Emerald ash borer - Knowledge (XXG)

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damage, as a means of grafting or breeding new, resistant stock. Many of these lingering ashes were found to have unusual phenotypes that may result in increased resistance. Aside from their higher tannin content, Asian ashes also employ natural defenses to repel, trap, and kill emerald ash borer larvae. Although studies of American ashes have suggested that they are capable of mustering similar defensive mechanisms, the trees do not appear to recognize when they are under attack. Many of the specialized predators and parasitoids that suppressed emerald ash borer in Asia were not present in North America. Predators and parasitoids native to North America do not sufficiently suppress emerald ash borer, so populations continue to grow. Birds such as woodpeckers feed on emerald ash borer larva, although the adult beetles have not been used by any American fauna as food. Emerald ash borer populations can spread between 2.5 to 20 km (1.6 to 12.4 mi) per year. It primarily spreads through flight or by transportation of ash bark containing products such as firewood or nursery stock, which allows it to reach new areas and create satellite populations outside of the main infestation.

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residential areas because of treatment or removal costs and decreased land value from dying trees. Costs for managing these trees can fall upon homeowners or local municipalities. For municipalities, removing large numbers of dead or infested trees at once is costly, so slowing down the rate at which trees die through removing known infested trees and treating trees with insecticides can allow local governments more time to plan, remove, and replace trees that would eventually die. This strategy saves money as it would cost $ 10.7 billion in urban areas of 25 states over 10 years, while removing and replacing all ash trees in these same areas at once would cost $ 25 billion (with another estimate putting the removal alone at $ 20–60 billion). Some urban areas such as

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17-18 trees per Hectare now there are only 5-6 trees per Hectare. This illustrates extremely well the overall destructive power of the Emerald Ash Borer and the relevance to the everyday person. Something extremely important to note about this severe loss of Ash trees is the effect that it has on the ecosystem of that area. Swamplands that used to be home many Ash forest have now become shrublands, completely changing the ecosystem of that area permanently. The impact this has on the wildlife is extreme because of all the animals that used every part of the tree as refuge, such as birds in the foliage, small rodents amongst the roots, etc.

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chipping) to ensure no live emerald ash borer are present in the bark and phloem. In urban areas, trees are often removed once an infestation is found to reduce emerald ash borer population densities and the likelihood of further spread. Urban ash are typically replaced with non-ash species such as maple, oak, or linden to limit food sources. In rural areas, trees can be harvested for lumber or firewood to reduce ash stand density, but quarantines may apply for this material, especially in areas where the material could be infested.

867: 357:. By feeding, larvae create long serpentine galleries. Fully mature fourth-instar larvae are 26 to 32 mm (1.0 to 1.3 in) long. In fall, mature fourth-instars excavate chambers about 1.25 cm (0.49 in) into the sapwood or outer bark where they fold into a J-shape. These J-shaped larvae shorten into prepupae and develop into pupae and adults the following spring. To exit the tree, adults chew holes from their chamber through the bark, which leaves a characteristic D-shaped exit hole. Immature larvae can 900: 409: 622: 610: 55: 445: 42: 748:. It has killed tens of millions of ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the 8.7 billion ash trees throughout North America. Emerald ash borer kills young trees several years before reaching their seeding age of 10 years. In both North America and Europe, the loss of ash from an ecosystem can result in increased numbers of invasive plants, changes in soil nutrients, and effects on species that feed on ash. 421: 397: 437: 657:), populations can quickly rise to damaging levels. After initial infestation, all ash trees are expected to die in an area within 10 years without control measures. Every North American ash species has susceptibility to emerald ash borer, as North American species planted in China also have high mortality from infestations, but some Asian ash species are resistant, including 385: 989: 777: 891:

primarily treated by direct injection into the tree or soil drench. Some insecticides cannot be applied by homeowners and must be applied by licensed applicators. Damage from emerald ash borer can continue to increase over time even with insecticide applications. Insecticide treatments are not feasible for large forested areas outside of urban areas.

