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190:. In May 1401 a group of Chagatais sent to Baghdad by Timur encountered resistance. Although more Timurid troops were sent by the city commander, unaware that they were Timur's forces, they refused to give in. Timur himself soon arrived and Baghdad was subjected to a 40-day siege, when the city refused to surrender, Timur ordered the city to be stormed. Once it was taken, nearly all of the men, women and children were massacred and most of the public buildings were destroyed. The destruction was so widespread that Timur did not even bother to install a governor.
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127:. The raid of Tabriz had significantly weakened Ahmad's position and so he could not combat Timur when he returned in 1386. Tabriz was taken by the Chagatai in the summer, its citizens had to pay a heavy tribute. Adil Aqa collected the tribute but was executed by Timur, who suspected him of corruption. Azerbaijan from this point on remained in the control of the Timurids, as Ahmad could not recover the province.
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and Khwaja Mas'ud withdrew his forces instead of fighting. As a result, Ahmad was able to regain control of the city for the next six years. He grew increasingly unpopular, however, and in 1397 or 1398 an unsuccessful conspiracy was hatched against him. Feeling unsafe in
Baghdad, he left the city and
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a second time, who imprisoned him out of fear of Timur. In 1403, Qara Yusuf was driven out of
Baghdad by the Timurids, and sought asylum with the Mamluks, who also imprisoned him. Reunited in prison, both Ahmad and Qara Yusuf renewed their friendship and struck an agreement with each other, whereby
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failed to defend the town and Timur took it with little resistance. Timur gave the town to Adil Aqa, who had defected to him, before retiring from the campaign. Ahmad then sent an army to retake
Soltaniyeh, but Adil Aqa successfully defended it.
234:. In spite of their agreement, however, it did not last. Ahmed wanted to regain Azerbaijan and, as a result he attacked the Qara Qoyunlu. He managed to occupy Tabriz briefly, but was defeated in August 1410 where he was captured by
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Soon afterwards, Ahmad returned to
Baghdad and began to rebuild it. Although a contingent of the Chagatai army nearly captured him, he came back a few months later in 1402 with the Qara Qoyunlu ruler
166:. The Turkmen arrived at the city, but Ahmad had a difficult time in preventing them from plundering Baghdad, and he eventually turned them back. In 1398 Timur's son and governor of Azerbaijan,
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In 1393, Timur renewed the war with Ahmad. Near the end of August, he arrived in
Baghdad, where Ahmad was residing. Deciding that defending the city was impossible, Ahmad fled and traveled to
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When Timur returned from campaigns in the east in 1400, Ahmad feared that he would be attacked and left
Baghdad. He returned for a short while but then left again, taking refuge with the
178:, which the Timurids had been attempting to take for over more than a decade. The leader of the Georgian army, one of Ahmad's sons, came to Baghdad, but rebelled and was killed.
197:, who had also sought refuge with the Ottomans. Their friendship, however, did not last, and Qara Yusuf expelled Ahmad from the city. Ahmad fled to the
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and the
Chagatai army (whom he was allied with) attacked the Jalayirids. Although Sultan Ahmad was not captured, his subordinates in
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71:(Black Sheep Turkmen) which defeated Shaikh Ali and within two years Ahmad was able to neutralize his other brother, Bayazid.
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27:. Early in his reign, he was involved in conflicts with his brothers. He would later suffer from several defeats with
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Ahmad ruled over the
Jalayirid dynasty in the late 14th century. Seen above (green) with neighbouring sultanates.
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142:) were taken with Timur when he left the city, most of the citizens were left unharmed. A member of the
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Kurdish Principality of Hakkariya (14th-15th Centuries), Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 7, No. 1/2
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and eventually imprisoned by the
Mamluks. After being set free, he attacked his old enemy, the
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170:, attempted to take Baghdad but Ahmad successfully resisted him. In 1399, an army from the
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138:. Meanwhile, Baghdad was forced to pay ransom and many captives (including Ahmad's son
353:. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. June, 2004. Retrieved May 21, 2006.
