434:
353:
225:, and vested that entity with regulatory powers to ensure a degree of civil air safety. Among these powers were: testing and licensing pilots, issuing certificates to guarantee the airworthiness of aircraft, making and enforcing safety rules, certificating aircraft, establishing airways, operating and maintaining aids to air navigation, and investigating accidents and incidents in aviation. The first head of the Branch was
336:, Senate investigators charged that Brown's methods had been illegal, and President Roosevelt canceled the contracts. In 1935 the BAC encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers (Newark, New Jersey; Cleveland, Ohio; and Chicago, Illinois) for providing air traffic control along the airways, the following year taking over the centers itself and expanding the traffic control system.
1594:
345:
376:. The CAA was responsible for air traffic control, safety programs, and airway development. The CAB was entrusted with safety rulemaking, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines. Although both organizations were housed in the Department of Commerce, the CAB functioned independently. When a
364:
In 1938, the Civil
Aeronautics Act transferred federal responsibilities for non-military aviation from the Bureau of Air Commerce to a new, independent agency, the Civil Aeronautics Authority. The legislation also gave the authority the power to regulate airline fares and to determine the routes that
256:
to establish three centers (Newark, New Jersey; Cleveland, Ohio; and
Chicago, Illinois) to provide air traffic control in airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. Pioneer air traffic controllers resorted to using maps, blackboards, and calculations
1391:
Study of operation of Civil
Aeronautics Administration: Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, United States Senate, Eighty-fourth Congress, second session on s. 2818, a bill to amend airport act, as amended, and for other purposes; and the resignation of
240:
In fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the
Department of Commerce initially concentrated on functions such as safety rulemaking and the certification of pilots and aircraft. It took over the building and operation of the nation's system of lighted airways, a task begun by the Post Office
138:
in 1917, the United States government mobilized the nation's economy, with results that included an expansion of the small aviation manufacturing industry. Before the end of the conflict, Congress voted funds for an innovative postal program that would serve as a model for commercial air operations.
193:, barnstormers caused 66% of fatal accidents during 1924. Opponents of this view included those who distrusted government interference or wished to leave any such regulation to state authorities. Barnstorming accidents that led to such regulations during this period are accurately depicted in the
430:, manning its radio station and maintaining the 6,000-foot runway. Strangely, this community was dispersed in 1949, and while the exact reasons why are unclear, it was likely because the benefits of operating the facilities did not outweigh the cost of providing for the colony members.
1339:
United States. Congress. House. Committee on
Interstate and Foreign Commerce; United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Aviation (1952). Aviation Safety. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp.
1598:
414:
and set the framework for future aviation diplomacy. In 1946, Congress gave the CAA the task of administering a federal-aid airport program aimed exclusively at promoting development of the United States' civil airports.
269:(first recipient of its pilot certification license), whose approach to regulation included consultation and cooperation with industry. A major challenge facing MacCracken was to enlarge and improve the nation's
461:
ATC services over international waters (Hawaii, some US island territories, & some small, foreign island nations/territories where the US provides high-altitude ATC service are included in this region).
590:
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on
Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services (2001). E-commerce activities of the US Postal Service. U.S.
1622:
210:
appointed a board to investigate the issue. The board's report favored federal safety regulation. To that end, the Air
Commerce Act became law on May 20, 1926. The act was sponsored by Rep.
206:
At the urging of the aviation industry, that believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards, President
230:
855:
International
Committee on Radio. American Section; New York University. School of Law; American Academy of Air Law (1938). Air law review. Board of New York University Air Law Review.
1627:
406:, a role that eventually became permanent. During the war, the CAA also greatly enlarged its en route air traffic control system. In 1944, the United States hosted a conference in
486:. The act transferred safety rulemaking from CAB to the new FAA (the CAB continued), and also made the FAA responsible for a common civil-military system of air navigation and
457:(the former a British overseas territory and the latter a sovereign country, both where the FAA provides high-altitude ATC service). The blue regions are where the US provides
1431:
Committee on Fire and Smoke
Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors; Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems; National Materials Advisory Board (1996).
