Agricultural pollution - Knowledge (XXG)

1752:, parasites, and pathogens to control agricultural pests, has the potential to reduce agricultural pollution associated with other pest control techniques, such as pesticide use. The merits of introducing non-native biocontrol agents have been widely debated, however. Once released, the introduction of a biocontrol agent can be irreversible. Potential ecological issues could include the dispersal from agricultural habitats into natural environments, and host-switching or adapting to utilize a native species. In addition, predicting the interaction outcomes in complex ecosystems and potential ecological impacts prior to release can be difficult. One example of a biocontrol program that resulted in ecological damage occurred in North America, where a parasitoid of butterflies was introduced to control 1777: 1417:. The amount that enters surface waters is relatively low in comparison to the amount that is applied as fertilizer, but because it acts as a limiting nutrient in most environments, even a small amount can disrupt an ecosystem's natural phosphorus biogeochemical cycles. Although nitrogen plays a role in harmful algae and cyanobacteria blooms that cause eutrophication, excess phosphorus is considered the largest contributing factor due to the fact that phosphorus is often the most limiting nutrient, especially in freshwaters. In addition to depleting oxygen levels in surface waters, algae and cyanobacteria blooms can produce cyanotoxins which are harmful to human and animal health as well as many aquatic organisms. 1413:

small amount of phosphorus because they have evolved in ecosystems with relatively low amounts of it. Microbial populations in soils are able to convert organic forms of phosphorus to soluble plant available forms such as phosphate. This step is generally bypassed with inorganic fertilizers because it is applied as phosphate or other plant available forms. Any phosphorus that is not taken up by plants is adsorbed to soil particles which helps it remain in place. Because of this, it typically enters surface waters when the soil particles it is attached to are eroded as a result of precipitation or

1854:, an essential nutrient for pigs, is then added to the diet, since it can not be broken down in the pigs digestive tract. As a result, nearly all of the phosphorus naturally found in the grain is wasted in the feces, and can contribute to elevated levels in the soil. Phytase is an enzyme that is able to break down the otherwise indigestible phytic acid, making it available to the pig. The ability of the Enviropig to digest the phosphorus from the grains eliminates the waste of that natural phosphorus (20-60% reduction), while also eliminating the need to supplement the nutrient in feed. 1476: 31: 1575:

Technical University of Munich found that the greenhouse gas emissions of organically farmed plant-based food were lower than conventionally-farmed plant-based food. The greenhouse gas costs of organically produced meat were approximately the same as non-organically produced meat. However, the same paper noted that a shift from conventional to organic practices would likely be beneficial for long-term efficiency and ecosystem services, and probably improve soil over time.

1225:. Leaching is affected by the soil, the pesticide, and rainfall and irrigation. Leaching is most likely to happen if using a water-soluble pesticide, when the soil tends to be sandy in texture; if excessive watering occurs just after pesticide application; if the adsorption ability of the pesticide to the soil is low. Leaching may not only originate from treated fields, but also from pesticide mixing areas, pesticide application machinery washing sites, or disposal areas. 1334:) in the stratosphere. Soils that receive nitrogen fertilizers can also be damaged. An increase in plant available nitrogen will increase a crop's net primary production, and eventually, soil microbial activity will increase as a result of the larger inputs of nitrogen from fertilizers and carbon compounds through decomposed biomass. Because of the increase in decomposition in the soil, its organic matter content will be depleted which results in lower overall 1168: 1943: 1008: 1671: 5025: 1441:. Consequently, the widespread use of phosphate fertilizers has increased soil fluoride concentrations. It has been found that food contamination from fertilizer is of little concern as plants accumulate little fluoride from the soil; of greater concern is the possibility of fluoride toxicity to livestock that ingest contaminated soils. Also of possible concern are the effects of fluoride on soil microorganisms. 5037: 1020: 1352: 69: 1679:, an aggressively invasive weed, was probably introduced to North America in contaminated fodder seed. Agricultural practices such as tilling and livestock grazing aided in its rapid spread. It is toxic to horses, prevents native plants from growing (decreasing biodiversity and degrading natural ecosystems), and is a physical barrier to the migration of indigenous animals. 5061: 5049: 1302:

nitrogen cycle are nitrification and ammonification which convert ammonium to nitrate or nitrite and organic matter to ammonia respectively. Because these processes keep nitrogen concentrations relatively stable in most ecosystems, a large influx of nitrogen from agricultural runoff can cause serious disruption. A common result of this in aquatic ecosystems is

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The advantages of manure treatment are a reduction in the amount of manure that needs to be transported and applied to crops, as well as reduced soil compaction. Nutrients are reduced as well, meaning that less cropland is needed for manure to be spread upon. Manure treatment can also reduce the risk

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produce about 100 times more manure than the amount of human sewage sludge processed in US municipal waste water plants each year. Diffuse source pollution from agricultural fertilizers is more difficult to trace, monitor and control. High nitrate concentrations are found in groundwater and may reach

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While there may be some concerns regarding the use of GM products, it may also be the solution to some of the existing animal agriculture pollution issues. One of the main sources of pollution, particularly vitamin and mineral drift in soils, comes from a lack of digestive efficiency in animals. By

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concentrations range can range from 7 to 100 pCi/g in phosphate rock and from 1 to 67 pCi/g in phosphate fertilizers. Where high annual rates of phosphorus fertilizer are used, this can result in uranium-238 concentrations in soils and drainage waters that are several times greater than are

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Golovan, Serguei P; Meidinger, Roy G; Ajakaiye, Ayodele; Cottrill, Michael; Wiederkehr, Miles Z; Barney, David J; Plante, Claire; Pollard, John W; Fan, Ming Z; Hayes, M. Anthony; Laursen, Jesper; Hjorth, J. Peter; Hacker, Roger R; Phillips, John P; Forsberg, Cecil W (2001). "Pigs expressing salivary

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from fertilizers causes eutrophication. This is worse in winter, after autumn ploughing has released a surge of nitrates; winter rainfall is heavier increasing runoff and leaching, and there is lower plant uptake. EPA suggests that one dairy farm with 2,500 cows produces as much waste as a city with

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Conservation agriculture relies on principles of minimal soil disturbance, the use of mulch and/or cover crops as soil cover, and crop species diversification. It enables the reduction of fertilizers, which in turn reduces ammonia emissions and greenhouse gas emissions.It also stabilizes soil, which

