1693:
3352:. Some modern references state that Sardinia came under Aghlabid control around 810 or after the beginning of the conquest of Sicily in 827. Historian Corrado Zedda argues that the island hosted a Muslim presence during the Aghlabid period, possibly a limited foothold along the coasts that forcibly coexisted with the local Byzantine government. Historian Alex Metcalfe argues that the available evidence for any Muslim occupation or colonisation of the island during this period is limited and inconclusive, and that Muslim attacks were limited to raids. According to Fabio Pinna, most Sardinian historians and archaeologists studying this period of the island's history have reached the same conclusion, denying that a Muslim conquest and occupation of Sardinia took place, due to insufficient supporting evidence from archaeology and local historical records.
3228:) also sent a fleet under Asba' ibn Wakil to aid the Aghlabid conquest of Sicily. Ibn Kathir recorded that a joint force of 300 Umayyad and Aghlabid ships were present. The Aghlabid garrison at Mineo managed to get into contact with the Andalusian Umayyads, who immediately agreed to the alliance, provided that Asba' was recognized as the overall commander, and, together with fresh troops from Ifriqiya, they marched on Mineo. Theodotus retreated to Enna and the siege of Mineo was broken in July or August 830. The combined Ifriqiyan and Andalusian army then torched Mineo and laid siege to another town, possibly Calloniana (modern
3373:, who held great influence as religious elites in the region. They dealt with this problem by drawing the Maliki scholars into the orbit of the state and granting them appointments to high religious offices. They also countered criticism of their wealth and privilege by publicly dispensing charity to the poor and sponsoring the construction and expansion of mosques. All of these factors led to greater internal stability and peace in Ifriqiya after 827. Agriculture and trans-Saharan trade were further developed under Aghlabid rule, leading to economic expansion and a growing urban population.
3837:
74:
3152:) in 824, the last but most serious episode of confrontation between them and the Aghlabid emirs. The rebellion was led by a commander named Mansur ibn Nasr al-Tunbudhi, who owned a fortress near Tunis. By September 824 the rebels had occupied Tunis and Kairouan, but the Aghlabids managed to repel them from Kairouan a month later and killed Mansur. Another chief, Amir ibn Nafi', took over leadership of the rebels and inflicted a severe defeat on Ziyadat Allah's forces. Eventually, the emir was able to gain the upper hand with the help of the
2066:
3712:
340:
3523:, on the southern Roman road between Ifriqiya and the central Maghreb, fell to the Kutama. This opened a hole in the wider defensive system of Ifriqiya and created panic in Raqqada. Ziyadat Allah III stepped up anti-Fatimid propaganda, recruited volunteers, and took measures to defend the weakly-fortified city of Kairouan. In 908 he personally led his army in an indecisive battle against the Kutama army near Dar Madyan (probably a site between
2144:
3232:). However, a plague broke out in their camp, causing the death of Asba' and many others. The town fell later, in autumn, but the Arabs' numbers were depleted to the point where they were forced to abandon it and retreat west. Theodotus launched a pursuit and inflicted heavy casualties, and, thereafter, most of the Andalusians departed the island. However, Theodotus too was killed at this time, possibly in one of these skirmishes.
1692:
2077:
3674:
3723:
One of the most important
Aghlabid monuments is the Great Mosque of Kairouan, which was completely rebuilt by the emir Ziyadat Allah I in 836, although various additions and repairs were effected later which complicate the chronology of its construction. The mosque features an enormous rectangular
3543:
on 18 March. The battle lasted until the afternoon, when a contingent of Kutama horsemen outflanked the
Aghlabid army and finally caused a rout. When news of the defeat reached Raqqada, Ziyadat Allah III packed his valuable treasures and fled towards Egypt. The population of Kairouan looted the
3490:
In 902 Ibrahim II became the only
Aghlabid emir to personally lead a military campaign in Sicily and the Italian mainland. While he was away in Sicily, Abu Abdallah struck the first significant blow against Aghlabid authority in North Africa by attacking and capturing the city of
3495:(present-day eastern Algeria). This news triggered a serious response from the Aghlabids, who sent a punitive expedition of 12,000 men from Tunis in October of the same year. Abu Abdallah's forces were forced to flee their base at Tazrut and re-establish themselves at
3062:, including any newly conquered territories. Although independent in all but name, his dynasty never ceased to recognise Abbasid overlordship. The Aghlabids paid an annual tribute of 800,000 dirhams to the Abbasid Caliph and their suzerainty was referenced in the
3518:
by
October or November 904. Further Aghlabid attempts to crush his movement had little success. In 907, in response to the growing threat, Ziyadat Allah III moved his court back to Raqqada, which he fortified. Later in 907 the heavily fortified city of
3608:
Nonetheless, the
Aghlabids were able to bolster their religious standing and counter criticisms directed against them. Some Malikis were persecuted for rejecting Mu'tazilite beliefs, such as Sahsun, who suffered persecution during the reign of
5965:
la maggior parte degli autori considera tale rapporto limitato ad alcune incursioni navali verso le coste sarde provenienti dai teritori islamici dell'Africa settentrionale e della penisola iberica orientale, di fatto prive di conseguenze
3275:
islands, were probably undertaken as an extension of their conquest of Sicily, aiming to aid the latter by attacking other
Byzantine positions in the region. The first major expeditions to the peninsula took place between 835 and 843.
3364:
rebellion that started in 824, gave the restless Arab troops of
Ifriqiya a new outlet for their military energies. It also brought in new revenues to the Aghlabid state. At home, the Aghlabid emirs faced significant criticism from
3788:
in front of the mihrab wall is an architectural highlight of this period. Its light construction contrasts with the bulky structure of the surrounding mosque and the dome's drum is elaborately decorated with a frieze of
3538:
On 25 February 909, Abu
Abdallah set out from Ikjan with an army of 200,000 men for a final invasion of Kairouan. The remaining Aghlabid army, led by an Aghlabid prince named Ibrahim Ibn Abi al-Aghlab, met them near
3307:
Many of the Muslim forces that operated on the peninsula or occupied some of its cities seem to have had only tenuous allegiances to the
Aghlabid dynasty. Some Muslim mercenaries even entered into the service of
3620:
As Sunni
Muslims, the Aghlabids were vassals of the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad, representing the influence and presence of the Abbasids throughout Ifriqiya. The Aghlabids maintained strained relations with the
3384:
irrigation system. It became the focal point of trade between the Islamic world and Byzantium and Italy, especially the lucrative slave trade. Kairouan became the most important centre of learning in the
3544:
abandoned palaces of Raqqada. When Ibn Abi al-Aghlab arrived on the scene after his defeat, he called on the population to mount a last-ditch resistance, but they refused. On 25 March 909 (Saturday, 1
1654:
6588:
3239:
was conquered in 831 and became the capital of Muslim rule on the island and the base for further conquests. Messina was besieged and captured in 842 or 843, possibly with the support of some
3583:(813–833). The officialization of this doctrine faced strong opposition from the Maliki majority of Ifriqiya, particularly due to the Mu'tazilite rejection of the orthodox belief that the
6797:
6493:
Salinas, Elena; Montilla, Irene (2018). "Material Culture Interactions between al-Andalus and the Aghlabids". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
2526:
2591:
1647:
3613:(841–856) for rejecting the Mu'tazilite concept that the Qur'an was created. The Aghlabids also displayed great generosity in their spending on religious buildings, such
6581:
3708:
of Kairouan. Much of their architecture, even their mosques, had a heavy and almost fortress-like appearance, but they nonetheless left an influential artistic legacy.
5268:
2773:
2666:
6145:(=principe) di Denia e delle Baleari, del 1015–16, avente però lo scopo di farne una testa di ponte per assalire ed occupare la Toscana e il continente italiano.
6777:
2807:
1640:
5601:
Bondioli, Lorenzo M. (2018). "Islamic Bari between the Aghlabids and the Two Empires". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
5407:
Bondioli, Lorenzo M. (2018). "Islamic Bari between the Aghlabids and the Two Empires". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
2812:
3255:
was conquered. Even after this, however, some patches of local Byzantine/Christian resistance continued until 967, long after the Aghlabid dynasty had ended.
