"
4622:
4605:
2289:
2049:
1831:
1708:
1586:
1578:
1458:
1065:
963:
806:
766:
624:
608:
526:
522:
360:
238:
187:
121:
34:
7519:"Sexual Dimorphism in Healthy Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A DTI Study"
7310:
6832:
6766:
6453:
6265:
6248:
5634:
5245:
5177:
4982:
2777:
2532:"Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers"
2382:"How Does it STAC Up? Revisiting the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition"
2193:
6574:
Sanders, Amy; Wang, Cuiling; Katz, Mindy; Derby, Carol; Barzilai, Nir (2011).
6164:
6147:
6116:
6027:
5499:"Effects of aerobic exercise on mile cognitive impairment: A controlled trial"
5275:
4923:
4913:
4888:
4821:
4582:
4347:
4295:
3888:
3564:
3271:
3018:
2860:
2397:
1912:
1720:
1476:
1453:
1415:
1374:
1236:
are especially affected by age-related processes resulting in memory changes.
1093:
660:
656:
636:
444:
125:
7882:
7799:
7741:
7676:
7609:
7552:
7484:
7376:
7319:
7210:
7152:
7103:
6840:
6774:
6549:
6462:
6403:
6344:
6274:
6216:
5969:
5911:
5858:
5849:
5801:
5642:
5580:
5359:
5141:
5132:
5082:
5073:
4990:
4932:
4178:
3860:
3809:
3744:
3689:
3630:
3605:
Yin, Fei; Sancheti, Harsh; Patil, Ishan; Cadenas, Enrique (1 November 2016).
3573:
3026:
2972:
2687:
2405:
2347:
2297:
2250:
2242:
396:
not only increases with age, but also with cognitive decline in the elderly.
7708:"Age-Related Differences in Cortical Thickness Vary by Socioeconomic Status"
7094:
6951:
6743:"Restoring metabolism of myeloid cells reverses cognitive decline in ageing"
5351:
5326:
Yin, Chenzhong; Imms, Phoebe; Cheng, Mingxi; et al. (10 January 2023).
5040:
5023:
4126:
2669:
2497:
2480:
2465:
2381:
1917:
1870:
1740:
1658:
1654:
1590:
1480:
1371:
1273:
1217:
1159:
1125:
1100:
1015:
770:
242:
191:
17:
7922:
Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health via medicalxpress.com
7900:
7817:
7759:
7684:
7627:
7570:
7502:
7442:
7384:
7337:
7228:
7170:
7121:
7061:
6959:
6926:"A mesothelium divides the subarachnoid space into functional compartments"
6858:
6792:
6701:
6644:
6609:
6591:
6557:
6480:
6421:
6362:
6282:
6224:
6173:
6148:"Diet, nutrition and the ageing brain: current evidence and new directions"
6124:
6081:
6046:
5987:
5919:
5876:
5809:
5748:
5709:
5660:
5598:
5532:
5483:
5377:
5283:
5264:
5211:
5159:
5100:
5008:
4940:
4848:
4772:
4716:
Light, L.L. (1991). "Memory and aging: Four hypotheses in search of data".
4669:
4477:
4417:
4365:
4313:
4214:
3934:
3896:
3827:
3762:
3697:
3648:
3607:"Energy metabolism and inflammation in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease"
3591:
3524:
3403:
3357:
3279:
3185:
3133:
3093:
3034:
2990:
2925:
2881:
2835:
2785:
2733:
2568:
2516:
2423:
2366:
2315:
2258:
2211:
1539:
Development of the nervous system in humans § Adult neural development
558:
tangles in each affected cell body is relatively low and restricted to the
510:
of old animals (27–32 years old) compared with young ones (6–9 years old).
482:
decrease in size and/or number in specific regions and layers of human and
375:
and lateral brain surfaces. It is also worth noting that areas such as the
7135:
Sims, Regina; Madhere, Serge; Callender, Clive; Campbell, Alfonso (2008).
5193:
4737:
4631:
4590:
4555:
4512:
4504:
4251:
4134:
4076:
4030:
3982:
3470:
3233:
2635:
518:
6809:"Young CSF restores oligodendrogenesis and memory in aged mice via Fgf17"
4830:
4548:
10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199711)53:7<673::aid-jclp5>3.0.co;2-j
2678:
2626:
1992:
1976:
1780:
1582:
1355:
1295:
1057:
1053:
1028:(5-HTT), have also been shown to occur with age. Studies conducted using
971:
967:
890:
882:
866:
833:
640:
567:
546:
166:
65:
6683:
5297:
has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace
3801:
3516:
1873:, the number of which increases in response to inflammation and aging".
7424:
6526:"Intelligence, Cognitive Reserve, and Dementia: Time for Intervention?"
6394:
6376:
Hutchinson, Ashley N.; Tingö, Lina; Brummer, Robert Jan (August 2020).
6292:"Gut bacteria from young mice reverse signs of brain aging in old mice"
5792:
5572:
5294:
3975:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199809)30:1<56::AID-SYN7>3.0.CO;2-J
3075:
2712:
Barnes, C.; Burke, S. (2006). "Neural plasticity in the ageing brain".
1551:
of efficacy, the following are reported as delaying cognitive decline:
1188:
Many different types of memory have been identified in humans, such as
1073:
1045:
995:
935:
865:
An overwhelming number of studies have reported age-related changes in
340:
327:
174:
38:
7667:
7601:
7202:
6073:
3736:
3721:"The Glymphatic System and Waste Clearance with Brain Aging: A Review"
3680:
3663:
2274:"Large artery stiffness and brain health: insights from animal models"
1604:, smoking cessation, limiting alcohol use, brain protection, treating
4764:
2174:
Gaspar-Silva, Filipa; Trigo, Diogo; Magalhaes, Joana (24 June 2023).
2096:
2036:(MMSE) tend to decline at slightly faster rates with age. Males with
1980:
1807:
1716:
1398:
1315:
boosting as a major potential explanation-component for why that is.
1269:
667:
495:
254:
207:
117:
7791:
7244:"National Vital Statistics Reports: United States Life Tables, 2020"
5055:
Breton, Yannick-André; Seeland, Kelsey D.; Redish, A. David (2015).
3125:
2725:
765:
appear to be linked and interact with aging, e.g. as gut microbiota
447:
gets altered. General cortical atrophy occurs in aging and e.g. the
88:, there are few informative studies on the molecular biology of the
2827:
2028:
Life expectancy in the USA by race and sex, with calculated sex gap
1158:
Many older adults notice a decline in their attentional abilities.
1002:. Changes in dopamine levels may also cause age-related changes in
335:, has noted that there is a decrease in grey matter volume between
2272:
Winder, Nick R.; Reeve, Emily H.; Walker, Ashley E. (2021-01-01).