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and emerald ash borer if it is present. The wasps stun the beetles and carry them back to their burrows in the ground where they are stored until the wasps’ eggs hatch and the wasp larvae feed on the beetles. Volunteers catch the wasps as they return to their burrows carrying the beetles to determine

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Other factors can limit spread. Winter temperatures of approximately −38 °C (−36 °F) limit range expansion, and overwintering emerald ash borer survive down to average temperatures of −30 °C (−22 °F) because of antifreeze chemicals in the body and insulation provided by tree bark.

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These insects have managed to eliminate close to 300,000 Ash trees in the National Capital Region in only nine years. This leaves only 80,000 ash trees left standing either due to luck or to some amount of resistance to the beetles. These forests used to have an extremely dense Ash population having

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range. Before emerald ash borer was found in North America, very little was known about the insect in its native range aside from a short description of life-history traits and taxonomic descriptions, which resulted in focused research on its biology in North America. The insect was first identified

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before mating, but cause little defoliation in the process. Males hover around trees, locate females by visual cues, and drop directly onto the female to mate. Mating can last 50 minutes, and females may mate with multiple males over their lifespan. A typical female can live around six weeks and lay

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spp.). Females lay eggs in bark crevices on ash trees, and larvae feed underneath the bark of ash trees to emerge as adults in one to two years. In its native range, it is typically found at low densities and does not cause significant damage to trees native to the area. Outside its native range, it

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In areas where emerald ash borer has not yet been detected, surveys are used to monitor for new infestations. Visual surveys are used to find ash trees displaying emerald ash borer damage, and traps with colors attractive to emerald ash borer, such as purple or green, are hung in trees as part of a

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Adults prefer to lay eggs on open grown or stressed ash but readily lay eggs on healthy trees amongst other tree species. Ashes that grow in pure stands, whether naturally occurring or in landscaping, are more prone to attack than isolated trees or ones located in mixed forest stands. Ashes used in

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Sometimes trees are girdled to act as trap trees to monitor for emerald ash borer. The stressed tree attracts egg-laying females in the spring, and trees can be debarked in the fall to search for larvae. If detected, an area is often placed under a quarantine to prevent infested wood material from

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The native range of emerald ash borer in Asia was surveyed for parasitoid species that parasitize emerald ash borer and do not attack other insect species in the hope they would suppress populations when released in North America. Three species imported from China were approved for release by the

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are currently used. Dinotefuran and imidacloprid are systemic (i.e., incorporated into the tree) and remain effective for one to three years depending on the product. Insecticides are typically only considered a viable option in urban areas with high value trees near an infestation. Ash trees are

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Once an infestation is detected, quarantines are typically imposed by state, or previously, national government agencies disallowing transport of ash firewood or live plants outside of these areas without permits indicating the material has been inspected or treated (i.e., heat treatment or wood

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Larvae can also survive high heat up to 53 °C (127 °F). Conversely, much like ashes grown in the nursery trade, the population of emerald ash borer in North America is believed to have originated from a single group of insects from central China and also exhibits low genetic diversity.

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content in the leaves making the foliage unpalatable to the insect. While most Asian ashes have evolved this defense, it is absent from American species other than blue ash. Researchers have examined populations of so-called "lingering ash", trees that survived ash borer attack with little or no

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native to Europe and North America. Before it was found in North America, very little was known about emerald ash borer in its native range; this has resulted in much of the research on its biology being focused in North America. Local governments in North America are attempting to control it by

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Eggs are deposited between bark crevices, flakes, or cracks and hatch about two weeks later. Eggs are approximately 0.6 to 1.0 mm (0.02 to 0.04 in) in diameter, and are initially white, but later turn reddish-brown if fertile. After hatching, larvae chew through the bark to the inner

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Damage and efforts to control the spread of emerald ash borer have affected businesses that sell ash trees or wood products, property owners, and local or state governments. Quarantines can limit the transport of ash trees and products, but economic impacts are especially high for urban and

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has had lower establishment success in North America, which could be caused by a lack of available emerald ash borer larvae at the time of adult emergence in spring, limited cold tolerance, and better suitability to regions of North America below the 40th parallel.

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causing new infestations. Further control measures are then taken within the area to slow population growth by reducing beetle numbers, preventing them from reaching reproductive maturity and dispersing, and reducing the abundance of ash trees.