1528:
National
Commission on Terrorist Attacks (2011). The 9/11 Commission Report: The Attack from Planning to Aftermath (Authorized Text, Shorter Edition). W.W. Norton. pp. 62–.
846:
United States. Dept. of Commerce (1932). The United States Department of Commerce: a brief description of the activities of the several bureaus of the Department. G.P.O.
46:
277:, or the "Four Course Radio Range". The branch also built additional airway communications stations to encourage broader use of aeronautical radio and combat adverse
273:
system. The Aeronautics Branch took over the Post Office's task of building airway light beacons, and in 1928 introduced a new navigation beacon system known as the
158:
to transport mail. The Airmail Act created American commercial aviation and several of today's airlines were formed to carry airmail in the late 1920s (including
1284:
189:
decade of the 1920s gave way to early forms of federal regulation intended to instill public confidence in the safety of air transportation. As claimed by the
1617:
391:
as Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board. Pogue served as Chairman until 1946. During his tenure he helped strike down a plan for a single world airline.
513:
128:
151:
route. The subsequent achievements of the Air Mail Service included the establishment of a transcontinental route and the development of airway lighting.
545:
185:
Aviation in the United States was not regulated during the early 20th century. A succession of accidents during the pre-war exhibition era (1910–16) and
82:
437:
The FAA provides air traffic control services over US territory as well as over international waters where it has been delegated such authority by the
241:
Department. The Department of Commerce improved aeronautical radio communications, and introduced radio beacons as an effective aid to air navigation.
438:
411:
1476:
A. Roland; Nasa Technical Reports Server (NTRS) (July 2013). Model Research: The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1915–1958. BiblioLife.
567:
93:
981:
United States. Dept. of Commerce. Aeronautics Branch; United States. Bureau of Air Commerce; United States. Civil Aeronautics Authority (1933).
571:
97:
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422:, where beginning in 1948, nearly 100 men, women, and children were sent to live and work. They occupied the facilities of what had been a
222:
78:
35:
471:
551:
The CAB's remaining authority was to control the routes airlines were allowed to run, and the fares they were allowed to charge. The
744:
380:
A crashed shortly after departing Washington, D.C., on August 31, 1940, the CAB had their first major investigation, that of the
326:
1602:
399:
62:
1263:
Airline Executives and Federal Regulation: Case Studies in American Enterprise from the Airmail Era to the Dawn of the Jet Age
1126:
950:
Capt. Jepp and the Little Black Book: How Barnstormer and Aviation Pioneer Elrey B. Jeppesen Made The Skies Safer for Everyone
787:
886:
299:, the Aeronautics Branch cooperated with public works agencies on projects that represented an early form of federal aid to
402:
to provide new pilots. On the eve of America's entry into the conflict, the agency began to take over operation of airport
352:
148:
479:
58:
449:) covers land territory, excluding Hawaii and some island territories but including most of the Bering Sea as well as
38:. Its functions included testing and licensing of pilots, certification of aircraft and investigation of accidents.
559:
266:
226:
381:
296:
274:
144:
45:, to reflect the growing importance of commercial flying. It was subsequently divided into two authorities: the
1515:
552:
31:
495:
483:
373:
357:
288:
years earlier, the organization's work with the latter produced a new type of engine cowling with much less
54:
1569:- air investigation reports and various other circulars and orders dating from before the formation of the
574:. It received broad powers to protect air travel and other transportation modes against criminal activity.
1351:
The United States Outer Executive Departments and Independent Establishments & Government Corporations
610:
418:
This included the establishment of semi-permanent colonies in remote, U.S.-owned territories, such as the
265:
The Department of Commerce created an Aeronautics Branch in 1926. The first head of this organization was
245:
199:
124:
42:
1392:
Frederick B. Lee, formerly the Administrator of Civil Aeronautics. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1956.
369:
1181:
The United States Government Manual 2009–2010. Government Printing Office. 30 October 2009. pp. 581–.
284:
NACA began its own aeronautics research undertaking in 1920. In 1928, having created one of the first
1545:
Jennifer Zellan (2003). Aviation Security: Current Issues and Developments. Nova Publishers. pp. 1–.
