362:
296:
650:
354:, Hunting and Skyways. Prior to the Skyways crash, the War Office always favoured the lowest bid although the award of trooping contracts had been dependent upon inspection of the aircraft the bidder proposed to use. As a result of that crash, the Government's attitude towards safety standards of the independent airlines that were to be contracted for its trooping business changed. Until then, all trooping flights were conducted with ex-wartime aircraft and early post-war designs derived from wartime bombers such as the Avro York and
29:
1668:
381:
addition, Air
Charter proposed to place spare parts along the routes to be flown – another industry-first. These innovations secured Air Charter its first trooping contract. For Laker, Air Charter's owner, the new contract was a goldmine. The £90 per flying hour the War Office was contracted to pay Air Charter made flying troops in cheap, second-hand planes a very profitable business, given the fact that Laker could easily
392:. The aircraft was nicknamed the "Gold Brick". It went into service on Air Charter's Berlin freight run. Air Charter acquired its second Bristol Freighter a year later for use on trooping flights. Another seven were added over the following three years. However, most of these were transferred to Channel Air Bridge, a sister airline of Air Charter Laker started on an experimental basis in 1954.
1692:
1680:
327:. Laker purchased 17 of the latter between 1953 and 1959. Eleven of these were restored to an airworthy condition, supported by the spares cannibalised from the remaining six aircraft. By the end of that period, they accumulated 46,000 profitable flight hours while in service with Air Charter. During that time, Air Charter's Tudor fleet produced a
260:, another struggling independent airline. Laker's main motivation to take over these airlines was his eligibility to use those companies' tax losses to offset Aviation Traders' profits as a convenient way to reduce his taxable earnings. The Fairflight acquisition enabled Laker to take over that company's lucrative
576:
on behalf of Air
Charter. These were to replace the airline's aging Tudors on long-distance charter flights to Australia under contract to the Government. Air Charter took delivery of its first Britannia on 12 September 1958. This occasion marked the second time a brand-new aircraft joined its fleet.
442:
crashes over the
Atlantic during the late 1940s, the War Office insisted that this aircraft type be no longer used on trooping flights. This forced Air Charter to convert its revamped Tudors into freighters. The Tudor's great disadvantage as a cargo carrier was its small passenger doors. The problem
417:
On 14 February 1954, Air
Charter put its first improved Tudor 4 into service between Stansted and Hamburg on the second "Little Berlin Airlift". The second example joined Air Charter's fleet the following month. Both aircraft were configured with 42 seats. Apart from carrying refugees out of Berlin
616:
1958 was also the year Laker decided to put Air
Charter's sister airline Channel Air Bridge solely in charge of all vehicle ferry services. During that year, Laker furthermore announced his decision to sell both Air Charter and Aviation Traders to Airwork for £600,000 cash plus a further £200,000.
380:
Unlike Laker's established rivals in the trooping business, the Yorks Air
Charter proposed to use on trooping flights offered unprecedented safety standards and a hitherto unknown level of comfort, including rear-facing seats with headrests. These were industry-firsts in the trooping business. In
601:
of that airline's two new
Britannias. Hunting was also facing unexpected problems meeting the War Office's contractual requirements. This necessitated subcontracting a significant part of its newly won business to Air Charter at a loss. Although this arrangement made Air Charter Hunting-Clan's
530:
route as it had calculated that this would save the
Government £1.75m each year compared with continuing use of the Hermes. The War Office offered the successful bidder the option of purchasing three new Britannias from the Government as part of a five-year contract or the alternative to
952:
holder of supplemental air carrier certificate authorised to operate non-scheduled passenger and cargo services to supplement the scheduled operations of certificated route air carriers; an airline holding supplemental air carrier certificate is also known as a "nonsked" in the
307:
From July 1952, Air
Charter assumed sole responsibility for all of Laker's flying operations to and from Berlin. This move coincided with the adoption of a new logo for the airline, consisting of an "A" and a "C" curving together with a wing flaring out behind.
311:
Air
Charter gradually became the dominant UK independent airline on the second "Little Berlin Airlift". Air Charter's expanded Berlin operation in turn allowed it to service and organise the operations of rival airlines.
251:
Freddie Laker followed up his acquisition of bankrupt Surrey Flying Services in February 1951 with the purchase of loss-making Air Charter later the same year. Before the end of the year, in late November, he bought
443:
was solved by replacing the passenger doors with double doors that opened outwards to give an opening 6 feet 10 inches wide and 5 ft 5 in high. This modification entailed strengthening of the
602:
subcontractor, Laker managed to persuade Hunting-Clan to agree to a new deal regarding the sharing of business. This effectively transferred the management of these flights to Air Charter.