951:, which has only recently been released, the other three species have been documented parasitizing emerald ash borer larvae one year after release, indicating that they survived the winter, but establishment varied among species and locations. 1694:

Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja; Alexander N. Drogvalenko; Ilya A. Zabaluev; Alexey S. Sazhnev; Elena Yu. Peregudova; Sergey G. Mazurov; Evgenij V. Komarov; Andrzej O. Bieńkowski (2019). "Bad and good news for ash trees in Europe: alien pest

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whether emerald ash borer is present. This methodology is known as biological surveillance, as opposed to biological control, because it does not appear that the wasps have a significant negative impact on emerald ash borer populations.

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North American predators and parasitoids can occasionally cause high emerald ash borer mortality, but generally offer only limited control. Mortality from native woodpeckers is variable. Parasitism by parasitoids such as

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in their larval gallery, but can require an additional summer of feeding before overwintering again and emerging as adults the following spring. This two-year life cycle is more common in cool climates, such as

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antennae that begin at the fourth antennal segment. They leave tracks in the trees they damage below the bark that are sometimes visible. Adult beetles of other species can often be misidentified by the public.

483:. In eastern Europe, a population was found in Moscow in 2003. From 2003 to 2016, this population has spread west towards the European Union at up to 40 km (25 mi) per year and is expected to reach 574:

in North America, which is a non-ash host, but it is unclear whether the trees were healthy when first infested, or were already in decline because of drought. Another non-ash host has also been discovered,

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Kelly, Laura J.; Plumb, William J.; Carey, David W.; Mason, Mary E.; Cooper, Endymion D.; Crowther, William; Whittemore, Alan T.; Rossiter, Stephen J.; Koch, Jennifer L.; Buggs, Richard J. A. (2020).

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above 10 °C (50 °F), adults begin to emerge from trees in late spring, and peak emergence occurs around 1,000 degree-days. After emergence, adults feed for one week on ash leaves in the

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by planting ash trees in an overabundance, a factor in the extent of the devastation caused by the emerald ash borer. Favoring instead a diversity in species helps keep urban forests healthy.

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In its native range, emerald ash borer is only a nuisance pest on native trees, as population densities typically do not reach levels lethal to healthy trees. In China, it infests native

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in the bark to locate hosts. Damage occurs in infested trees by larval feeding. The serpentine feeding galleries of the larvae disrupt the flow of nutrients and water, effectively

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In areas where emerald ash borer is non-native and invasive, quarantines, infested tree removal, insecticides, and biological control are used to reduce damage to ash trees.

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is the main ash species colonized, which is moderately resistant to emerald ash borer infestation. Ash susceptibility can vary depending on the attractiveness of chemical

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Volkovitsh, Mark G.; Orlova-Bienkowskaja, Marina J.; Kovalev, Alexey V.; Bieńkowski, Andrzej O. (2019). "An illustrated guide to distinguish emerald ash borer (

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between 2031 and 2036. Although not recorded from the European Union as of 2019, it has already spread to far eastern Ukraine from neighboring Russia.

2004: 593:. Young trees with bark between 1.5 mm (0.059 in) to 5 mm (0.20 in) are preferred. Both males and females use leaf volatiles and 308:

with a bright red upper abdomen when viewed with the wings and elytra spread. The species also has a small spine found at the tip of the abdomen and

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landscaping also tend to be subjected to higher amounts of environmental stresses including compacted soil, lack of moisture, heating effects from

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and surrounding states and provinces. Populations are more scattered outside the core area, and the edges of its known distribution range north to

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Bauer, Leah S.; Duan, Jian J.; Gould, Juli R.; van Driesche, Roy; et al. (March 8, 2015). "Progress in the classical biological control of

3232: 1595:"Invasive beetle known for wiping out ash trees found in Oregon: "The most destructive and costliest forest pest ever to invade North America"" 1350: 2772: 2572:(Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) for surveying and monitoring emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) infestations in eastern North America". 1889: 2156: 1921:

Showalter, David N.; Saville, Robert J.; Orton, Elizabeth S.; Buggs, Richard J. A.; Bonello, Pierluigi; Brown, James K. M. (2019-11-13).

