2321:
2238:
1489:
2264:
241:
The phonology of the
Santiam dialect, as described by Jacobs (1945) and analyzed by Banks (2007), is listed below. Banks notes that Jacobs' analysis does not rigorously account for allophonic variation, and that, according to Jacobs, there may have been some interchangeability between the velar and
2391:
2362:
2426:
1407:
1781:
1026:
2401:
2416:
2355:
2411:
2406:
2386:
2348:
2305:
1473:
2328:
602:
675:
1400:
659:
1844:
500:
1774:
1733:
922:
1503:
1019:
609:
377:
1998:
1175:
831:
873:
Santiam
Kalapuya had three diphthongs: , , and . Vowel length may have been phonemic, /ɔ/ may have been an allophone of /u/.
1508:
1393:
837:
2381:
2242:
1767:
595:
586:
368:
2195:
2094:
1012:
846:
808:
634:
491:
229:
2396:
2018:
1980:
1973:
1443:
1361:
1157:
1077:
862:
666:
625:
361:
354:
158:
2298:
1448:
616:
2133:
1246:
817:
396:
203:
157:
peoples who inhabited the valley up through the middle of the 19th century. The language is closely related to
2320:
1738:
1463:
1346:
735:
727:
384:
221:
1748:
2203:
1743:
1066:
640:
525:
513:
484:
477:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
433:
428:
423:
402:
390:
2421:
2125:
2100:
1872:
1338:
759:
703:
695:
549:
542:
225:
1356:
1488:
2291:
765:
757:
749:
743:
741:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
693:
519:
197:
2045:
1956:
1884:
1790:
1433:
1301:
1141:
1099:
1043:
507:
81:
2077:
2068:
1901:
1453:
1104:
1052:
1035:
719:
711:
562:
260:
255:
912:
2058:
2053:
1987:
1725:
1595:
1478:
1458:
1264:
1225:
1164:
1109:
918:
300:
280:
265:
142:
2332:
2275:
2219:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2160:
2114:
2027:
2007:
1927:
1853:
1816:
1690:
1655:
1650:
1630:
1600:
1528:
1351:
1325:
1290:
1234:
1214:
1191:
1130:
1121:
1086:
275:
191:
59:
2170:
2107:
2034:
1866:
1860:
1705:
1660:
1610:
1523:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1279:
1240:
1093:
536:
270:
215:
154:
73:
914:
Atlas of
Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
2165:
1944:
1937:
1894:
1833:
1826:
1680:
1665:
1625:
1580:
1376:
1284:
1273:
1253:
1205:
1198:
1184:
998:
965:
940:
825:
209:
162:
125:
2375:
1915:
1908:
1715:
1710:
1670:
1590:
1585:
1059:
790:
767:
751:
185:
178:
174:
166:
150:
41:
1640:
1554:
1549:
1544:
408:
17:
772:. Banks also notes that /h/, /hʷ/, /dz/, /dʒ/, and /ɸʷ/ may have been allophones.
220:
Winefelly-Mohawk dialects, spoken in the southeastern
Willamette Valley along the
1615:
802:
785:
647:
1385:
1513:
1468:
894:
889:
854:
795:
2263:
1438:
580:
343:
173:
Ahantchuyuk dialect, spoken in the northeastern
Willamette Valley along the
138:
118:
102:
724:. Jacobs possibly notes that the plosives also have voiced allophones, as
208:
Chelamela dialect, spoken in the southwestern
Willamette Valley along the
109:
1620:
1575:
1518:
293:
214:
Tsankupi dialect, spoken in the southeastern
Willamette Valley along the
184:
Santiam dialect, spoken in the central
Willamette Valley along the lower
169:
valleys. Dialects of
Central Kalapuya that have been identified include:
1700:
1685:
1635:
1605:
338:
1759:
190:
Luckiamute dialect, spoken in the central
Willamette Valley along the
2271:
1695:
1675:
1645:
1004:
146:
52:
1570:
196:
Chepenafa dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along
911:
Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (1996).