6574:
3597:(judge) of Kairouan adhered to the Hanafi school and endorsed the concept of Khalq al-Qur'an (createdness of the Qur'an). The Aghlabids consistently favored
2914:
2873:
2105:
6185:
6544:
6349:
2729:
2656:
5896:
3858:
3688:
The Aghlabids were major builders and erected many of the oldest Islamic-era monuments in present-day Tunisia, including military structures like the
3514:
took power, basing himself in Tunis. These internal Aghlabid troubles gave Abu Abdallah the opportunity to recapture Mila and then go on to capture
5842:
2797:
2237:
3235:
The conquest of Sicily proceeded slowly and at an uneven pace, progressing roughly from west to east through multiple campaigns over many years.
73:
3548:
296), Abu Abdallah entered Raqqada and took up residence here. That same year his forces retrieved the Fatimid caliph, Abdallah al-Mahdi, from
2686:
3820:
and which may contain the oldest foundation inscription crediting a private individual (rather than a ruler) for a mosque's construction. The
3296:
in 846, although it is not certain that the raiders came from Aghlabid territory. Another attack towards Rome took place in 849, leading to a
6502:
6321:
6294:
6169:
6094:
5935:
5906:
5879:
5852:
5825:
5798:
5768:
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5709:
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5648:
5610:
5580:
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5416:
5391:
5221:
5192:
5039:
4948:
4883:
4832:
4803:
4685:
4647:
4620:
3087:
jurists and theologians, who condemned what they saw as the luxurious life of the Aghlabids (not to mention the fact that the Aghlabids were
1984:
5330:
Metcalfe, Alex (2021). "Italy, Islam in premodern". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
5138:
Metcalfe, Alex (2021). "Italy, Islam in premodern". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
6597:
2661:
2584:
5787:
Metcalfe, Alex (2021). "Early Muslim Raids on Byzantine Sardinia". In Metcalfe, Alex; Fernández- Aceves, Hervin; Muresu, Marco (eds.).
5181:
Metcalfe, Alex (2021). "Early Muslim Raids on Byzantine Sardinia". In Metcalfe, Alex; Fernández- Aceves, Hervin; Muresu, Marco (eds.).
3440:'Palace of Victory'), which also remained the residence of his successors (except for some periods where they moved to Tunis).
2718:
6554:
6527:
6477:
6452:
6427:
6387:
6359:
6224:
6013:
5503:
5252:
4727:
4595:
4522:
3136:
of North Africa. The other component of the army was recruited from slaves, put in place partly to counterbalance to the power of the
2768:
3201:
from Kairouan, was appointed as commander of the Aghlabid forces. The pretense for this invasion was an internal revolt in Byzantine
6122:
5007:
4919:
6792:
3853:
3651:
who had expansionist ambitions on the relatively weak Rustamid state. Furthermore, the Aghlabids held a hostile stance towards the
6059:
Mastino, Attilio (2017). Angiolillo, Simonetta; Martorelli, Rossana; Giuman, Marco; Corda, Antonio Maria; Artizzu, Danila (eds.).
4611:
Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam, eds. (2018). "The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: An Introduction".
2907:
2378:
2185:
2153:
2098:
1824:
6037:
Corda, Daniele (2017). Angiolillo, Simonetta; Martorelli, Rossana; Giuman, Marco; Corda, Antonio Maria; Artizzu, Danila (eds.).
2826:
2792:
2323:
1789:
606:
6160:
Kennedy, Hugh (2018). "The Origins of the Aghlabids". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
6068:
La Sardegna romana e altomedievale, storia e materiali. Corpora delle antichità della Sardegna, Sassari: Carlo Delfino Editore
6046:
La Sardegna romana e altomedievale, storia e materiali. Corpora delle antichità della Sardegna, Sassari: Carlo Delfino Editore
2734:
2014:
314:
289:
6782:
5951:
Pinna, Fabio (30 June 2010). "Le testimonianze archeologiche relative ai rapporti tra gli Arabi e la Sardegna nel medioevo".
5551:
4982:
4771:
4249:
4115:
3825:
2866:
2787:
1286:
6286:
Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra. Volume 3: A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam
5056:
3591:
religious leaders, they were both unable and unwilling to alter their governmental system to align with their beliefs. The
4477:
4265:
3928:
3898:
3511:
3377:
2189:
851:
3780:
panels. Both the carved panels of the minbar and the ceramic tiles of the mihrab are believed to be imports from Abbasid
2879:
3904:
3263:
Even as the conquest of Sicily was ongoing, the Aghlabids began campaigning on the Italian mainland. Their invasions of
2979:
2836:
2635:
1774:
1747:
5923:
6772:
6240:
Halm, Heinz (2014). "Fatimids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
5869:
5815:
5756:
5665:
5636:
5568:
5463:
4517:
4099:
3880:
3380:(856–863). Ifriqiya was a significant economic power thanks to its fertile agriculture, aided by the expansion of the
2900:
2860:
2123:
2091:
1881:
1672:
3740:
was issued). The minaret is the oldest surviving one in North Africa and its shape may have been modeled on existing
781:
4704:
4586:
Mazot, Sibylle (2011). "Tunisia and Egypt: the Aghlabids and Fatimids". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
5073:
3892:
3531:), with neither side gaining the upper hand. During the winter of 908-909 Abu Abdallah conquered the region around
2625:
2579:
6082:
3836:
3754:) of the prayer hall is among the oldest examples of its kind, richly decorated with marble panels carved in high-
3316:
rulers at various times. The early Muslim occupiers of Bari, for example, appear to have served as mercenaries of
3058:. The territory granted to Ibrahim was not demarcated, as it theoretically encompassed the entire Maghreb west of
6193:
4972:
3805:
3397:, and a gathering place for poets. The Aghlabid emirs sponsored building projects, notably the rebuilding of the
3188:
2024:
2004:
1994:
1975:
4179:
3716:
3610:
3484:
3462:
had to be repelled and a revolt of the Berbers put down with much loss of life. In 893 there began amongst the
3398:
3317:
1711:
1530:
3474:
6787:
6215:
Marçais, Georges (1995). "Raḳḳāda". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.).
6110:
6001:
4527:
4413:
4333:
4009:
3922:
3910:
3868:
3841:
3507:
3328:, which existed from 847 to 871, had its own rulers whose relations to the Aghlabids are not clearly known.
3004:
2886:
2782:
2608:
2596:
2371:
2307:
2283:
2279:
1752:
1276:
6518:
Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).
6378:
Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).
6060:
6038:
5238:
4977:(Volume 1 dari Arab history and civilization. Studies and texts: 0925–2908 ed.). Brill. pp. 4–5.
4349:
3916:
3874:
3741:
3697:
3571:. The Aghlabids adopted the Mu'tazilite rationalist doctrine after it became the official doctrine of the
3410:
3406:
3293:
3133:
3083:
in 800 and built between 801 and 810. This was done partly to distance himself from the opposition of the
2802:
2676:
2603:
1778:
1381:
1326:
3304:
during which a fleet of Muslim ships was destroyed, marking a halt to Muslim advances on the peninsula.
3824:
in Tunis, which was founded earlier around 698, also owes its overall current form to the Aghlabid emir
3668:
3337:
2533:
2224:
1371:
3711:
3656:
3217:
3075:
After the pacification of the country Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab established a residence at a new capital,
4542:
4083:
3817:
3763:
3701:
3402:
2651:
2342:
1515:
1396:
3019:
of Ifriqiya, in response to the anarchy that had reigned in that province following the fall of the
5494:
Mazot, Sibylle (2011). "The History of the Aghlabids". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
3705:
3584:
3435:
3197:
3116:
3099:), and disliked the unequal treatment of the Muslim Berbers. Additionally, border defenses such as
2550:
2331:
2299:
2034:
1803:
1728:
1605:
921:
616:
6767:
6655:
6257:
5347:
5262:
5155:
4715:
4532:
3321:
3206:
2855:
2763:
2746:
2562:
2518:
2132:
1681:
1311:
1076:
961:
821:
546:
481:
5699:
5436:
2193:
901:
3552:(in the western Maghreb) and brought him to Ifriqiya, thus establishing the Fatimid Caliphate.
3487:, although it took almost a decade before they were able to seriously threaten Aghlabid power.