2023:
1894:
1851:
1821:
517:
336:
146:
135:
30:
7266:"What is Driving Widening Racial Disparities in Life Expectancy?"
4280:"Effects of age and sex on brain glutamate and other metabolites"
1289:
1276:
were the only regions in a larger set of regions associated with
112:
suggest that as organisms age, there are distinct changes in the
2278:
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
1784:
210:
1956:, and abdominal obesity - which not only increases the risk of
1772:
In a 2013 study, it was suggested that the inflammation of the
922:
receptors has been shown, and more specifically a decrease of D
816:, dopamine is manufactured in nerve cell bodies located within
120:
level. This page is an overview of the changes associated with
7832:"SNAP Use Linked to Slower Decline in Memory for Older Adults"
5772:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
5178:"The cerebellum ages slowly according to the epigenetic clock"
4011:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
1304:
and takes longer or is more difficult with age. A study using
1280:, that consistently showed age differences in brain activity.
700:
403:
182:
7918:"Using SNAP benefits may slow memory decline in older adults"
5612:
5610:
5608:
4960:
4958:
4863:"Brain scans shed light on how kids learn faster than adults"
2176:"Ageing in the brain: mechanisms and rejuvenating strategies"
1649:
from young donor mice into aged recipient mice substantially
213:
connecting the neurons to each other and with the periphery.
6981:
University of Rochester Medical Center via medicalxpress.com
3329:
Keller JN, Schmitt FA, Scheff SW, et al. (April 2005).
1940:
In the US, the Latino demographic is most likely to develop
1920:, verbal learning, and cognitive set ability are related to
1366:
The human brain shows a decline in function and a change in
893:). Significant age-related decreases in dopamine receptors
6807:
Andreas; Zuchero, J. Bradley; Wyss-Coray, Tony (May 2022).
2032:
Compared to their male counterparts, women's scores on the
7948:
Instruments to Detect Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults
6197:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care
5892:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care
2380:
Reuter-Lorenz, Patricia A.; Park, Denise C. (2014-09-01).
2083:
A study showed that 50+ aged users of the dietary program
1968:
for Latinos in the US is higher than for white and black.
7003:"Scientists discover a new protective layer in the brain"
5557:"Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Ten-Year Update"
4382:
Kaiser LG, Schuff N, Cashdollar N, Weiner MW (May 2005).
1764:
has begun. Its initial funding was also provided by NIA.
7037:
Arias, Elizabeth; Xu, Jiaquan; M.D, M. (8 August 2022).
5171:
5169:
2329:
Kadakkuzha, Beena M; Akhmedov, Komolitdin (2013-12-14).
914:
have also been highly reported. A general decrease in D
5391:
University of Southern California via medicalxpress.com
1991:, 12.6–17.5 %) and lowest among mainland Latinos (
717:
685:
was altered after age 40. They further found that the
420:
5617:
Mattson, Mark P.; Arumugam, Thiruma V. (5 June 2018).
5022:
Audet, Jean-Nicolas; Lefebvre, Louis (1 August 2017).
2649:
Kolb, Bryan; Gibb, Robbin; Robinson, Terry E. (2003).
1854:
as a key target for potential therapeutics, including
6977:"Newly discovered anatomy shields and monitors brain"
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5227:"DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types"
1814:
or prevented via inhibition of their EP2 signalling.
1296:
Learning § Adult learning vs children's learning
100:) in the absence of neurodegenerative disease or the
6897:"Verjüngung der Gedächtnisleistung von alten Mäusen"
5723:
Barnes, L. L.; Mendes de Leon, C.F.; Wilson, R. S.;
5454:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
1032:
methods on humans, in vivo, show that levels of the
467:
of neurons. Studies by Duan et al., have shown that
7590:
The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine
4154:
4152:
2080:- critical language and literacy supporting areas.
1370:. This modulation in gene expression may be due to
1290:§ Loss of neural circuits and brain plasticity
3778:"Ageing, neurodegeneration and brain rejuvenation"
4435:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4431:Lezak, M.D; Howieson, D.B.; Loring, D.W. (2004).
4325:
4323:
3164:Anderton BH (April 2002). "Ageing of the brain".
5443:
5441:
4662:10.1076/1385-4046(199911)13:04;1-y;ft495
3908:
3906:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
7242:Arias, Elizabeth; Xu, Jiaquan (8 August 2022).
6569:
6567:
5332:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3253:
3251:
1337:. As in so many other science disciplines, the
832:that manufacture and release dopamine into the
37:is a process of transformation of the brain in
7264:Hill, Latoya; Artiga, Samantha (23 May 2023).
5114:Yang, Wenzhong; Zhou, Xueyan; Ma, Tao (2019).
4377:
4375:
3377:
3375:
3324:
3322:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2450:(2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
1641:also plays a role. Scientists have shown that
1341:debate is an ongoing conflict in the field of
1284:Changes in learning and behavioral flexibility
1128:of brain diseases that are affected by aging.
4273:
4271:
4269:
4050:
4048:
3432:, New York, Chapter 1, pp. 1-47. see pg. 18.
3207:
3205:
3203:
844:Dopamine and serotonin functions and pathways
56:Aging is a major risk factor for most common
8:
7357:Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders
6716:"Study reveals immune driver of brain aging"
5024:"What's flexible in behavioral flexibility?"
4681:
4679:
4098:
4096:
4094:
3956:
3954:
3952:
1842:A study showed that infusing the nourishing
217:Loss of neural circuits and brain plasticity
7032:
7030:
6580:Journal of the American Medical Association
4330:Sailasuta N, Ernst T, Chang L (June 2008).
4278:Chang L, Jiang CS, Ernst T (January 2009).
4004:
4002:
4000:
3841:Mobbs, Charles V.; Hof, Patrick R. (2009).
3107:
3105:
3103:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2658:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1256:demands, and production of such sentences.
1228:have supplied converging evidence that the
655:At least 25 studies have demonstrated that
7251:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
7054:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5412:"KI kann wahres Alter des Hirns bestimmen"
3490:
3488:
1826:The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the
1600:Limiting stress, adequate sleep, managing
1566:Maintaining social and friendship networks
639:through many complex processes, including
268:
7890:
7807:
7749:
7731:
7666:
7617:
7560:
7542:
7492:
7474:
7432:
7327:
7309:
7218:
7160:
7111:
7093:
7001:Charuchandra, Sukanya (30 January 2023).
6848:
6782:
6691:
6599:
6470:
6452:
6411:
6393:
6352:
6264:
6163:
6036:
6026:
5977:
5866:
5848:
5791:
5699:
5650:
5588:
5522:
5473:
5367:
5254:
5244:
5201:
5149:
5131:
5090:
5072:
5039:
4998:
4922:
4912:
4838:
4820:
4621:
4407:
4355:
4303:
4163:. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
3817:
3752:
3679:
3638:
3581:
3563:
3083:
2980:
2707:
2705:
2677:
2625:
2558:
2530:Raz, Naftali; Rodrigue, Karen M. (2006).