202:
Chemapho dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along
1763:
1389:
1008:
27:
Extinct Native American language formerly spoken in Oregon
1974:
Northern Kalapuya (Tualatin dialect (Tfalati, Atfalati))
2336:
2279:
1916:
Upper Chinook (Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, Wasco-Wishram)
2054:
Sahaptin (Shahaptin, Sħáptənəxw, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit)
2392:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
2212:
2194:
2153:
2146:
2124:
2087:
2067:
2044:
2017:
1997:
1954:
1925:
1882:
1843:
1814:
1807:
1724:
1563:
1537:
1496:
1421:
1337:
1300:
1263:
1224:
1174:
1140:
1120:
1076:
1042:
116:
100:
95:
70:
58:
47:
37:
32:
939:
141:language indigenous to the central and southern
2356:
2299:
1775:
1401:
1020:
8:
1981:Northern Kalapuya (Yamhill dialect (Yamell))
1854:Lower Rogue River (Tututni, Upper Coquille)
966:"The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya"
2427:Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs
2363:
2349:
2306:
2292:
2150:
1811:
1782:
1768:
1760:
1408:
1394:
1386:
1027:
1013:
1005:
946:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
29:
1734:Native American peoples of Oregon history
999:The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya
779:
249:
153:. It was spoken by various bands of the
959:
957:
955:
953:
882:
1474:Western Oregon Indian Termination Act
252:
7:
2329:Indigenous languages of the Americas
2317:
2315:
2260:
2258:
1861:Upper Rogue River (Galice-Applegate)
2134:Northern Paiute (Numu and Paviotso)
2402:Extinct languages of North America
2335:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
2278:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
2028:Klamath-Modoc (Klamath, Lutuamian)
1001:(Northwest Journal of Linguistics)
25:
2417:Native American history of Oregon
861:
845:
836:
830:
816:
807:
674:
665:
658:
633:
624:
615:
608:
601:
594:
585:
561:
548:
541:
518:
506:
499:
490:
483:
476:
407:
395:
383:
376:
367:
360:
353:
2412:1954 disestablishments in Oregon
2319:
2262:
2237:
2236:
1487:
970:Northwest Journal of Linguistics
66:with the death of John B. Hudson
2407:Languages extinct in the 1950s
2387:Indigenous languages of Oregon
1:
2327:This article related to the
1988:Yoncalla (Southern Kalapuya)
1416:Indigenous peoples in Oregon
708:likely had syllabic forms:
2443:
2314:
2257:
1967:Central Kalapuya (Santiam)
1802:indicate extinct languages
1444:Northern Kalapuya language
2232:
1834:Yaquina (Yakwina, Yakona)
1797:
1485:
1449:Oregon Penutian languages
1429:Central Kalapuya language
1370:
938:Jacobs, Melville (1945).
646:
579:
535:
337:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
964:Banks, Jonathan (2007).
900:(subscription required)
2274:-related article is a
2204:American Sign Language
1945:Miluk (Lower Coquille)
2101:Plateau Sign Language
1999:Oregon Coast Penutian
230:Coast Fork Willamette
2382:Kalapuyan languages
1791:Languages of Oregon
18:Ahantchuyuk dialect
1504:Bridge of the Gods
1454:Salishan languages
1362:Southern Tsimshian
1036:Penutian languages
2397:Willamette Valley
2344:
2343:
2287:
2286:
2252:
2251:
2228:
2227:
2142:
2141:
1757:
1756:
1479:Yoncalla language
1459:Shastan languages
1383:
1382:
1377:extinct languages
1158:Northern Kalapuya
898:(18th ed., 2015)
871:
870:
690:
689:
473:
420:
350:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
296:
289:
159:Northern Kalapuya
143:Willamette Valley
135:Central Kalapuyan
132:
131:
16:(Redirected from
2434:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2266:
2259:
2240:
2239:
2161:American English
2151:
2095:Plains Sign Talk
2019:Plateau Penutian
1812:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1529:Rogue River Wars
1491:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1151:Central Kalapuya
1029:
1022:
1015:
1006:
986:
985:
983:
981:
961:
948:
947:
945:
935:
929:
928:
908:
902:
901:
890:Central Kalapuya
887:
865:
849:
840:
834:
820:
811:
780:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
699:
678:
669:
662:
642:
637:
628:
619:
612:
605:
598:
589:
565:
552:
545:
527:
522:
515:
510:
503:
494:
487:
480:
471:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
435:
430:
425:
418:
411:
404:
399:
392:
387:
380:
371:
364:
357:
348:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
299:
292:
287:
250:
192:Luckiamute River
161:, spoken in the
128:
112:
105:
87:Central Kalapuya
76:
33:Central Kalapuya
30:
21:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2313:
2312:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2224:
2208:
2190:
2138:
2120:
2083:
2063:
2040:
2013:
1993:
1950:
1921:
1878:
1839:
1803:
1793:
1788:
1758:
1753:
1744:Pioneer history
1739:History to 1806
1720:
1661:Northern Paiute
1559:
1533:
1524:Missoula Floods
1509:Kalapuya Treaty
1492:
1483:
1417:
1414:
1384:
1379:
1366:
1347:Coast Tsimshian
1333:
1296:
1259:
1247:Southern Patwin
1220:
1170:
1136:
1116:
1072:
1038:
1033:
995:
990:
989:
979:
977:
963:
962:
951:
937:
936:
932:
925:
910:
909:
905:
899:
888:
884:
879:
778:
342:
248:
242:uvular series.