3421:, market, and several palaces. For the rest of his life, Ibrahim II resided in a palace called
3111:. The Aghlabids also built up the irrigation of the area and enhanced the public buildings and
6739:
6691:
6679:
6661:
6550:
6523:
6498:
6473:
6448:
6423:
6383:
6355:
6317:
6311:
6290:
6284:
6245:
6220:
6165:
6128:
6118:
6090:
6019:
6009:
5983:
5956:
5931:
5902:
5875:
5848:
5821:
5794:
5764:
5735:
5705:
5673:
5644:
5606:
5576:
5547:
5499:
5471:
5442:
5412:
5387:
5335:
5248:
5217:
5188:
5143:
5120:
5083:
5035:
5003:
4978:
4944:
4915:
4879:
4873:
4828:
4799:
4767:
4723:
4681:
4643:
4616:
4591:
3821:
3808:(also known as the "Mosque of the Three Doors") possesses an external façade featuring carved
3693:
3614:
3572:
3449:
3272:
3244:
3225:
3213:
3192:
3120:
3108:
2983:
2960:
2557:
2474:
2466:
2386:
2315:
2197:
1910:
1900:
1863:
1843:
1833:
1421:
1266:
871:
511:
501:
491:
376:
307:
294:
88:
5209:
5027:
4911:
4904:
4820:
4791:
4675:
4662:
4637:
3844:(184–196 AH), anonymous (but dynastic motto 'Ghalab' on the reverse), no mint name (probably
6733:
6715:
6703:
6673:
6631:
6619:
6613:
5729:
5381:
5110:
4936:
4761:
4537:
3622:
3248:
3008:
2978:, which they imposed as the state doctrine of Ifriqiya. They ruled until 909 when they were
2755:
2681:
2498:
2410:
2352:
2249:
1737:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1541:
1186:
1166:
1086:
881:
761:
686:
676:
626:
556:
456:
406:
3360:
The expansion campaign into Sicily, which Ziyadat Allah launched right after defeating the
339:
6721:
6709:
6637:
6269:
5359:
5167:
3689:
3678:
3652:
3637:
3532:
3426:
3325:
3297:
3212:
Despite the political differences and rivalry between the Aghlabids, who served under the
3145:
3000:
2932:
2831:
2671:
2630:
2618:
2545:
2538:
2482:
2418:
2394:
2176:
1957:
1947:
1938:
1702:
1511:
1481:
1341:
1246:
1236:
1146:
1126:
1016:
951:
911:
891:
801:
726:
716:
666:
636:
576:
566:
446:
396:
47:
6495:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
6162:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
5603:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
5409:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
5214:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
5032:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
4941:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
4825:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
4613:
The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa
706:
6141:
musulmane dirette ad impossessarsi dell'isola se non quella unica di Mugiâhid al-Amiri,
3251:
was captured in 878. The conquest of the island was not fully completed until 902, when
2143:
6697:
5068:
5064:
4512:
3561:
3032:
2968:
2952:
2613:
2570:
2490:
2291:
2270:
2168:
2081:
1920:
1764:
1586:
1496:
1440:
1216:
1106:
1036:
736:
6566:
6761:
6727:
6685:
6667:
5060:
3588:
3565:
3467:
3069:
3039:, both of which had consistently contributed a significant number of migrants to the
2972:
2741:
2450:
2070:
1890:
1466:
971:
831:
3641:
3381:
3301:
3076:
3055:
2642:
1470:
941:
696:
104:
6546:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
6351:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
4674:
Freeman-Grenville, Greville Stewart Parker; Munro-Hay, Stuart Christopher (2006).
3580:
3413:
moved his residence from al-Abbasiya to a new palace-city that he founded, called
3088:
141:
5788:
5182:
4847:
6625:
3633:
3568:
3492:
3229:
3172:
3153:
3031:
still constituted the great majority. Most of the Arab immigrants had come from
3020:
2975:
2703:
2693:
2402:
1330:
1096:
1006:
791:
646:
596:
155:
133:
17:
3280:
was taken in 839 or 846 and occupied until 886, when the Byzantines retook it.
3132:, or Arab troops descended from the Arab tribesmen who had participated in the
6643:
5102:
3790:
3767:
3648:
3630:
3454:
The decline of the dynasty began under Ibrahim II (875–902). An attack by the
3221:
3164:
3012:
2964:
2262:
1616:
1256:
1226:
1056:
861:
426:
6249:
5987:
5960:
5339:
5147:
5124:
5087:
4722:. Mariam Rosser Owen and editor Glaire D. Anderson, Corisande Fenwick. 2019.
6745:
6132:
6023:
5924:"A Revision of Sardinian History between the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries"
3813:
3729:
3549:
3540:
3528:
3059:
2458:
2426:
2244:
2210:
1853:
1601:
1556:
1526:
1451:
1436:
841:
811:
656:
416:
356:
4935:
Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam, eds. (2018).
5212:. In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
5030:. In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
4823:. In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
4716:"Aghlabids and their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century"
4701:
Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades: Proceedings of a Workshop
3816:, which some scholars have called the oldest decorated external façade in
4562:
3886:
3849:
3845:
3682:
3515:
3470:
3455:
3390:
3345:
3313:
3264:
3252:
3157:
3084:
3080:
2956:
2944:
2442:
2434:
2357:
2347:
1385:
1156:
1116:
1066:
1026:
931:
586:
536:
436:
98:
4856:(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1970; New York: Praeger 1970) at 42.
6601:
5115:
3794:
3733:
3645:
3576:
3524:
3503:
3479:
3414:
3386:
3349:
3281:
3277:
3236:
3126:
The Aghlabid army was composed of two main elements. The first was the
3064:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3028:
2254:
2160:
2044:
1545:
1455:
1425:
1360:
1206:
1196:
1176:
1136:
1046:
981:
771:
386:
162:
110:
5468:
Routledge Revivals: Medieval Italy (2004): An Encyclopedia – Volume II
4565:
by the Aghlabids is debated among historians. See article for details.
3673:
3187:
In 827, soon after Ziyadat Allah defeated the rebellion, the Aghlabid
5244:
3798:
3772:
3755:
3746:
3626:
3602:
3598:
3520:
3463:
3418:
3394:
3366:
3309:
3268:
3240:
3202:
3176:
3168:
3112:
3104:
3092:
2948:
2215:
2205:
1620:
1500:
1356:
366:
137:
123:
3046:
Ibrahim was to control an area that encompassed what is now eastern
5701:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
5438:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
3587:. Although the Aghlabids recognized the political influence of the
5731:
Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean
5670:
Greek Monasticism in Southern Italy: The Life of Neilos in Context
5383:
Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean
3835:
3809:
3751:
3737:
3710:
3672:
3545:
3496:
3459:
3401:, and the kingdom developed an architectural style which combined
3370:
3341:
3100:
3024:
2698:
1590:
1345:
1315:
260:
3144:
slaves were stationed in Abbasiya as part of its garrison. Under
4998:
Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011).
4852:(Paris: Payor 1931; revised by de Tourneau 1952), translated as
3785:
3781:
3777:
3759:
3725:
3592:
3289:
3285:
3141:
3128:
3123:
commerce, and from raids on other lands like Sicily and Italy.
3096:
3036:
3016:
2940:
1485:
172:
6570:
6520:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
6380:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
6418:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Minaret".
5953:
RiMe. Rivista dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea
6468:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Mihrab".
6039:"La produzione ceramica: manifatture locali ed importazioni'"
6008:(in Italian). Vol. II. Sassari: Carlo Delfino editore.
6117:(in Italian). Sassari: Carlo Delfino editore. p. 773.
5757:"Byzantium and Islam in Southern Italy (7th–11th Century)"
5637:"Byzantium and Islam in Southern Italy (7th–11th Century)"
5569:"Byzantium and Islam in Southern Italy (7th–11th Century)"
5666:"Calabria and the Muslims during Saint Neilos's lifetime"
5210:"Reinterpreting the Aghlabids' Sicilian Policy (827–910)"
3175:
Muslims, revolted, prompting the Aghlabids to recapture
3510:. On 27 July 903 Abdallah was assassinated and his son
6470:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
6420:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
3450:
Fatimid Caliphate § Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya
3336:
Elsewhere in the central Mediterranean, the Aghlabids
5668:. In Crostini, Barbara; Murzaku, Ines Angeli (eds.).
3585:
Qur'an was God's eternal word and therefore uncreated
3535:. An Aghlabid counterattack against Baghaya failed.
55:
27:
800–909 Arab dynasty of North Africa and South Italy
6407:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. pp. 9–61.
3852:). Struck in 192 AH (807/808 AD). Preserved at the
3243:, and became a base for further campaigns into the
255:
241:
231:
221:
209:
195:
185:
171:
148:
129:
119:
94:
83:
34:
6061:"La Sardegna provincia romana: l'amministrazione'"
4903:
3376:The Aghlabid kingdom reached its high point under
5544:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids
4875:The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay
3160:region and finally crushed the rebellion in 827.
6522:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF.
6382:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF.
5107:Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée
4878:. Princeton University Press. pp. 116–117.