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water affects water quality in various ways. Sedimentation can decrease the transport capacity of ditches, streams, rivers, and navigation channels. It can also limit the amount of light penetrating the water, which affects aquatic biota. The resulting turbidity from sedimentation can interfere with

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production. The remaining liquid is nutrient rich and can be used on fields as a fertilizer and methane gas that can be burned directly on the biogas stove or in an engine generator to produce electricity and heat. Methane is about 20 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, which

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A PNAS model showed that even if animals were completely removed from U.S. agriculture and diets, U.S. GHG emissions would be decreased by 2.6% only (or 28% of agricultural GHG emissions). This is because of the need replace animal manures by fertilizers and to replace also other animal coproducts,

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Alternate sources claim that FAO estimates are too low, stating that the global livestock industry could be responsible for up to 51% of emitted atmospheric greenhouse gasses rather than 18%. Critics say the difference in estimates come from the FAO's use of outdated data. Regardless, if the FAO's

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pesticides, derived from natural sources, could reduce overall agricultural pollution. Their utilization is modest. Furthermmore,t biopesticides often suffer the same negative impacts as synthetic pesticides. In the United States, biopesticides are subject to fewer environmental regulations. Many

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Manure can be mechanically separated into a solid and liquid portion for easier management. Liquids (4–8% dry matter) can be used easily in pump systems for convenient spread over crops and the solid fraction (15–30% dry matter) can be used as stall bedding, spread on crops, composted or exported.

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is a major issue. For example 2,4-D and atrazine have with lifetimes up to 20 years—such as DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and toxaphene), or even permanent (as seen in substances like lead, mercury, and arsenic). The extent to which the pesticides and herbicides persist depends on the

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also use anaerobic digestion to break down solids, but at a much slower rate. Lagoons are kept at ambient temperatures as opposed to the heated digestion tanks. Lagoons require large land areas and high dilution volumes to work properly, so they do not work well in many climates in the northern

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of Noxious Plants and Animals. In order to prevent agricultural pollution, quarantine and extensive research on the organism's potential efficacy and ecological impacts are required prior to introduction. If approved, attempts are made to colonize and disperse the biocontrol agent in appropriate

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Organic farming typically reduces some environmental impact relative to conventional farming, but the scale of reduction can be difficult to quantify and varies depending on farming methods. In some cases, reducing food waste and dietary changes might provide greater benefits. A 2020 study at the

1277:. Nitrate fertilizers are much more likely to be lost to the soil profile through runoff because of its high solubility and like charges between the molecule and negatively charged clay particles. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of 1412:

or in organic forms such as manure and compost. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient in all organisms because of the roles it plays in cell and metabolic functions such as nucleic acid production and metabolic energy transfers. However, most organisms, including agricultural crops, only require a

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Studies have demonstrated that GHG emissions are reduced using aerobic digestion systems. GHG emission reductions and credits can help compensate for the higher installation cost of cleaner aerobic technologies and facilitate producer adoption of environmentally superior technologies to replace

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is a solid manure management system that relies on solid manure from bedded pack pens, or the solids from a liquid manure separator. There are two methods of composting, active and passive. Manure is churned periodically during active composting, whereas in passive composting it is not. Passive

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O, are two of the most important metabolic processes involved in the nitrogen cycle because they are the largest inputs and outputs of nitrogen to ecosystems. They allow nitrogen to flow between the atmosphere, which is around 78% nitrogen) and the biosphere. Other significant processes in the

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dynamics and resulting fate and transport in the soil environment. Pesticides can also accumulate in animals that eat contaminated pests and soil organisms. The primary danger associated with pesticide application lies in its impact on non-target organisms. These encompass species we typically

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liquor (from fermented wet grass) is even stronger than slurry, with a low pH and very high biological oxygen demand. With a low pH, silage liquor can be highly corrosive; it can attack synthetic materials, causing damage to storage equipment, and leading to accidental spillage. All of these

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used in their manufacture can contain as much as 188 mg/kg cadmium (examples are deposits on Nauru and the Christmas islands). Continuous use of high-cadmium fertilizer can contaminate soil and plants. Limits to the cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers has been considered by the

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With average crop yields remaining at the 1900 level the crop harvest in the year 2000 would have required nearly four times more land and the cultivated area would have claimed nearly half of all ice-free continents, rather than under 15% of the total land area that is required

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of agriculture has resulted in the accidental transport of pests, weeds, and diseases to novel ranges. If they establish, they become an invasive species that can impact populations of native species and threaten agricultural production. For example, the transport of

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Fertilizers are used to provide crops with additional sources of nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, that promote plant growth and increase crop yields. While they are beneficial for plant growth, they can also disrupt natural nutrient and mineral

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and because livestock now use human-inedible food and fiber processing byproducts. Moreover, people would suffer from a greater number of deficiencies in essential nutrients although they would get a greater excess of energy, possibly leading to greater obesity.

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associated with farming practices themselves can also facilitate the establishment of these introduced organisms. Contaminated machinery, livestock and fodder, and contaminated crop or pasture seed can also lead to the spread of weeds.

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Natural soil biogeochemical processes result in the emission of various greenhouse gases, including nitrous oxide. Agricultural management practices can affect emission levels. For example, tillage levels have also been shown to affect

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Abrantes, Nelson; Pereira, Ruth; Gonçalves, Fernando (2010-01-30). "Occurrence of Pesticides in Water, Sediments, and Fish Tissues in a Lake Surrounded by Agricultural Lands: Concerning Risks to Humans and Ecological Receptors".

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of human health and biosecurity risks by reducing the amount of pathogens present in manure. Undiluted animal manure or slurry is one hundred times more concentrated than domestic sewage, and can carry an intestinal parasite,

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Reeve, J. R.; Hoagland, L. A.; Villalba, J. J.; Carr, P. M.; Atucha, A.; Cambardella, C.; Davis, D. R.; Delate, K. (1 January 2016). "Chapter Six – Organic Farming, Soil Health, and Food Quality: Considering Possible Links".

4317: 1428:-containing fertilizers varies considerably and can be problematic. For example, mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer may have a cadmium content of as low as 0.14 mg/kg or as high as 50.9 mg/kg. This is because the 1891:

has identified odors as the most significant animal emission problem at the local level. Different animal systems have adopted several waste management procedures to deal with the large amount of waste produced annually.