239:
216:Calapooia River
124:
108:
101:
91:
77:
74:Language family
72:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2324:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2267:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1895:Chinook Jargon
1890:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1827:Alsea (Alséya)
1822:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1749:Modern history
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1726:Oregon history
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:External links
991:
988:
987:
949:
942:Kalapuya Texts
930:
923:
903:
881:
880:
878:
875:
869:
868:
866:
859:
857:
851:
850:
843:
841:
828:
822:
821:
814:
812:
805:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
777:
774:
688:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
672:
670:
663:
656:
654:
652:
650:
644:
643:
638:
631:
629:
622:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
590:
583:
577:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
559:
557:
555:
553:
546:
539:
533:
532:
530:
528:
523:
516:
511:
504:
497:
495:
488:
481:
474:
468:
467:
465:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:
431:
426:
421:
415:
414:
412:
405:
400:
393:
388:
381:
374:
372:
365:
358:
351:
346:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
297:
290:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
247:
244:
238:
235:
234:
233:
218:
212:
210:Long Tom River
206:
200:
194:
188:
182:
130:
129:
122:
114:
113:
106:
98:
97:
96:Language codes
93:
92:
90:
89:
80:
78:
71:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2439:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:Indo-European
2152:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1909:Lower Chinook
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1867:Siletz Dee-ni
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1750:
1747:
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1067:Upper Chinook
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1060:Lower Chinook
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151:United States
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42:United States
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36:
31:
19:
2422:Oregon stubs
2337:expanding it
2326:
2280:expanding it
2269:
2254:
2241:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2088:Unclassified
2076:
2033:
2026:
2006:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1943:
1938:Hanis (Coos)
1936:
1926:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1883:
1873:Upper Umpqua
1871:
1859:
1852:
1832:
1825:
1815:
1799:
1555:Mount Mazama
1550:Celilo Falls
1545:Fort Clatsop
1428:
1372:
1324:
1289:
1272:
1252:
1245:
1233:
1213:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:Coast Oregon
1163:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1129:
1092:
1085:
1065:
1058:
1051:
978:. Retrieved
973:
969:
941:
933:
913:
906:
893:
885:
872:
691:
240:
134:
133:
117:
86:
2196:French Sign