2506:
2496:
2413:
2356:
2346:
2305:
2201:
2145:Reliability theory of aging and longevity
1585:-containing foods as well as potentially
602:has been attributed to oxidative stress,
181:expand as a function of age. More recent
6062:Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
4643:
4641:
3428:(Editors: Honoka Kimura And Aoi Suzuki)
2539:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
2095:of the food products purchased with the
1593:-containing ones as in, more generally,
1471:Epigenetic age analysis of brain regions
1083:
839:
805:
786:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2166:
990:receptors decline with age in both the
27:Degradation of functioning of the brain
5311:|...|checked=yes}}
4705:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. p. 334.
4701:Banich, M. T.; Compton, R. J. (2011).
3845:. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
1863:subarachnoidal lymphatic-like membrane
7082:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
5424:from the original on 17 February 2023
5397:from the original on 17 February 2023
4610:The Journals of Gerontology: Series B
3843:Handbook of the neuroscience of aging
2597:Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (1998).
2135:List of life extension related topics
1495:There is research and development of
537:Age-related neuropathologies such as
498:reported a 50% loss in spines on the
84:. While much research has focused on
7:
7013:from the original on 30 January 2023
6637:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.06.019
6152:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
4400:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.001
3166:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
2181:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1444:Genes that are upregulated include:
1064:receptors in the frontal cortex and
6987:from the original on 7 January 2023
4730:10.1146/annurev.ps.42.020191.002001
4571:Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology
3623:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.200
3463:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67041559.x
2448:The Handbook of Aging and Cognition
2225:Cummings, Jeffrey L. (2002-05-08).
1622:are under investigation, including
6441:Alzheimer's Research & Therapy
5741:10.1212/01.wnl.0000147473.04043.b3
4244:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb06098.x
3776:Wyss-Coray, Tony (November 2016).
3350:10.1212/01.WNL.0000156156.13641.BA
3306:Merriam-Webster Medical dictionary
2479:Raz, Naftali; et al. (2005).
1899:Life expectancy in the USA by race
1768:Hypothalamus inflammation and GnRH
631:DNA. Oxidative stress can damage
459:There is converging evidence from
347:have identified areas such as the
257:activity, chemical messengers, or
126:aging without concomitant diseases
25:
7046:National Vital Statistics Reports
7039:"United States Life Tables, 2020"
6542:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1724
5450:"Cognitive reserve and lifestyle"
4809:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
3611:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
2446:Craik, F.; Salthouse, T. (2000).
737:
5448:Scarmeas, N.; Stern, Y. (2003).
4470:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2006.00094.x
4159:Wang, E.; Snyder, S. D. (1998).
2965:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.014
2918:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.015
2874:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.016
1533:Life extension § Strategies
704:
643:in DNA components. Each time a
486:cortex as a result of age (Duan
407:
278:
6015:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
5837:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
5120:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
5061:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
4965:Uddin, Lucina Q. (March 2021).
2651:"Brain plasticity and behavior"
2599:"Brain Plasticity and Behavior"
2551:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.07.001
2130:Timeline of senescence research
1667:may also have relevant effects.
1020:Decreasing levels of different
623:and oxidative modifications in
455:Age-related neuronal morphology
7413:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
6999:News article about the study:
6873:News article about the study:
6289:News article about the study:
5561:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
5409:News article about the study:
4650:The Clinical Neuropsychologist
4536:Journal of Clinical Psychology
4458:Journal of Nursing Scholarship
2508:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-8479-B
1119:, and to a lesser degree, the
982:also show that the number of D
1:
7946:National Institute on Aging:
7659:10.1080/13607863.2015.1128879
6894:Expert reviews of the study:
6337:10.1080/19490976.2020.1814107
4493:British Journal of Psychiatry
4433:Neuropsychological Assessment
4207:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01745-9
3927:10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00149-4
3430:Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
3178:10.1016/S0047-6374(01)00426-2
2618:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.43
2034:mini–mental state examination
1810:in mice and that this can be
1701:Longitudinal research studies
1523:Delaying the effects of aging
1248:signal changes measured with
773:activation and production of
763:systemic chronic inflammation
529:destruction and formation of
400:Morphology and microstructure
7875:10.1212/WNL.0000000000201499
7733:10.1371/journal.pone.0162511
7544:10.1371/journal.pone.0037021
7476:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002261
7369:10.1097/WAD.0000000000000140
6901:Science Media Centre Germany
6209:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000691
5962:10.1212/WNL.0000000000201541
5904:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000141
5692:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181b04ae3
4069:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90423-9
4023:10.1016/0278-5846(93)90075-4
3396:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.07.055
3226:10.1016/0197-4580(91)90006-6
1954:elevated triglyceride levels
879:positron emission tomography
777:", occur with normal aging.
451:volume appears to decrease.
6524:Russ, Tom C. (2018-09-07).
6506:10.1101/2021.02.19.21251920
5784:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109662
5515:10.1001/archneurol.2009.307
5466:10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576
4971:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
4718:Annual Review of Psychology
4161:Handbook of the aging brain
3114:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2714:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2606:Annual Review of Psychology
2290:10.1152/ajpheart.00696.2020
2150:Sensory stimulation therapy
1747:National Institute on Aging
1440:release and recycling genes
253:factors such as changes in
206:consists of tightly packed
108:changes. Recent reports in
7990:
7915:University press release:
7311:10.1038/s41598-018-35573-3
6974:University press release:
6833:10.1038/s41586-022-04722-0
6767:10.1038/s41586-020-03160-0
6454:10.1186/s13195-021-00870-z
6266:10.1038/s43587-021-00093-9
5635:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.011
5384:University press release:
5246:10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115
4983:10.1038/s41583-021-00428-w
4336:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4284:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3426:New Research on DNA Damage
2778:10.1016/j.tins.2004.07.013
2194:10.1007/s00018-023-04832-6
1738:
1675:
1620:pharmacological strategies
1536:
1526:
1326:
1302:more efficient in children
1293:
1287:
1181:
1132:Neuropsychological changes
1013:
966:, medial temporal cortex,
938:. A general decrease in D
787:§ Cerebrospinal fluid
784:
735:
691:DNA damage theory of aging
592:
169:depletion, shrinkage, and
58:neurodegenerative diseases
7647:Aging & Mental Health
6165:10.1017/S0029665117004177
6117:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101596
6028:10.3389/fnagi.2021.640381
5276:10.1186/s13059-015-0649-6
4924:10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.021
4914:10.1101/2022.01.02.474022
4822:10.1101/2020.07.15.204941
4690:. London: Elsevier Press.