1132:. Bacteria and pathogens in manure can make their way into streams and groundwater if grazing, storing manure in lagoons and applying manure to fields is not properly managed. Air pollution caused by agriculture through 4029:

Louda, S.M.; Pemberton, R.W.; Johnson, M.T.; Follett, P.A. (January 2003). "Nontarget effects—the Achilles' heel of biological control? Retrospective analyses to reduce risk associated with biocontrol introductions".

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improving digestive efficiency, it is possible to minimize both the cost of animal production and the environmental damage. One successful example of this technology and its potential application is the Enviropig.

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is the biological treatment of liquid animal waste using bacteria in an area absent of air, which promotes the decomposition of organic solids. Hot water is used to heat the waste in order to increase the rate of

1736:(USDA/APHIS) administers domestic (within the United States) and foreign (importations from outside the United States) quarantines. These quarantines are enforced by inspectors at state borders and ports of entry. 1793:

GMO crops can, however, result in genetic contamination of native plant species through hybridization. This could lead to increased weediness of the plant or the extinction of the native species. In addition, the

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Roubík, Hynek; Mazancová, Jana; Phung, Le Dinh; Banout, Jan (2018). "Current approach to manure management for small-scale Southeast Asian farmers - Using Vietnamese biogas and non-biogas farms as an example".

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Ochoa-Herrera, Valeria; Banihani, Qais; León, Glendy; Khatri, Chandra; Field, James A.; Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes (July 2009). "Toxicity of fluoride to microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment systems".

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has led to the introduction of an Old World parasite to the New World. This introduction may play a role in recent native bumble bee declines in North America. Agriculturally introduced species can also

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and natural enemies, could be poisoned by accidental ingestion of Bt-producing plants. A recent study testing the effects of Bt corn pollen dusting nearby milkweed plants on larval feeding of the

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of animal agriculture (i.e. all aspects including emissions from growing crops for feed, transportation to slaughter, etc.), they did not apply the same assessment for the transportation sector.

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is animal waste. According to a 2005 report by the USDA, more than 335–million tons of "dry matter" waste (the waste after water is removed) is produced annually on farms in the United States.

1094:. Once in the environment these pollutants can have both direct effects in surrounding ecosystems, i.e. killing local wildlife or contaminating drinking water, and downstream effects such as 4271:

Vanotti, M.B; Szogi, A.A; Vives, C.A (2008). "Greenhouse gas emission reduction and environmental quality improvement from implementation of aerobic waste treatment systems in swine farms".

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Management practices, or ignorance of them, play a crucial role in the amount and impact of these pollutants. Management techniques range from animal management and housing to the spread of

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has significant negative environmental effects if not controlled properly. Anaerobic treatment of waste is the best method for controlling the odor associated with manure management.

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IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, polution Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems

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and browntail moth. This parasitoid is capable of utilizing many butterfly host species, and likely resulted in the decline and extirpation of several native silk moth species.

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Committee on Long-Range Soil and Water Conservation, National Research Council. 1993. Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture. National Academy Press: Washington, D.C.

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International exploration for potential biocontrol agents is aided by agencies such as the European Biological Control Laboratory, the United States Department of Agriculture/

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feeding habits of fishes, affecting population dynamics. Sedimentation also affects the transport and accumulation of pollutants, including phosphorus and various pesticides.

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MacKenzie, A. F; Fan, M. X; Cadrin, F (1998). "Nitrous Oxide Emission in Three Years as Affected by Tillage, Corn-Soybean-Alfalfa Rotations, and Nitrogen Fertilization".

1113:. Bad management practices include poorly managed animal feeding operations, overgrazing, plowing, fertilizer, and improper, excessive, or badly timed use of pesticides. 1082:

of the environment and surrounding ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests. The pollution may come from a variety of sources, ranging from

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use. For example, the increased use of herbicide in herbicide-resistant corn fields in the mid-western United States is decreasing the amount of milkweeds available for

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normally present. However, the impact of these increases on the risk to human health from radionuclide contamination of foods is very small (less than 0.05 mSv/y).

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The radioactive content of the fertilizers varies considerably and depends both on their concentrations in the parent mineral and on the fertilizer production process.

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Erisman, Jan Willem; Galloway, James N.; Seitzinger, Sybil; Bleeker, Albert; Dise, Nancy B.; Petrescu, A. M. Roxana; Leach, Allison M.; de Vries, Wim (2013-07-05).

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compounds in the atmosphere can result in the acidification of aquatic ecosystems and cause various respiratory issues in humans. Fertilization can also release N

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Ward, Mary H.; Jones, Rena R.; Brender, Jean D.; de Kok, Theo M.; Weyer, Peter J.; Nolan, Bernard T.; Villanueva, Cristina M.; van Breda, Simone G. (July 2018).

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Thorp, R.W.; Shepherd, M.D. (2005). "Profile: Subgenus Bombus Lateille 1802 (Apidae: Apinae: Bombini)". In Shepherd, M.D.; Vaughan, D.M.; Black, S.H. (eds.).

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Although leading to increased crop yield, nitrogen fertilizers can also negatively affect groundwater and surface waters, pollute the atmosphere, and degrade

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Hart, Murray R.; Quin, Bert F.; Nguyen, M. Long (November 2004). "Phosphorus Runoff from Agricultural Land and Direct Fertilizer Effects: A Review".

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Mar, Swe Swe; Okazaki, Masanori (September 2012). "Investigation of Cd contents in several phosphate rocks used for the production of fertilizer".

2010: 1729: 1204: 2981: 1437:. Producers of phosphorus-containing fertilizers now select phosphate rock based on the cadmium content. Phosphate rocks contain high levels of 2321: 4082: 3730: 2724:"Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance" 2592: 2388: 2256: 1589:

emissions as increased overseas land use for production and import of crops would be needed to make up for lower organic yields domestically.

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Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides dissolve in water, and these solutions migrate to off-target sites. Leaching is a major source of

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It has been approximated that in the absence of pest control measures, crop losses before harvesting would typically amount to 40 percent.

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perceive as beneficial or desirable, such as pollinators, and to natural enemies of pests (i.e. insects that prey on or parasitize pests).