2332: 1351:"Review of the emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), life history, mating behaviours, host plant selection, and host resistance" 3237: 2701:

Herms, Daniel A.; McCullough, Deborah G.; Smitley, David R.; Sadof, Clifford S.; Williamson, R. Chris; Nixon, Phillip L. (June 2009),

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Without factors that would normally suppress emerald ash borer populations in its native range (e.g., resistant trees, predators, and

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published a rule on December 14, 2020—to take effect one month later, January 14, 2021—ending all EAB quarantine activities in the

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Adult beetles are typically bright metallic green and about 8.5 mm (0.33 in) long and 1.6 mm (0.063 in) wide.

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specialists suggest selecting uncommon species to replace removed ashes in the landscape. Previous generations created

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Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Potential Side Effects of Systemic Insecticides Used to Control Emerald Ash Borer

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are typically a darker green, but can also have copper hues. Emerald ash borer is the only North American species of

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is known to exhibit a higher degree of resistance to emerald ash borer, which is believed to be caused by the high

2920: 2713: 2851: 931: 563: 384: 54: 3212: 866: 2225: 2991: 1724: 1082:"Battle of the Ash Borer: Decades after Beetles Arrived in Michigan, Researchers Looking to Slow Devastation" 794:, as a means of detecting areas to which emerald ash borer has spread. The females of these wasps hunt other 1567:"Oregon dad spots the first emerald ash borers on the West Coast during summer camp pickup in Forest Grove" 609: 2953: 707: 689: 677: 571: 552: 534: 508: 3015: 1594: 1086: 149: 2525: 2477: 2294:"Effects of climate on emerald ash borer mortality and the potential for ash survival in North America" 899: 2659: 1134: 3207: 3049: 2305: 1704: 1636: 1543: 726:

due to ineffectiveness so far. Other means will be used instead, especially biological controls (see

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Native range of emerald ash borer in eastern Asia and introduced range in European Russia as of 2013

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in the 1860s and 1870s. He found the beetle in Beijing and sent it to France, where the first brief

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Government agencies in both the U.S. and Canada have utilized a native species of parasitoid wasp,

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Careless, Philip; Marshall, Stephen. A.; Gill, Bruce D.; et al. (February 2014). "The use of

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The emerald ash borer life cycle can occur over one or two years depending on the time of year of

2886: 2868: 2791: 2589: 2469: 1960: 1904: 1654: 1440: 1373: 1280:"Emerald Ash Borer Invasion of North America: History, Biology, Ecology, Impacts, and Management" 969: 911: 855: 685: 670: 659: 638: 558: 546: 497: 329: 247: 174: 49: 1890:"Emerald ash borer: invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America's ash resource" 2400: 2175: 621: 3179: 3036: 2443:"Evaluation of potential strategies to SLow Ash Mortality (SLAM) caused by emerald ash borer ( 2230: 2137: 1952: 1870: 1791: 1419:

Valenta, V.; et al. (2016). "A new forest pest in Europe: a review of Emerald ash borer (

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is also killed rapidly but usually only after all green and black ash trees are eliminated.

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in 1888. Unaware of Fairmaire's description, a separate description naming the species as

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north-eastern Asia, which includes Russia, Mongolia, northern China, Japan, and Korea.

287: 263: 187: 165: 2611: 3201: 2108:"Convergent molecular evolution among ash species resistant to the emerald ash borer" 1964: 1062: 1041: 937: 723: 577: 476: 358: 2872: 2593: 2473: 2317: 1658: 1444: 1377: 1349:

Poland, Therese. M; Chen, Tigen; Jennifer, Koch; Pureswaran, Deepa (December 2014).

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Anulewicz, Andrea C.; McCullough, Deborah G.; Cappaert, David L. (September 2007).

879: 875: 795: 757: 259: 17: 3093: 3041: 2637: 436: 372: 2465: 3158: 3140: 3101: 2985: 1103:"Emerald ash borer: A guide to identification and comparison to similar species" 887: 823: 753: 243: 116: 2976: 870:

Treatment of an ash tree on a street in Montreal with the biopesticide TreeAzin

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approximately 40–70 eggs, but females that live longer can lay up to 200 eggs.