4623:10.1093/geronb/53b.6.p359
4583:10.1080/01688638108403111
4348:10.1016/j.mri.2007.06.007
4296:10.1016/j.mri.2008.06.002
4231:Journal of Neurochemistry
3889:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.02.017
3565:10.3389/fimmu.2022.796288
3272:10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001
3019:10.1016/j.arr.2016.01.002
2398:10.1007/s11065-014-9270-9
2038:mild cognitive impairment
1505:magnetic resonance images
1395:NMDA R2A receptor subunit
1266:inferior frontal junction
1260:Brain activation patterns
1068:as well as a decrease in
952:anterior cingulate cortex
461:cognitive neuroscientists
277:
62:mild cognitive impairment
5850:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052
5831:Dyall, Simon C. (2015).
5133:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00246
5074:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00041
3668:Cerebrovascular Diseases
3063:Translational Psychiatry
2348:10.1186/1471-2164-14-880
2243:10.1001/jama.287.18.2335
1922:diastolic blood pressure
1703:have recently conducted
1503:software using anatomic
930:receptor binding in the
810:Major dopamine pathways.
697:Immune system and fluids
589:Role of oxidative stress
272:Lobes of the human brain
7141:Ethnicity & Disease
6952:10.1126/science.adc8810
6105:Ageing Research Reviews
5352:10.1073/pnas.2214634120
4686:Kensinger, E.A (2009).
4127:10.1126/science.6334363
3552:Frontiers in Immunology
3260:Ageing Research Reviews
3007:Ageing Research Reviews
2766:Trends in Neurosciences
2670:10.1111/1467-8721.01210
2140:Neuropsychological test
1755:neurofibrillary tangles
1555:High level of education
1483:of tissue age known as
1145:almost all medical and
1090:glutamate transporter 1
889:regions (excluding the
820:and is released in the
531:neurofibrillary tangles
514:Neurofibrillary tangles
345:Voxel-based morphometry
152:Ventricles of the brain
74:cerebrovascular disease
7964:Central nervous system
6592:10.1001/jama.2009.1988
4703:Cognitive neuroscience
2386:Neuropsychology Review
2110:Aging movement control
2078:superior temporal gyri
2046:educational attainment
2029:
2014:educational attainment
1932:levels, respectively.
1900:
1850:identifying a protein
1839:
1762:Religious Orders Study
1745:A study funded by the
1448:Genes associated with
1412:long-term potentiation
1343:cognitive neuroscience
1220:, structural imaging,
1137:Changes in orientation
1097:
845:
837:
775:inflammatory cytokines
677:profiles of the human
673:Lu et al. studied the
534:
265:Thinning of the cortex
261:in cortical circuits.
154:
144:
7095:10.1093/gerona/glx232
7007:Advanced Science News
6625:Neurobiology of Aging
5503:Archives of Neurology
5303:|...}}
5194:10.18632/aging.100742
5041:10.1093/beheco/arx007
4505:10.1192/bjp.147.6.692
4388:Neurobiology of Aging
3915:Neurobiology of Aging
3214:Neurobiology of Aging
2498:10.1093/cercor/bhi044
2155:Neuroscience of aging
2099:(or coupon-credits).
2056:Socioeconomic factors
2027:
1975:gene was highest for
1944:- the combination of
1909:cardiovascular health
1905:metabolic dysfunction
1898:
1830:around the brain and
1825:
1624:nicotinamide riboside
1545:biomedical technology
1543:The current state of
1527:Further information:
1339:nature versus nurture
1335:environmental factors
1327:Further information:
1234:dopaminergic pathways
1232:and frontal-striatal
1087:
1026:serotonin transporter
1004:cognitive flexibility
950:were detected in the
843:
809:
564:parahippocampal gyrus
521:
150:
139:
5417:Deutschlandfunk Nova
4899:(23): 5022–5030.e7.
4831:10.1162/jocn_a_01616
4753:Psychology and Aging
3384:Neuroscience Letters
2061:Socioeconomic status
1633:intermittent fasting
1214:medial temporal lobe
1154:Changes in attention
616:cognitive impairment
600:Cognitive impairment
177:have found that the
82:Lou Gehrig's disease
7780:Nature Neuroscience
7724:2016PLoSO..1162511P
7535:2012PLoSO...737021O
7302:2018NatSR...817578G
6944:2023Sci...379...84M
6825:2022Natur.605..509I
6759:2021Natur.590..122M
6684:10.1038/nature12143
5344:2023PNAS..12014634Y
4905:2022CBio...32E5022F
4119:1984Sci...226.1393W
4113:(4681): 1393–1396.
3802:10.1038/nature20411
3794:2016Natur.539..180W
3517:10.1038/nature02661
3509:2004Natur.429..883L
2816:Nature Neuroscience
2227:"Alzheimer Disease"
2066:executive functions
1946:high blood pressure
1844:cerebrospinal fluid
1818:Cerebrospinal fluid
1795:A study found that
1629:Caloric restriction
1602:sensory impairments
1575:omega-3 fatty acids
1509:Alzheimer's disease
1497:biomarkers of aging
1432:Synaptic plasticity
1278:executive functions
1240:Changes in language
1022:serotonin receptors
792:Cerebral blood flow
747:Blood–brain barrier
738:§ Inflammation
641:telomere shortening
543:Parkinson's disease
539:Alzheimer's disease
492:electron microscopy
179:cerebral ventricles
140:Human brain in the
114:expression of genes
78:Parkinson's disease
70:Alzheimer's disease
7838:. 14 November 2022
7425:10.3233/JAD-180573
7290:Scientific Reports
6395:10.3390/nu12082402
5573:10.3233/JAD-201462
5338:(2): e2214634120.
5225:Horvath S (2013).
5028:Behavioral Ecology
3302:"Oxidative stress"
3076:10.1038/tp.2016.39
2115:Hallmarks of aging
2050:transgender people
2030:
2016:, and/or old age.
2007:Indigenous Peoples
1942:metabolic syndrome
1901:
1840:
1828:subarachnoid space
1595:Mediterranean diet
1410:Genes involved in
1300:Learning is often
1268:and left anterior
1222:functional imaging
1190:declarative memory
1163:block out others.
1147:neuropsychological
1098:
980:Postmortem studies
846:
838:
716:. You can help by
621:lipid peroxidation
535:
419:. You can help by
231:calcium regulation
200:subcortical nuclei
155:
145:
132:Structural changes
102:neuropsychological
7836:Neurology Advisor
7602:10.2190/pm.46.2.a
7203:10.2337/dc17-1896
6881:medicalxpress.com
6819:(7910): 509–515.
6753:(7844): 122–128.
6720:medicalxpress.com
6678:(7448): 211–216.
6530:JAMA Network Open
6074:10.1111/jhn.12431
5735:(12): 2322–2326.
4442:978-0-19-511121-7
3852:978-0-12-374898-0
3788:(7628): 180–186.
