1404:
322:
299:
196:
221:
328:
227:
1531:
1627:
the same mother had eaten a methyl-rich diet supplemented with zinc, vitamin B12, and folic acid then the offspring's agouti gene would likely become methylated, it wouldn't be expressed, and the coat color would be brown instead. In mice, the yellow coat color is also associated with health problems in mice including obesity and diabetes.
1269:
1693:
neurons in the hypothalamus and antagonizes MSH at MC4Rs which reduce satiety signals. AgRP acts as an appetite stimulator and increases appetite while decreasing metabolism. Because of these mechanisms, AgRP may be linked to increased body mass and obesity in both humans and mice. Over-expression of
1534:
These mice are genetically identical despite looking phenotypically different. The mouse on the left's mother was fed
Bisphenol A (BPA) with a normal mouse diet and the mouse on the right's mother was fed BPA with a methyl-rich diet. The left mouse is yellow and obese, while the right mouse is brown
1626:
wild type mice with grey coats. Two genetically identical mice could look very different phenotypically due to the mothers' diets while the mice were in utero. If the mice has the agouti gene it can be expressed due to the mother eating a typical diet and the offspring would have a yellow coat. If
1559:
is expressed normally, and grey and brown phenotypes (eumelanin) occur. The epigenetic state of the IAP element is determined by the level of methylation, as individuals show a wide range of phenotypes based on their degree of DNA methylation. Increased methylation is correlated with increased
63:
1403:
1192:
allele (A) presents a grey phenotype, however, many allele variants have been identified through genetic analyses, which result in a wide range of phenotypes distinct from the typical grey coat. The most widely studied allele variants are the
1103:, with each hair being partly yellow and partly black. Loss of function mutations in mice and other species cause black fur coloration, while mutations causing expression throughout the whole body in mice cause yellow fur and obesity.
1677:, as melanocortin receptors are inhibited through competitive antagonism. Inhibition of melanocortin by ASP can also be through non-competitive methods, broadening its range of effects. The function of ASP differs to murine
1610:, which impairs normal development and increases susceptibility to the development of chronic disease. Ensuring maternal diets are high in methyl equivalents is a key preventive measure for reducing ectopic expression of
3413:
1971:
Millar SE, Miller MW, Stevens ME, Barsh GS (October 1995). "Expression and transgenic studies of the mouse agouti gene provide insight into the mechanisms by which mammalian coat color patterns are generated".
3113:
Wilczynski AM, Joseph CG, Haskell-Luevano C (September 2005). "Current trends in the structure-activity relationship studies of the endogenous agouti-related protein (AGRP) melanocortin receptor antagonist".
1428:, as the expressed gene becomes longer than the normal gene length of agouti. This is caused by the insertion of a single intracisternal A particle (IAP) retrotransposon upstream to the start site of
3406:
3687:
3399:
1702:, as insulin secretion is heightened through calcium sensitive signaling in pancreatic beta cells. The mechanism for ASP induced tumorigenesis remains unknown in humans.
1583:
but attained through the diet by folic acid, methionine, betaine, and choline, as these nutrients feed into a consistent metabolic pathway for methyl synthesis. Adequate
335:
234:
2434:
Lu D, Willard D, Patel IR, Kadwell S, Overton L, Kost T, et al. (October 1994). "Agouti protein is an antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating-hormone receptor".
2345:
Lu D, Willard D, Patel IR, Kadwell S, Overton L, Kost T, et al. (October 1994). "Agouti protein is an antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating-hormone receptor".
1122:. Activation by α-MSH causes production of the darker eumelanin, while activation by ASIP causes production of the redder phaeomelanin. This means where and while
3680:
1162:
susceptibility, and premature infertility. This gene is highly similar to the mouse gene and encodes a secreted protein that may (1) affect the quality of hair
1494:
is responsible for regulating food intake by inhibiting appetite signals. The increase in appetite is coupled to alterations in nutrient metabolism due to the
3459:
1897:
Wilson BD, Ollmann MM, Kang L, Stoffel M, Bell GI, Barsh GS (February 1995). "Structure and function of ASP, the human homolog of the mouse agouti gene".
4442:
3381:
797:
157:
4396:
3673:
778:
1506:
and increasing adipocyte hypertrophy. This increases body mass and leads to difficulties with weight loss as metabolic pathways become dysregulated.
2183:
Wolff GL, Roberts DW, Mountjoy KG (November 1999). "Physiological consequences of ectopic agouti gene expression: the yellow obese mouse syndrome".
3655:
1543:
requires DNA methylation. Methylation occurs in six guanine-cytosine (GC) rich sequences in the 5’ long terminal repeat of the IAP element in the
1622:
to be reduced. This lowers the proportion of offspring that present with the yellow phenotype and increases the number offspring that resemble
1486:(AGRP), responsible for the stimulation of appetite via hypothalamic NPY/AGRP orexigenic neurons. Agouti also promotes obesity by antagonizing
4422:
2833:
López-Calderero I, Sánchez Chávez E, García-Carbonero R (May 2010). "The insulin-like growth factor pathway as a target for cancer therapy".
1811:
1594:
When inadequate methyl is available during early embryonic development, DNA methylation cannot occur, which increases ectopic expression of
1551:
to be turned off. In utero, the mother's diet can cause methylation or demethylation. When this area is unmethylated, ectopic expression of
1514:, as the agouti protein functions in a calcium dependent manner to increase insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells, increasing risks of
3568:
1793:
1167:
1111:
1091:(a brown to black pigment). This interaction is responsible for making distinct light and dark bands in the hairs of animals such as the
3617:
3553:
2103:
321:
3464:
1008:
1001:
1555:
occurs, and yellow phenotypes are shown because the phaeomelanin is expressed instead of eumelanin. When the region is methylated,
1099:, agouti signalling is responsible for determining which parts of the body will be red or black. Mice with wildtype agouti will be
298:
2399:
McNulty JC, Jackson PJ, Thompson DA, Chai B, Gantz I, Barsh GS, et al. (2005). "Structures of the agouti signaling protein".