525:
503:
179:
159:
89:
74:
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to perform their new roles, making sure aircraft traveling along designated routes did not collide.
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487:
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329:
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50:
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211:
163:
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of 1978 phased out these controls, resulting in the elimination of the CAB at the end of 1984.
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attack: hijacked airliners used for terrorist attacks. The government's response included the
491:
372:
split the authority into two agencies, the Civil Aeronautics Administration and a five-member
312:
540:
The accident investigation powers of the Civil Aeronautics Board were transferred to the new
1107:
Report – National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1938.
824:
510:
470:
Several mid-air collisions occurred during the latter half of the 20th century, such as the
333:
289:
303:. The Branch was restructured and in 1934 received a new name, the Bureau of Air Commerce.
499:
207:
167:
992:
History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference
890:
829:
1116:
The Journal of Air Law and Commerce. Southern Methodist University School of Law. 1975.
833:
520:(NASA) from the dissolution of the former NACA agency on that date, in the wake of the
388:
270:
433:
1611:
419:
403:
154:
In 1925, the Airmail Act of 1925 authorized the Post Office to contract with private
819:
311:
became its first director. Vidal resigned on February 28, 1937, and was replaced by
1200:
American Economic History: A Dictionary and Chronology: A Dictionary and Chronology
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521:
475:
427:
395:
377:
304:
234:
194:
186:
70:
308:
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135:
120:
17:
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57:(CAB), concerned with safety regulations and accident investigation. Under the
1433:
Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Interior Materials for Commercial Transport Aircraft
101:
1132:. 52 Stat. 973 ~ Senate Bill 3845. Legis★Works. June 23, 1938. Archived from
563:
116:
1566:
77:. The accident investigation powers of the CAB were transferred to the new
793:. 44 Stat. 568 ~ Senate Bill 41. Legis★Works. May 20, 1926. Archived from
482:. The legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the
315:
Fagg reorganized the bureau, but retired in April 1938, being replaced by
716:
Encyclopedia of Flight: Accident investigation – Guernica, Spain, bombing
1567:
Department of Transportation Online Digital Special Collections Library
529:
454:
450:
407:
300:
278:
253:
155:
570:, enacted that November, that established a new DOT organization: the
127:
took a step toward revitalizing American aviation by establishing the
562:
challenged the air transportation system by presenting a new type of
112:
777:
The Alternative: An American Spectator. Saturday Evening Club. 1977.
344:
325:
The year 1934 also saw a crisis over airmail contracts that former
61:, the CAA's powers were transferred to a new independent body, the
1516:"The Federal Aviation Administration and Its Predecessor Agencies"
432:
351:
343:
1422:. Department of the Air Force, Air Training Command. 1959. p. 43.
502:
in Europe in World War II, and served as an advisor to President
1570:
517:
66:
498:
Lt. General who commanded the early tactical air forces of the
1156:
1154:
1088:
Deep Stall: The Turbulent Story of Boeing Commercial Airplanes
478:
travel was nascent at this time, prompting the passage of the
384:, setting the pattern for subsequent accident investigations.
695:
America’s Space Futures: Defining Goals for Space Exploration
178:"Watres Act" redirects here. For the McNary-Watres Act, see
131:(NACA), an organization dedicated to the science of flight.
631:
Saga of U.S. Air Mail Service, 1918–1927. Air Mail Pioneers
332:
had used to strengthen the airline route structure. In the
1372:
Beyond Open Skies: A New Regime for International Aviation
866:
Are We Safer Now?: Airline Security in a Post-9/11 Society
104:
and other transportation modes against criminal activity.
231:
1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash
1162:
Airline Operations and Management: A Management Textbook
676:
The Oxford Companion to United States History. pp. 22–.
1242:
High Frontier: A History of Aeronautics in Pennsylvania
108:
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and airmail
1623:
History of science and technology in the United States
1586:
1581:
1576:
1495:
Low Cost Carriers: Emergence, Expansion and Evolution
532:. NASA assumed NACA's role of aeronautical research.