3893:Abu 'l-Abbas Muhammad I ibn al-Aghlab Abi Affan
3502:Ibrahim II died in October 902 while besieging
3148:(r. 817–838) came a revolt of Arab troops (the
6798:States and territories established in the 800s
6081:Lisai, Gianmichele; Maccioni, Antonio (2021).
5386:. Cornell University Press. pp. 77, 535.
4910:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp.
4763:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
3704:, and practical infrastructure works like the
3288:was captured by Muslims either in 840 or 847.
3167:) the southwestern province of Qastiliya (the
3115:of Ifriqiya. Slaves were obtained through the
3103:were set up, including in coastal cities like
6582:
5546:. Translated by Bonner, Michael. E.J. Brill.
5103:"Les enjeux de la bataille de Mânû (283/896)"
3776:(pulpit) in the world, made of richly-carved
3770:. Next to the mihrab is the oldest surviving
2908:
2099:
1648:
8:
5267:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4642:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 58.
3284:was captured in 840 and occupied until 880.
3271:, as well as their attacks on other central
39:
3209:who requested support from the Aghlabids.
6589:
6575:
6567:
5928:A Companion to Sardinian History, 500–1500
5874:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 16.
5074:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3939:
3797:carved in the shape of shells, and carved
3601:as their higher-ranking judges, while the
3023:. At that time there were perhaps 100,000
2915:
2901:
2117:
2106:
2092:
1666:
1655:
1641:
329:
72:
31:
6354:. Yale University Press. pp. 21–41.
5325:
5323:
5114:
4897:
4895:
4798:. Columbia University Press. p. 31.
4766:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3929:Abu Mudhar Ziyadat Allah III ibn Abdallah
3854:Musée national d'art islamique de Raqqada
3605:had affiliations with the Maliki school.
201:Abu Mudhar Ziyadat Allah III ibn Abdallah
6313:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World
6310:Hareir, Idris El; Mbaye, Ravane (2011).
6155:
6153:
5240:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World
5237:El Hareir, Mbaye, Idris, Ravane (2011).
4680:. Bloomsbury Publishing US. p. 57.
3644:were always tense, as the Idrisids were
2947:from 800 to 909 that conquered parts of
5820:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 43.
5489:
5487:
5021:
5019:
4578:
4554:
3617:, which they had reconstructed by 864.
2963:. The Aghlabids were from the tribe of
2131:
2120:
1680:
1669:
332:
6265:
6255:
6089:(in Italian). Newton Compton Editori.
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5780:
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5535:
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5371:
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5355:
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5260:
5163:
5153:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4590:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 131, 136–137.
6373:
6371:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6219:. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Brill.
6115:DI.STO.SA. – Dizionario storico sardo
5901:. Taylor & Francis. p. 437.
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5430:
5428:
5101:Prevost, Virginie (3 December 2012).
4966:
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4960:
4867:
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4783:
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4000:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3911:Abu 'l-Gharaniq Muhammad II ibn Ahmad
3732:prayer hall, and a thick three-story
3344:in 870. They also attacked or raided
240:
230:
220:
216:
194:
184:
180:
170:
7:
6778:8th-century establishments in Africa
5895:Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001).
5704:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
5441:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
5082:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 463.
4906:A concise history of the Middle East
3943:Family tree of the Aghlabid dynasty
3923:Abu 'l-Abbas Abdallah II ibn Ibrahim
333:Historical Arab states and dynasties
78:Maximum extent of Aghlabid authority
6405:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
5841:Agius, Dionisius A.; Agius (1996).
3719:, rebuilt by Ziyadat Allah I in 836
3430:
3417:. The new city contained a mosque,
3140:. It was recorded that 5,000 black
2936:
2880:List of people on stamps of Algeria
40:
6445:Dictionary of Islamic architecture
6190:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
4974:State and Society in Fatimid Egypt
4790:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996).
4663:Libya. Ediz. Inglese – Anthony Ham
4523:History of Islam in southern Italy
3205:led by a military commander named
233:• Overthrown by the Fatimids
25:
5002:. India: Vij Books. p. 144.
3869:Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab ibn Salim
3027:living in Ifriqiya, although the
191:Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab ibn Salim
6113:(2001). "incursioni musulmane".
5898:A Political Chronology of Africa
4639:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
3758:vegetal motifs and with ceramic
3389:, most notably in the fields of
2142:
2075:
2064:
1691:
754:Western dynasties and caliphates
338:
312:
287:
6447:. Routledge. pp. 187–190.
5790:The Making of Medieval Sardinia
5672:. Routledge. pp. 246–257.
5462:Kleinhenz, Christopher (2017).
5184:The Making of Medieval Sardinia
3905:Ziyadat Allah II ibn Abil-Abbas
3696:, religious buildings like the
3636:sect. Their relations with the
5978:Raspi, Raimondo Carta (1985).
5814:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1969).
5761:A Companion to Byzantine Italy
5641:A Companion to Byzantine Italy
5573:A Companion to Byzantine Italy
5028:"The Origins of the Aghlabids"
4821:"The Origins of the Aghlabids"
3917:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II ibn Ahmad
3887:al-Aghlab Abu Iqal ibn Ibrahim
3506:in Italy and was succeeded by
3171:region), largely inhabited by
2995:Independence and consolidation
2959:, nominally as vassals of the
2867:List of wars involving Algeria
1:
6242:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
5926:. In Hobart, Michelle (ed.).
5332:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
5290:Treadgold (1988), pp. 273–274
5140:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
4850:Histoire de L'Afrique du Nord
4677:Islam: An Illustrated History
3899:Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Aghlabi
3560:The Aghlabids adhered to the
3378:Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Aghlabi
5734:. Cornell University Press.
5728:Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017).
5498:. h.f.ullmann. p. 131.
5380:Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017).
5317:Vasiliev (1935), pp. 128–129
5299:Vasiliev (1935), pp. 127–128
4902:Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002).
3564:theological movement within
3466:Berbers the movement of the
3179:, its main city, that year.
2971:rationalist doctrine within
6543:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
6472:. Oxford University Press.
6422:. Oxford University Press.
6348:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
6087:Breve storia della Sardegna
5871:Malta, Mediterranean Bridge
5793:. Brill. pp. 126–159.
5763:. Brill. pp. 200–225.
5698:Kreutz, Barbara M. (1991).
5664:Vanoli, Alessandro (2017).
5643:. Brill. pp. 200–225.
5605:. Brill. pp. 470–490.
5575:. Brill. pp. 200–225.
5496:Islam: Art and Architecture
5435:Kreutz, Barbara M. (1991).
5411:. Brill. pp. 470–490.
5187:. Brill. pp. 126–159.
4943:. Brill. pp. 2–3, 18.
4636:Naylor, Phillip C. (2006).
4588:Islam: Art and Architecture
4518:History of medieval Tunisia
3881:Ziyadat Allah I ibn Ibrahim
3579:during the reign of caliph
3332:Malta, Sardinia and Corsica
2999:In 800, the Abbasid Caliph
2861:Military history of Algeria
474:Arab empires and caliphates
56:
6814:
6137:In Sardegna non si ebbero
5109:(in French) (132): 75–90.
4720:Aghlabids and North Africa
3666:
3447:
3218:Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba
6609:
6549:. Yale University Press.
6443:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
6403:Marçais, Georges (1954).
6192:. Archnet. Archived from
5847:. Routledge. p. 27.
5817:A History of the Crusades
5216:. Brill. pp. 76–87.
4872:Laroui, Abdallah (1977).
4796:The New Islamic Dynasties
4760:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
4448:
4446:
4384:
4382:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4232:
4230:
4228:
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4212:
4210:
4208:
4150:
4148:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4030:
3988:
3986:
2874:Postal history of Algeria
2813:Insurgency in the Maghreb
2636:Sétif and Guelma massacre
266:
251:
217:
205:
181:
71:
66:
6111:Casula, Francesco Cesare
6002:Casula, Francesco Cesare
5868:Goodwin, Stefan (2002).
5308:Treadgold (1988), p. 274
5000:Concise History of Islam
4703:– John H. Pryor, p. 187
3717:Great Mosque of Kairouan
3611:Muhammad I ibn al-Aghlab
3399:Great Mosque of Kairouan
3294:raided by a Muslim force
3011:Arab commander from the
2982:by the new power of the
782:Umayyad state of Córdoba
6316:. UNESCO. p. 313.
6283:Ess, Josef van (2017).
5922:Zedda, Corrado (2017).