2119:
3563:
1780:
1759:
4236:
4044:
3917:
3751:
3632:
3454:
1487:
220:
195:
1776:
60:
3226:
1755:
1685:
controls the distribution of pigments that determine coat color. ASP has neuroendocrine functions consistent with murine
1452:
itself inhibits melanocortin receptors responsible for eumelanin production, the yellow phenotype is exacerbated in both
3324:
Millington GW (May 2006). "Proopiomelanocortin (POMC): the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors".
1694:
AgRP has been linked to obesity in males, while certain polymorphisms of AgRP have been linked to eating disorders like
1618:
locus, as increased methyl consumption causes the IAP element to become completely methylated and ectopic expression of
1325:
is only expressed in the skin during hair growth, but these dominant yellow mutations cause it to be expressed in other
137:
3188:
Stütz AM, Morrison CD, Argyropoulos G (October 2005). "The agouti-related protein and its role in energy homeostasis".
2047:"Ectopic expression of the agouti gene in transgenic mice causes obesity, features of type II diabetes, and yellow fur"
4211:
4014:
3902:
3833:
3721:
3637:
2518:"The agouti mouse model: an epigenetic biosensor for nutritional and environmental alterations on the fetal epigenome"
1670:
increases the development of many chronic diseases, including obesity, type II diabetes mellitus and tumorigenesis.
334:
233:
2979:"Hypothalamic expression of ART, a novel gene related to agouti, is up-regulated in obese and diabetic mutant mice"
1711:
1228:
gene locus is found on chromosome 2 and encodes a 131 amino acid protein. This protein signals the distribution of
4432:
4284:
4117:
3960:
3809:
3151:
Pritchard LE, White A (October 2005). "Agouti-related protein: more than a melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist?".
1475:
327:
226:
1236:
located at the base of hair follicles with expression being more sensitive on ventral hair than on dorsal hair.
3558:
3538:
3444:
3372:
842:
145:
4197:
4000:
3888:
3707:
3439:
2140:
Bultman SJ, Michaud EJ, Woychik RP (December 1992). "Molecular characterization of the mouse agouti locus".
1289:, these are the only known mammalian proteins to adopt this fold. The peptide consists of 131 amino acids.
1115:
1076:
823:
4112:
3955:
3543:
3391:
1716:
1690:
1483:
1286:
1282:
1478:
and various tumors. The increased risk of developing obesity is due to the dysregulation of appetite, as
4437:
3696:
3423:
209:
1568:
which results in offspring displaying consistent phenotypes to their parents, as ectopic expression of
1474:(A/a) heterozygotes have shortened life spans and increased risks for developing early onset obesity,
3241:
2916:
2443:
2354:
2058:
1945:
1842:
4401:
4338:
3853:
3449:
1548:
1369:
1107:
1100:
916:
124:
4363:
4358:
4328:
3878:
3873:
3287:
Barsh GS, He L, Gunn TM (2002). "Genetic and biochemical studies of the Agouti-attractin system".
2794:"Maternal methyl supplements in mice affect epigenetic variation and DNA methylation of offspring"
4289:
4157:
3970:
3699:
3548:
3349:
3312:
3275:
3227:"Loops and links: structural insights into the remarkable function of the agouti-related protein"
3213:
3176:
3139:
3090:
2876:
2858:
2599:
2467:
2378:
2208:
2165:
1721:
1515:
1436:
to be constitutionally activated, and individuals to present with phenotypes consistent with the
1330:
1126:
is being expressed, the part of the hair that is growing will come out yellow rather than black.
169:
4092:
4039:
3059:
Vink T, Hinney A, van Elburg AA, van Goozen SH, Sandkuijl LA, Sinke RJ, et al. (May 2001).
984:
963:
937:
912:
4353:
4343:
4333:
4323:
3868:
3858:
3848:
3843:
4427:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4152:
4147:
4142:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3341:
3304:
3267:
3205:
3168:
3131:
3082:
3041:
3000:
2944:
2850:
2815:
2774:
2733:
2692:
2648:
2591:
2543:
2459:
2416:
2370:
2327:
2265:
2232:
2200:
2157:
2086:
2024:
1989:
1914:
1870:
1646:
and is a protein consisting of 132 amino acids. It is expressed much more broadly than murine
1547:
mutation. Methylation on a gene causes the gene to not be expressed because it will cause the
117:
53:
4137:
4067:
4024:
3779:
4231:
4226:
4162:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4082:
3975:
3965:
3945:
3746:
3741:
3602:
3333:
3296:
3257:
3249:
3197:
3160:
3123:
3072:
3031:
2990:
2934:
2924:
2842:
2805:
2764:
2723:
2682:
2638:
2630:
2581:
2533:
2525:
2451:
2408:
2362:
2317:
2255:
2247:
2233:"Mesoderm-ectoderm interaction in the production of the agouti pigmentation pattern in mice"
2192:
2149:
2076:
2066:
2016:
1981:
1953:
1906:
1860:
1850:
1695:
1507:
1444:
mutation is unknown, the strength of coat color has been correlated with the degree of gene
1346:
1326:
1214:
414:
345:
289:
244:
2903:
Kwon HY, Bultman SJ, Löffler C, Chen WJ, Furdon PJ, Powell JG, et al. (October 1994).
1829:
Kwon HY, Bultman SJ, Löffler C, Chen WJ, Furdon PJ, Powell JG, et al. (October 1994).
1591:
are required for methyl synthesis as they act as cofactors for transferring methyl groups.
3368:
3018:
Katsuki A, Sumida Y, Gabazza EC, Murashima S, Tanaka T, Furuta M, et al. (May 2001).
1565:
389:
165:
4390:
4386:
2196:
1614:
in offspring. Diet intervention through methyl supplementation reduces imprinting at the
1301:
mutation (A) was the first embryonic mutation to be characterized in mice, as homozygous
1272:
NMR structure family of Agouti
Signalling Protein, C-terminal knotting domain. PDB entry
3245:
2920:
2447:
2358:
2062:
1949:
1846:
4348:
4259:
4072:
3940:
3863:
3774:
3253:
2728:
2711:
2643:
2618:
2538:
2517:
2260:
1171:
3061:"Association between an agouti-related protein gene polymorphism and anorexia nervosa"
2687:
2586:
2569:
2153:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
646:
641:
636:
620:
615:
610:
605:
4416:
4221:
4216:
4097:
4034:
4019:
3912:
3907:
3819:
3736:
3726:
3431:
3385:
3337:
2939:
2905:"Molecular structure and chromosomal mapping of the human homolog of the agouti gene"
2904:
2862:
2529:
2169:
2081:
2046:
2020:
2007:
Voisey J, van Daal A (February 2002). "Agouti: from mouse to man, from skin to fat".