3737:10.1159/000490349
3681:10.1159/000524797
3503:(6994): 883–891.
3438:978-1-60456-581-2
2491:(11): 1676–1689.
2237:(18): 2335–2338.
2125:Lifelong learning
2042:cognitive reserve
1997:Central Americans
1891:African Americans
1877:Aging disparities
1806:element of brain-
1799:are drivers of a
1678:Cognitive reserve
1672:Cognitive reserve
1559:Physical exercise
1426:Calcium signaling
1347:neuropathological
1329:Genetics of aging
1308:identified rapid
1210:procedural memory
1178:Changes in memory
877:. Studies using
851:neurotransmitters
826:prefrontal cortex
822:nucleus accumbens
796:glymphatic system
755:neurodegeneration
751:neuroinflammation
734:
733:
572:entorhinal cortex
560:olfactory nucleus
508:prefrontal cortex
484:non-human primate
480:pyramidal neurons
437:
436:
323:
322:
235:action potentials
227:somatotopic space
159:conceptual models
124:aging, including
92:(usually spelled
86:diseases of aging
16:(Redirected from
7981:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7912:
7894:
7869:(6): e595–e602.
7854:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7811:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7753:
7735:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7670:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7621:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7564:
7546:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7496:
7478:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7436:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7331:
7313:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7248:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7222:
7197:(7): 1501–1509.
7181:
7175:
7174:
7164:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7115:
7097:
7073:
7067:
7065:
7043:
7034:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7018:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6971:
6920:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6870:
6852:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6786:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6695:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6571:
6562:
6561:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6474:
6456:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6415:
6397:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6356:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6298:. 10 August 2021
6286:
6268:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6167:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6040:
6030:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5981:
5956:(7): e694–e702.
5947:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5870:
5852:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5795:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5703:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5654:
5629:(6): 1176–1199.
5614:
5603:
5602:
5592:
5552:
5537:
5536:
5526:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5445:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5381:
5371:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5289:Retraction Watch
5268:
5258:
5248:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5173:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5135:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5076:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5002:
4962:
4953:
4952:
4926:
4916:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4824:
4815:(9): 1716–1752.
4800:
4794:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4765:10.1037/a0019363
4748:
4742:
4741:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4625:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4275:
4264:
4263:
4238:(6): 1699–1705.
4225:
4219:
4218:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4100:
4089:
4088:
4052:
4043:
4042:
4006:
3995:
3994:
3958:
3947:
3946:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3683:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3567:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3446:
3440:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3209:
3198:
3197:
3161:
3146:
3145:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2761:
2746:
2745:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2681:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2578:on July 23, 2011
2577:
2571:. Archived from
2562:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2443:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2284:(1): H424–H431.
2269:
2263:
2262:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2171:
2070:synaptic pruning
1751:cerebral atrophy
1705:genetic analyses
1647:fecal microbiota
1621:
1529:Neuroenhancement
1485:epigenetic clock
1438:Synaptic vesicle
1404:Subunits of the
1310:neurotransmitter
1226:receptor binding
1184:Memory and aging
1105:neurotransmitter
976:occipital cortex
873:, and number of
830:substantia nigra
802:Chemical changes
729:
726:
708:
701:
595:Oxidative stress
555:arteriosclerosis
525:disorders cause
500:apical dendritic
473:dendritic spines
469:dendritic arbors
432:
429:
411:
404:
385:calcarine sulcus
383:surrounding the
381:occipital cortex
373:interhemispheric
311:
302:
295:
288:
282:
269:
222:Brain plasticity
21:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7954:
7953:
7943:
7938:
7926:
7924:
7916:
7856:
7855:
7851:
7841:
7839:
7830:
7829:
7825:
7792:10.1038/nn.3983
7772:
7771:
7767:
7718:(9): e0162511.
7705:
7704:
7700:
7640:
7639:
7635:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7469:(3): e1002261.
7455:
7454:
7450:
7419:(s1): S75–S85.
7405:
7404:
7400:
7350:
7349:
7345:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7041:
7036:
7035:
7028:
7016:
7014:
7000:
6990:
6988:
6975:
6938:(6627): 84–88.
6922:
6921:
6917:
6905:
6903:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6874:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6573:
6572:
6565:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6510:
6508:
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6492:
6488:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6301:
6299:
6290:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6059:
6058:
6054:
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6007:
6003:
5945:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5623:Cell Metabolism
5616:
5615:
5606:
5554:
5553:
5540:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5447:
5446:
5439:
5427:
5425:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5385:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5306:
5298:
5292:
5270:(Erratum:
5269:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5021:
5020:
5016:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4893:Current Biology
4886:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4869:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4784:
4780:
4750:
4749:
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4714:
4710:
4700:
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4685:
4684:
4677:
4647:
4646:
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4603:
4602:
4598:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4171:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4102:
4101:
4092:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4008:
4007:
3998:
3960:
3959:
3950:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3853:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3423:
3419:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3163:
3162:
3149:
3126:10.1038/nrn1323
3111:
3110:
3101:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2813:
2812:
2801:
2763:
2762:
2749:
2726:10.1038/nrn1809
2711:
2710:
2703:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2485:Cerebral Cortex
2478:
2477:
2473:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2431:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2105:
2058:
2022:
2009:
2001:South Americans
1966:life expectancy
1962:type 2 diabetes
1938:
1930:HDL cholesterol
1893:
1888:
1879:
1820:
1793:
1778:protein complex
1770:
1743:
1737:
1698:
1693:
1680:
1674:
1643:transplantation
1613:anticholinergic
1541:
1535:
1525:
1513:neuroanatomical
1493:
1473:
1468:
1450:stress response
1406:GABA-A receptor
1368:gene expression
1331:
1325:
1323:Genetic changes
1298:
1292:
1286:
1262:
1242:
1198:semantic memory
1194:episodic memory
1186:
1180:
1156:
1139:
1134:
1082:
1063:
1051:
1042:caudate nucleus
1037:
1018:
1012:
992:caudate nucleus
989:
985:
960:temporal cortex
949:
945:
941:
932:caudate nucleus
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
905:
898:
863:
812:As part of the
811:
804:
789:
783:
744:
730:
724:
721:
714:needs expansion
699:
675:transcriptional
665:malondialdehyde
653:
633:DNA replication
597:
591:
583:amyloid plaques
516:
504:pyramidal cells
457:
449:caudate nucleus
433:
427:
424:
417:needs expansion
402:
389:temporal cortex
377:cingulate gyrus
313:
312:
308:
305:
303:
298:
296:
291:
289:
284:
267:
259:gene expression
219:
134:
110:model organisms
98:British English
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7987:
7985:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7942:
7941:External links
7939:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7849:
7823:
7786:(5): 773–778.
7765:
7698:
7653:(5): 537–542.