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as well as in the 2024 UNEP Actions on Air Quality report. Mitigation of agricultural pollution is a key component in the development of a

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Pitesky, Maurice E; Stackhouse, Kimberly R; Mitloehner, Frank M (2009). "Clearing the Air: Livestock's Contribution to Climate Change".

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advantages can be optimized by using the right manure management system on the right farm based on the resources that are available.

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in its saliva. Grains, such as corn and wheat, have phosphorus that is bound in a naturally indigestible form known as phytic acid.

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composting has been found to have lower green house gas emissions due to incomplete decomposition and lower gas diffusion rates.

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A 2019 life-cycle assessment study found that converting the total agricultural sector (both crop and livestock production) for

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Tully, Katherine L.; McAskill, Cullen (1 September 2020). "Promoting soil health in organically managed systems: a review".

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and anoxic conditions – both of which are deadly and/or damaging to many species. Nitrogen fertilization can also release NH

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United States. Lagoons also offer the benefit of reduced odor and biogas is made available for heat and electric power.

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is leading to an irreversible decline in fertility on about 6 million ha of fertile land each year. The accumulation of

1182: 526: 378: 353: 148: 4685: 4347: 2507: 2482: 1373: 637: 388: 4229:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. July 1999. pp. 9–11. GAO/RCED-99-205. Archived from 2885: 4725: 4660: 4487: 3463: 1087: 1036: 393: 243: 4462: 768: 733: 693: 346: 313: 163: 5101: 4973: 4559: 4472: 4457: 4412: 3352: 1878: 1784:

larvae. (Bottom) Peanut leaves genetically engineered to produce Bt toxins are protected from herbivory damage.

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Diaz, Robert; Rosenberg, Rutger (2008-08-15). "Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems".

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USDA Agricultural Research Service. "FY-2005 Annual Report Manure and Byproduct Utilization", 31 May 2006

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deposition through intensive management or inefficient land cover. It is estimated that agricultural

1235: 443: 176: 2831:"Managing Phosphorus for Agriculture and the Environment (Pennsylvania Nutrient Management Program)" 2410:

L. P. Pedigo, and M. Rice. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management, 6th Edition. Prentice Hall: 816 pp.

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Soil erosion: soil has washed from a ploughed field through this gate and into a watercourse beyond.

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leads to increased runoff into surface water as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing

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report of 18% is accurate, that still makes livestock the second-largest greenhouse-gas-polluter.

1167: 1128:. Pollutants from farming include sediments, nutrients, pathogens, pesticides, metals, and salts. 5041: 4963: 4789: 4705: 4176:(Report). Fact Sheet. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Manure Management Program. 2005-04-12. MT-1. 4124: 3971: 3493:"Calculation of external climate costs for food highlights inadequate pricing of animal products" 3370: 3177: 3063: 2647: 1883: 1286: 1171: 1012: 773: 649: 411: 193: 133: 103: 50: 3195:

M. Tahat, Monther; M. Alananbeh, Kholoud; A. Othman, Yahia; I. Leskovar, Daniel (January 2020).

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plant itself may become a weed if the modification improves its fitness in a given environment.

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Smith, Laurence G.; Kirk, Guy J. D.; Jones, Philip J.; Williams, Adrian G. (22 October 2019).

3538: 3520: 3445: 3427: 3333: 3259: 3169: 3055: 2962: 2812: 2704: 2686: 2639: 2573: 2555: 2441: 2422:"Development, registration and commercialization of microbial pesticides for plant protection" 2384: 2252: 2217: 2160: 1990: 1868: 1821: 1806: 1414: 1335: 661: 584: 577: 531: 398: 188: 183: 93: 2120:"Actions on Air Quality. A Global Summary of Policies and Programmes to Reduce Air Pollution" 1404:

The most common form of phosphorus fertilizer used in agricultural practices is phosphate (PO

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Ghag, Siddhesh B. (2024). "Genetically modified organisms and their regulatory frameworks".

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has international regulations concerning the quarantine of pests and diseases under the

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Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition

4074: 3862: 3827: 3803: 3776: 3590: 3557: 3533: 3492: 3464:"Organic meats found to have approximately the same greenhouse impact as regular meats" 3440: 3399: 3328: 3303: 3254: 3229: 2699: 2666: 2568: 2533: 2235:

Allievi, Francesca; Antonelli, Marta; Dembska, Katarzyna; Principato, Ludovica (2019).

2212: 2179: 2139:"Food System Outcomes: An Overview and the Contribution to Food Systems Transformation" 2079:

January 2007, pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3001/pdf/508FS2007_3001.pdf. Accessed 2 April 2018.

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in conventional farming has caused, and is causing, enormous damage worldwide to local

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reared in Europe and shipped to the United States and/or Canada for use as commercial

1619:, although having value as fertilizers, they may also contain contaminants, including 5096: 5080: 4995: 4860: 4818: 4764: 4586: 4407: 3957: 3948: 3924: 3889: 3374: 3181: 1684: 1514: 1195: 1091: 843: 333: 328: 323: 81: 35: 17: 4128: 4008: 3067: 3014:

Dudal, R. (1981). "An evaluation of conservation needs". In Morgan, R. P. C. (ed.).

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can also indirectly increase the amount of agricultural pollution associated with

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Animal agriculture has an outsized impact on pollutants that enter the environment

4292: 4209: 3130: 2958: 2922: 1639:, the estimates have been argued to be a misrepresentation. While the FAO used a 4905: 4840: 4823: 4796: 4769: 4754: 4730: 4601: 4442: 4370: 3828:"Nutritional and greenhouse gas impacts of removing animals from US agriculture" 3400:"Many shades of gray — The context-dependent performance of organic agriculture" 2248: 1985: 1717: 1560: 1556: 1450: 1270: 1125: 1075: 798: 496: 476: 113: 4254: 3581: 3516: 3165: 1462:

Farm machinery and equipment emitting substantial quantities of harmful gases.

4596: 4544: 4539: 4422: 4230: 3365: 3319: 3051: 2467: 2437: 2203: 2180:"The role of nitrogen in achieving sustainable food systems for healthy diets" 2155: 2138: 2005: 1851: 1802: 1795: 1768:

agricultural settings. Continual evaluations on their efficacy are conducted.