1865:
1831:"Molecular structure and chromosomal mapping of the human homolog of the agouti gene"
1830:
1643:
1350:
1218:
592:
3353:
3316:
3279:
3180:
2617:
Adan RA, Tiesjema B, Hillebrand JJ, la Fleur SE, Kas MJ, de Krom M (December 2006).
2603:
2212:
1440:
mutation. Although the mechanism for the activation of the promoter controlling the
4254:
4062:
3935:
3769:
3665:
3225:
Millhauser GL, McNulty JC, Jackson PJ, Thompson DA, Barsh GS, Gantz I (June 2003).
3217:
3201:
3164:
3094:
2471:
2382:
1932:
Silvers WK, Russell ES (1955). "An experimental approach to action of genes at the
1257:
1245:
1175:
1084:
407:
186:
3143:
149:
1654:
is solely expressed in melanocytes. ASP has 85% similarity to the murine form of
173:
4077:
3642:
3627:
2251:
1816:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1798:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1731:
1726:
1698:. The mechanism underlying hyperinsulinemia in humans is consistent with murine
1588:
1499:
1445:
1432:
transcription. In the proximal end of the gene, an unknown promoter then causes
1393:
1306:
1151:
2909:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2051:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1835:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
490:
4382:
3731:
3622:
3607:
3580:
2846:
2412:
1650:
and is found in adipose tissue, pancreas, testes, and ovaries, whereas murine
1606:
phenotypes which persist into adulthood. This leads to the development of the
1233:
1139:
1080:
306:
203:
153:
2810:
2793:
2667:
2322:
2305:
4318:
4029:
3838:
3799:
3533:
2929:
2712:"The yellow mouse obesity syndrome and mechanisms of agouti-induced obesity"
2071:
1985:
1855:
1503:
1495:
1397:
1274:
1249:
1241:
1186:
1179:
1135:
1088:
742:
550:
428:
373:
360:
272:
259:
161:
3345:
3308:
3271:
3209:
3172:
3135:
3086:
3045:
3036:
3019:
2977:
Shutter JR, Graham M, Kinsey AC, Scully S, Lüthy R, Stark KL (March 1997).
2854:
2819:
2737:
2652:
2634:
2547:
2420:
2204:
2028:
1957:
17:
3300:
3077:
3060:
3004:
2948:
2778:
2696:
2595:
2463:
2374:
2331:
2269:
2161:
2090:
1993:
1918:
1910:
1874:
1048:
1043:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4056:
4052:
4048:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3575:
3262:
2995:
2978:
1178:
action, and (4) have a functional role in regulating lipid metabolism in
1154:
effects of constitutive expression of the mouse gene include adult-onset
1032:
887:
868:
2668:"Cellularity of adipose depots in six strains of genetically obese mice"
1579:
by maternal nutrition and environmental exposure. Methyl is synthesized
1530:
1248:. Melanocortin acts on follicular melanocytes to increase production of
4087:
2769:
2752:
2304:
Miltenberger RJ, Mynatt RL, Wilkinson JE, Woychik RP (September 1997).
1342:
1260:
dominates, a melanin pigment that produces yellow or red colored hair.
1229:
1222:
1210:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1119:
1072:
1064:
854:
809:
3127:
1448:, which is determined by maternal diet and environmental exposure. As
94:
90:
86:
82:
3474:
2455:
2366:
1518:. Increased tumor formation is due to the increased mitotic rates of
1092:
1016:
764:
3020:"Plasma levels of agouti-related protein are increased in obese men"
4299:
4187:
3612:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
1529:
1498:
actions of agouti on adipose tissue, increasing levels of hepatic
1402:
1321:
heterozygotes (A/a and A/a) remain more common. In wild-type mice
1267:
1159:
1096:
1360:(A) mutation is due to an upstream deletion at the start site of
727:
723:
4102:
3595:
3590:
3585:
2107:
1584:
1491:
1377:
1068:
141:
3669:
3395:
1268:
1252:, a melanin pigment responsible for brown and black hair. When
1681:. ASP effects the quality of hair pigmentation whereas murine
1522:, which are localized to epithelial and mesenchymal tissues.
2751:
Constância M, Pickard B, Kelsey G, Reik W (September 1998).
2045:
Klebig ML, Wilkinson JE, Geisler JG, Woychik RP (May 1995).
1364:
transcription. This deletion causes the genomic sequence of
1240:
is not directly secreted in the melanocyte as it works as a
2306:"The role of the agouti gene in the yellow obese syndrome"
1095:, which the gene is named after. In other species such as
1305:
mice (A/ A) die early in development, due to an error in
128:, AGSW, SHEP9, ASP, AGTIL, AGTI, agouti signaling protein
2570:"Adipogenesis and obesity: rounding out the big picture"
1408:
Proposed mechanism for the relationship between ectopic
397:
1400:
and resulting in the development of a yellow phenotype.
1376:, a ubiquitously expressed gene in mammals. The coding
1201:
mutation (A) which are caused by ectopic expression of
1424:(A) mutation is due to a change in the mRNA length of
1244:
factor on dermal papillae cells to inhibit release of
1673:
ASP has similar pharmacological activation to murine
562:
3289:
Journal of
Receptor and Signal Transduction Research
3024:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
4372:
4308:
4196:
3999:
3887:
3818:
3706:
3526:
3473:
3430:
1666:, this is expected to be consistent in humans. The
977:
956:
930:
905:
663:
positive regulation of melanin biosynthetic process
1772:
1770:
1768:
1751:
1749:
1747:
344:
243:
3422:Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins /
2966:. Cambridge: MA: Academic Press. pp. 66–67.