7633:
7596:(2): 121–143.
7576:
7508:
7448:
7398:
7363:(3): 281–287.
7343:
7275:
7256:
7234:
7176:
7147:(4): 471–476.
7127:
7068:
7026:
7024:
7023:
6997:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6892:
6798:
6732:
6707:
6658:
6615:
6586:(2): 150–158.
6563:
6536:(5): e181724.
6516:
6486:
6427:
6368:
6331:(1): 1814107.
6311:
6309:
6308:
6259:(8): 666–676.
6238:
6203:(6): 413–420.
6187:
6158:(2): 152–163.
6138:
6095:
6068:(3): 260–274.
6052:
6001:
5933:
5898:(2): 139–146.
5882:
5823:
5762:
5725:Bienias, J. L.
5715:
5686:(5): 356–361.
5666:
5604:
5567:(3): 871–920.
5538:
5489:
5460:(5): 625–633.
5437:
5435:
5434:
5407:
5318:
5232:Genome Biology
5217:
5188:(5): 294–306.
5165:
5106:
5047:
5034:(4): 943–947.
5014:
4977:(3): 167–179.
4954:
4879:
4854:
4795:
4778:
4759:(3): 569–574.
4743:
4708:
4693:
4675:
4656:(4): 495–508.
4637:
4616:(6): 359–363.
4596:
4561:
4542:(7): 673–686.
4526:
4499:(6): 692–695.
4483:
4464:(2): 159–164.
4448:
4441:
4423:
4371:
4319:
4265:
4220:
4201:(7): 751–757.
4184:
4169:
4148:
4090:
4063:(2): 349–352.
4057:Brain Research
4044:
4017:(3): 415–421.
3996:
3948:
3921:(5): 683–688.
3902:
3883:(8): 730–736.
3866:
3851:
3833:
3768:
3731:(2): 106–119.
3711:
3654:
3597:
3538:
3484:
3457:(4): 1559–65.
3441:
3417:
3371:
3318:
3293:
3247:
3220:(4): 295–312.
3199:
3147:
3099:
3048:
2996:
2939:
2912:(3): 865–873.
2895:
2849:
2828:10.1038/nn1008
2799:
2772:(10): 607–13.
2747:
2701:
2641:
2589:
2545:(6): 730–748.
2522:
2471:
2456:
2429:
2392:(3): 355–370.
2372:
2321:
2264:
2217:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Life extension
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2089:sustainability
2057:
2054:
2021:
2018:
2008:
2005:
1958:cardiac events
1937:
1934:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1856:for anti-aging
1819:
1816:
1792:
1789:
1769:
1766:
1739:Main article:
1736:
1733:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1676:Main article:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1635:
1626:
1616:
1609:
1606:cardiovascular
1598:
1569:Maintaining a
1567:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1524:
1521:
1492:
1489:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1408:
1402:
1392:
1364:
1363:
1324:
1321:
1285:
1282:
1261:
1258:
1254:working memory
1250:functional MRI
1241:
1238:
1206:spatial memory
1202:working memory
1182:Main article:
1179:
1176:
1155:
1152:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1088:Expression of
1081:
1078:
1061:
1049:
1035:
1011:
1008:
987:
983:
956:frontal cortex
947:
943:
939:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
903:
896:
862:
859:
814:reward pathway
803:
800:
782:
779:
759:gut microbiota
749:permeability,
732:
731:
711:
709:
698:
695:
679:frontal cortex
652:
649:
593:Main article:
590:
587:
515:
512:
456:
453:
435:
434:
414:
412:
401:
398:
371:lobes on both
321:
320:
315:
314:
304:
297:
290:
283:
274:
273:
266:
263:
218:
215:
142:sagittal plane
133:
130:
116:at the single
106:neurocognitive
46:life extension
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7986:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7949:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7850:
7837:
7833:
7827:
7824:
7819:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7769:
7766:
7761:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7702:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7637:
7634:
7629:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7580:
7577:
7572:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7529:(7): e37021.
7528:
7524:
7520:
7512:
7509:
7504:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7463:PLOS Medicine
7460:
7452:
7449:
7444:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7402:
7399:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7347:
7344:
7339:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7279:
7276:
7271:
7267:
7260:
7257:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7235:
7230:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7191:Diabetes Care
7188:
7180:
7177:
7172:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7072:
7069:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7040:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6998:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6919:
6916:
6902:
6898:
6893:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6802:
6799:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6736:
6733:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6708:
6703:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6659:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6616:
6611:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6520:
6517:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6490:
6487:
6482:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6312:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6242:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6188:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6139:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6005:
6002:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5886:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5423:
5420:(in German).
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5319:
5310:
5302:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5221:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5048:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4792:9780199794317
4789:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:(5): 665–72.
4393:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4342:(5): 667–75.
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:Life Sciences
4188:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4170:0-12-734610-4
4166:
4162:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3877:Life Sciences
3870:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:(7): 1152–6.
3343:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:(4): 369–82.
3265:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:(3): 309–15.
2821:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2679:2027.42/74427
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2627:2027.42/74427
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2457:0-8058-2966-0
2453:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:Puerto Ricans
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1871:myeloid cells
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1834:, and in the
1833:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:myeloid cells
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:heterozygotes
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:"Super Agers"
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:, protective
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:deep learning
1498:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:CaM Kinase II
1417:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1397:(involved in
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:AMPA receptor
1384:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:frontal lobes
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:basal ganglia
1115:gray matter,
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
937:
933:
913:
906:
899:
892:
888:
887:extrastriatal
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:binding sites
868:
860:
858:
856:
852:
842:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
801:
799:
797:
793:
788:
780:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
739:
728:
719:
715:
712:This section
710:
707:
703:
702:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
666:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:mitochondrial
626:
622:
617:
612:
610:
605:
601:
596:
588:
586:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
431:
422:
418:
415:This section
413:
410:
406:
405:
399:
397:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:and superior
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:
319:
317:
316:
310:
301:
300:Parietal lobe
294:
293:Temporal lobe
287:
281:
276:
275:
271:
270:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
216:
214:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
153:
149:
143:
138:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
47:
42:
40:
36:
32:
19:
7925:. Retrieved
7921:
7866:
7862:
7852:
7840:. Retrieved
7835:
7826:
7783:
7779:
7768:
7715:
7711:
7701:
7650:
7646:
7636:
7593:
7589:
7579:
7526:
7522:
7511:
7466:
7462:
7451:
7416:
7412:
7401:
7360:
7356:
7346:
7296:(1): 17578.
7293:
7289:
7278:
7269:
7259:
7250:
7237:
7194:
7190:
7179:
7144:
7140:
7130:
7088:(1): 68–72.
7085:
7081:
7071:
7049:
7045:
7015:. Retrieved
7006:
6989:. Retrieved
6980:
6935:
6929:
6918:
6904:. Retrieved
6884:. Retrieved
6880:
6875:Yirka, Bob.
