225:(cultivated area) and upland forested region. Ahupuaʻa varied in size depending on the economic means of the location and political divisions of the area. “As the native Hawaiians used the resources within their ahupuaʻa, they practiced aloha (respect), laulima (cooperation), and mālama (stewardship) which resulted in a desirable pono (balance).” The Hawaiians believed that the land, the sea, the clouds and all of nature had a certain interconnectedness, which is why they used all of the resources around them to reach the desired balance in life. Sustainability was maintained by the konohiki and kahuna—priests, who restricted the fishing of certain species during specific seasons. They also regulated the gathering of plants. Ahupuaʻa is derived from
293:, smaller ahupuaʻa extended up to about 6,000 to 8,000 feet in elevation, while the higher elevations of an entire district would be included within a single, large ahupuaʻa. These ahupuaʻa, such as Kaʻohe, Keauhou, Kapāpala, Keaʻau, Keʻanae, Puʻu Waʻawaʻa, and Humuʻula, were highly valued both for their size and because they allowed control over items obtainable only from high-elevation areas, such as high-quality stone for tools and ʻuaʻu (
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38:
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Hawaiians raised dogs, chickens, and pigs that were domesticated. They also made use of personal gardens at their own houses. Water was a very important part of
Hawaiian life; it was used not only for fishing, bathing, drinking, and gardening, but also for aquaculture systems in the rivers and at the
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The
Hawaiians maintained an agricultural system that contained two major classes: irrigated and rain-fed systems. In the irrigated systems, the Hawaiians grew mostly taro (kalo), and in the rain-fed systems, they grew mostly ʻuala (sweet potatoes), yams, and dryland taro in addition to other small
349:. The line between the large northern lots (sold by the state as 30-50 acre farms) and 1-3 acre southern lots in the vicinity of Kurtistown, Mountain View, and Glenwood is the boundary between the ʻŌlaʻa and Keaʻau ahupuaʻa. This boundary follows the edge of the 200- to 400-year-old
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was based on the ahupuaʻa. Each ahupua‘a contained a cross section of island resources and they were managed within a complex social system associated with each area. The general belief is that each ahupua‘a met the needs of the local population, with excess for tribute and trade.
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Each ahupuaʻa was divided into smaller sections called ʻili, and the ʻili were divided into kuleana. These were plots of land that were cultivated by the common people. These people paid weekly labor taxes to the land overseer. These taxes went to support the chief.
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The ahupuaʻa consisted most frequently of a slice of an island that went from the top of the local mountain (volcano) to the shore, often following the boundary of a stream drainage. Each ahupuaʻa included a lowland
185:, took control of the land and divided it into ahupuaʻa. However, there is also a general belief that the natural organization of communities along stream systems is the foundation for the system, whose
77:). It usually extends from the mountains to the sea and generally includes one or more complete watersheds and marine resources. The predominant traditional system in the eight high islands of the
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lots) because they were crown lands owned personally by the monarch. In spite of this, the impact of the ahupuaʻa boundaries can be seen in many areas today. For example, the ahupuaʻa of
201:. It also consisted of (kalo) taro, (niu) coconuts, (ʻulu) breadfruit, (maiʻa) bananas, and (kō) sugar cane. The kukui tree was sometimes used as a shade to protect the
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264:: having all climate zones and economic exploitation zones in each land division ensured that each could be self-sufficient for a large portion of its needs.
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520:
491:
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The ahupua'a system of land development, in practice for more than 1,000 years, has the potential to show the world a new path to sustainability.
576:
Mueller-Dombois, Dieter. "The
Hawaiian Ahupua‘a Land Use System: Its Biological Resource Zones and the Challenge for Silvicultural Restoration."
590:
569:
Jokiel, P.L, "Marine
Resource Management in the Hawaiian Archipelago: The Traditional Hawaiian System in Relation to the Western Approach."
658:
471:
Tracie Losch, Momi
Kamahele, "Hawaiʻi: Center of the Pacific" (Pearl City: University of Hawaiʻi Leeward Community College, 2008), 241.
605:
480:
Losch, Tracie, and Momi
Kamahele, "Hawaii: Center of the Pacific" (Pearl City: University of Hawaii Leeward Community College, 2008)
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http://ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0english-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.5&toc=0
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The Ahupuaʻa of Puanui: A Resource for
Understanding Hawaiian Rain-fed Agriculture by Aurora K. Kagawa and Peter M. Vitouse
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family to farm and raise cattle. Most of the land, however, was eventually sold off to become the large subdivisions of
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Edited by N.L. Evenhuis & J.M. Fitzsimons. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/strm/04-Mueller-Domboisr.pdf.
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Many local towns in Hawaiʻi still maintain the names of the old ahupuaʻa. In West Maui, the towns (north to south)
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are among the few large ahupuaʻa that remained nearly intact under single ownership (with the exception of some
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524:
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The boundaries of the ahupuaʻa of Keaʻau are easily recognizable by its subdivisions' densely packed land lots.