2299:
2297:
27:Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2290:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: MA: Academic Press.
1777:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027596
1490:(MSH) at the melanocortin receptor (MC4R), as
1388:promoter, initiating ubiquitous expression of
1138:signalling molecule that causes hair follicle
1075:pigment in mammals. Agouti interacts with the
703:generation of precursor metabolites and energy
3681:
3407:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2040:
2038:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1572:is inherited through non-genomic mechanisms.
8:
4349:Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
3864:Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)
2792:Cooney CA, Dave AA, Wolff GL (August 2002).
2494:(6 ed.). Cambridge: MA: Academic Press.
1642:. It is encoded by the human agouti gene on
1071:. It is responsible for the distribution of
3460:Transforming growth factor beta superfamily
1756:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000101440
1564:gene. Low levels of methylation can induce
1205:. These mutations are also associated with
3688:
3674:
3666:
3414:
3400:
3392:
3382:United States National Library of Medicine
3234:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2710:Moussa NM, Claycombe KJ (September 1999).
2619:"The MC4 receptor and control of appetite"
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
738:
588:
385:
284:
181:
71:
3371:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3261:
3076:
3035:
2994:
2938:
2928:
2809:
2768:
2727:
2686:
2642:
2585:
2568:Spiegelman BM, Flier JS (November 1996).
2537:
2321:
2281:
2279:
2259:
2080:
2070:
1864:
1854:
1106:The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) is a
3380:This article incorporates text from the
2226:
2224:
2222:
2898:
2896:
2394:
2392:
1743:
1638:(ASP) is the human homologue of murine
1598:and results in the presentation of the
1209:which is characterized by early onset
1146:instead of the black or brown pigment
1067:that in humans is encoded by the ASIP
31:
3326:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
2835:Clinical & Translational Oncology
2666:Johnson PR, Hirsch J (January 1972).
349:
310:
305:
248:
207:
202:
7:
3569:Nephroblastoma overexpressed protein
2197:10.1152/physiolgenomics.1999.1.3.151
1384:are placed under the control of the
1281:Agouti signalling peptide adopts an
1168:alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
1112:alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
621:type 4 melanocortin receptor binding
616:type 3 melanocortin receptor binding
3618:Parathyroid hormone-related protein
3554:CCN intercellular signaling protein
2231:Mayer TC, Fishbane JL (June 1972).
2104:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1372:and the first non-encoding exon of
1166:, (2) act as an inverse agonist of
1134:In mice, the agouti gene encodes a
3465:Vascular endothelial growth factor
3254:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03159.x
2729:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1999.tb00440.x
1658:. As ectopic expression of murine
1412:expression and the development of
1313:homozygotes are rare today, while
974:
953:
927:
902:
878:
859:
833:
814:
788:
769:
713:hormone-mediated signaling pathway
647:intracellular anatomical structure
567:
537:central gray substance of midbrain
485:
423:
402:
25:
4443:Melanocortin receptor antagonists
1526:Methylation and diet intervention
1285:motif. Along with the homologous
1142:to synthesize the yellow pigment
3338:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02128.x
2530:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00056.x
2021:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.00039.x
1662:leads to the development of the
333:
326:
320:
297:
232:
225:
219:
194:
4339:Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
3854:Norleusactide (pentacosactride)
3564:Connective tissue growth factor
2877:"Nutrition & the Epigenome"
2623:British Journal of Pharmacology
1938:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1341:, characterized by early onset
3656:extracellular ligand disorders
3633:Tolloid-like metalloproteinase
3455:Platelet-derived growth factor
3202:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.12.024
3165:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.11.036
1575:DNA methylation is determined
1488:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
1464:gene expression is increased.
1087:(a red to yellow pigment), or
551:More reference expression data
1:
2688:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)39428-1
2587:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81359-8
2154:10.1016/S0092-8674(05)80067-4
606:melanocortin receptor binding
318:
217:
4423:Genes on human chromosome 20
2492:Epigenetics in Human Disease
2401:Journal of Molecular Biology
1337:gene is associated with the
1256:is expressed, production of
683:melanin biosynthetic process
4217:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
4020:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3908:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
3727:Afamelanotide (melanotan I)
1392:, increasing production of
4459:
4402:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
3116:Medicinal Research Reviews
2516:Dolinoy DC (August 2008).
2490:Tollefsbol T, ed. (2012).
1712:Agouti coloration genetics
1510:is caused by mutations to
611:signaling receptor binding
4354:Tosactide (octacosactrin)
3869:Tosactide (octacosactrin)
3651:
2847:10.1007/s12094-010-0514-8
2675:Journal of Lipid Research
2524:. 66 Suppl 1 (1): S7-11.
2413:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.12.030
2252:10.1093/genetics/71.2.297
1812:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1794:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1560:expression of the normal
1476:type II diabetes mellitus
1079:to determine whether the
1047:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1015:
1009:Chr 2: 154.63 – 154.89 Mb
996:
981:
960:
949:
934:
909:
898:
885:
881:
866:
862:
853:
840:
836:
821:
817:
808:
795:
791:
776:
772:
763:
748:
741:
737:
721:
591:
587:
575:
570:
561:
548:
497:
488:
435:
426:
396:
388:
384:
367:
354:
317:
296:
287:
283:
266:
253:
216:
193:
184:
180:
135:
132:
122:
115:
110:
79:
74:
57:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
3559:Cysteine-rich protein 61
3539:Agouti signaling protein
3445:Fibroblast growth factor
3373:Medical Subject Headings
2804:(8 Suppl): 2393S–2400S.
2798:The Journal of Nutrition
2310:The Journal of Nutrition
1899:Human Molecular Genetics
1636:Agouti signaling protein
1083:(pigment cell) produces
1061:Agouti-signaling protein
1002:Chr 20: 34.19 – 34.27 Mb
4397:N-POMC (NPP, pro-γ-MSH)
3440:Epidermal growth factor
2983:Genes & Development
2930:10.1073/pnas.91.21.9760
2881:learn.genetics.utah.edu
2753:"Imprinting mechanisms"
2072:10.1073/pnas.92.11.4728
1986:10.1242/dev.121.10.3223
1856:10.1073/pnas.91.21.9760
1539:Correct functioning of
1502:, decreasing levels of
1368:to be lost, except the
1232:pigments in epithelial
1116:melanocortin 1 receptor
1077:melanocortin 1 receptor
678:melanosome organization
3544:Agouti-related protein
3037:10.1210/jcem.86.5.7458
2811:10.1093/jn/132.8.2393S
2635:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706929
2323:10.1093/jn/127.9.1902S
2286:Melmed S, ed. (2010).