4854:History of North Africa
4528:List of Sunni dynasties
3842:Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab
3750:(niche symbolizing the
3043:region from the start.
3005:Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab
2887:History of North Africa
2687:Independence referendum
2626:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
101:, with royal court at:
6497:. Brill. p. 442.
6289:. Brill. p. 519.
6217:Encyclopaedia of Islam
6048:(in Italian): 279–284.
5982:(in Italian). Mursia.
5930:. Brill. p. 119.
5755:Nef, Annliese (2021).
5635:Nef, Annliese (2021).
5567:Nef, Annliese (2021).
5208:Nef, Annliese (2018).
5026:Kennedy, Hugh (2018).
4819:Kennedy, Hugh (2018).
3875:Abdallah I ibn Ibrahim
3864:
3736:(tower from which the
3720:
3698:Great Mosque of Sousse
3685:
3134:early Muslim conquests
2169:Iberomaurusian Culture
1779:Byzantine North Africa
243:• Disestablished
6783:909 disestablishments
6164:. Brill. p. 47.
6083:"Tra Arabi e Giudici"
5980:Storia della Sardegna
5955:(in Italian): 11–12.
5034:. Brill. p. 47.
4827:. Brill. p. 34.
3839:
3806:Mosque of Ibn Khayrun
3714:
3676:
3669:Aghlabid architecture
3629:, who adhered to the
3483:of the future caliph
3475:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
3448:Further information:
3409:architecture. In 876
3015:tribe, as hereditary
2793:High Council of State
2573:(19th–20th centuries)
2534:Emirate of Beni Abbas
2521:(16th–19th centuries)
2225:Archeology of Algeria
1775:2nd Roman (Byzantine)
1372:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1287:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
120:Common languages
5542:Halm, Heinz (1996).
5055:Despois, J. (1965).
4971:Lev, Yaacov (1991).
4615:. Brill. p. 2.
4543:Early Caliphate navy
3818:Islamic architecture
3702:Great Mosque of Sfax
3411:Ibrahim II ibn Ahmad
2943:dynasty centered in
2343:Early African Church
2324:Prefecture of Africa
2308:Kingdom of the Aurès
2045:Parliamentary system
1742:12th C.–146 BC
161:De facto autonomous
6793:Arab–Byzantine wars
5281:Bury (1912), p. 304
3752:direction of prayer
3706:Aghlabid Reservoirs
3117:trans-Saharan trade
2967:and adhered to the
2551:Barbary Slave Trade
2332:Exarchate of Africa
2300:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
2035:Tunisian revolution
349:Ancient Arab states
223:• Established
6773:800 establishments
6070:(in Italian): 182.
6006:Storia di Sardegna
5116:10.4000/remmm.7825
4561:The occupation of
4533:History of Algeria
3865:
3721:
3686:
3657:Emirate of Cordoba
3356:Apogee in Ifriqiya
3298:great naval battle
3189:conquest of Sicily
3183:Conquest of Sicily
3079:, founded outside
2856:Outline of Algeria
2764:Algerian Civil War
2563:Second Barbary War
2519:Regency of Algiers
2082:History portal
1995:Kingdom of Tunisia
1414:Current monarchies
1077:Sharifate of Mecca
547:Emirate of Tbilisi
537:Emirate of Armenia
387:Kingdom of Osroene
6755:
6754:
6598:Islamic dynasties
6504:978-90-04-35566-8
6323:978-92-3-104153-2
6296:978-90-04-35640-5
6171:978-90-04-35566-8
6096:978-88-227-5453-0
5937:978-90-04-34124-1
5908:978-1-85743-116-2
5881:978-0-89789-820-1
5854:978-0-7103-0497-1
5827:978-0-299-04834-1
5800:978-90-04-46754-5
5770:978-90-04-30770-4
5741:978-1-5017-1258-6
5711:978-0-8122-0543-5
5679:978-1-317-12471-9
5650:978-90-04-30770-4
5612:978-90-04-35566-8
5582:978-90-04-30770-4
5477:978-1-351-66442-4
5448:978-0-8122-0543-5
5418:978-90-04-35566-8
5393:978-1-5017-1258-6
5223:978-90-04-35566-8
5194:978-90-04-46754-5
5041:978-90-04-35566-8
4950:978-90-04-35566-8
4885:978-1-4008-6998-5
4834:978-90-04-35566-8
4805:978-0-231-10714-3
4687:978-1-4411-6533-6
4649:978-0-8108-6480-1
4622:978-90-04-35566-8
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4486:
4478:Ziyadat Allah III
4422:
4358:
4342:
4274:
4258:
4188:
4124:
4108:
4092:
4018:
3826:Abu Ibrahim Ahmad
3822:al-Zaytuna Mosque
3812:inscriptions and
3742:Roman lighthouses
3694:Ribat of Monastir
3615:Al-Zaytuna Mosque
3573:Abbasid Caliphate
3512:Ziyadat Allah III
3485:Abdallah al-Mahdi
3439:
3259:Italian Peninsula
3226:Iberian Peninsula
3220:, the Muslims of
3214:Abbasid Caliphate
3193:Asad ibn al-Furat
3091:in theology, and
2961:Abbasid Caliphate
2925:
2924:
2837:COVID-19 pandemic
2558:First Barbary War
2527:Ottoman governors
2387:Umayyad Caliphate
2316:Kingdom of Altava
2116:
2115:
2071:Africa portal
2056:
2055:
1966:
1965:
1929:
1928:
1872:
1871:
1815:
1814:
1719:
1718:
1665:
1664:
1630:
1629:
1405:
1404:
1397:Tippu Tip's State
1295:
1294:
1267:Emirate of Beihan
999:Arabian Peninsula
990:
989:
745:
744:
529:Eastern dynasties
520:
519:
465:
464:
377:Nabataean Kingdom
367:Kingdom of Lihyan
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
308:Fatimid Caliphate
300:
299:
295:Abbasid Caliphate
154:De jure caliphal
89:Abbasid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
6805:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6568:
6561:
6560:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6375:
6366:
6365:
6345:
6328:
6327:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6253:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6157:
6148:
6147:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6065:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6043:
6034:
6028:
6027:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5784:
5775:
5774:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5725:
5716:
5715:
5695:
5684:
5683:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5632:
5617:
5616:
5598:
5587:
5586:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5539:
5510:
5509:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5377:
5364:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5343:
5327:
5318:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5266:
5258:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5151:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5023:
5014:
5013:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4968:
4955:
4954:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4909:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4869:
4858:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4757:
4734:
4733:
4712:
4706:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4671:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4583:
4566:
4559:
4538:History of Libya
4484:
4420:
4356:
4340:
4272:
4266:Ziyadat Allah II
4256:
4186:
4122:
4106:
4090:
4016:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3862:
3679:Aghlabid cistern
3623:Rustamid dynasty
3444:Decline and fall
3434:
3432:
3245:Italian mainland
3163:In 838/839 (224
2938:
2929:Aghlabid dynasty
2917:
2910:
2903:
2882:
2869:
2820:2010s to present
2735:1965 coup d'état
2719:Contemporary era
2585:French governors
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2353:Fossatum Africae
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2250:Ancient Carthage
2181:
2173:
2165:
2146:
2136:
2118:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2052:
1981:
1980:
1944:
1943:
1887:
1886:
1830:
1829:
1811:
1806:
1797:
1792:
1759:146 BC–435
1756:
1734:
1733:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1685:
1667:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1418:
1417:
1382:Nabahani dynasty
1327:Nabahani dynasty
1312:Makhzumi dynasty
1308:
1307:
1003:
1002:
758:
757:
557:Emirate of Crete
533:
532:
478:
477:
457:Kingdom of Kinda
407:Kingdom of Hatra
357:Kingdom of Qedar
353:
352:
342:
330:
316:
315:
304:
303:
291:
290:
284:
283:
268:
267:
76:
61:
60:
59:
51:
43:
42:
36:Aghlabid dynasty
32:
21:
18:Aghlabid Emirate
6813:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6605:
6595:
6565:
6564:
6557:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6505:
6492:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6417:
6416:
6412:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6390:
6377:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6347:
6346:
6331:
6324:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6264:
6254:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6199:
6197:
6196:on 29 June 2011
6184:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6159:
6158:
6151:
6125:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6063:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6041:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6016:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5855:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5828:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5697:
5696:
5687:
5680:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5634:
5633:
5620:
5613:
5600:
5599:
5590:
5583:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5541:
5540:
5513:
5506:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5449:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5379:
5378:
5367:
5354:
5344:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5259:
5255:
5247:. p. 441.