1724:
447:
around the cut-out and stiffening of the floor. It was implemented at Aviation Traders. Following Air Registration Board approval, the modified Tudor freighters re-entered service as
385:
the cost of each York for about £5,000 as a result of the massive spares stockpile he had purchased at rock-bottom prices in government surplus sales on behalf of Aviation Traders.
395:
While building up its fleet to meet growing commitments in the trooping as well as general passenger and freight charter markets, Air Charter was often under financial pressure.
620:
Following a rationalisation of Air Charter's flight crew and ground staff in February 1959, Laker implemented his decision to transfer Air Charter's vehicle ferry services and
1976:
515:, as a consequence of the Government's growing dissatisfaction with the operational performance and high costs of the aging Hermes fleet that was contracted from Airwork,
1961:
638:. These were the last flying operations of the type, which had been employed on charter runs as far afield as Christmas Island during its career with Air Charter.
1937:
898:
577:
Revenue-earning flights began on 1 October 1958. On that day an Air Charter Britannia operated a trooping flight from Stansted to Christmas Island in the western
535:
these planes under a three-year contract. The contracts were to become effective from 1958. Hunting-Clan won against competition from Air Charter and Airwork.
1717:
1635:
1299:
350:
with the loss of all 39 lives on board presented an opportunity for Laker to break into the lucrative trooping market that was dominated by Airwork,
1971:
1710:
1733:
1981:
1966:
1556:
1505:
1515:
586:
361:
466:, a US supplemental carrier. The aircraft was intended for use on internal German services, general charter work and trooping flights.
473:
Mark 32s. The service, which Air Charter operated on behalf of Channel Air Bridge, was successful. In June 1957, a joint service with
295:
1483:
1464:
1432:
883:
with the loss of the 12 crew. Until this accident, Air Charter had suffered another two total losses of aircraft, one of them fatal.
649:
641:
Air Charter's operations were absorbed into the newly formed BUA, as a result of the Airwork – Hunting-Clan merger in June 1960.
439:
1495:
The ATL-98 Carvair: A Comprehensive History of the Aircraft and All 21 Airframes (1: Corporate History - Air Charter, p. 13)
538:
During that time, the cash flow Air Charter and Aviation Traders generated also financed the design and construction of the
192:
became associated companies. From 1955, it also operated scheduled coach-air/vehicle ferry services. These initially linked
880:
582:
427:
410:
among the UK's contemporary independent airlines. Laker used part of Air Charter's retained profit to purchase additional
1658:
1956:
923:
543:
398:
1953 was also the year Air Charter became really profitable. During that year, the airline carried nearly 28 million
261:
699:
237:
217:
53:
573:
516:
1625:
1314:
562:
419:
277:
1847:
382:
370:
177:
173:
77:
73:
617:
The deal became effective in January 1959, when Air Charter and Aviation Traders joined the Airwork group.
1867:
1862:
1498:
830:
684:
653:
482:
470:
403:
388:
The fatal Skyways crash in February coincided with Laker's acquisition of his first brand-new aircraft, a
221:
208:). In 1958, the process of transferring Air Charter's coach-air/vehicle ferry operation to sister company
94:
58:
28:
1917:
519:
and Skyways to operate most of these flights. The War Office specified exclusive use of state-of-the-art
469:
In April 1955, Air Charter inaugurated its first vehicle ferry service between Southend and Calais using
1672:
1576:
1535:
1008:
558:
554:
1887:
164:
private, British independent airline formed in 1947. The airline conducted regular trooping flights to
1817:
1702:
1406:
1620:
1189:
1138:
ASN Aircraft accident description Avro 685 York 1 G-AHFA — off Newfoundland, Canada (Atlantic Ocean)
1842:
1560:
694:
407:
355:
358:. The flights were uncomfortable and prone to long delays due to the aircraft's poor reliability.