2185:Physiological Genomics
1958:10.1002/jez.1401300203
1717:Agouti-related peptide
1536:
1484:agouti-related protein
1417:
1287:Agouti-related peptide
1283:inhibitor cystine knot
1278:
1108:competitive antagonist
688:adult feeding behavior
3697:Melanocortin receptor
3638:Tumor necrosis factor
3301:10.1081/RRS-120014588
3078:10.1038/sj.mp.4000854
2009:Pigment Cell Research
1936:locus in the mouse".
1689:, as it agonizes via
1668:yellow obese syndrome
1664:yellow obese syndrome
1608:yellow obese syndrome
1533:
1414:yellow obese syndrome
1406:
1339:yellow obese syndrome
1271:
1207:yellow obese syndrome
1197:mutation (A) and the
1170:, (3) play a role in
1114:(α-MSH) to bind with
210:Chromosome 20 (human)
4212:ACTH (corticotropin)
4015:ACTH (corticotropin)
3903:ACTH (corticotropin)
3834:ACTH (corticotropin)
3722:ACTH (corticotropin)
3065:Molecular Psychiatry
2996:10.1101/gad.11.5.593
2964:Handbook of Hormones
698:melanosome transport
637:extracellular region
351:2 H1|2 76.83 cM
312:Chromosome 2 (mouse)
75:List of PDB id codes
48:Available structures
3450:Nerve growth factor
3246:2003NYASA.994...27M
2962:Takeuchi S (2015).
2921:1994PNAS...91.9760K
2448:1994Natur.371..799L
2359:1994Natur.371..799L
2120:"Entrez Gene: ASIP"
2063:1995PNAS...92.4728K
1950:1955JEZ...130..199S
1911:10.1093/hmg/4.2.223
1847:1994PNAS...91.9760K
708:signal transduction
673:cell-cell signaling
642:extracellular space
475:canal of the cervix
3549:Angiogenic protein
3384:, which is in the
2770:10.1101/gr.8.9.881
2316:(9): 1902S–1907S.
1722:Genomic imprinting
1537:
1516:insulin resistance
1418:
1331:ectopic expression
1279:
843:ENSMUSG00000027596
693:genetic imprinting
656:Biological process
630:Cellular component
599:Molecular function
4410:
4409:
3663:
3662:
3128:10.1002/med.20037
2522:Nutrition Reviews
2442:(6500): 799–802.
2353:(6500): 799–802.
1309:differentiation.
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1027:
1026:
992:
991:
971:
970:
945:
944:
924:
923:
894:
893:
875:
874:
849:
848:
830:
829:
804:
803:
785:
784:
733:
732:
583:
582:
579:
578:
557:
556:
544:
543:
482:
481:
467:corpus epididymis
380:
379:
279:
278:
106:
105:
102:
101:
58:Ortholog search:
16:(Redirected from
4450:
4433:Peptide hormones
3690:
3683:
3676:
3667:
3603:Hedgehog protein
3416:
3409:
3402:
3393:
3357:
3320:
3283:
3265:
3231:
3221:
3184:
3147:
3099:
3098:
3080:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2716:Obesity Research
2707:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2589:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2513:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2476:
2475:
2456:10.1038/371799a0
2431:
2425:
2424:
2407:(4): 1059–1070.
2396:
2387:
2386:
2367:10.1038/371799a0
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2237:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2074:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1894:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1774:
1763:
1753:
1696:anorexia nervosa
1508:Hyperinsulinemia
1347:hyperinsulinemia
1277:
1215:hyperinsulinemia
1040:
1039:
1011:
1004:
987:
975:
966:
954:
950:RefSeq (protein)
940:
928:
919:
903:
879:
860:
834:
815:
789:
770:
739:
589:
568:
553:
493:
491:Top expressed in
486:
431:
429:Top expressed in
424:
403:
386:
376:
363:
352:
337:
330:
324:
313:
301:
285:
275:
262:
251:
236:
229:
223:
212:
198:
182:
176:
174:ASIP - orthologs
127:
120:
97:
72:
66:
45:
44:
32:
21:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4368:
4304:
4201:
4192:
4004:
3995:
3892:
3883:
3823:
3814:
3711:
3702:
3694:
3664:
3659:
3647:
3522:
3469:
3426:
3420:
3365:
3360:
3323:
3286:
3229:
3224:
3196:(10): 1771–81.
3187:
3159:(10): 1759–70.
3150:
3112:
3108:
3106:Further reading
3103:
3102:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2757:Genome Research
2750:
2749:
2745:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2567:
2566:
2555:
2515:
2514:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2479:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2220:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2148:(7): 1195–204.
2139:
2138:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2057:(11): 4728–32.
2044:
2043:
2036:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1980:(10): 3223–32.
1970:
1969:
1965:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1896:
1895:
1882:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1775:
1766:
1754:
1745:
1740:
1708:
1633:
1631:Human homologue
1566:gene imprinting
1528:
1295:
1273:
1266:
1132:
1049:View/Edit Mouse
1044:View/Edit Human
1007:
1000:
997:Location (UCSC)
983:
962:
936:
915:
911:
824:ENSG00000101440
717:
651:
625:
549:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
489:
478:
473:
469:
465:
463:skin of abdomen
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
427:
371:
358:
350:
340:
339:
338:
331:
311:
288:Gene location (
270:
257:
249:
239:
238:
237:
230:
208:
185:Gene location (
136:
123:
116:
81:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4456:
4454:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4260:Modimelanotide
4257:
4252:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4073:Modimelanotide
4070:
4065:
4060:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3941:Modimelanotide
3938:
3933:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3775:Modimelanotide
3772:
3767:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3432:Growth factors
3428:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3377:
3376:
3369:agouti+protein
3364:
3363:External links
3361:
3359:
3358:
3321:
3295:(1–4): 63–77.