5236:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5162:
5152:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5025:
5024:
5017:
5010:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4970:
4969:
4958:
4951:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4871:
4870:
4861:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4792:"The Aghlabids"
4789:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4759:
4758:
4737:
4730:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4509:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4100:Ziyadat Allah I
4097:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4015:
4011:
4007:
3969:
3938:
3856:
3834:
3832:Aghlabid rulers
3690:Ribat of Sousse
3671:
3665:
3638:Idrisid dynasty
3558:
3452:
3446:
3358:
3334:
3326:Emirate of Bari
3261:
3185:
3156:Berbers of the
3146:Ziyadat Allah I
3001:Harun al-Rashid
2997:
2992:
2955:, and possibly
2921:
2892:
2891:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2863:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2817:
2751:
2721:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2631:Operation Torch
2619:Cheikh Bouamama
2604:Emir Abdelkader
2580:French conquest
2567:
2546:Barbary pirates
2539:Emirate of Kuku
2515:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2287:(146 BC–590 AD)
2286:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2220:
2179:
2177:Capsian culture
2171:
2163:
2161:Aterian Culture
2156:
2134:
2127:
2112:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2029:1987–2011
2009:1957–1987
1999:1956–1957
1989:1881–1956
1978:
1968:
1967:
1962:1705–1881
1952:1574–1705
1941:
1931:
1930:
1925:1229–1574
1915:1160–1229
1905:1148–1160
1884:
1874:
1873:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1750:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1705:
1683:
1676:
1661:
1632:
1631:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1342:Mahdali dynasty
1305:
1297:
1296:
1237:Muscat and Oman
1007:Imamate of Oman
1000:
992:
991:
755:
747:
746:
530:
522:
521:
475:
467:
466:
397:Emesene Dynasty
350:
313:
288:
244:
234:
224:
198:
197:• 903–909
188:
187:• 800–812
79:
62:
54:
53:
52:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6811:
6809:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6788:Arab dynasties
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6760:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6730:(1666–present)
6725:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6571:
6563:
6562:
6556:978-0300218701
6555:
6535:
6529:978-3902782199
6528:
6510:
6503:
6485:
6479:978-0195309911
6478:
6460:
6454:978-1134613663
6453:
6435:
6429:978-0195309911
6428:
6410:
6395:
6389:978-3902782199
6388:
6367:
6361:978-0300218701
6360:
6329:
6322:
6302:
6295:
6275:
6266:|journal=
6232:
6226:978-9004161214
6225:
6207:
6177:
6170:
6149:
6123:
6102:
6095:
6073:
6051:
6029:
6015:978-8871380636
6014:
5993:
5970:
5943:
5936:
5914:
5907:
5887:
5880:
5860:
5853:
5833:
5826:
5806:
5799:
5776:
5769:
5747:
5740:
5717:
5710:
5685:
5678:
5656:
5649:
5618:
5611:
5588:
5581:
5559:
5552:
5511:
5505:978-3848003808
5504:
5483:
5476:
5454:
5447:
5424:
5417:
5399:
5392:
5365:
5356:|journal=
5319:
5310:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5274:
5254:978-9231041532
5253:
5229:
5222:
5200:
5193:
5173:
5164:|journal=
5130:
5093:
5047:
5040:
5015:
5008:
4990:
4983:
4956:
4949:
4937:"Introduction"
4927:
4920:
4891:
4884:
4859:
4840:
4833:
4811:
4804:
4779:
4772:
4735:
4729:978-9004356047
4728:
4707:
4693:
4686:
4666:
4655:
4648:
4628:
4621:
4603:
4597:978-3848003808
4596:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4513:Battle of Manu
4508:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4345:
4343:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4261:
4259:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4111:
4109:
4095:
4093:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3840:Gold dinar of
3833:
3830:
3828:(r. 856–863).
3814:vegetal motifs
3738:call to prayer
3667:Main article:
3664:
3661:
3557:
3554:
3533:Chott el-Jerid
3445:
3442:
3357:
3354:
3340:the island of
3333:
3330:
3260:
3257:
3184:
3181:
3070:Friday prayers
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2953:Southern Italy
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2871:
2858:
2852:
2850:Related topics
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2832:Hirak Movement
2829:
2823:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2614:Mokrani Revolt
2611:
2609:Fatma N'Soumer
2606:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2571:French Algeria
2566:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:(1235–1556 AD)
2496:
2494:(1229–1574 AD)
2488:
2486:(1215–1465 AD)
2480:
2478:(1121–1269 AD)
2472:
2470:(1040–1147 AD)
2464:
2462:(1014–1152 AD)
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2292:Vandal Kingdom
2289:
2276:
2271:Jugurthine War
2268:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:Bourguiba rule
2001:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:French Tunisia
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1895:973–1148
1893:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:Ras al Khaymah
1433:
1432:
1429:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1357:Mazrui dynasty
1353:
1352:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
988:
987:
984:
978:
977:
974:
968:
967:
964:
958:
957:
954:
948:
947:
944:
938:
937:
934:
928:
927:
924:
918:
917:
914:
908:
907:
904:
898:
897:
894:
888:
887:
884:
878:
877:
874:
868:
867:
864:
858:
857:
854:
848:
847:
844:
838:
837:
834:
828:
827:
824:
818:
817:
814:
808:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
788:
787:
784:
778:
777:
774:
772:Fihrid Emirate
768:
767:
764:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
743:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
723:
722:
719:
713:
712:
709:
703:
702:
699:
693:
692:
689:
683:
682:
679:
673:
672:
669:
663:
662:
659:
653:
652:
649:
643:
642:
639:
633:
632:
629:
623:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
603:
602:
599:
593:
592:
589:
583:
582:
579:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
553:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
517:
514:
508:
507:
504:
498:
497:
494:
488:
487:
484:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
463:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
369:
363:
362:
359:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
335:
334:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
310:
301:
298:
297:
292:
280:
279:
274:
264:
263:
257:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:from Caliphate
159:
150:
146:
145:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
115:
114:
108:
96:
92:
91:
87:Vassal of the
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
64:
63:
57:Banū al-Aghlab
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6810:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6603:
6599:
6592:
6587:
6585:
6580:
6578:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6558:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6539:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6521:
6514:
6511:
6506:
6500:
6496:
6489:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6461:
6456:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6436:
6431:
6425:
6421:
6414:
6411:
6406:
6399:
6396:
6391:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6306:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6279:
6276:
6271:
6259:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6233:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6208:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6163:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6124:88-7138-241-2
6120:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6074:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6052:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6030:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5915:
5910:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5891:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5864:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5844:Siculo Arabic
5837:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5810:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5713:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5660:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5470:. Routledge.