1827:
657:
635:
209:
1519:
232:
Following its formation in early 1947, Air Charter Limited started operations from London's old
1395:
1137:
581:
with 124 passengers on board. Air Charter's Britannias subsequently launched non-stop Stansted—
1877:
1501:
1479:
1460:
1428:
840:
767:
689:
680:
621:
520:
389:
100:
1922:
1684:
590:
501:
213:
189:
185:
127:
48:
507:
1956 was also the year the War Office invited new tenders for trooping flight contracts to
1857:
1795:
1791:
1754:
1696:
1639:
1589:
1548:
665:
632:
549:
The end of the second "Little Berlin Airlift" in 1957 resulted in Air Charter redeploying
486:
374:
343:
241:
233:
201:
1453:
717:
532:
459:
347:
332:
245:
169:
138:
122:
1950:
1892:
1822:
893:
708:
578:
565:
rocket-testing range in Australia under contract to the UK government. Air Charter's
463:
399:
351:
181:
148:
1644:
1215:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 36/7, 39, 40
1882:
1852:
1837:
1764:
1759:
1396:
ASN Aircraft accident description Avro 688 Super Trader G-AGRH — Mt. Suphan, Turkey
820:
777:
713:
704:
610:
598:
462:, the DC-4's US military version. Laker had acquired the aircraft second-hand from
455:
435:
323:
aircraft as freighters, mainly for use on freight charter contracts awarded by the
273:
161:
88:
1341:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 44/5, 115
597:
trooping contract from Airwork had been priced too low to leave any room for the
1801:
1786:
1353:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 54, 56/7
423:
269:
253:
68:
438:'s refusal to allow its troops to be flown in Tudors following two unexplained
280:. Within a year of assuming that contract, Laker ran 70 flights a week linking
1912:
1781:
1771:
876:
747:
675:
411:
324:
320:
300:
1516:"Airliner Classics (Sir Freddie Laker – The Man Who Gave Us Skytrain, p. 81)"
1128:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 29–31
248:. Operations with these twin-engined aircraft continued until February 1951.
1557:"Airliner Classics (SABENA – Belgium's Flag Carrier: Post-war years, p. 63)"
1289:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 52/3
1277:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 44/5
1227:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 42/3
1203:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 35/6
1180:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 32/3
1116:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 40/1
994:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 25/6
850:
757:
670:
594:
539:
523:
490:
366:
328:
316:
257:
106:
1265:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, pp. 40
1872:
1776:
1386:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 33
1168:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 32
1156:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 41
1101:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 27
1084:, Eglin, R. and Ritchie, B., Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980, p. 26
527:
512:
444:
572:
In 1958, Laker ordered two new Bristol Britannia turboprops direct from
569:
were among the few older aircraft big enough to carry such bulky loads.
489:. The airline also operated vehicle ferry services between Southend and
1832:
336:
289:
285:
265:
1190:
British South American Airways at the Aviation Safety Network Database
803:
730:
508:
478:
474:
402:
of cargo and almost 10,000 passengers, while its planes flew 750,000
281:
205:
193:
165:
1518:. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing. November 2009. Archived from
1246:
Airliner Classics (SABENA – Belgium's Flag Carrier: Post-War Years)
648:
431:
360:
294:
197:
1559:. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing. July 2013. Archived from
481:, which operated six times a day each way using three dedicated
1706:
1603:
728:
In February 1953, the Air Charter fleet comprised 10 aircraft.
609:
embarked on a memorable long-distance journey, when it flew to
801:
In April 1958, the Air Charter fleet comprised 18 aircraft.
406:. In terms of cargo carried, Air Charter was second only to
1598:
Airliner World — Britain's Carferry Airlines, January 2004
613:
in New Zealand to collect spares for a Bristol Freighter.
1628:
The Flight of the Accountant: a Romance of Air and Credit
1302:
The Flight of the Accountant: a Romance of Air and Credit
593:
wrong. Hunting-Clan's successful bid to take over the UK—
500:
performed the airline's first round-the-world flight via
426:
colonial coach-class passenger service between Stansted,
1444:
British Independent Airline & Operators Since 1947
1656:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1905:
1810:
1747:
1740:
1621:
Air Charter at the Aviation Safety Network Database
1407:
Air Charter at the Aviation Safety Network Database
1374:, Key Publishing, Avenel, NJ, USA, July 2005, p. 72
1094:
1092:
1090:
1038:, Key Publishing, Avenel, NJ, USA, July 2005, p. 34
434:as well as on trooping flights. As a result of the
144:
134:
121:
113:
83:
67:
43:
35:
1734:Airlines of the United Kingdom and Channel Islands
1452:
962:including those previously operated by Air Charter
589:'s assertion that this was beyond the Britannia's
1248:, p. 63, Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, July 2013
454:In February 1955, Air Charter imported its first
1149:
1147:
1145:
627:In July 1959, Air Charter retired its last two
315:During that time, Air Charter acquired several
212:began. In 1959, Air Charter became part of the
1938:List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
899:List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom
1718:
458:into the United Kingdom. This aircraft was a
373:during 1955 on a trooping flight through the
8:
1425:British Civil Aircraft since 1919 — Volume 1
1036:Airliner World – Britain's Carferry Airlines
21:
1372:Airliner World – The Laker Airways Skytrain
1109:
1107:
168:as well as worldwide passenger and freight
151:, E.N. Jennings, G.W. Forster, D.A. Whybrow
1744:
1725:
1711:
1703:
27:
20:
1977:1947 establishments in the United Kingdom
1645:Stansted Airport Consultative Committee,
1004:
1002:
1000:
240:. In early 1948, these were joined by an
1663:
1478:. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1455:British Independent Airlines since 1946
984:
915:
303:served Air Charter during the mid-1950s
244:to operate light passenger and freight
184:'s acquisition of Air Charter in 1951,
1962:Defunct airlines of the United Kingdom
1647:Stansted — The Early Years (1942–1966)
1585:
1574:
1544:
1533:
1068:
1066:
1474:Eglin, Roger; Ritchie, Berry (1980).