3284:
3222:
3185:
3148:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3051:
3010:
2989:(5): 593–602.
2969:
2954:
2915:(21): 9760–4.
2892:
2868:
2825:
2784:
2763:(9): 881–900.
2743:
2702:
2658:
2609:
2553:
2497:
2477:
2426:
2388:
2337:
2293:
2275:
2246:(2): 297–303.
2218:
2175:
2125:
2111:
2096:
2034:
1999:
1963:
1944:(2): 199–220.
1924:
1880:
1841:(21): 9760–4.
1821:
1803:
1785:
1764:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1632:
1629:
1527:
1524:
1329:as well. This
1294:
1291:
1265:
1262:
1172:neuroendocrine
1131:
1128:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1005:
998:
994:
993:
990:
989:
979:
978:
972:
969:
968:
958:
957:
951:
947:
946:
943:
942:
932:
931:
925:
922:
921:
907:
906:
900:
896:
895:
892:
891:
883:
882:
876:
873:
872:
864:
863:
857:
851:
850:
847:
846:
838:
837:
831:
828:
827:
819:
818:
812:
806:
805:
802:
801:
793:
792:
786:
783:
782:
774:
773:
767:
761:
760:
755:
750:
746:
745:
735:
734:
731:
730:
719:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
657:
653:
652:
650:
649:
644:
639:
633:
631:
627:
626:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
600:
596:
595:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
565:
559:
558:
555:
554:
546:
545:
542:
541:
539:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
494:
483:
480:
479:
477:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:left ventricle
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
432:
420:
419:
411:
400:
394:
393:
390:RNA expression
382:
381:
378:
377:
369:
365:
364:
356:
353:
348:
342:
341:
332:
325:
319:
315:
314:
309:
303:
302:
294:
293:
281:
280:
277:
276:
268:
264:
263:
255:
252:
247:
241:
240:
231:
224:
218:
214:
213:
206:
200:
199:
191:
190:
178:
177:
134:
130:
129:
121:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
77:
76:
68:
67:
56:
50:
49:
41:
40:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4455:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4222:Bremelanotide
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Setmelanotide
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:Bremelanotide
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:Bremelanotide
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Bremelanotide
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:public domain
3383:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:(3): 407–12.
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3263:2027.42/75746
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3122:(5): 545–56.
3121:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3030:(5): 1921–4.
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2841:(5): 326–38.
2840:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2722:(5): 506–14.
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:(7): 815–27.
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2580:(3): 377–89.
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2288:The Pituitary
2282:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:(3): 151–63.
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:(2): 223–30.
1904:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:chromosome 20
1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:viable yellow
1601:
1600:lethal yellow
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:viable yellow
1542:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:agonizes the
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:lethal yellow
1469:
1468:Viable yellow
1465:
1463:
1460:mutations as
1459:
1458:viable yellow
1455:
1454:lethal yellow
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:viable yellow
1439:
1438:lethal yellow
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:viable yellow
1416:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:lethal yellow
1354:
1352:
1351:tumorigenesis
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:viable yellow
1316:
1315:lethal yellow
1312:
1311:Lethal yellow
1308:
1307:trophectoderm
1304:
1303:lethal yellow
1300:
1299:lethal yellow
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:tumorigenesis
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:viable yellow
1196:
1195:lethal yellow
1191:
1188:
1185:In mice, the
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
986:
980:
976:
973:
967:
965:
959:
955:
952:
948:
941:
939:
933:
929:
926:
920:
918:
914:
908:
904:
901:
899:RefSeq (mRNA)
897:
890:
889:
884:
880:
877:
871:
870:
865:
861:
858:
856:
852:
845:
844:
839:
835:
832:
826:
825:
820:
816:
813:
811:
807:
800:
799:
794:
790:
787:
781:
780:
775:
771:
768:
766:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
736:
729:
725:
720:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
658:
655:
654:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
632:
629:
628:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:Gene ontology
590:
586:
574:
569:
566:
564:
560:
552:
547:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
496:
492:
487:
484:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:apex of heart
438:
437:
434:
430:
425:
422:
421:
418:
416:
412:
410:
409:
405:
404:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
370:
366:
362:
357:
347:
343:
336:
329:
323:
316:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
286:
282:
274:
269:
265:
261:
256:
246:
242:
235:
228:
222:
215:
211:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
126:
119:
114:
109:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4438:Mammal genes
4380:Propeptides:
4379:
4364:Tridecactide
4359:Tricosactide
4329:Dersimelagon
4315:
4296:
4282:Antagonists:
4281:
4255:Melanotan II
4208:
4184:
4110:Antagonists:
4109:
4063:Melanotan II
4011:
3953:Antagonists:
3952:
3936:Melanotan II
3899:
3879:Tridecactide
3874:Tricosactide
3830:
3807:Antagonists:
3806:
3770:Melanotan II
3718:
3653:
3379:
3378:
3329:
3325:
3292:
3288:
3240:(1): 27–35.
3237:
3233:
3193:
3189:
3156:
3152:
3119:
3115:
3071:(3): 325–8.
3068:
3064:
3054:
3027:
3023:
3013:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2963:
2957:
2912:
2908:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:
2871:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2678:
2674:
2661:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2577:
2573:
2521:
2491:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2404:
2400:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2313:
2309:
2287:
2243:
2239:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2145:
2141:
2114:
2099:
2054:
2050:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1902:
1898:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1535:and healthy.
1519:
1511:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1280:
1253:
1246:melanocortin
1237:
1225:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1176:melanocortin
1164:pigmentation
1158:, increased
1133:
1123:
1105:
1085:phaeomelanin
1060:
1059:
982:
961:
935:
917:NM_001385218
910:
886:
867:
841:
822:
796:
777:
757:
752:
668:pigmentation
501:spermatocyte
471:tibial nerve
413:
406:
372:154,892,932
359:154,633,322
133:External IDs
80:
29:
4290:ML-00253764
4158:ML-00253764
4078:PF-00446687
3971:ML-00253764
3643:Wnt protein
3628:Somatomedin
2681:(1): 2–11.