1753: 1749: 1693: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1425: 1106: 848: 604: 108: 3663: 3524: 3431: 3173: 3059: 2690: 2559: 2508:"A quick look at the nitrogen cycle and nitrogen fertilizer sources – Part 1" 2164: 4806: 4534: 3852: 2748: 2723: 2635: 2298:"Agricultural technology - Pesticides, Herbicides, Fertilizers | Britannica" 2241:

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Through Sustainable Food Systems

2236: 2025: 1843: 1817: 1689: 1616: 1568: 1552: 1285:. Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (10 ppm) in groundwater can cause " 1175: 1102: 1079: 916: 871: 833: 783: 718: 624: 88: 68: 58: 39: 4300: 4120: 4051: 3933: 3914: 3871: 3812: 3793: 3599: 3542: 3449: 3423: 3337: 3263: 3245: 2966: 2816: 2708: 2682: 2643: 2577: 2550: 2445: 2221: 1264:

Vaclav Smil, Nitrogen cycle and world food production, Volume 2, pages 9–13

3491:

Pieper, Maximilian; Michalke, Amelie; Gaugler, Tobias (15 December 2020).

2178:

Leip, Adrian; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Kugelberg, Susanna (1 March 2021).

4499: 2808: 1882:

50 mg/litre (the EU Directive limit). In ditches and river courses,

1623:(PPCPs). A wide variety and vast quantity of PPCPs consumed by animals. 1496: 1488: 1438: 1187: 288: 3278:"Social, Cultural, Institutional and Economic Aspects of Eutrophication" 2466:. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture. Archived from 4855: 4811: 4779: 3213: 3196: 2030: 1921: 1847: 1612: 1578: 1421: 1278: 1121: 1071: 2671:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1776: 1763:(USDA/ARS), the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, and the 4833: 4759: 4427: 4417: 4154:(Report). Cincinnati, OH: EPA. May 2004. p. 7. EPA 600/R-04/042. 4152:

Risk Management Evaluation for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

3304:"Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards" 2137:

Stefanovic, Lilliana; Freytag-Leyer, Barbara; Kahl, Johannes (2020).

1955: 1904: 1098:

caused by agricultural runoff is concentrated in large water bodies.

926: 906: 813: 803: 511: 2103: 1726:

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

4850: 4112: 3775:

Dopelt, Keren; Radon, Pnina; Davidovitch, Nadav (April 16, 2019).

1941: 1775: 1669: 1620: 1582: 1474: 1166: 936: 881: 273: 29: 3781:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2667:"Consequences of human modification of the global nitrogen cycle" 2538:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

1780:(Top) Non transgenic peanut leaves showing extensive damage from 4741: 4529: 3281: 2089: 911: 158: 153: 118: 4343: 2835:

Pennsylvania Nutrient Management Program (Penn State Extension)

1408:), and it is applied in synthetic compounds that incorporate PO 4339: 1830:

vary based on the type of organism and the country concerned.

1345: 3997:. Portland, OR: Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 1809:

found that the threat to populations of the monarch was low.

1585:

to organic farming methods would result in a net increase in

1314:

gases into the atmosphere which can then be converted into NO

2534:"Drinking Water Nitrate and Human Health: An Updated Review" 4165: 4163: 4161: 1801:

There are also concerns that non-target organisms, such as

1140:. Addressing these concerns was a central part of the IPCC 2593:"The Nitrogen Cycle: Processes, Players, and Human Impact" 1903:

which is difficult to detect but can be passed to humans.

1521:

Organic farming and conservation agriculture in mitigation

3620:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 3746:

Robert Goodland; Jeff Anhang (November–December 2009).

3393: 3391: 3038:(1–4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 77–88. 1846:

is a genetically modified Yorkshire pig that expresses

1828:

Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms

1369: 1701:

with native species resulting in a decline in genetic

1599:

slows down the release of carbon into the atmosphere.

3638:

Kassam, A.; Friedrich, T.; Derpsch, R. (2019-01-02).