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
934:including those of women and children
546:, which was completed early in 1957.
7:
1493:Dean, W.P.; O'Callaghan, M. (2008).
605:In August 1958, another Air Charter
587:British Overseas Airways Corporation
346:Avro York trooping charter over the
216:group. In 1960, Airwork joined with
1600:. Avenel, NJ, USA: Key Publishing.
831:Bristol 170 Superfreighter Mark 32
733:Air Charter fleet in February 1953
496:In September 1956, an Air Charter
268:, goods and raw materials between
95:Bristol 170 Superfreighter Mark 32
14:
971:subject to the valuation of stock
810:
737:
585:flights as well, thereby proving
16:1947–1960 private British airline
1690:
1678:
1666:
1972:Airlines disestablished in 1960
1459:. Merseyside Aviation Society.
1446:. UK: LAAS International. NONE.
806:Air Charter fleet in April 1958
768:Bristol 170 Freighter Mark 31E
440:British South American Airways
339:a year between 1954 and 1958.
278:second "Little Berlin Airlift"
190:Aviation Traders (Engineering)
1:
1796:Virgin Atlantic International
924:government-owned corporations
841:Bristol 170 Freighter Mark 31
624:fleet to Channel Air Bridge.
342:The February 1953 crash of a
101:Bristol 170 Freighter Mark 31
1982:Transport in Southend-on-Sea
1967:Airlines established in 1947
1427:. Putnam & Company Ltd.
1451:Merton-Jones, A.C. (1976).
1014:World Airline Directory ...
553:used on that run to carry "
477:began between Southend and
1998:
700:de Havilland Dragon Rapide
54:Hunting-Clan Air Transport
1931:
1651:Sir Freddie Laker Arrives
1442:Merton Jones, T. (1972).
1236:Merton-Jones, 1976, p. 21
1072:Merton-Jones, 1976, p. 25
881:crashed in eastern Turkey
654:Bristol Freighter Mark 32
26:
1497:. Jefferson, N.C., USA:
1060:Merton-Jones 1972, p. 10
420:British European Airways
1300:"Armstrong, P. (2005).
870:Accidents and incidents
1868:Isles of Scilly Skybus
1863:Hebridean Air Services
1848:Centreline Air Charter
1626:Armstrong, P. (2005).
1584:Cite journal requires
1543:Cite journal requires
1423:Jackson, A.J. (1973).
943:British residents only
661:
471:Bristol Superfreighter
422:, they were used on a
377:
304:
264:contract to transport
222:British United Airways
1362:Jackson, 1973, p. 157
652:
390:Bristol 170 Freighter
364:
298:
1638:19 July 2018 at the
1632:Flight to insolvency
1384:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1351:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1339:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1306:Flight to insolvency
1287:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1275:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1263:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1225:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1213:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1201:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1178:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1166:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1154:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1126:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1114:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1099:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1082:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
1010:Flight International
992:Fly me, I'm Freddie!
877:Avro Super Trader IV
1957:Air Charter Limited
1918:European Cargo (UK)
1843:Bristow Helicopters
1499:McFarland & Co.