2015:(1): 10–8.
1974:Development
1732:Epigenetics
1727:Methylation
1589:vitamin B12
1500:lipogenesis
1446:methylation
1394:pheomelanin
1258:pheomelanin
1234:melanocytes
1174:aspects of
1152:Pleiotropic
1144:pheomelanin
1140:melanocytes
459:skin of leg
447:right ovary
271:34,269,344
258:34,194,569
111:Identifiers
18:Agouti gene
4417:Categories
4383:Lipotropin
4093:Ro 27-3225
4040:LY-2112688
3732:BMS-470539
3700:modulators
3623:Semaphorin
3608:Interferon
3581:Endothelin
2886:2019-11-14
1783:, May 2017
1762:, May 2017
1738:References
1470:(A/a) and
1180:adipocytes
1101:grey-brown
1081:melanocyte
521:blastocyst
443:left ovary
417:(ortholog)
154:HomoloGene
4344:Seractide
4334:Giractide
4324:Codactide
4319:Alsactide
4316:Agonists:
4209:Agonists:
4030:BIM-22493
4012:Agonists:
3900:Agonists:
3859:Seractide
3849:Giractide
3844:Codactide
3839:Alsactide
3831:Agonists:
3800:SNAP-7941
3719:Agonists:
3654:see also
3534:Adipokine
2863:207382579
2170:205925106
1504:lipolysis
1496:paracrine
1398:eumelanin
1293:Mutations
1264:Structure
1250:eumelanin
1242:paracrine
1187:wild type
1148:eumelanin
1136:paracrine
1089:eumelanin
985:NP_056585
964:NP_001663
938:NM_015770
913:NM_001672
743:Orthologs
525:spermatid
517:hair bulb
162:GeneCards
4428:Peptides
4309:Unsorted
4297:Unknown:
4275:SHU-9119
4270:SHU-9005
4265:SHU-8914
4185:Unknown:
4178:SHU-9119
4173:SHU-9005
4168:SHU-8914
4153:MCL-0129
4148:MCL-0042
4143:MCL-0020
3991:SHU-9119
3986:SHU-9005
3981:SHU-8914
3795:SHU-9119
3790:SHU-9005
3785:SHU-8914
3576:Cytokine
3354:25213876
3346:16681590
3317:25089838
3309:12503608
3280:46576434
3272:12851295
3210:15961186
3190:Peptides
3181:21598037
3173:15996791
3153:Peptides
3136:16044415
3087:11326303
3046:11344185
2855:20466617
2820:12163699
2738:10509609
2653:17043670
2604:17130318
2548:18673496
2421:15701517
2240:Genetics
2213:14773686
2205:11015573
2106:(OMIM):
2029:11837451
1779:–
1758:–
1706:See also
1577:in utero
1549:promoter
1370:promoter
1130:Function
1120:proteins
1033:Wikidata
722:Sources:
455:testicle
250:20q11.22
4138:JKC-363
4088:PL-6983
4068:MK-0493
4025:AZD2820
3780:PL-8177
3424:ligands
3242:Bibcode
3218:9749408
3095:6755288
3005:9119224
2949:7937887
2917:Bibcode
2779:9750189
2697:5059196
2644:2014686
2596:8898192
2539:2822875
2472:4282784
2464:7935841
2444:Bibcode
2383:4282784
2375:7935841
2355:Bibcode
2332:9278579
2270:4558326
2261:1212784
2162:1473152
2091:7761391
2059:Bibcode
1994:7588057
1946:Bibcode
1919:7757071
1875:7937887
1843:Bibcode
1781:Ensembl
1760:Ensembl
1581:de novo
1343:obesity
1333:of the
1327:tissues
1230:melanin
1211:obesity
1156:obesity
1118:(MC1R)
1073:melanin
1065:protein
855:UniProt
810:Ensembl
749:Species
728:QuickGO
392:pattern
118:Aliases
4373:Others
4232:HS-024
4227:HS-014
4163:MPB-10
4133:HS-131
4128:HS-024
4123:HS-014
4083:PG-931
3976:PG-106
3966:HS-014
3946:PG-931
3747:HS-024
3742:HS-014
3475:Ephrin
3375:(MeSH)
3352:
3344:
3315:
3307:
3278:
3270:
3216:
3208:
3179:
3171:
3144:116767
3142:
3134:
3093:
3085:
3044:
3003:
2947:
2937:
2861:
2853:
2818:
2777:
2736:
2695:
2651:
2641:
2602:
2594:
2546:
2536:
2470:
2462:
2436:Nature
2419:
2381:
2373:
2347:Nature
2330:
2268:
2258:
2211:
2203:
2168:
2160:
2108:600201
2089:
2079:
2027:
1992:
1934:agouti
1917:
1873:
1863:
1700:agouti
1687:agouti
1683:agouti
1679:agouti
1675:agouti
1660:agouti
1656:agouti
1652:agouti
1648:agouti
1640:agouti
1624:agouti
1620:agouti
1616:agouti
1612:agouti
1596:agouti
1570:agouti
1562:agouti
1557:agouti
1553:agouti
1541:agouti
1520:agouti
1512:agouti
1480:agouti
1462:agouti
1450:agouti
1434:agouti
1430:agouti
1426:agouti
1410:agouti
1390:agouti
1382:agouti
1366:agouti
1362:agouti
1335:agouti
1323:agouti
1254:agouti
1238:Agouti
1226:agouti
1223:murine
1221:. The
1203:agouti
1190:agouti
1124:agouti
1097:horses
1093:agouti
1019:search
1017:PubMed
888:Q03288
869:P42127
765:Entrez
563:BioGPS
533:thymus
513:morula
509:embryo
505:embryo
142:600201
4300:Semax
4188:Semax
3613:Kinin
3527:Other
3518:EFNB3
3513:EFNB2
3508:EFNB1
3503:EFNA5
3498:EFNA4
3493:EFNA3
3488:EFNA2
3483:EFNA1
3350:S2CID
3313:S2CID
3276:S2CID
3230:(PDF)
3214:S2CID
3177:S2CID
3140:S2CID
3091:S2CID
2940:44896
2859:S2CID
2671:(PDF)
2600:S2CID
2468:S2CID
2379:S2CID
2236:(PDF)
2209:S2CID
2166:S2CID
2082:41780
1866:44896
1396:over
1378:exons
1160:tumor
1110:with
1063:is a
798:50518
758:Mouse
753:Human
724:Amigo
415:Mouse
408:Human
355:Start
290:Mouse
254:Start
187:Human
150:87853
4285:ASIP
4118:ASIP
4113:AGRP
4103:THIQ
3961:ASIP
3956:AGRP
3810:ASIP
3596:EDN3
3591:EDN2
3586:EDN1
3342:PMID
3305:PMID
3268:PMID
3206:PMID
3169:PMID
3132:PMID
3083:PMID
3042:PMID
3001:PMID
2945:PMID
2851:PMID
2816:PMID
2775:PMID
2734:PMID
2693:PMID
2649:PMID
2592:PMID
2574:Cell
2544:PMID
2460:PMID
2417:PMID
2371:PMID
2328:PMID
2266:PMID
2201:PMID
2158:PMID
2142:Cell
2087:PMID
2025:PMID
1990:PMID
1915:PMID
1871:PMID
1691:AgRP
1602:and
1587:and
1585:zinc
1492:MC4R
1456:and
1420:The
1386:Raly
1374:Raly
1356:The
1349:and
1317:and
1297:The
1275:1y7k
1217:and
1069:gene
398:Bgee
346:Band
307:Chr.
