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551:
weight in lipids in order to survive, making them much slower. Towards the end of their foraging for hibernation, they are much more susceptible to attacks by birds because of their low muscle to body mass ratio. During the first few weeks of hibernation, tortoiseshell butterflies are very susceptible to predator attacks. Up to 50% of the population hibernating in any given area can be eaten. The butterflies that hibernate in areas containing more light, and that are accessible to rodents who can climb, are the most susceptible to this type of predation. During hibernation tortoiseshell butterflies are able to supercool in order to keep from freezing. In sheltered areas, these butterflies can stand up to −21 degrees
Celsius without freezing. However, they experience rapid weight loss during unusually mild winters.
477:, air pollution, contamination by pesticides). Scientific evidence shows that the summer drought is a cause of declining populations, because larvae grow normally on drenched leaves (but hatchlings were even rarer the wet summers of 2007 and 2008). However, before 2000, according to data from an English butterfly monitoring programme, there was a good correlation between reproductive success, the abundance of populations of this species and the host plant moisture stress. From 1976 to 1995, the butterfly had more success in summers that were cool and wet at the beginning of summer than when it was hot and dry. This butterfly may then be sensitive to global warming.
631:
607:
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butterflies usually bask and feed until mid-day and then display territorial behaviour until roosting. Males typically defend a certain territory for up to 90 minutes, unless they attempt to follow a female or are ousted by another male. The next day they find a new territory to defend. These territories tend to be in direct sunlight in areas that females choose to lay their eggs. More often than not, two or more males may end up sharing territory if the cost of defending the territory is greater than the benefit gained from monopolising the females.
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51:
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various flowers through visual signals. Tortoiseshell butterflies in particular tend to prefer colours at both ends of the visible light spectrum for humans, 400 nm and 600 nm. These correspond to the colours violet and red respectively. This ability comes from their compound eye. The flowers depend on the butterflies for pollination, so it is a mutually beneficial relationship.
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In order for one male butterfly to gain dominance over the other, he must reach a position slightly above the other butterfly. The non-dominant male will then attempt a series of dives and climbs to escape the pursuer. After a certain distance travelled from the nest, one butterfly will return to the
489:
leaves; the higher the nitrogen and water level in the leaves, the more rapid the growth of the larvae. During a drought, both of these levels drop significantly, leaving the tortoiseshell larvae nothing to feed on. The timing of rainfall is also a crucial factor. If there is not adequate rainfall in
550:
The small tortoiseshell butterfly tends to enter hibernation by mid to late
September. Typically this butterfly will try to hibernate in dark sheltered locations. Because of this hibernation, they need to accumulate a lot of fat to survive the winter. The tortoiseshell needs at least 20% of its body
276:
submarginal band bearing blue spots. Underside of the forewing ochreous, with the costal spots as above, the apex and distal margin blackish; hindwing brown, basal half black with dentate edge, the whole surface with darker pencilling; at the distal margin of both wings contiguous dull blue lunules.