6816:
6812:
6801:
6750:
6746:
6735:
6723:. Retrieved
6719:
6710:
6675:
6671:
6661:
6631:(3): 341–7.
6628:
6624:
6618:
6583:
6579:
6533:
6529:
6519:
6509:, retrieved
6496:
6489:
6444:
6440:
6430:
6385:
6381:
6371:
6328:
6325:Gut Microbes
6324:
6314:
6302:21 September
6300:. Retrieved
6295:
6256:
6253:Nature Aging
6252:
6241:
6200:
6196:
6190:
6155:
6151:
6141:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6018:
6014:
6004:
5953:
5949:
5936:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5840:
5836:
5826:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5732:
5728:
5718:
5683:
5679:
5669:
5626:
5622:
5564:
5560:
5509:(1): 71–79.
5506:
5502:
5492:
5457:
5453:
5426:. Retrieved
5415:
5399:. Retrieved
5390:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5307:{{
5299:{{
5288:
5286:,
5239:(10): R115.
5236:
5230:
5220:
5185:
5181:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5064:
5060:
5050:
5031:
5027:
5017:
4974:
4970:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4870:. Retrieved
4866:
4857:
4812:
4808:
4798:
4781:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4702:
4696:
4687:
4653:
4649:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4577:(1): 33–42.
4574:
4570:
4564:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4432:
4426:
4391:
4387:
4339:
4335:
4290:(1): 142–5.
4287:
4283:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4160:
4110:
4104:
4060:
4056:
4014:
4010:
3969:(1): 56–61.
3966:
3962:
3918:
3914:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3842:
3836:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3674:(1): 11–20.
3671:
3667:
3657:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3500:
3496:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3425:
3420:
3390:(3): 260–4.
3387:
3383:
3341:
3337:
3309:. Retrieved
3305:
3296:
3263:
3259:
3217:
3213:
3172:(7): 811–7.
3169:
3165:
3120:(2): 87–96.
3117:
3113:
3067:
3061:
3051:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2868:(1): 19–27.
2865:
2859:
2852:
2819:
2815:
2769:
2765:
2720:(1): 30–40.
2717:
2713:
2661:
2657:
2644:
2612:(1): 43–64.
2609:
2605:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2573:the original
2542:
2538:
2525:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2447:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2338:
2335:BMC Genomics
2334:
2324:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2082:
2059:
2031:
2010:
1970:
1939:
1928:levels, and
1926:triglyceride
1902:
1880:
1867:inflammation
1860:
1847:
1841:
1838:of the brain
1804:inflammation
1794:
1791:Inflammation
1774:hypothalamus
1771:
1759:
1744:
1709:centenarians
1699:
1685:
1681:
1664:L. plantarum
1662:
1618:A number of
1608:risk factors
1587:anthocyanins
1579:antioxidants
1573:, including
1571:healthy diet
1542:
1517:neurological
1515:patterns of
1511:and varying
1494:
1474:
1443:
1365:
1332:
1317:
1306:neuroimaging
1299:
1263:
1243:
1218:histological
1187:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1140:
1109:motor cortex
1099:
1019:
864:
847:
790:
745:
742:Inflammaging
722:
718:adding to it
713:
672:
654:
645:somatic cell
635:and inhibit
613:
609:antioxidants
604:inflammatory
598:
576:
551:hypertension
536:
487:
458:
441:brain volume
438:
425:
421:adding to it
416:
356:
332:
331:. Bartzokis
326:
324:
318:
286:Frontal lobe
220:
204:White matter
190:consists of
163:white matter
156:
94:ageing brain
93:
89:
60:, including
55:
53:technology.
51:rejuvenating
43:
29:
18:Ageing brain
7927:17 December
7842:17 December
7017:15 February
6991:15 February
6725:13 February
6388:(8): 2402.
5793:11143/15833
5428:17 February
5401:17 February
4872:17 December
4724:: 333–376.
3725:Gerontology
3617:: 108–122.
3451:J Neurochem
3070:(4): e775.
2582:January 28,
2093:healthiness
1950:blood sugar
1832:spinal cord
1801:maladaptive
1753:, and more
1721:homozygotes
1661:such as of
1651:rejuvenates
1615:medications
1466:Measurement
1459:Antioxidant
1192:(including
1142:Orientation
1103:is another
1066:hippocampus
964:hippocampus
869:synthesis,
767:homeostasis
661:cross-links
527:microtubule
523:Tau protein
251:biochemical
243:neocortical
239:hippocampal
192:cell bodies
188:Grey matter
122:human brain
90:aging brain
7969:Senescence
7958:Categories
7668:1822/46259
7066:— Table 19
6511:2024-08-17
6447:(1): 128.
6111:: 101596.
6021:: 640381.
5778:: 109662.
3558:: 796288.
2953:NeuroImage
2906:NeuroImage
2861:NeuroImage
2664:(1): 1–5.
2341:(1): 880.
2188:(7): 190.
2162:References
1985:Dominicans
1913:Metabolite
1848:inter alia
1836:ventricles
1659:Probiotics
1655:biomarkers
1639:microbiome
1591:flavanones
1537:See also:
1477:cerebellum
1454:DNA repair
1416:calmodulin
1375:DNA damage
1294:See also:
1288:See also:
1094:glial cell
1014:See also:
978:and age.
958:, lateral
785:See also:
771:microglial
736:See also:
725:March 2023
683:expression
657:DNA damage
651:DNA damage
465:morphology
445:cerebellum
428:March 2023
208:myelinated
173:thinning.
68:including
7909:253445156
7883:0028-3878
7863:Neurology
7800:1097-6256
7742:1932-6203
7677:1360-7863
7610:0091-2174
7553:1932-6203
7485:1549-1676
7377:0893-0341
7320:2045-2322
7211:1935-5548
7153:1049-510X
7104:1079-5006
6968:255440992
6867:248741220
6841:1476-4687
6775:1476-4687
6550:2574-3805
6463:1758-9193
6404:2072-6643
6382:Nutrients
6345:1949-0976
6296:New Atlas
6275:2662-8465
6233:221724061
6217:1363-1950
6133:247087388
5996:253800625
5970:0028-3878
5950:Neurology
5928:205780791
5912:1363-1950
5859:1663-4365
5818:169031411
5802:0278-5846
5729:Neurology
5680:Neurology
5643:1550-4131
5581:1387-2877
5360:0027-8424
5293:. If the
5142:1663-4365
5083:1663-4365
4991:1471-0048
4949:253571891
4933:0960-9822
4179:636693117
3861:299710911
3810:1476-4687
3745:0304-324X
3706:249236311
3690:1015-9770
3631:0891-5849
3574:1664-3224
3338:Neurology
3027:1568-1637
3013:: 25–48.