5469:
5465:
5458:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5233:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5177:
5174:
5169:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5009:9789382573470
5005:
5001:
4994:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4921:0-8133-3885-9
4917:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4482:
4481:
4480:ibn Abd Allah
4457:
4455:
4427:
4425:
4418:
4417:
4393:
4391:
4363:
4361:
4354:
4353:
4338:
4337:
4321:
4318:
4310:
4309:
4300:
4292:
4279:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4254:
4253:
4237:
4234:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4214:
4206:
4204:
4193:
4191:
4184:
4183:
4182:ibn al-Aghlab
4159:
4157:
4129:
4127:
4120:
4119:
4104:
4103:
4088:
4087:
4079:
4076:
4068:
4066:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4046:
4038:
4036:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4014:
4013:
4012:ibn al-Aghlab
3997:
3995:
3975:
3973:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3784:. An elegant
3783:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3273:Mediterranean
3270:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3121:Mediterranean
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Peace Charter
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Civil Concord
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Berber Spring
2740:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:FFS rebellion
2728:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Évian Accords
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2454:(973–1152 AD)
2452:
2449:
2446:(970–1068 AD)
2444:
2441:
2438:(909–1171 AD)
2436:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2398:(742–1066 AD)
2396:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2379:Arab conquest
2377:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
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2333:
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2309:
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2301:
2298:
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2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2072:
2062:
2061:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1868:909–973
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:800–909
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:750–800
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:698–750
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:Early Islamic
1821:
1820:
1810:590–698
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1796:534–590
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:534–698
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:435–534
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
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1689:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1653:
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1646:
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1639:
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1618:
1615:
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1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
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1592:
1588:
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1577:
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1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:Umm al-Quwain
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
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1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
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1449:
1445:
1442:
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1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
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1411:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
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1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
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1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
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1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
963:
960:
959:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
943:
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939:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:
900:
899:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
833:
832:Muslim Sicily
830:
829:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
751:
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738:
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734:
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724:
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714:
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674:
670:
668:
665:
664:
660:
658:
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644:
640:
638:
635:
634:
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628:
625:
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620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
598:
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594:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
578:
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574:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
534:
526:
525:
515:
513:
510:
509:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
483:
480:
479:
471:
470:
461:450 AD–550 AD
460:
458:
455:
454:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
438:
435:
434:
430:
428:
425:
424:
420:
418:
415:
414:
410:
408:
405:
404:
401:64 BC–300s AD
400:
398:
395:
394:
391:132 BC–244 AD
390:
388:
385:
384:
381:400 BC–106 AD
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:600 BC–100 BC
370:
368:
365:
364:
361:800 BC–300 BC
360:
358:
355:
354:
346:
345:
341:
337:
336:
331:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:
296:
293:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
236:
226:
212:
208:
204:
200:
190:
176:
174:
164:
160:
157:
153:
152:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
75:
70:
65:
58:
49:
33:
30:
19:
6649:
6545:
6538:
6519:
6513:
6494:
6488:
6469:
6463:
6444:
6438:
6419:
6413:
6404:
6398:
6379:
6350:
6312:
6305:
6285:
6278:
6241:
6235:
6216:
6210:
6198:. Retrieved
6194:the original
6189:
6180:
6161:
6142:
6138:
6136:
6114:
6105:
6086:
6076:
6067:
6054:
6045:
6032:
6005:
5996:
5979:
5973:
5964:
5952:
5946:
5927:
5917:
5897:
5890:
5870:
5863:
5843:
5836:
5816:
5809:
5789:
5760:
5750:
5730:
5700:
5669:
5659:
5640:
5602:
5572:
5562:
5543:
5495:
5467:
5457:
5437:
5408:
5402:
5382:
5331:
5313:
5304:
5295:
5286:
5277:
5239:
5232:
5213:
5203:
5183:
5176:
5139:
5133:
5106:
5096:
5079:
5072:
5050:
5031:
4999:
4993:
4973:
4940:
4930:
4905:
4874:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4824:
4814:
4795:
4762:
4719:
4710:
4700:
4696:
4676:
4669:
4658:
4638:
4631:
4612:
4606:
4587:
4581:
4557:
4476:
4414:Abd Allah II
4412:
4348:
4332:
4268:ibn Muhammad
4264:
4248:
4178:
4114:
4098:
4082:
4008:
3803:
3791:blind arches
3771:
3745:
3722:
3687:
3663:Architecture
3619:
3607:
3593:
3559:
3537:
3501:
3489:
3478:
3453:
3423:Qasr al-Fath
3422:
3375:
3361:
3359:
3335:
3306:
3262:
3234:
3211:
3196:
3186:
3162:
3149:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3089:Mu'tazilites
3077:al-Abbasiyya
3074:
3063:
3056:Tripolitania
3045:
2998:
2928:
2926:
2819:
2818:
2803:Black Spring
2753:
2752:
2723:
2643:Algerian War
2641:
2640:
2597:Pacification
2569:
2568:
2517:
2514:Modern times
2430:(800–909 AD)
2422:(789–828 AD)
2414:(776–909 AD)
2406:(771–793 AD)
2390:(703–744 AD)
2382:(647–709 AD)
2335:(585–698 AD)
2327:(534–585 AD)
2319:(578–708 AD)
2311:(484–703 AD)
2303:(477–578 AD)
2295:(435–534 AD)
2274:(111–106 BC)
2266:(264–146 BC)
2184:Rock art in
2025:Ben Ali rule
2015:Ben Ali coup
1939:Early modern
1626:1921–present
1611:1900–present
1596:1868–present
1581:1833–present
1566:1810–present
1551:1783–present
1536:1775–present
1521:1761–present
1506:1752–present
1491:1749–present
1476:1744–present
1471:Saudi Arabia
1461:1727–present
1446:1727–present
1431:1631–present
441:300s–500s AD
277:Succeeded by
276:
271:
105:al-Abbasiyya
29:
6748:(1837–1969)
6742:(1711–1835)
6740:Karamanlids
6736:(1705–1957)
6724:(1549–1659)
6718:(1472–1554)
6712:(1269–1465)
6706:(1235–1556)
6700:(1229–1574)
6694:(1147–1269)
6688:(1059–1158)
6686:Khurasanids
6682:(1040–1147)
6676:(1008–1152)
6656:Sulaymanids
6626:Muhallabids
6186:"Aghlabids"
5069:Schacht, J.
5065:Pellat, Ch.
4416:ibn Ibrahim
4334:Muhammad II
4118:ibn Ibrahim
4102:ibn Ibrahim
4086:ibn Ibrahim
4084:Abd Allah I
3936:Family tree
3857: [
3569:Sunni Islam
3562:Mu'tazilite
3508:Abdallah II
3318:Radelchis I
3241:Neapolitans
3230:Barrafranca
3107:(Susa) and
3021:Muhallabids
3009:Khurasanian
3007:, son of a
2976:Sunni Islam
2969:Mu'tazilite
2827:Arab Spring
2704:Oujda Group
2694:Pieds-noirs
2677:1961 putsch
2672:1958 crisis
2652:Nationalism
2645:(1954–1962)
2403:Muhallabids
2372:Middle Ages
2258:(202–46 BC)
2180:(10,000 BC)
2172:(20,000 BC)
2164:(80,000 BC)
2133:History of
2049:2011–
1703:Prehistoric
1682:History of
1331:Pate Island
1304:East Africa
1097:Sulaymanids
1037:Ukhaidhirds
822:Sulaymanids
792:Muhallabids
697:Munqidhites
597:Shirvanshah
451:300s–602 AD
421:196–1100 AD
411:100s–241 AD
272:Preceded by
156:governorate
134:Sunni Islam
6762:Categories
6680:Almoravids
6670:(973–1148)
6646:(790–1066)
6616:(710–1019)
6200:23 January
5553:9004100563
5078:Volume II:
5057:"D̲j̲arīd"
4984:9004093443
4773:0521337674
4485:r. 903–909
4421:r. 902–903
4357:r. 875–902
4350:Ibrahim II
4341:r. 864–875
4273:r. 863–864
4257:r. 856–863
4187:r. 841–856
4180:Muhammad I
4123:r. 838–841
4107:r. 817–838
4091:r. 812–817
4017:r. 800–812
3799:low-relief
3728:, a large
3369:religious
3222:al-Andalus
3216:, and the
3119:, through
3013:Banu Tamim
3003:appointed
2965:Banu Tamim
2747:1988 riots
2592:Resistance
2467:Almoravids
2280:Mauretania
2263:Punic Wars
2154:Prehistory
1790:Prefecture
1712:Prehistory
1617:Hashemites
1572:Al Maktoum
1542:Al Khalifa
1227:Upper Yafa
1217:Ya'arubids
1057:Qarmatians
942:Sumadihids
431:220–638 AD
427:Ghassanids
149:Government
6768:Aghlabids
6746:Senussids
6734:Husaynids
6716:Wattasids
6704:Zayyanids
6674:Hammadids
6664:(909–973)
6658:(814–922)
6652:(800–909)
6650:Aghlabids
6640:(788–985)
6634:(777–909)
6632:Rustamids
6628:(771–793)
6622:(757–976)
6620:Midrarids
6268:ignored (
6258:cite book
6250:1873-9830
6244:. Brill.
6139:invasioni
5988:462998915
5961:2035-794X
5464:"Messina"
5358:ignored (
5348:cite book
5340:1873-9830
5334:. Brill.
5263:cite book
5166:ignored (
5156:cite book
5148:1873-9830
5142:. Brill.
5125:0997-1327
5088:495469475
5061:Lewis, B.