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Most butterflies fail to display any territorial behaviour, probably due to selective environmental pressures. The female tortoiseshell butterflies generally are found in concentrated areas, so it is advantageous for males to stay in that particular area to increase their mating opportunities. Male
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A bright foxy red ground-colour; the forewing with 3 black costal spots, whose interspaces are yellow, there being a larger black spot in the middle of the hindmarginal area and two smaller ones in the disc between the 3 radial and 2 median; hindwing with the basal half black; both wings with black
692:
The wings of tortoiseshell butterflies help conceal them extremely well from predators. When closed, their wings look like leaves, helping them to hide. On the ground, it may take birds up to 30 minutes to see them. In addition to this, when discovered, tortoiseshell butterflies will flick their
537:
Tortoiseshell butterflies usually begin to emerge from their pupa from mid-June into August. They begin hibernation sometime in
October and immediately show territorial behaviour after hibernation. The tortoiseshell butterflies that are found in the north usually have one brood a season, whereas
727:
For most adult butterflies, including the small tortoiseshell butterfly, nectar is one of the main sources of nutrients. In order to obtain the nectar, the butterfly must be able to recognize distinct floral aromas and colours. The small tortoiseshell butterfly is able to differentiate between
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like many other butterflies, these bright contrasting colours can often scare a predator, giving the tortoiseshell butterfly ample time to escape. Not only does this colouration tend to frighten birds, it can also act as a warning. The bright red colouration serves as a cautionary sign to the
464:
Once among the most common butterflies in Europe and temperate Asia, this butterfly is in very rapid decline, at least in
Western Europe. This decline cannot be explained by the decline of its host plant, because the nettle is widespread and even enjoys the general
538:
further south these butterflies can have two broods. The ability to go through three generations of butterflies in a year is due to the tortoiseshell butterflies' decreased thermal requirement. The larvae of this butterfly are social. These larvae can be found on
736:
During migration, tortoiseshell butterflies position themselves in accordance with air currents; they only start migration at certain wind speeds. They are able to do this because of an extra sensory organ in their antennae. These butterflies have a developed
242:. Adults feed on nectar and may hibernate over winter; in warmer climates they may have two broods in a season. While the dorsal surface of the wings is vividly marked, the ventral surface is drab, providing camouflage. Eggs are laid on the
529:, emerging on the first warm sunny days of the year to mate and breed. In southern parts of the range there may be two broods each year, but northern insects are inhibited by long length of summer days from breeding a second time.
266:
It is a medium-sized butterfly that is mainly reddish orange, with black and yellow markings on the forewings as well as a ring of blue spots around the edge of the wings. It has a wingspan ranging from 4.5 to 6.2 cm.
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has also been recorded as larval food plant. Adults feed on nectar. The species has one of the longest seasons of any
Eurasian butterfly, extending from early spring to late autumn. Adults overwinter in
490:
the early summer, then the plants will not be able to fully develop, leaving the larvae without a suitable source of nutrition. These butterflies actively produce smaller broods under these conditions.
698:
predator about the poor taste of the butterfly. Tortoiseshell butterflies tend to be unpalatable to birds. If a bird sees this bright red colouring, then they will be less likely to eat the butterfly.
485:
The small tortoiseshell butterfly is severely affected by droughts. During periods of drought, the butterfly experiences a vastly reduced reproductive rate. The drought directly affects the
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The tortoiseshell butterfly is particularly fast. When discovered and attacked by a predator the tortoiseshell butterfly will fly away in a straight line in order to outstrip the predator.
319:
630:
745:, grow in widely distributed areas, tortoiseshell butterflies tend to move around more than some other butterflies. These areas tend to be short thickets and shrubs.
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307:, China, Nepal, Sikkim Himalayas in India, Mongolia, Korea and Japan, wherever common nettle, which their larvae feed on, is found. There are a few records from
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Almbro M, Kullberg C. (2008). Impaired escape flight ability in butterflies due to low flight muscle ratio prior to hibernation.
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is sometimes eaten by wasps, but these are also in strong regression. The effect of other phenomena are still poorly understood (
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Bryant, S., Thomas, C. and Bale, J. (1997), "Nettle-feeding nymphalid butterflies: temperature, development and distribution."
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in their second antennae responsible for determining air currents in a number of other insects. Because their host plants,
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Gewecke, Michael, and Monika
Niehaus, (1981) "Flight and flight control by the antennae in the small tortoiseshell (
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1401:
474:
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Scherer, Christian, and
Gertrud Kolb. (1987) "The influence of color stimuli on visually controlled behavior in
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Wiklund, Christer, et al. (2008) "Rodent predation on hibernating peacock and small tortoiseshell butterflies."