4987: 4931: 4879: 4740: 4644: 4441: 4400: 3486: 3484: 2886:"The Effects: Dead Zones and Harmful Algal Blooms" 1136:and animal agriculture practices have an outsized 4171:Evaluating the Need for a Manure Treatment System 3826:White, Robin R.; Hall, Mary Beth (Nov 13, 2017). 1765:International Organization for Biological Control 2343:Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food (2014-07-18). 2272:Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food (2014-07-18). 4067:Global Regulatory Outlook for CRISPRized Plants 3995:Red list of pollinator insects of North America 3894:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3832:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2322:"Environmental Databases: Ecotoxicity Database" 1256: 1238:and pose risks to human and ecological health. 4224:Animal Agriculture: Waste Management Practices 3644:International Journal of Environmental Studies 1873:One of the main contributors to air, soil and 1330:and can facilitate the destruction of ozone (O 4355: 3890:"The evolutionary impact of invasive species" 2055:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1044: 8: 3972:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135295A4070259.en 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 1789:Genetic contamination and ecological effects 1567:supplies, and sometimes farmers' health and 3640:"Global spread of Conservation Agriculture" 3398:Seufert, Verena; Ramankutty, Navin (2017). 1533:Organic food § Environmental sustainability 1186:compound's unique chemistry, which affects 4362: 4348: 4340: 3353:"Pesticides spark broad biodiversity loss" 2722:Lu, Chaoqun; Tian, Hanqin (2 March 2017). 2483:"Nitrogen cycle and world food production" 1812:The use of GMO crop plants engineered for 1734:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 1621:pharmaceuticals and personal care products 1111:which can have major environmental impacts 1051: 1037: 941: 67: 45: 42:area of New Zealand (photographed in 2003) 3970: 3923: 3913: 3883: 3881: 3861: 3851: 3802: 3792: 3589: 3532: 3439: 3364: 3327: 3253: 3212: 3197:"Soil Health and Sustainable Agriculture" 3018:. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley. pp. 3–12. 3016:Soil Conservation, Problems and Prospects 2980:Technology, International Environmental. 2747: 2698: 2567: 2549: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2211: 2154: 2051:"Agricultural Nonpoint Source Fact Sheet" 1392:Learn how and when to remove this message 1207:, standards for organic crop production. 1142:Special Report on Climate Change and Land 4099:phytase produce low-phosphorus manure". 2379:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2010). 2042: 2011:Genetically modified food controversies 1730:United States Department of Agriculture 1363:not related to the topic of the article 1205:United States Department of Agriculture 980: 944: 57: 27:Type of pollution caused by agriculture 2764:"Understanding phosphorus fertilizers" 2237:"Understanding the Global Food System" 1705:and threaten agricultural production. 1199:biopesticides are permitted under the 4044:10.1146/annurev.ento.48.060402.102800 3103:10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700030029x 2381:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 2143:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 7: 5048: 3888:Mooney, H. A; Cleland, E. E (2001). 3682:Conservation Agriculture (factsheet) 2420:Montesinos, Emilio (December 2003). 2124:United Nations Environment Programme 2114: 2112: 1834:GMO as a tool of pollution reduction 1772:Genetically modified organisms (GMO) 5087:Environmental impact of agriculture 5060: 3958:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2982:"5 Types of Agricultural Pollution" 1981:Environmental impact of agriculture 1539:From an environmental perspective, 1508:Tillage and nitrous oxide emissions 1483:Agriculture contributes greatly to 1246:Most common nitrogen sources are NO 1120:and can be found in lakes, rivers, 279:Radium and radon in the environment 4911:Environmental impact of irrigation 4075:10.1016/B978-0-443-18444-4.00023-5 3234:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2460:"Environmental Fate of Pesticides" 1109:in global agricultural practices, 25: 3302:Aktar; et al. (March 2009). 2104:https://www.ipcc.ch/report/srccl/ 1633:Food and Agriculture Organization 1627:Greenhouse gases from fecal waste 1318:compounds. A greater amount of NO 1217:Agricultural wastewater treatment 5059: 5047: 5035: 5024: 5023: 4316: This article incorporates 4311: 3717:. Vol. 103. pp. 1–40. 3351:Sharon Oosthoek (17 June 2013). 3230:"Water pollution by agriculture" 3083:Journal of Environmental Quality 3032:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2789:Journal of Environmental Quality 1531:This section is an excerpt from 1350: 1018: 1006: 4979:Agriculture and the environment 4716:British Agricultural Revolution 3228:Brian Moss (12 February 2008). 2345:"Agriculture and water quality" 2274:"Agriculture and water quality" 1938:Anaerobic digestion and lagoons 99:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 4923:Climate change and agriculture 4696:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 4333:Congressional Research Service 4009:"Weeds in Australia home page" 2326:Pesticides: Science and Policy 1887:around 411,000 residents. The 1471:Soil erosion and sedimentation 968:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 3723:10.1016/S0065-2113(09)03001-6 3656:10.1080/00207233.2018.1494927 1761:Agricultural Research Service 1372:or discuss this issue on the 439:Electrical resistance heating 4701:Arab Agricultural Revolution 4293:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.034 4210:10.1016/j.renene.2017.08.068 3131:10.1016/bs.agron.2015.12.003 2959:10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.032 2923:10.1016/j.microc.2012.03.020 1991:Agricultural nutrient runoff 1963:Biological treatment lagoons 1889:US National Research Council 1748:agents, or using predators, 1118:greatly affect water quality 1116:Pollutants from agriculture 1084:point source water pollution 1080:contamination or degradation 149:Persistent organic pollutant 73:Air pollution from a factory 4032:Annual Review of Entomology 3125:. Academic Press: 319–367. 2249:10.1007/978-3-030-23969-5_1 1996:Agricultural surface runoff 1970:current anaerobic lagoons. 1946:Anaerobic lagoon at a dairy 5118: 4661:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 4011:. Weeds.gov.au. 2013-06-12 3678:"Conservation Agriculture" 3614:"Conservation Agriculture" 3582:10.1038/s41467-019-12622-7 3517:10.1038/s41467-020-19474-6 3166:10.1007/s13165-019-00275-1 2597:Nature Education Knowledge 2426:International Microbiology 1866: 1663: 1530: 1214: 1160: 1088:non-point source pollution 5020: 5011:Universities and colleges 4629:Universities and colleges 4434: 4377: 3366:10.1038/nature.2013.13214 3320:10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7 3052:10.1007/s11270-010-0323-2 2884:US EPA, OW (2013-03-12). 2859:US EPA, OW (2013-11-27). 2728:Earth System Science Data 2438:10.1007/s10123-003-0144-x 2383:. John Wiley & Sons. 2204:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100408 2156:10.3389/fsufs.2020.546167 1879:Animal feeding operations 1078:practices that result in 694:War and environmental law 314:Health effects from noise 164:Volatile organic compound 4996:Agriculturist profession 4473:Agricultural engineering 4458:Agricultural cooperative 2861:"Indicators: Phosphorus" 1722:World Trade Organization 1637:greenhouse gas emissions 1594:Conservation agriculture 1499:(i.e. sedimentation) in 1306:, which in turn creates 1201:National Organic Program 1138:impact on climate change 319:Marine mammals and sonar 4901:Agricultural wastewater 4624:Sustainable food system 4619:Sustainable agriculture 4510:Animal-free agriculture 4478:Agricultural technology 3853:10.1073/pnas.1707322114 3696:"Sewage Sludge Surveys" 2749:10.5194/essd-9-181-2017 2636:10.1126/science.1156401 2591:Bernhard, Anne (2010). 