221:
The Act created an Aeronautic Branch assigned to the
902:
900:
758:
Handbook of Transportation Policy and Administration
693:
Eric R. Sterner; Scott Pace; William Adkins (2013).
1034:
America's Airports: Airfield Development, 1918–1947
994:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 456–.
474:, the first time more than 100 people were killed.
972:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1930. pp. 137–.
509:The same year witnessed the transformation of the
929:Flight Check!: The Story of FAA Flight Inspection
244:In 1934, the Aeronautics Branch was renamed the
41:In 1934, the Aeronautics Branch was renamed the
1451:
1449:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
360:on display in the National Air and Space Museum
1628:History of the government of the United States
1086:Philip K. Lawrence; David W. Thornton (2017).
828:. Scranton, PA. February 7, 1964. pp. 3,
1127:"Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 ~ P.L. 75-706"
820:"Col. L. H. Watres, 82, World War Hero, Dies"
518:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
67:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8:
1455:Michael W. Pearson; Daniel S. Riley (2016).
1309:Annual Report of the Civil Aeronautics Board
1244:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 201–.
1198:James S. Olson; Abraham O. Mendoza (2015).
1036:. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 10–.
887:"Federal Aviation Administration - History"
514:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
129:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
115:enthusiasm for air power was sparked by an
948:Flint Whitlock; Terry L. Barnhart (2007).
657:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
546:United States Department of Transportation
83:United States Department of Transportation
739:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 57–.
412:International Civil Aviation Organization
1311:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1941.
1265:. Ohio State University Press. pp. 18–.
1219:Alan J. Stolzer; John J. Goglia (2016).
908:Fundamentals of Air Transport Management
788:"Air Commerce Act of 1926 ~ P.L. 69-254"
655:Federal Aviation Administration (2009).
568:Aviation and Transportation Security Act
466:Federal Aviation Administration and NASA
123:in 1914. During the following year, the
583:
387:In 1942, President Roosevelt appointed
1374:. Kluwer Law International. pp. 100–.
572:Transportation Security Administration
398:began in Europe, the CAA launched the
229:High visibility accidents such as the
214:, and subsequently referred to as the
98:Transportation Security Administration
1435:. National Academies Press. pp. 65–.
1221:Safety Management Systems in Aviation
1160:Gerald N. Cook; Bruce Billig (2017).
1053:Marie K. Long; Elgen M. Long (2000).
410:that led to the establishment of the
7:
542:National Transportation Safety Board
536:Department of Transportation and TSA
223:United States Department of Commerce
79:National Transportation Safety Board
36:United States Department of Commerce
34:created an Aeronautic Branch of the
1618:Civil aviation in the United States
659:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 1–.
544:in 1967, at the same time that the
472:1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision
81:in 1967, at the same time that the
1601:from websites or documents of the
1497:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 253–.
1164:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 251–.
1075:Aviation Week and Space Technology
1055:Amelia Earhart: The Mystery Solved
25:
1353:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 366–.
1090:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 36–.
1032:Janet Rose Daly Bednarek (2001).
490:. The FAA's first administrator,
1597: This article incorporates
1592:
1013:The Encyclopedia of Aerodynamics
737:The Airplane in American Culture
601:Reinhard, Stephen (2010-02-16).
47:Civil Aeronautics Administration
1603:Federal Aviation Administration
1577:Federal Aviation Administration
1403:"CAA Colony on Palmyra Exhibit"
1057:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 48–.
910:. Excel Books India. pp. 192–.
400:Civilian Pilot Training Program
348:Logo on side of a test aircraft
147:in 1918 initiated an intercity
63:Federal Aviation Administration
1:
1407:Palmyra Atoll Digital Archive
931:. Diane Publishing. pp. 12–.
356:Seal and flag of the defunct
322:investigator Denis Mulligan.
237:continued to make headlines.
100:with broad powers to protect
69:(NASA) was created after the
65:(FAA). In the same year, the
1582:Department of Transportation
1015:. Andrews UK Ltd. pp. 384–.
714:Tracy Irons-Georges (2002).