2126:Uto-Aztecan
1464:Thunderbird
1339:Tsimshianic
692:The nasals
648:Approximant
204:Muddy Creek
198:Marys River
2376:Categories
1845:Athabaskan
1808:Indigenous
1514:Cayuse War
895:Ethnologue
877:References
246:Consonants
51:Northwest
2147:Immigrant
2078:Tillamook
2046:Sahaptian
1957:Kalapuyan
1902:Kathlamet
1885:Chinookan
1691:Tillamook
1656:Nez Perce
1651:Multnomah
1631:Klickitat
1601:Clackamas
1439:Longhouse
1434:Chinookan
1375:indicate
1302:Yok-Utian
1142:Kalapuyan
1105:Nez Perce
1100:Sahaptian
1053:Kathlamet
1044:Chinookan
980:1 January
976:(2): 1–98
581:Fricative
419:aspirated
344:Affricate
237:Phonology
139:Kalapuyan
119:Glottolog
103:ISO 639-3
82:Kalapuyan
2243:Category
2069:Salishan
2059:Umatilla
1706:Umatilla
1621:Kalapuya
1611:Coquille
1576:Atfalati
1519:Potlatch
1165:Yoncalla
1110:Sahaptin
826:Open-mid
472:ejective
294:sibilant
261:Alveolar
256:Bilabial
222:McKenzie
163:Tualatin
155:Kalapuya
126:kala1400
2220:Finnish
2186:Swedish
2181:Spanish
2176:Russian
2115:Takelma
2008:Siuslaw
1800:Italics
1711:Umpquat
1701:Tututni
1686:Takelma
1681:Siuslaw
1666:Santiam
1636:Latgawa
1626:Klamath
1606:Clatsop
1596:Chinook
1581:Bannock
1373:Italics
1357:Nisga’a
1352:Gitksan
1291:Nisenan
1265:Maiduan
1235:Nomlaki
1226:Wintuan
1215:Siuslaw
1131:Takelma
1122:Takelma
1087:Klamath
1078:Plateau
791:Central
339:Plosive
301:lateral
281:Glottal
266:Palatal
179:Molalla
175:Pudding
167:Yamhill
149:in the
64:c. 1954
60:Extinct
2272:Oregon
2213:Uralic
2171:German
2108:Cayuse
2035:Molala
1928:Coosan
1817:Alsean
1696:Tolowa
1676:Siletz
1671:Shasta
1646:Molala
1591:Chetco
1586:Cayuse
1564:People
1538:Places
1497:Events
1469:Wapato
1422:Topics
1326:Ohlone
1310:Yokuts
1280:Konkow
1241:Patwin
1192:Coosan
1185:Alsean
1094:Molala
921:
776:Vowels
764:, and
276:Uvular
232:rivers
228:, and
226:Mohawk
181:rivers
147:Oregon
137:was a
53:Oregon
48:Region
2331:is a
2270:This
2166:Dutch
1641:Modoc
1571:Alsea
1320:Miwok
1315:Utian
1285:Maidu
1274:Chico
1254:Wintu
1206:Miluk
1199:Hanis
803:Close
786:Front
770:]
766:[
762:]
758:[
754:]
750:[
746:]
742:[
738:]
734:[
730:]
726:[
722:]
718:[
714:]
710:[
706:]
702:[
698:]
694:[
537:Nasal
349:plain
327:plain
317:plain
307:plain
288:plain
271:Velar
2333:stub
2276:stub
1616:Coos
982:2016
919:ISBN
855:Open
796:Back
716:and
700:and
332:lab.
322:lab.
312:lab.
177:and
165:and
892:at
526:qʷʼ
514:kʷʼ
501:tʃʼ
492:tsʼ
461:qʷʰ
451:kʷʰ
441:tʃʰ
434:tsʰ
145:in
110:kyl
2378::
972:.
968:.
952:^
917:.
835:~
768:ɢʷ
756:,
752:ɡʷ
748:,
740:,
732:,
720:n̩
712:m̩
641:hʷ
520:qʼ
508:kʼ
485:tʼ
478:pʼ
456:qʰ
446:kʰ
429:tʰ
424:pʰ
403:qʷ
391:kʷ
378:tʃ
369:ts
224:,
2364:e
2357:t
2350:v
2339:.
2307:e
2300:t
2293:v
2282:.
1783:e
1776:t
1769:v
1409:e
1402:t
1395:v
1028:e
1021:t
1014:v
984:.
974:1
927:.
863:a
847:ɔ
838:ɛ
832:æ
818:u
809:i
760:ɢ
744:ɡ
736:d
728:b
704:n
696:m
676:w
667:j
660:l
635:h
626:χ
617:x
610:ʃ
603:ɬ
596:s
587:ɸ
563:ŋ
550:n
543:m
409:ʔ
397:q
385:k
362:t
355:p
341:/
20:)
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