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The Jalayirids were eventually pushed south into lower Iraq, ruling over the towns of
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and march to Tabriz. To secure his position, Ahmad requested the assistance of the
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23:(ruled 1382–1410), he was son to the most accomplished ruler of the sultanate,
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until defeated by the Qara Qoyunlu in 1432, bringing an end to the dynasty.
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Six: The Timurid and Safavid Periods
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47:, who was captured and executed. Ahmad's other brothers, Shaikh Ali and
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In the midst of Timur's absence, Ahmad had to deal with an invasion by
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The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East
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Mustafa Çelebî, Sultan Ahmed Celâyir'in kızı ile nişanlı idi...
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Ahmad came to power as a result of a plot against his brother
222:, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, released Ahmad. He returned to
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115:was sacked in 1385. Ahmad himself had escaped to
134:-held Syria, and was granted asylum by Sultan
427:(in Turkish). Kültür Bakanlığı. p. 111.
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425:Devletler ve hanedanlar: Turkiye (1074-1990)
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35:but was later captured and executed 1410.
250:briefly succeeded him in Baghdad but the
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19:(سلطان احمد جلایر) was the ruler of the
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107:. Tokhtamysh's troops swept down into
63:, while Shaikh Ali prepared to leave
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312:Ahmad Jalayir had various children:
51:opposed him. Husain's former amir,
246:, was also killed. Ahmad's nephew
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206:, and Qara Yusuf would take over
150:, was given control of the city.
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174:raised the siege of the town of
158:requested the assistance of the
242:, who had been released by the
373:. Edinburgh University Press.
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119:through the aid of his ally,
319:Unknown daughter engaged to
254:took the city a year later.
111:, devastating the land, and
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238:and executed. Ahmad's son
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218:When Timur died in 1405,
409:Alexander Khachatrian,
351:. "Encyclopædia Iranica
148:Khwaja Mas'ud Sabzavari
87:In the spring of 1384,
444:Shaikh Hussain Jalayir
423:Yılmaz Öztuna (2005).
367:Wing, Patrick (2016).
332:Peter Jackson (1986).
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45:Shaikh Hussain Jalayir
230:took up residence in
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59:proclaimed sultan in
389:10.3366/j.ctt1bgzbrm
75:Conflicts with Timur
25:Shaykh Uways Jalayir
202:Ahmad would retain
155:returned to Baghdad
21:Jalayirid Sultanate
462:Shah Walad Jalayir
292:. You can help by
248:Shah Walad Jalayir
220:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj
172:Kingdom of Georgia
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459:Succeeded by
380:978-1-4744-0226-2
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182:Renewed conflicts
39:Sibling rivalries
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316:Ala-ud-Daula
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294:adding to it
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252:Qara Qoyunlu
240:Ala-ud-Daula
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160:Qara Qoyunlu
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140:Ala al-Daula
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105:Golden Horde
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69:Qara Qoyunlu
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33:Qara Qoyunlu
17:Sultan Ahmad
16:
15:
480:1410 deaths
485:Jalayirids
474:Categories
456:1382–1410
348:Jalayerids
327:References
236:Qara Yusuf
228:Qara Yusuf
208:Azerbaijan
195:Qara Yusuf
168:Miran Shah
164:Qara Yusuf
109:Azerbaijan
101:Tokhtamysh
93:Soltaniyeh
61:Soltaniyeh
451:Jalayirid
397:948403225
214:Overthrow
244:Timurids
188:Ottomans
144:Sarbadar
53:Adil Aqa
224:Baghdad
176:Alenjaq
125:Hakkari
117:Baghdad
65:Baghdad
57:Bayazid
49:Bayazid
453:Ruler
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387:
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259:Hillah
232:Tabriz
226:, and
162:under
136:Berkuk
132:Mamluk
113:Tabriz
55:, had
385:JSTOR
273:Issue
267:Basra
263:Wasit
89:Timur
29:Timur
393:OCLC
375:ISBN
338:ISBN
265:and
204:Iraq
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123:of
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