245:Band
204:Chr.
166:ASIP
158:1264
138:OMIM
125:ASIP
95:2L1J
91:2KZA
87:1Y7K
83:1Y7J
64:RCSB
61:PDBe
35:ASIP
4237:MSH
4045:MSH
3918:MSH
3752:MSH
3334:doi
3297:doi
3258:hdl
3250:doi
3238:994
3198:doi
3161:doi
3124:doi
3073:doi
3032:doi
2991:doi
2935:PMC
2925:doi
2843:doi
2806:doi
2802:132
2765:doi
2724:doi
2683:doi
2639:PMC
2631:doi
2627:149
2582:doi
2534:PMC
2526:doi
2452:doi
2440:371
2409:doi
2405:346
2363:doi
2351:371
2318:doi
2314:127
2256:PMC
2248:doi
2193:doi
2150:doi
2077:PMC
2067:doi
2017:doi
1982:doi
1978:121
1954:doi
1942:130
1907:doi
1861:PMC
1851:doi
1380:of
779:434
571:n/a
529:lip
368:End
267:End
170:OMA
146:MGI
54:PDB
4419::
4389:,
4247:,
4243:,
4198:MC
4055:,
4051:,
4001:MC
3928:,
3924:,
3889:MC
3820:MC
3762:,
3758:,
3708:MC
3348:.
3340:.
3330:31
3328:.
3311:.
3303:.
3293:22
3291:.
3274:.
3266:.
3256:.
3248:.
3236:.
3232:.
3212:.
3204:.
3194:26
3192:.
3175:.
3167:.
3157:26
3155:.
3138:.
3130:.
3120:25
3118:.
3089:.
3081:.
3067:.
3063:.
3040:.
3028:86
3026:.
3022:.
2999:.
2987:11
2985:.
2981:.
2943:.
2933:.
2923:.
2913:91
2911:.
2907:.
2895:^
2879:.
2857:.
2849:.
2839:12
2837:.
2814:.
2800:.
2796:.
2773:.
2759:.
2755:.
2732:.
2718:.
2714:.
2691:.
2679:13
2677:.
2673:.
2647:.
2637:.
2625:.
2621:.
2598:.
2590:.
2578:87
2576:.
2572:.
2556:^
2542:.
2532:.
2520:.
2500:^
2480:^
2466:.
2458:.
2450:.
2438:.
2415:.
2403:.
2391:^
2377:.
2369:.
2361:.
2349:.
2326:.
2312:.
2308:.
2296:^
2278:^
2264:.
2254:.
2244:71
2242:.
2238:.
2221:^
2207:.
2199:.
2187:.
2164:.
2156:.
2146:71
2144:.
2128:^
2085:.
2075:.
2065:.
2055:92
2053:.
2049:.
2037:^
2023:.
2013:15
2011:.
1988:.
1976:.
1952:.
1940:.
1913:.
1901:.
1883:^
1869:.
1859:.
1849:.
1839:91
1837:.
1833:.
1814:.
1796:.
1767:^
1746:^
1353:.
1345:,
1213:,
1182:.
1150:.
726:/
374:bp
361:bp
273:bp
260:bp
168:;
164::
160:;
156::
152:;
148::
144:;
140::
93:,
89:,
85:,
4393:)
4391:γ
4387:β
4385:(
4251:)
4249:γ
4245:β
4241:α
4239:(
4200:5
4059:)
4057:γ
4053:β
4049:α
4047:(
4003:4
3932:)
3930:γ
3926:β
3922:α
3920:(
3891:3
3822:2
3766:)
3764:γ
3760:β
3756:α
3754:(
3710:1
3689:e
3682:t
3675:v
3415:e
3408:t
3401:v
3388:.
3356:.
3336::
3319:.
3299::
3282:.
3260::
3252::
3244::
3220:.
3200::
3183:.
3163::
3146:.
3126::
3097:.
3075::
3069:6
3048:.
3034::
3007:.
2993::
2951:.
2927::
2919::
2889:.
2865:.
2845::
2822:.
2808::
2781:.
2767::
2761:8
2740:.
2726::
2720:7
2699:.
2685::
2655:.
2633::
2606:.
2584::
2550:.
2528::
2474:.
2454::
2446::
2423:.
2411::
2385:.
2365::
2357::
2334:.
2320::
2272:.
2250::
2215:.
2195::
2189:1
2172:.
2152::
2122:.
2093:.
2069::
2061::
2031:.
2019::
1996:.
1984::
1960:.
1956::
1948::
1921:.
1909::
1903:4
1877:.
1853::
1845::
1818:.
1800:.
292:)
189:)
172::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