2001:Agricultural wastewater 1929:Solid-liquid separation 1746:biological pest control 1146:sustainable food system 794:Freshwater salinization 714:Agricultural wastewater 34:Water pollution due to 5001:Agricultural machinery 4959:History of agriculture 4944:Agriculture by country 4939:Agricultural machinery 4896:Agricultural pollution 4891:Agricultural expansion 4666:Austronesian expansion 4577:Mechanised agriculture 4318:public domain material 3915:10.1073/pnas.091093398 3794:10.3390/ijerph16081359 3424:10.1126/sciadv.1602638 3246:10.1098/rstb.2007.2176 2683:10.1098/rstb.2013.0116 2551:10.3390/ijerph15071557 2026:Pesticide#Alternatives 1947: 1785: 1680: 1676:Centaurea solstitialis 1480: 1267: 1178: 1064:Agricultural pollution 1013:Environment portal 43: 5006:Government ministries 4949:Agriculture companies 4785:Convertible husbandry 4463:Agricultural supplies 4413:Agricultural Engineer 3965:: e.T135295A4070259. 3838:(48): E10301–E10308. 3562:Nature Communications 3497:Nature Communications 2911:Microchemical Journal 2481:Smil, Vaclav (2011). 2349:agriculture.canada.ca 2278:agriculture.canada.ca 1945: 1779: 1673: 1641:life-cycle assessment 1478: 1420:The concentration of 1361:may contain material 1283:groundwater pollution 1236:biogeochemical cycles 1223:groundwater pollution 1170: 754:Industrial wastewater 522:Municipal solid waste 444:Soil guideline values 33: 18:Agriculture pollution 4656:Neolithic Revolution 4515:Cellular agriculture 4468:Agricultural science 4101:Nature Biotechnology 4069:. pp. 147–166. 3947:Kevan, P.G. (2008). 3715:Advances in Agronomy 3119:Advances in Agronomy 2809:10.2134/jeq2004.1954 2184:Global Food Security 1814:herbicide resistance 1608:Organic contaminants 1445:Radioactive elements 1370:improve this section 963:Most polluted cities 615:Overhead power lines 4285:2008WaMan..28..759V 4202:2018REne..115..362R 3906:2001PNAS...98.5446M 3844:2017PNAS..11410301W 3574:2019NatCo..10.4641S 3509:2020NatCo..11.6117P 3416:2017SciA....3E2638S 3308:Interdiscip Toxicol 3158:2020OrgAg..10..339T 3146:Organic Agriculture 3095:1998JEnvQ..27..698M 3044:2010WASP..212...77A 2951:2009WatRe..43.3177O 2801:2004JEnvQ..33.1954H 2740:2017ESSD....9..181L 2628:2008Sci...321..926D 2196:2021GlFS...2800408L 2016:Nutrient management 1951:Anaerobic digestion 1782:European corn borer 1631:The United Nations 1435:European Commission 779:Ocean acidification 689:Unexploded ordnance 610:Advertising clutter 542:Post-consumer waste 487:Foam food container 472:Biodegradable waste 129:Global distillation 4790:Rotational grazing 4706:Columbian exchange 3702:. EPA. 2016-08-17. 3214:10.3390/su12124859 2677:(1621): 20130116. 2302:www.britannica.com 1948: 1884:nutrient pollution 1786: 1740:Biological control 1681: 1655:Introduced species 1481: 1287:blue baby syndrome 1211:Pesticide leaching 1179: 1172:Aerial application 1025:Ecology portal 650:Herbicidal warfare 194:Introduced species 134:Indoor air quality 104:Chlorofluorocarbon 44: 5074: 5073: 4634:Urban agriculture 4607:Rice-duck farming 4555:Intensive farming 4525:Extensive farming 4255:Anaerobic Lagoons 4084:978-0-443-18444-4 3732:978-0-12-374819-5 2986:Envirotech Online 2945:(13): 3177–3186. 2768:extension.umn.edu 2622:(5891): 926–929. 2490:World Agriculture 2390:978-1-4443-1767-1 2258:978-3-030-23968-8 2243:. pp. 3–23. 2057:. EPA. 2015-02-20 1869:Manure management 1863:Manure management 1858:Animal management 1822:monarch butterfly 1807:monarch butterfly 1716:Quarantines (see 1415:stormwater runoff 1402: 1401: 1394: 1124:, estuaries, and 1061: 1060: 996: 995: 662:Nuclear holocaust 585:Urban heat island 399:Radioactive waste 184:Biological hazard 94:Air quality index 16:(Redirected from 5109: 5063: 5062: 5051: 5050: 5039: 5027: 5026: 4871:Wildlife farming 4721:Green Revolution 4672:Ancient history 4612:Rice-fish system 4520:Contract farming 4505:Animal husbandry 4364: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4315: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4273:Waste Management 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4190:Renewable Energy 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4167: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3974: 3951:Bombus franklini 3944: 3938: 3937: 3927: 3917: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3865: 3855: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3806: 3796: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3757:. Archived from 3752: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3593: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3443: 3404:Science Advances 3395: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3368: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3331: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3257: 3240:(1491): 659–66. 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2837:. Archived from 2827: 2821: 2820: 2795:(6): 1954–1972. 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2702: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2571: 2553: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2519: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2487: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2394: 2376: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2215: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2158: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2116: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2086: 2080: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2047: 1912:Manure treatment 1666:Invasive species 1660:Invasive species 1559:, biodiversity, 1493:land degradation 1397: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1354: 1353: 1346: 1265: 1250:(nitrate) and NH 1134:land use changes 1053: 1046: 1039: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1011: 1010: 942: 645:Chemical warfare 547:Waste management 507:Industrial waste 482:Electronic waste 467:Advertising mail 449:Phytoremediation 424:Land degradation 364:Depleted uranium 249:Overillumination 199:Invasive species 71: 61: 46: 21: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5102:Water pollution 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5016: 5015: 5014: 4983: 4974:Poultry farming 4927: 4882: 4875: 4846:Poultry farming 4736: 4712:Modern history 4692:Post-classical 4640: 4639: 4638: 4582:Organic farming 4437: 4436: 4432: 4396: 4373: 4368: 4328: 4322:Jasper Womach. 4321: 4312: 4308: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3900:(10): 5446–51. 3887: 3886: 3879: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3684:. 1 March 2022. 3676: 3675: 3671: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3410:(3): e1602638. 3397: 3396: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2517: 2515: 2514:. February 2017 2506: 2505: 2501: 2485: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2398: 2391: 2378: 2377: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2098: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 1976: 1940: 1931: 1919: 1914: 1899:Cryptosporidium 1875:water pollution 1871: 1865: 1860: 1836: 1791: 1774: 1742: 1683:The increasing 1668: 1662: 1657: 1629: 1610: 1605: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1547:and the use of 1536: 1528: 1526:Organic farming 1523: 1510: 1473: 1468: 1466:Land management 1460: 1411: 1407: 1398: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1367: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1266: 1263: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1231: 1219: 1213: 1165: 1163:Pesticide drift 1159: 1154: 1152:Abiotic sources 1057: 1019: 1017: 1005: 998: 997: 897: 889: 888: 862: 854: 853: 789:Pharmaceuticals 769:Nonpoint source 709: 699: 698: 667:Nuclear fallout 640: 630: 629: 600: 590: 589: 580: 570: 569: 560: 552: 551: 537:Packaging waste 502:Hazardous waste 462: 454: 453: 414: 404: 403: 374:Nuclear fallout 369:Nuclear fission 349: 339: 338: 304: 294: 293: 269: 261: 260: 234: 232:Electromagnetic 224: 223: 214: 206: 205: 179: 169: 168: 139:Ozone depletion 84: 74: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5079: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4804: 4802:Insect farming 4799: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4681:Ancient Greece 4678: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4650: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4307: 4306: 4263: 4246: 4215: 4179: 4157: 4143: 4134: 4090: 4083: 4057: 4038:(1): 365–396. 