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Pollard, E., Greatorex-Davies, J.N. and Thomas, J.A. (1997), Drought reduces breeding success of the butterfly
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63:
897:
E. Pollard and T. J. Yates (1993) Monitoring butterflies for ecology and conservation. Chapman & Hall.
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Pollard, E., and J. N. Greatorex‐Davies (1997) "Drought reduces breeding success of the butterfly
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810:"Nationalsymboler fra den danske plante- og dyreverden (Danish Ministry of the Environment)"
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185:
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Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen
Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter
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Crypsis versus
Intimidation—anti-predation Defence in Three Closely Related Butterflies
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Hagen, S. B., Leinaas, H. P. and Lampe, H. M. (2003), Responses of great tits
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territory while the other flies along in search of another suitable location.
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Shreeve, T. G. (1981) "Flight
Patterns of Butterfly Species in Woodlands."
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Pullin, A. S., and J. S. Bale. "Effects of low temperature on diapausing
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1031:(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): Cold hardiness and overwintering survival."
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542:, which have a high nitrogen content and much water in the leaves.
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Andersson, Susanna. (2003) "Foraging responses in the butterflies
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southern Europe, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Kopet Dagh, central Asia
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253:
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R. R. Baker "Territorial behaviour of the Nymphalid butterflies,
860:"A provisional checklist of European butterfly larval foodplants"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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789:, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren)
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wings open to reveal bright colours. While they don't have
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which, however, are believed to be of introduced insects.
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Pollard, E., Greatorex-Davies, J.N. Thomas.1997.00082.x
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Vallin, Sven Jakobsson, and Christer Wiklund, (2006) "
1098:
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428:southern Ussuri, southern Sakhalin, Kuriles, Japan
444:or a distinct species is yet to be determined.
27:Species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae
853:
851:
8:
1082:in feeding trials; evidence of aposematism.
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353:northern Europe, Siberia, Russian Far East
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40:
31:
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295:It is found throughout temperate Europe,
870:. Supplementary material: spreadsheet.
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440:) looks very similar; whether it is a
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7:
1402:7cd2068a-567f-47de-9931-cf74070215d8
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914:
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1186:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1166:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
1060:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1009:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
812:. naturstyrelsen.dk. Archived from
858:Clarke, Harry E. (14 April 2022).
25:
785:in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1,
612:Chrysalis shortly before hatching
568:Young caterpillars live in groups
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636:After hibernation: mid-March at
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456:are also similar in appearance.
62:
993:Journal of Experimental Biology
580:Older caterpillars are solitary
279:The small tortoiseshell is the
1140:(Pieridae) to floral scents."
340:Europe, western Siberia, Altai
1:
1641:Butterflies described in 1758
1033:Journal of Insect Physiology
434:Corsican small tortoiseshell
246:, on which the larvae feed.
1651:National symbols of Denmark
1646:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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506:feed on stinging nettles (
930:Journal of Animal Ecology
475:environmental degradation
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192:
183:
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59:Scientific classification
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1078:to small tortoiseshells
469:of the environment. The
864:Nota Lepidopterologica
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326:, Aberration ex larva
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1626:Butterflies of Europe
1084:Ecological Entomology
976:Ecological Entomology
947:Ecological Entomology
936:(2) 1972, pp. 453–469
840:Ecological Entomology
763:"Small tortoiseshell"
714:Male-male interaction
460:Decline in population
447:Nymphalis xanthomelas
322:
271:Technical description
257:
1631:Butterflies of Japan
1397:Fauna Europaea (new)
1215:at Wikimedia Commons
555:Developmental stages
512:) and small nettle (
400:(Kleinschmidt, 1940)
391:(Kleinschmidt, 1929)
371:Sayan, Transbaikalia
369:(Kleinschmidt, 1929)
35:Small tortoiseshell
1621:Butterflies of Asia
1184:L., Lepidoptera)."
1164:L. (Lepidoptera)."
1136:(Nymphalidae), and
1038:(4) (1989): 277–281
959:10.1046/j.1365-2311
877:10.3897/nl.45.72017
845:(3) : 315–318.