258:: in many areas of Hawaiʻi, it is easier to travel up- and downstream than from stream valley to stream valley
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term for a large traditional socioeconomic, geologic, and climatic subdivision of land (comparable to the
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566:. © 2021 Info Grafik Inc. http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&CategoryID=299.
353:, and the ahupuaʻa of Keaʻau was undoubtedly originally created from the land devastated by this flow.
152:
For example, Oʻahu had six Moku: Honolulu/Kona, Koʻolau Loa, Koʻolau Poko, Wahiawa, Waiʻanae, and ‘Ewa.
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for ahupuaʻa were traditionally heaps of stones used to put offers, often a pig, to the island chief.
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297:) chicks. They were given to high-ranking aliʻi, or often retained by the high chief personally.
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from the sun. Each crop was carefully placed in an area that was most suitable to its needs.
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Ian Lilley: Archaeology of
Oceania: Australia and the Pacific Islands, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006
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602:, Thegn Lawford and Michael Graves: The Formation of HawaiianTerritories, pages 259-283
433:, Kamehameha Schools Hawaiian Studies Institute, 1994. Retrieved on 13 November 2011.
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Rule over an ahupuaʻa was given out by the ruling chief to subordinate members of the
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Edited by Robert J. Toonen. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jmb/2011/151682/.
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Moku and
Ahupuaa maps of the eight main Hawaiian Islands (Islandbreath.org)
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Ahupuaʻa: Sustainability by Carlos
Andrade Retrieved November 12, 2011
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follow the ahupuaʻa names, with each maintaining their local flavors.
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The traditional subdivision system has four hierarchical levels:
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429:"Ulukau: From the Mountains to the Seas – Early Hawaiian Life"
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There may have been two reasons for this kind of subdivision:
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536:, hawaiihistory.org, 2011. Retrieved on 13 November 2011.
49:
Closer view of the ahupuaʻa of Oʻahu's south and east side
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is often attributed specifically to shared water usage.
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crops. This dry-land cultivation was also known as the
30:"Moku" redirects here. For the Estonian village, see
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341:, near Hilo, was purchased as a single unit by the
447:http://www.pacificscience.files.wordpress.com
8:
462:, Lynton Dove White, 1994, 13 November 2011.
620:"Hawaii's ancient land management system"
460:http://www.canoeplants.com/contents.html
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27:Traditional Hawaiian subdivision of land
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521:"Ahupua'a - Hawaii History - Ahupua'a"
317:in 1848, most ahupuaʻa were split up.
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272:or local chief and administered by a
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149:(largest subdivisions of an island)
97:(whole island — main islands except
458:"Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaiʻi,"
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591:Ahupuaa: Land for the Good of All
232:, meaning “heap” or “cairn,” and
41:Full map of the ahupuaʻa of Oʻahu
165:(two or three per ahupuaʻa, but
177:Some oral history relates that
618:Haiken, Melanie (2022-08-18).
268:Each ahupuaʻa was ruled by an
216:Boundary marker of an ahupuaʻa
181:, son of the great High Chief
1:
285:. On the larger mountains of
571:Journal of Marine Sciences.
546:HawaiiHistory.org: Ahupuaʻa
492:"Ahupua'a - Sustainability"
449:Retrieved November 13, 2011
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659:Hawaiian words and phrases
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169:, for example, had eight
596:Vol.7 No.4 (Jan. 2004).
594:Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine
343:William Herbert Shipman
664:Indigenous land rights
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62:[əhupuˈwɐʔə]
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649:Geography of Hawaii
606:Ahupuaa map of Oahu
551:2014-06-05 at the
351:ʻAilaʻau lava flow
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562:"Ahupua`a."
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518:"Ahupuaa,"
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638:Categories
624:BBC Travel
531:2014-06-02
502:2011-11-12
392:References
378:Kaʻanapali
372:, Kahana,
189:system of
167:Kahoʻolawe
124:Kahoʻolawe
99:Kahoʻolawe
58:pronounced
374:Honokawai
358:Honokōhau
549:Archived
275:konohiki
158:Ahupuaʻa
130:Molokaʻi
95:Mokupuni
67:Hawaiian
54:Ahupuaʻa
386:Olowalu
382:Lahaina
366:Kapalua
362:Honolua
335:kuleana
331:Hawaiʻi
291:Hawaiʻi
262:economy
191:Kānāwai
135:Niʻihau
105:Hawaiʻi
86:History
73:in the
65:) is a
18:Ahupuaa
406:"Moku"
384:, and
370:Nāpili
339:Keaʻau
325:, and
319:Manukā
256:travel
240:. The
122:(with
115:Lānaʻi
110:Kauaʻi
71:tapere
309:Today
283:aliʻi
270:aliʻi
234:puaʻa
183:Līloa
140:Oʻahu
417:2023
347:Puna
289:and
287:Maui
223:mala
203:mala
199:mala
171:ʻili
163:ʻIli
147:Moku
120:Maui
238:pig
230:ahu
101:):
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