2973:1053-8119
2959:: 45–51.
2696:204347081
2688:0963-7214
2406:1573-6660
2298:0363-6135
2251:0098-7484
2076:and left
1979:Latinos (
1977:Caribbean
1918:Attention
1760:In 1994,
1741:Nun Study
1735:Nun Study
1611:Avoiding
1583:flavonols
1581:and e.g.
1549:consensus
1481:biomarker
1372:oxidative
1356:Autosomal
1274:precuneus
1264:The left
1160:Attention
1101:Glutamate
1080:Glutamate
1016:Serotonin
1010:Serotonin
970:, medial
875:receptors
855:receptors
761:-induced
502:tufts of
494:study in
337:adulthood
307:Occipital
255:enzymatic
66:dementias
39:older age
7901:36351816
7818:25821911
7760:27644039
7712:PLOS ONE
7693:25603962
7685:26756965
7628:24552037
7571:22768288
7523:PLOS ONE
7503:28323832
7443:30507573
7393:24144093
7385:26840546
7338:30546063
7229:29716895
7171:19157252
7122:29253112
7062:35947823
7011:Archived
6985:Archived
6960:36603070
6859:35545674
6793:33473210
6702:23636330
6653:41770951
6645:15639312
6610:20068209
6558:30646136
6481:34253231
6422:32796608
6363:32897773
6283:37117767
6225:32925178
6182:46282736
6174:29316987
6125:35219904
6082:27730693
6047:34539375
5988:36414424
5920:25501348
5877:25954194
5810:31152862
5757:30469207
5749:15623694
5710:19652139
5661:29874566
5599:33935078
5533:20065132
5484:12815500
5422:Archived
5395:Archived
5378:36595679
5284:25968125
5265:24138928
5212:26000617
5160:31551760
5101:25870560
5009:33536614
4941:36384138
4849:32762523
4773:20677878
4670:10806463
4521:28550165
4478:16773920
4418:15708441
4366:17692491
4314:18687554
4260:36750403
4215:12074934
4143:24278577
4085:39023717
4039:20933930
3991:31445572
3943:40871554
3935:11016537
3897:16580023
3828:27830812
3763:29996134
3698:35640565
3649:27154981
3592:35464431
3525:15190254
3479:42442582
3412:24592571
3404:16919874
3358:15824339
3280:15541707
3194:43097130
3186:11869738
3134:14735112
3094:27045845
3043:42793845
3035:26827786
2991:27164326
2926:21397704
2882:20156569
2844:23799692
2836:12548289
2794:31680049
2786:15374672
2734:16371948
2569:16919333
2517:15703252
2466:44957002
2424:25143069
2367:24330282
2316:33164578
2259:11988038
2212:37354261
2203:10290611
2103:See also
2074:fusiform
1993:Mexicans
1812:reversed
1731:status.
1723:but not
1691:Research
1597:patterns
1399:learning
1379:promoter
1360:Dominant
1113:parietal
1070:affinity
1058:midbrain
1056:and the
1054:thalamus
1038:receptor
1024:and the
1000:rigidity
994:and the
972:thalamus
968:amygdala
891:midbrain
883:striatum
867:dopamine
861:Dopamine
834:striatum
824:and the
687:promoter
568:amygdala
547:diabetes
477:cortical
369:parietal
353:parietal
247:synaptic
175:CT scans
171:cortical
167:dopamine
7892:9946186
7809:4414816
7751:5028041
7720:Bibcode
7619:4544866
7562:3388101
7531:Bibcode
7494:5360220
7434:6700619
7329:6292877
7298:Bibcode
7270:kff.org
7220:6014545
7162:3804014
7113:6298181
6940:Bibcode
6931:Science
6906:22 June
6886:22 June
6850:9377328
6821:Bibcode
6784:8274816
6755:Bibcode
6693:3756938
6601:3047443
6472:8276413
6413:7468753
6354:7757789
6090:4344504
6038:8446387
5979:9969915
5868:4404917
5701:2725932
5652:6039826
5590:8293659
5524:3056436
5475:3024591
5369:9926270
5340:Bibcode
5309:erratum
5301:erratum
5295:erratum
5256:4015143
5203:4468311
5151:6737270
5126:: 246.
5092:4375985
5000:7856857
4909:bioRxiv
4901:Bibcode
4840:8630425
4817:bioRxiv
4738:2018397
4632:9826967
4591:7276195
4556:9356897
4513:3830331
4409:2443746
4357:2712610
4305:3164853
4252:6491674
4135:6334363
4115:Bibcode
4106:Science
4077:2407314
4031:8475323
3983:9704881
3963:Synapse
3819:5172605
3790:Bibcode
3754:6329683
3640:5094909
3583:9021448
3533:1867993
3505:Bibcode
3471:8858940
3311:24 June
3288:6629858
3242:4060446
3234:1961359
3142:9398942
3085:4872397
2982:4914466
2934:7489380
2890:8158316
2742:1784238
2636:9496621
2560:6601348
2415:4150993
2358:3909179
2307:7847068
2097:coupons
1948:, high
1936:Latinos
1519:aging.
1461:defence
1390:subunit
1172:sensory
1121:frontal
1074:putamen
1072:in the
1046:putamen
1040:in the
996:putamen
936:putamen
668:adducts
625:nuclear
496:monkeys
365:frontal
341:old age
328:in vivo
194:in the
33:of the
7907:
7899:
7889:
7881:
7816:
7806:
7798:
7758:
7748:
7740:
7691:
7683:
7675:
7626:
7616:
7608:
7569:
7559:
7551:
7501:
7491:
7483:
7441:
7431:
7391:
7383:
7375:
7336:
7326:
7318:
7227:
7217:
7209:
7169:
7159:
7151:
7120:
7110:
7102:
7060:
7056:: 51.
6966:
6958:
6865:
6857:
6847:
6839:
6813:Nature
6791:
6781:
6773:
6747:Nature
6700:
6690:
6672:Nature
6651:
6643:
6608:
6598:
6556:
6548:
6479:
6469:
6461:
6420:
6410:
6402:
6361:
6351:
6343:
6281:
6273:
6231:
6223:
6215:
6180:
6172:
6131:
6123:
6088:
6080:
6045:
6035:
5994:
5986:
5976:
5968:
5926:
5918:
5910:
5875:
5865:
5857:
5843:: 52.
5816:
5808:
5800:
5755:
5747:
5708:
5698:
5659:
5649:
5641:
5597:
5587:
5579:
5531:
5521:
5482:
5472:
5376:
5366:
5358:
5282:
5278:,
5263:
5253:
5210:
5200:
5158:
5148:
5140:
5099:
5089:
5081:
5067:: 41.
5007:
4997:
4989:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4911:
4847:
4837:
4819:
4790:
4771:
4736:
4668:
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