1476:Fly me, I'm Freddie
808:
735:
695:de Havilland Dragon
408:Silver City Airways
356:Handley Page Hermes
23:
879:registered G-AGRH
875:23 April 1959: An
804:
731:
662:
656:of Air Charter at
418:under contract to
378:
305:
210:Channel Air Bridge
172:from its bases at
160:was an early post-
51:group; merged with
1944:
1943:
1901:
1900:
1888:TAG Aviation (UK)
1878:Norse Atlantic UK
1522:on 6 January 2010
1507:978-0-7864-3670-5
1012:, 18 April 1958,
922:independent from
867:
866:
794:
793:
690:Bristol Britannia
681:Bristol Freighter
561:" rockets to the
542:of the ill-fated
521:Bristol Britannia
155:
154:
44:Ceased operations
1989:
1923:West Atlantic UK
1745:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1704:
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1369:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1313:. Archived from
1312:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
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941:
935:
932:
926:
920:
809:
736:
574:Bristol Aircraft
502:Christmas Island
369:taking off from
301:Avro 689 Tudor 2
186:Aviation Traders
174:Southend Airport
74:Southend Airport
47:1960 (member of
31:
24:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1927:
1897:
1858:Eastern Airways
1818:2Excel Aviation
1806:
1792:Virgin Atlantic
1755:British Airways
1736:
1731:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1640:Wayback Machine
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1320:on 19 July 2018
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907:
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872:
799:
726:
666:Airspeed Consul
647:
485:in full Sabena
483:Superfreighters
460:C-54B Skymaster
375:Suez Canal Zone
299:This stretched
276:as part of the
242:Airspeed Consul
234:Croydon Airport
230:
170:charter flights
104:
98:
92:
87:18 aircraft (3
76:
60:
56:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1964:
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1941:
1934:related topics
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1563:on 6 July 2013
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1883:RVL Aviation
1853:Directflight
1838:Blue Islands
1765:BA EuroFlyer
1760:BA CityFlyer
1650:
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1597:
1577:cite journal
1565:. Retrieved
1561:the original
1536:cite journal
1524:. Retrieved
1520:the original
1494:
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1416:Bibliography
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1322:. Retrieved
1315:the original
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821:Douglas DC-4
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778:Douglas DC-3
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714:Douglas DC-4
705:Douglas DC-3
640:
629:Supertraders
628:
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611:Christchurch
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599:depreciation
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567:Supertraders
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555:Black Knight
551:Supertraders
550:
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456:Douglas DC-4
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449:Supertraders
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424:West African
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365:Air Charter
341:
314:
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274:West Germany
250:
231:
218:Hunting-Clan
180:. Following
162:World War II
157:
156:
135:Headquarters
114:Destinations
89:Douglas DC-4
18:
1802:Wizz Air UK
1787:TUI Airways
1567:2 September
1526:27 November
660:during 1956
622:Bristol 170
607:Supertrader
559:Blue Streak
528:Far Eastern
498:Supertrader
270:West Berlin
254:Don Bennett
158:Air Charter
130:(1958–1960)
22:Air Charter
1951:Categories
1913:DHL Air UK
1782:Ryanair UK
1772:easyJet UK
676:Avro Tudor
658:Manchester
544:Accountant
524:turboprops
414:aircraft.
325:War Office
321:Avro Tudor
262:Government
258:Fairflight
149:F.A. Laker
145:Key people
84:Fleet size
1828:AirTanker
1741:passenger
1685:Companies
979:Citations
812:Aircraft
739:Aircraft
671:Avro York
633:wing spar
595:Singapore
540:prototype
491:Rotterdam
367:Avro York
329:cash flow
317:Avro York
236:with two
117:worldwide
1873:Loganair
1777:Jet2.com
1697:Aviation
1636:Archived
1016:, p. 525
888:See also
517:Britavia
513:Far East
511:and the
445:fuselage
383:amortise
371:Stansted
348:Atlantic
266:refugees
246:charters
220:to form
202:Southend
178:Stansted
78:Stansted
57:to form
1833:Aurigny
1659:Portals
1324:25 June
815:Number
742:Number
636:fatigue
631:due to
583:Entebbe
579:Pacific
563:Woomera
557:" and "
526:on the
344:Skyways
290:Hanover
286:Hamburg
228:History
224:(BUA).
214:Airwork
128:Airwork
61:Airways
49:Airwork
36:Founded
1607:online
1504:
1482:
1463:
1431:
860:Total
787:Total
509:Europe
487:livery
479:Ostend
475:Sabena
400:pounds
282:Berlin
206:Calais
194:London
166:Cyprus
1906:cargo
1811:minor
1748:major
1318:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
910:Notes
905:Notes
645:Fleet
591:range
533:lease
432:Lagos
428:Idris
412:Tudor
352:Eagle
284:with
200:(via
198:Paris
1590:help
1569:2013
1549:help
1528:2009
1502:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1326:2009
718:C-54
709:C-47
436:Army
430:and
319:and
288:and
272:and
204:and
196:and
188:and
176:and
69:Hubs
39:1947
863:18
790:10
331:of
256:'s
1953::
1936::
1649:,
1630:,
1581::
1579:}}
1575:{{
1540::
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1534:{{
1304:,
1253:^
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953:US
855:6
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835:6
825:3
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752:1
504:.
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109:)
105:6
99:3
93:6
1798:)
1794:(
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683:/
337:m
335:1
333:£
103:,
97:,
91:,
63:)
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