705:Territorial defence
415:China, Japan, Korea
223:small tortoiseshell
1636:Insects of Iceland
1191:(2) (1981): 249–56
1054:2019-07-12 at the
732:Migratory patterns
677:Underside of wings
624:During oviposition
360:(Staudinger, 1871)
331:
281:national butterfly
264:
1603:
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1521:Open Tree of Life
1239:Taxon identifiers
1209:Media related to
1138:Gonepteryx rhamni
592:Caterpillar on a
502:butterflies, the
453:Nymphalis l-album
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366:A. u. baicalensis
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816:on 15 March 2015
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739:Johnston's organ
688:Predator defence
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498:As with several
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338:(Linnaeus, 1758)
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797:public domain
788:
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743:Urtica dioica
740:
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540:Urtica dioica
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509:Urtica dioica
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367:
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357:A. u. turcica
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344:A. u. polaris
342:
336:
335:A. u. urticae
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309:New York City
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19:
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1225:
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1142:Chemoecology
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1137:
1133:
1129:
1109:(2): 289–93
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1103:
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1059:
1043:
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1014:(3): 379–389
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883:22 September
881:. Retrieved
867:
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818:. Retrieved
814:the original
804:
786:
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766:. Retrieved
757:
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656:
549:
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515:Urtica urens
513:
507:
504:caterpillars
497:
486:
484:
463:
451:
445:
437:
431:
418:
405:
396:
387:
384:Amur, Ussuri
375:A. u. eximia
374:
365:
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343:
334:
323:
301:Central Asia
294:
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259:
227:
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209:
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167:
165:
149:
148:
136:
29:
1487:AglaisUrtic
1423:iNaturalist
1271:Wikispecies
1171:(6): 891–98
1076:Parus major
1065:(3): 455–59
953:: 390–398.
642:Oxfordshire
546:Hibernation
527:hibernation
250:Description
240:Nymphalidae
126:Nymphalidae
116:Lepidoptera
1616:Nymphalini
1610:Categories
1130:Inachis io
1029:Inachis io
982:: 315–318.
926:Inachis io
768:30 October
749:References
494:Life cycle
442:subspecies
380:Shelyuzhko
349:Staudinger
315:Subspecies
297:Asia Minor
96:Arthropoda
1553:Q24049438
1147:(1): 1–11
1104:Oecologia
1090:: 503–509
924:(L.) and
783:Seitz. A.
683:Behaviour
665:, Belgium
658:Echinacea
600:, Germany
598:Oberursel
500:nymphalid
471:chrysalis
236:butterfly
144:Species:
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
1547:Wikidata
1484:MaBENA:
1462:LepIndex
1441:10617880
1319:BugGuide
1295:BioLib:
1285:BAMONA:
1256:Wikidata
1052:Archived
998:: 24–48.
695:eyespots
533:Hatching
481:Droughts
393:Szechuan
233:Eurasian
194:Synonyms
122:Family:
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
1580:4299385
1415:1894840
1262:Q157609
1160:L. and
1115:4216536
723:Feeding
426:, 1882)
413:, 1893)
382:, 1919)
351:, 1871)
305:Siberia
285:Denmark
132:Genus:
112:Order:
106:Insecta
102:Class:
1593:778268
1526:495335
1467:156957
1454:778267
1389:441679
1363:VANSUR
1350:152952
1324:251019
1113:
928:(L.)"
901:
638:Otmoor
487:Urtica
424:Butler
137:Aglais
1567:946HT
1474:LoB:
1436:IRMNG
1428:54468
1376:90987
1371:EUNIS
1337:5TRRN
1311:19820
1298:51586
1111:JSTOR
820:9 May
663:Havré
411:Leach
291:Range
1588:ITIS
1575:GBIF
1477:5312
1449:ITIS
1410:GBIF
1358:EPPO
1306:BOLD
1027:and
899:ISBN
885:2022
822:2015
770:2013
450:and
432:The
328:MHNT
221:The
1562:CoL
1513:711
1495:NBN
1345:EoL
1332:CoL
1189:145
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