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has spread to the Ukraine and the south of European Russia, but does not kill

1186: 984: 907: 851: 839: 770: 2055: 1956: 1809: 3062: 2005:"Olive Tree is Second Non-Ash Species Found Vulnerable to Emerald Ash Borer" 1776: 1649: 1620: 883: 626: 614: 529: 468: 453: 322: 238: 225: 221: 86: 66: 2503:"Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in U.S. communities, 2009-2019" 2293: 2277: 2256: 2234: 2141: 1874: 1795: 1306: 3119: 3002: 2050: 1856: 977:, for controlling emerald ash borer in conjunction with parasitoid wasps. 459:

The beetle is invasive in North America where it has a core population in

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Hahn, Jeffrey; Herms, Daniel A.; McCullough, Deborah G. (February 2011),

2678:"After Your Ash Has Died: Making an Informed Decision on What to Replant" 2034:"Emerald ash borer in North America: a research and regulatory challenge" 1207:

Gould, Juli S.; Bauer, Leah S.; Lelito, Jonathan; Duan, Jian (May 2013).

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monitoring its spread, diversifying tree species, and through the use of

2864: 2818:. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Archived from 2585: 1135:"Controlling Emerald Ash Borers to Protect Ash Trees | Bioadvanced" 988: 959:

established and have had increasing populations in Michigan since 2008;

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Emerald ash borer primarily infest and can cause significant damage to

464: 346: 309: 304: 126: 1436: 1209:"Emerald Ash Borer Biological Control Release and Recovery Guidelines" 3106: 2703:"Insecticide Options for Protecting Ash Trees from Emerald Ash Borer" 693: 480: 354: 342: 299: 106: 96: 76: 2947: 2887:"Biocontrol: Fungus and Wasps Released to Control Emerald Ash Borer" 262:

collected a specimen of the species during one of his trips through

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Map of US counties infested with emerald ash borer as of July 2024.

1498: 898: 865: 775: 620: 608: 443: 435: 350: 2777:(Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive ash pest in North America" 2261:) Density and Canopy Dieback in Three North American Ash Species" 3054: 2931:. Lists general information and resources for Emerald Ash Borer. 2200:

Rebek, E. J.; Herms, D. A.; Smitley, D. R.; et al. (2013).

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Drogvalenko; Orlova-Bienkowskaja; Bieńkowski (11 October 2019).

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have large amounts of ash with slightly more than 20% of their

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with bark stripped by woodpeckers feeding on emerald ash borers

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where they feed and develop. Emerald ash borer has four larval

2401:"Removal of Emerald Ash Borer Domestic Quarantine Regulations" 2333:"The Upside Of The Bitter Cold: It Kills Bugs That Kill Trees" 2387: 2385: 780:

A purple trap used for determining the extent of the invasion

2161:(Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and its natural enemies in China" 742:

Emerald ash borer threatens the entire North American genus

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compounds. Emerald ash borer has also been found infesting

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or jewel beetle native to north-eastern Asia that feeds on

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scientists suggest choosing monotypic species such as the

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10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[242:IVIRTE]2.0.CO;2

1521:"Emerald ash borer makes first appearance in Fredericton" 1278:

Herms, Daniel A.; McCullough, Deborah G. (October 2013).

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Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs

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can be high, but overall such control is generally low.

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Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America".

2773:"Developing a classical biological control program for 2545:. Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board. Archived from 2362:"APHIS Changes Approach to Fight Emerald Ash Borer EAB" 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 1927:) saplings to larval feeding by the emerald ash borer ( 769:

monitoring program. These traps can also have volatile

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Bauer, L.S.; Liu, H-P; Miller, D.; Gould, J. (2008).