480:Federal Aviation Act of 1958
252:grew, the Bureau encouraged
119:and then by the outbreak of
59:Federal Aviation Act of 1958
1457:Foundations of Aviation Law
1349:Jock Lul Pan Chuol (2010).
1261:Walter David Lewis (2000).
1240:William F. Trimble (1982).
340:Civil Aeronautics Authority
139:With initial help from the
1644:
1323:. February 1942. pp. 66–.
990:Peter O. K. Krehl (2008).
927:Scott A. Thompson (1990).
607:Pioneer Period (1783–1918)
560:September 11, 2001 attacks
365:air carriers would serve.
267:William P. MacCracken, Jr.
227:William P. MacCracken, Jr.
177:
952:. Savage Press. pp. 66–.
382:Lovettsville air disaster
275:low frequency radio range
864:Byron L. Cherry (2006).
735:Dominick Pisano (2003).
553:Airline Deregulation Act
32:Air Commerce Act of 1926
1370:Brian F. Havel (2009).
1011:Frank Hitchens (2015).
760:. CRC Press. pp. 333–.
524:'s launch of the first
484:Federal Aviation Agency
374:Civil Aeronautics Board
358:Civil Aeronautics Board
73:’s launch of the first
55:Civil Aeronautics Board
1599:public domain material
1587:Department of Commerce
1459:. Routledge. pp. 81–.
1223:. Routledge. pp. 50–.
1202:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 112–.
868:. iUniverse. pp. 14–.
611:National Postal Museum
462:
426:refueling base during
361:
349:
261:Bureau of Air Commerce
246:Bureau of Air Commerce
233:and the 1935 crash of
200:The Great Waldo Pepper
125:United States Congress
49:(CAA), concerned with
43:Bureau of Air Commerce
1493:Stephen Ison (2017).
1285:"L. Welch Pogue Dies"
970:Air Commerce Bulletin
756:Jeremy Plant (2007).
697:. BookBaby. pp. 59–.
629:Dale Nielson (1962).
445:fee regions. Yellow (
436:
370:Franklin D. Roosevelt
355:
347:
297:Franklin D. Roosevelt
292:than former designs.
1139:on November 20, 2015
1077:. McGraw-Hill. 1937.
906:Senguttuvan (2006).
603:"First flight cover"
526:artificial satellite
504:Dwight D. Eisenhower
307:, nephew of Senator
180:Air Mail Act of 1930
160:Trans World Airlines
90:September 11 attacks
75:artificial satellite
1289:The Washington Post
800:on October 18, 2015
488:air traffic control
441:. This map depicts
368:In 1940, President
250:commercial aviation
88:In response to the
51:air traffic control
27:Review of the topic
511:March 1915-founded
463:
362:
350:
327:Postmaster General
212:Laurence H. Watres
191:Aircraft Year Book
164:Northwest Airlines
94:federal government
1551:978-1-59033-870-4
1534:978-0-393-34108-9
1503:978-1-351-55962-1
1482:978-1-289-15820-0
1465:978-1-317-13372-8
1441:978-0-309-57834-9
1380:978-90-411-2389-3
1359:978-1-4500-8675-2
1283:Bernstein, Adam.
1271:978-0-8142-0833-5
1250:978-0-8229-7426-0
1229:978-1-317-05983-7
1208:978-1-61069-698-2
1187:978-0-16-083949-8
1170:978-1-315-29957-0
1096:978-1-351-94585-1
1063:978-0-7432-0217-6
1042:978-1-58544-130-3
1021:978-1-78538-324-3
1000:978-3-540-30421-0
958:978-1-886028-83-8
937:978-0-7881-4728-9
916:978-81-7446-459-0
874:978-0-595-36398-8
766:978-1-4200-1702-1
724:978-1-58765-047-5
703:978-1-61927-685-7
682:978-0-19-508209-8
665:978-1-60239-780-4
492:Elwood R. Quesada
313:Fred D. Fagg, Jr.
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295:Under President
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318:Hindenburg
216:Watres Act
102:air travel
53:, and the
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141:U.S. Army
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197:film
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195:1975
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