4021: 4000: 3985: 3939: 3877: 3818: 3767: 3764:on 2009-11-05. 3738: 3731: 3705: 3687: 3669: 3630: 3605: 3548: 3480: 3455: 3387: 3343: 3294: 3269: 3220: 3201:Sustainability 3187: 3152:(3): 339–358. 3136: 3108: 3089:(3): 698–703. 3073: 3021: 3006: 2997: 2972: 2939:Water Research 2928: 2901: 2876: 2851: 2822: 2779: 2755: 2734:(1): 181–192. 2714: 2657: 2606: 2583: 2524: 2499: 2473: 2470:on 2015-12-25. 2464:Pesticide Wise 2451: 2432:(4): 245–252. 2412: 2396: 2389: 2360: 2335: 2332:on 2014-07-04. 2313: 2289: 2264: 2257: 2227: 2170: 2129: 2108: 2081: 2068: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1867:Main article: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1835: 1832: 1790: 1787: 1773: 1770: 1741: 1738: 1664:Main article: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1628: 1625: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1603:Biotic sources 1601: 1595: 1592: 1587:greenhouse gas 1565:drinking water 1545:overproduction 1537: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1509: 1506: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1458:From machinery 1456: 1447: 1446: 1430:phosphate rock 1409: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1358: 1356: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1331: 1328:greenhouse gas 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1304:eutrophication 1298: 1294: 1290: 1261: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1230: 1227: 1215:Main article: 1212: 1209: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1074:byproducts of 1059: 1058: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1041: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1015: 1000: 999: 994: 993: 992: 991: 983: 982: 978: 977: 976: 975: 970: 965: 960: 958:Law by country 955: 947: 946: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 885: 884: 879: 869: 863: 860: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 829:Surface runoff 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 729:Eutrophication 726: 721: 716: 710: 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 691: 686: 684:Scorched earth 681: 680: 679: 677:Nuclear winter 674: 672:Nuclear famine 669: 659: 658: 657: 647: 641: 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 601: 596: 595: 592: 591: 588: 587: 581: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 429:Bioremediation 426: 421: 415: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 359:Bioremediation 356: 350: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 309:Transportation 305: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 286: 281: 276: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 259: 258: 256:Radio spectrum 253: 252: 251: 246: 235: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 202: 201: 191: 186: 180: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 124:Global dimming 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 85: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 55: 54: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5114: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5092:Air pollution 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5068: 5067: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5022: 5019: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4969:Meat industry 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4954:Biotechnology 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4881:Environmental 4878: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4861:Sheep farming 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4765:Dairy farming 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4742:Farming Types 4739: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676:Ancient Egypt 4674: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4587:Paludiculture 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4488:Biotechnology 4486: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4408:Agriculturist 4406: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4334: 4327: 4326: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4279:(4): 759–66. 4278: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4236:on 2021-02-27 4232: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113:10.1038/90788 4110: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4022: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2841:on 2019-06-07 2840: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2780: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2525: 2513: 2512:MSU Extension 2509: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1685:globalization 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1515:nitrous oxide 1507: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1396: 1393: 1385: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1359:This section 1357: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1329: 1326:O which is a 1309: 1305: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1260: 1255: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1196:Biopesticides 1194:In principle 1192: 1189: 1184: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1092:air pollution 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 990: 987: 986: 985: 984: 979: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 950: 949: 948: 943: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 893: 892: 883: 880: 878: 875: 874: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 858: 857: 850: 847: 845: 844:Water quality 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 708: 703: 702: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 663: 660: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 639: 634: 633: 626: 623: 621: 620:Traffic signs 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 599: 594: 593: 586: 583: 582: 579: 574: 573: 566: 563: 562: 556: 555: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 527:Nanomaterials 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 458: 457: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 413: 408: 407: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 389:Radioactivity 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 348: 343: 342: 335: 334:Soundproofing 332: 330: 329:Noise control 327: 325: 324:Noise barrier 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 303: 298: 297: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 265: 264: 257: 254: 250: 247: 245: 242: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 228: 227: 220: 217: 216: 210: 209: 200: 197: 196: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 178: 173: 172: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 86: 83: 78: 77: 70: 66: 65: 62: 56: 52: 48: 47: 41: 37: 36:dairy farming 32: 19: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5028: 4916:Overdrafting 4895: 4775:Goat farming 4686:Ancient Rome 4592:Permaculture 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In press. 1986:Agroecology 1803:pollinators 1750:parasitoids 1744:The use of 1718:biosecurity 1710:disturbance 1694:pollinators 1561:groundwater 1557:soil health 1541:fertilizing 1517:emissions. 1451:Uranium-238 1336:soil health 1271:soil health 1229:Fertilizers 1183:Persistence 1126:groundwater 1107:fertilizers 902:Area source 744:Groundwater 497:Green waste 477:Brown waste 461:Solid waste 219:Information 114:Exhaust gas 5081:Categories 4932:Categories 4597:Plantation 4545:Free range 4540:Feed ratio 4240:2012-03-05 4196:: 362–70. 4015:2013-07-24 3624:2024-09-04 3380:14 October 3287:14 October 2991:2024-04-12 2895:2020-04-10 2870:2020-04-19 2845:2020-04-09 2773:2020-04-09 2518:2020-04-10 2354:2024-04-12 2307:2024-04-12 2283:2024-04-12 2190:: 100408. 2038:References 2006:Bioeconomy 1922:Composting 1917:Composting 1852:Phosphorus 1796:transgenic 1754:gypsy moth 1690:bumblebees 1553:ecosystems 1549:pesticides 1426:phosphorus 1382:April 2024 1342:Phosphorus 1161:See also: 1157:Pesticides 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