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Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research

1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 2960: 1837:"The biology and ecology of the emerald ash borer, 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 2940:is available for free viewing and download at the 2696: 2694: 2356: 2354: 633:Outside its native range, emerald ash borer is an 414:Dorsal view of adult with elytra and wings spread. 2292:DeSantis, Ryan D.; et al. (April 21, 2013). 1149:"Native Borers and Emerald Ash Borer Look-alikes" 2927:, National Invasive Species Information Center, 2784:Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society 2082:"Initial County EAB detections in North America" 566:to adults, or the ability of larvae to detoxify 2157:"Exploratory survey for the emerald ash borer, 1979:"Emerald Ash Borer attacking White Fringe Tree" 1414: 637:that is highly destructive to ash trees in its 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1075: 1073: 967:The USDA is also assessing the application of 773:applied to them that attract primarily males. 2816:"Biological Control of the Emerald Ash Borer" 2501:Kovacs, K. F.; et al. (September 2009). 874:Insecticides with active ingredients such as 452:The native range of the emerald ash borer is 8: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2367:North American Plant Protection Organization 1493: 1491: 1472:. ISSG-IUCN. August 14, 2006. Archived from 947:was approved for release in 2015. Excluding 2929:United States National Agricultural Library 2543:"Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) is in Minneapolis" 325:, the health of the tree, and temperature. 2948: 2746:, www.emeraldashborer.info, archived from 2397:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 720:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 684:trees are preferred by emerald ash borer. 40: 31: 2276: 2224: 2131: 2049: 1946: 1864: 1785: 1775: 1708: 1648: 1061: 402:Adults exit the tree from D-shaped holes. 2454:International Journal of Pest Management 1621:"Biological Flora of the British Isles: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 426:Underside of an adult emerald ash borer. 2436: 2434: 2393:United States Department of Agriculture 2032:Cappaert, D.; et al. (Fall 2005). 1673:"Ash tree set for extinction in Europe" 1456: 1454: 1033: 727: 716:United States Department of Agriculture 368: 2441:McCullough, D.G.; et al. (2012). 2921:Species Profile – Emerald Ash Borer ( 2636:. USDA Forest Service. Archived from 1154:. Michigan State University Extension 7: 2423:Crystal, Chen (September 28, 2022). 1576:(in English and Spanish). 2022-07-11 390:Pupa removed from its pupal chamber. 2937:Emerald Ash Borer: The Green Menace 2298:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 1888:Poland, T.; McCullough, D. (2006). 1835:Wang, Xiao-Yi; et al. (2010). 1214:. USDA-APHIS-ARS-FS. Archived from 2331:Schaper, David (10 January 2014). 2265:Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 2155:Liu, Houping; et al. (2003). 1981:. November 2, 2014. Archived from 1756:"Record of the Emerald Ash Borer ( 1299:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051 1101:Parsons, Gary L. (November 2008). 1042:"Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: 738:Environmental and economic impacts 25: 3228:Insect pests of temperate forests 2917:, Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2710:North Central IPM Center Bulletin 1177:) from its congeners in Europe". 1003:Forest integrated pest management 2790:(3&4): 38–39. Archived from 1572:Oregon Department of Agriculture 1470:Global Invasive Species Database 1063:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2005.00844.x 987: 419: 407: 395: 383: 371: 53: 2318:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.015 1546:: Survey and Treatment Projects 923:in 2007 and in Canada in 2013: 556:) in North America. In Europe, 2522:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.09.004 2112:Nature Ecology & Evolution 2007:. Entomology Today. 