4573:Citations
4352:ibn Ahmad
4336:ibn Ahmad
4250:Ahmad ibn
4116:Al-Aghlab
4010:Ibrahim I
3970:ibn Salim
3968:Al-Aghlab
3931:(903–909)
3925:(902–903)
3919:(875–902)
3913:(863–875)
3901:(856–863)
3895:(841–856)
3889:(838–841)
3883:(817–838)
3877:(812–817)
3871:(800–812)
3795:squinches
3764:overglaze
3730:hypostyle
3726:courtyard
3631:Kharijite
3581:Al-Ma'mun
3550:Sijilmasa
3541:al-Aribus
3529:Kasserine
3473:, led by
3431:قصر الفتح
3407:Byzantine
3338:conquered
3322:Benevento
3312:or local
3207:Euphemios
3060:Cyrenaica
2980:conquered
2939:) was an
2774:Massacres
2724:1960s–80s
2499:Ziyyanids
2459:Hammadids
2443:Maghrawas
2427:Aghlabids
2411:Rustamids
2245:Phoenicia
2238:Antiquity
2223:Related:
2211:Madghacen
1804:Exarchate
1748:1st Roman
1602:Al Sharqi
1557:Al Nuaimi
1527:Al Mualla
1516:Abu Dhabi
1512:Al Nahyan
1452:Al Qasimi
1437:Al Qasimi
1401:1860–1887
1391:1858–1895
1376:1856–1964
1366:1746–1828
1351:1277–1495
1336:1203–1894
1291:1926–1970
1281:1906–1934
1271:1903–1967
1261:1858–1967
1257:Qu'aitids
1251:1836–1921
1247:Rashidids
1241:1820–1970
1231:1800–1967
1221:1624–1742
1211:1597–1872
1201:1463–1521
1191:1454–1526
1181:1395–1967
1177:Kathirids
1171:1305–1487
1167:Jarwanids
1161:1253–1320
1151:1229–1454
1141:1159–1174
1131:1154–1624
1127:Nabhanids
1121:1083–1174
1111:1076–1253
1101:1063–1174
1091:1047–1138
1087:Sulayhids
986:1837–1969
982:Senussids
976:1554–1659
966:1230–1492
956:1049–1078
946:1041–1091
936:1039–1110
926:1031–1091
922:Jawharids
916:1027–1063
912:Muzaynids
906:1026–1057
902:Hammudids
896:1023–1062
892:Yahsubids
886:1023–1091
876:1020–1086
866:1013–1039
856:1012–1051
846:1004–1412
812:Aghlabids
741:1697–1842
731:1517–1865
721:1480–1677
711:1517–1697
701:1025–1157
691:1024–1080
687:Mirdasids
677:Numayrids
657:Jarrahids
647:Mazyadids
627:Hamdanids
617:Hashimids
577:Habbarids
567:Dulafids
417:Tanukhids
259:Aghlabid
142:Mu'tazila
130:Religion
113:(876–909)
107:(800–876)
6728:'Alawids
6710:Marinids
6692:Almohads
6662:Fatimids
6644:Ifranids
6638:Idrisids
6614:Salihids
6133:51336468
6024:32106130
6004:(1994).
5966:durature
5071:(eds.).
4848:Julien,
4563:Sardinia
4507:See also
4252:Muhammad
3850:Ifriqiya
3846:Kairouan
3801:motifs.
3778:teakwood
3700:and the
3692:and the
3683:Kairouan
3653:Umayyads
3649:Shi'ites
3556:Religion
3471:Fatimids
3468:Isma'ili
3456:Tulunids
3391:theology
3371:scholars
3346:Sardinia
3265:Calabria
3253:Taormina
3249:Syracuse
3224:(in the
3109:Monastir
3085:Malikite
3081:Kairouan
2984:Fatimids
2957:Sardinia
2945:Ifriqiya
2937:الأغالبة
2769:Timeline
2483:Marinids
2475:Almohads
2435:Fatimids
2419:Idrisids
2395:Ifranids
2358:Gemellae
2348:Partenia
2124:a series
2122:Part of
2073:•
1958:Husainid
1882:Medieval
1854:Aghlabid
1753:Province
1738:Carthage
1673:a series
1671:Part of
1606:Fujairah
1587:Al Thani
1497:Al Sabah
1386:Wituland
1321:896–1279
1277:Idrisids
1207:Qasimids
1187:Tahirids
1157:Usfurids
1147:Rasulids
1117:Zurayids
1081:968–1925
1067:Wajihids
1061:899–1077
1051:897–1962
1041:865–1066
1027:Yufirids
1021:819–1138
1017:Ziyadids
1011:751–1970
952:Tahirids
882:Abbadids
862:Tujibids
836:831–1091
802:Idrisids
786:756–1031
766:710–1019
762:Salihids
727:Harfushs
717:Turabays
681:990–1081
671:990–1096
667:Uqaylids
661:970–1107
651:961–1150
641:955–1071
637:Rawadids
631:890–1004
621:869–1075
601:861–1538
587:Kaysites
581:854–1011
551:736–1122
516:909–1171
512:Fatimids
506:750–1258
502:Abbasids
492:Umayyads
482:Rashidun
447:Lakhmids
437:Salihids
256:Currency
99:Kairouan
41:الأغالبة
6722:Sa'dids
6698:Hafsids
6602:Maghreb
3734:minaret
3655:in the
3603:viziers
3577:Baghdad
3525:Sbeitla
3521:Baghaya
3504:Cosenza
3438:
3415:Raqqada
3403:Abbasid
3387:Maghreb
3350:Corsica
3314:Lombard
3282:Taranto
3278:Amantea
3237:Palermo
3191:began.
3158:Nafwaza
3154:Ibadite
3113:mosques
3093:Hanafis
3052:Tunisia
3048:Algeria
3041:Maghreb
3029:Berbers
2990:History
2491:Hafsids
2255:Numidia
2198:Ahaggar
2194:Tassili
2135:Algeria
2051:present
1948:Ottoman
1911:Almohad
1864:Fatimid
1844:Abbasid
1834:Umayyad
1729:Ancient
1684:Tunisia
1546:Bahrain
1482:Al Said
1467:Al Saud
1456:Sharjah
1426:Morocco
1422:'Alawis
1361:Mombasa
1197:Jabrids
1137:Mahdids
1107:Uyunids
1071:926–965
1047:Rassids
1031:847–997
972:Saadids
962:Nasrids
872:Amirids
852:Bakrids
842:Kanzids
826:814–922
816:800–909
806:788–974
796:771–793
776:745-757
737:Shihabs
707:Ma'nids
611:864–928
607:Alavids
591:860–964
571:840–897
561:824–961
541:654–884
496:661–750
486:632–661
210:History
163:Emirate
158:Emirate
111:Raqqada
95:Capital
67:800–909
6668:Zirids
6604:region
6553:
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3756:relief
3747:mihrab
3744:. The
3627:Tahert
3599:Iraqis
3589:Maliki
3566:Hanafi
3477:, the
3464:Kutama
3427:Arabic
3367:Maliki
3324:. The
3310:Naples
3269:Apulia
3203:Sicily
3177:Tozeur
3169:Djerid
3105:Sousse
3101:ribats
3065:khutba
2973:Hanafi
2949:Sicily
2933:Arabic
2754:1990s–
2699:Harkis
2451:Zirids
2284:Africa
2278:Roman
2216:Jedars
2206:Roknia
2190:Djelfa
2126:on the
1976:Modern
1921:Hafsid
1901:Norman
1765:Vandal
1675:on the
1621:Jordan
1501:Kuwait
932:Hudids
213:
177:
138:Hanafi
124:Arabic
84:Status
48:Arabic
44:
6064:(PDF)
6042:(PDF)
5059:. In
4549:Notes
3907:(863)
3861:]
3810:Kufic
3762:with
3760:tiles
3646:Zaydi
3634:Ibadi
3546:Rajab
3516:Setif
3497:Ikjan
3460:Egypt
3419:baths
3382:Roman
3342:Malta
3302:Ostia
3300:near
3173:Ibadi
3033:Syria
3025:Arabs
2756:2000s
1891:Zirid
1591:Qatar
1576:Dubai
1561:Ajman
1346:Kilwa
1316:Shewa
261:Dinar
6551:ISBN
6524:ISBN
6499:ISBN
6474:ISBN
6449:ISBN
6424:ISBN
6384:ISBN
6356:ISBN
6318:ISBN
6291:ISBN
6270:help
6246:ISSN
6221:ISBN
6202:2011
6166:ISBN
6143:wali
6129:OCLC
6119:ISBN
6091:ISBN
6020:OCLC
6010:ISBN
5984:OCLC
5957:ISSN
5932:ISBN
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5360:help
5336:ISSN
5269:link
5249:ISBN
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5084:OCLC
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4682:ISBN
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3804:The
3786:dome
3782:Iraq
3766:and
3715:The
3594:qāḍī
3527:and
3493:Mila
3480:dā'ī
3436:lit.
3405:and
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3348:and
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3267:and
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3097:fiqh
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2941:Arab
2927:The
2667:GPRA
2657:RCUA
2282:and
2196:and
2186:Oran
2039:2011
2019:1987
1486:Oman
173:Emir
6600:in
5111:doi
5080:C–G
3681:in
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