2017-05-23 1: 3233:Forestry in the United States 2634:"Ash replacement information" 2369:'s Phytosanitary Alert System 1923:"Resistance of European ash ( 1425:Journal of Applied Entomology 258:French priest and naturalist 237:and is highly destructive to 216:), also known by the acronym 3243:Taxa named by Léon Fairmaire 2893:. Science Daily. May 2, 2011 2466:10.1080/09670874.2011.637138 617:killed by emerald ash borers 2447:): SLAM in an urban forest" 1287:Annual Review of Entomology 811:Quarantine and tree removal 581:, albeit in a lab setting. 513:; in Japan it also infests 3259: 2660:"SLAM: SLow Ash Mortality" 1760:) in Ukraine is Confirmed" 328:After 400–500 accumulated 3238:Beetles described in 1888 2852:The Canadian Entomologist 2174:: 191–204. Archived from 2124:10.1038/s41559-020-1209-3 1903:: 118–124. Archived from 1845:Journal of Insect Science 1358:The Canadian Entomologist 953:Tetrastichus planipennisi 932:Tetrastichus planipennisi 904:Tetrastichus planipennisi 286:was published in 1930 by 180: 173: 155: 148: 50:Scientific classification 48: 39: 34: 2213:Environmental Entomology 2168:Great Lakes Entomologist 1619:Peter A. Thomas (2016). 2339:. National Public Radio 1777:10.3390/insects10100338 1650:10.1111/1365-2745.12566 1187:10.1093/forestry/cpz024 2610:. USDA. Archived from 2425:"Ash Tree Update 2021" 2278:10.48044/jauf.2007.039 1935:Plants, People, Planet 1108:. USDA. Archived from 915: 871: 828:University of Kentucky 781: 630: 618: 449: 441: 2574:Canadian Entomologist 2038:American Entomologist 1857:10.1673/031.010.12801 1814:confirmed in Ukraine" 1501:. USDA Forest Service 1115:on September 24, 2015 1087:Lansing State Journal 902: 869: 779: 624: 612: 532:including green ash ( 447: 439: 278:was published in the 2712:: 12, archived from 2685:extension.ca.uky.edu 2614:on 12 September 2021 2510:Ecological Economics 2257:"Emerald Ash Borer ( 1725:"Emerald ash borer ( 1675:. BBC. 23 March 2016 1387:on 23 December 2015. 1056:(3): 436–438. 2005. 708:Atanycolus cappaerti 467:, south to northern 274:by the entomologist 2992:Agrilus planipennis 2962:Agrilus planipennis 2923:Agrilus planipennis 2865:10.4039/tce.2015.18 2847:Agrilus planipennis 2775:Agrilus planipennis 2719:on January 26, 2016 2640:on January 26, 2016 2586:10.4039/tce.2013.53 2570:Cerceris fumipennis 2445:Agrilus planipennis 2310:2013AgFM..178..120D 2259:Agrilus planipennis 2159:Agrilus planipennis 2051:10.1093/ae/51.3.152 1941:(1). Wiley: 41–46. 1929:Agrilus planipennis 1910:on 17 October 2011. 1897:Journal of Forestry 1839:Agrilus planipennis 1812:Agrilus planipennis 1758:Agrilus planipennis 1727:Agrilus planipennis 1697:Agrilus planipennis 1641:2016JEcol.104.1158T 1539:"Emerald Ash Borer" 1499:"Emerald ash borer" 1464:Agrilus planipennis 1421:Agrilus planipennis 1175:Agrilus planipennis 1044:Agrilus planipennis 973:, an insect fungal 844:Kentucky coffeetree 791:Cerceris fumipennis 728:§Biological control 280:Revue d'Entomologie 272:Agrilus planipennis 213:Agrilus planipennis 159:Agrilus planipennis 141:A. planipennis 18:Agrilus planipennis 3223:Woodboring beetles 2181:on 24 January 2022 1948:10.1002/ppp3.10077 1925:Fraxinus excelsior 1701:Fraxinus excelsior 1629:Journal of Ecology 1623:Fraxinus excelsior 1370:10.4039/tce.2015.4 1050:OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 970:Beauveria bassiana 916: 912:biological control 895:Biological control 884:emamectin benzoate 872: 820:Kentucky Extension 782: 631: 619: 498:Fraxinus chinensis 450: 442: 248:biological control 35:Emerald ash borer 3218:Insects of Russia 3195: 3194: 3180:Open Tree of Life 2954:Taxon identifiers 2666:on March 2, 2015. 2608:"Moving Firewood" 2549:on August 8, 2013 2531:on April 7, 2014. 2244:on March 4, 2016. 1735:. 24 January 2017 1703:in the forests". 1437:10.1111/jen.12369 1080:Miller, Matthew. 1018:Dutch elm disease 591:genetic diversity 572:white fringe tree 550:), and blue ash ( 284:Agrilus marcopoli 208:emerald ash borer 204: 203: 198: 194:Agrilus marcopoli 190: 184:Agrilus feretrius 27:Species of beetle 16:(Redirected from 3250: 3188: 3187: 3175: 3174: 3162: 3161: 3159:NHMSYS0021109580 3149: 3148: 3136: 3135: 3123: 3122: 3110: 3109: 3097: 3096: 3084: 3083: 3071: 3070: 3058: 3057: 3045: 3044: 3032: 3031: 3019: 3018: 3006: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2949: 2942:Internet Archive 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2842: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2781: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2753:on July 14, 2015 2752: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2718: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2682: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2662:. 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Archived from 1284: 1275: 1230: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1213: 1204: 1191: 1190: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1153: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1114: 1107: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1077: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1038: 1023:Invasive species 1008:Forest pathology 997: 992: 991: 949:Spathius galinae 944:Spathius galinae 666:, F. mandshurica 662:, F. chinensis, 655:parasitoid wasps 644:Canton, Michigan 635:invasive species 553:F. quadrangulata 535:F. pennsylvanica 510:F. rhynchophylla 423: 411: 399: 387: 375: 235:invasive species 196: 186: 161: 58: 57: 44: 32: 21: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3213:Beetles of Asia 3198: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3183: 3178: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3144: 3139: 3131: 3126: 3118: 3113: 3105: 3100: 3092: 3087: 3079: 3074: 3066: 3061: 3053: 3048: 3040: 3035: 3027: 3022: 3014: 3009: 3001: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2956: 2934:The short film 2915:Species Profile 2911: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2844: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2823: 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2878: 2859:(3): 300–317. 2832: 2807: 2763: 2729: 2690: 2669: 2651: 2625: 2599: 2560: 2534: 2516:(3): 569–578. 2493: 2430: 2415: 2399:(2020-12-15). 2381: 2350: 2323: 2284: 2271:(5): 338–349. 2247: 2219:(1): 242–246. 2192: 2147: 2098: 2068: 2044:(3): 152–163. 2017: 1996: 1985:on May 7, 2015 1970: 1913: 1880: 1827: 1801: 1746: 1716: 1710:10.1101/689240 1686: 1664: 1611: 1601:. 12 July 2022 1586: 1558: 1530: 1512: 1487: 1450: 1431:(7): 507–526. 1390: 1364:(3): 252–262. 1326: 1231: 1192: 1165: 1140: 1126: 1093: 1069: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 999: 998: 995:Insects portal 982: 979: 896: 893: 863: 860: 812: 809: 804: 801: 765: 762: 739: 736: 606: 603: 595:sesquiterpenes 544:), white ash ( 538:), black ash ( 504:F. mandshurica 492: 489: 485:central Europe 475:, and east to 433: 430: 429: 428: 425: 418: 416: 413: 406: 404: 401: 394: 392: 389: 382: 380: 377: 370: 318: 315: 295: 294:Identification 292: 288:Jan Obenberger 276:Léon Fairmaire 264:Imperial China 255: 252: 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1884: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1831: 1828: 1815: 1813: 1810:"Presence of 1805: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1750: 1747: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1687: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1615: 1612: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1423:) invasion". 1422: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1316:on 2020-07-19 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1221:on 2019-07-01 1217: 1210: 1203: 1201: 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537: 536: 531: 526: 524: 523: 522:F. lanuginosa 518: 517: 512: 511: 506: 505: 500: 499: 490: 488: 486: 482: 478: 477:New Brunswick 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 446: 438: 431: 422: 417: 410: 405: 398: 393: 386: 381: 374: 369: 367: 365: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 338: 335: 331: 326: 324: 316: 314: 311: 307: 306: 301: 293: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 253: 251: 249: 245: 240: 236: 231: 227: 223: 220:, is a green 219: 215: 214: 209: 195: 192: 189: 185: 182: 181: 179: 176: 172: 167: 162: 160: 154: 151: 150:Binomial name 147: 143: 142: 137: 134: 133: 130: 129: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 101: 98: 95: 92: 91: 88: 85: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 71: 68: 65: 62: 61: 56: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 2961: 2936: 2922: 2895:. 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