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255:, opening up a second wave of parody attacking Disney's appropriation of European (and American) folklore. In doing so, they infringed Disney's copyrights by using characters the company created without permission. On October 21, 1971, Disney filed a lawsuit against O'Neill, Hallgren, London and Richards (Flenniken had not contributed to the parody stories).
488:. O'Neill suggested the other Pirates settle, and leave him to defend the case alone. Hallgren and Turner settled with Disney, but London and Richards decided to continue fighting. To raise money for the Air Pirates Defense Fund, O'Neill and other underground cartoonists sold original artwork – predominantly of Disney characters – at
560:
In 1980, weighing the unrecoverable $ 190,000 in damages and $ 2,000,000 in legal fees against O'Neill's continuing disregard for the court's decisions, Disney settled the case, dropping the contempt charges and promising not to enforce the judgment as long as the
Pirates no longer infringed Disney's
780:
As the '60s cultural revolution roared on, O'Neill decided that what
America truly needed was the destruction of Walt Disney. So after the Chronicle canned him, he rounded up a ragtag band of rogue cartoonists who called themselves the Air Pirates, after a group of evildoers who had bedeviled Mickey
567:
professor Edward
Samuels said of O'Neill after the judgment, "I was flabbergasted. He told me he had won the case. 'No, Dan,' I told him, 'You lost.' 'No, I won.' 'No, you lost.' To Dan O'Neill, not going to jail constituted victory." Samuels said of the Air Pirates, "They set parody back twenty
464:
smuggled into a Disney board meeting by the son of a board member. On
October 21, 1971, he got his wish as Disney filed a lawsuit against O'Neill, Hallgren, London and Richards (Flenniken had not contributed to the parody stories), alleging, among other things, copyright infringement, trademark
349:
In early 1971 O'Neill invited
Flenniken, Richards, and Hallgren to San Francisco to form the Air Pirates collective. The Air Pirates lived together in a warehouse on Harrison Street in San Francisco, where London and Flenniken began a relationship that turned into a short-lived marriage.
459:
Accurately telling the story of Disney's lawsuit against the Air
Pirates is difficult, due to the conflicting memories of the litigants; however, it is fair to say that all through the lawsuit, O'Neill was defiant. He was so eager to be sued by Disney that he had copies of
353:
Each of the cartoonists shared a common interest in the styles of past masters of the comic strip, and – unrelated to their assault on Disney – in creating their stories for Air
Pirates projects each set out to imitate the style of an old-time cartoonist:
511:
refused to hear an appeal. O'Neill later claimed that his plan in the Disney lawsuit was to lose, appeal, lose again, continue drawing his parodies, and eventually to force the courts to either allow him to continue or send him to jail.
503:(Last Gasp, 1971), of which nearly 10,000 issues were soon confiscated under a court order. In 1975, Disney won a $ 200,000 preliminary judgement and another restraining order, which O'Neill defied by continuing to draw Disney parodies.
320:
would engage in copyright infringement, which he reasoned would force the newspaper to surrender the strip's copyright back to him for fear of being sued. O'Neill worked 28 Walt Disney characters, including Mickey Mouse and
293:, and met Flenniken and O'Neill at the media booth, where Flenniken was producing a daily Sky River newsletter on a mimeograph machine. Before the festival was over the four of them produced a four-page tabloid comic,
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506:
The case dragged on for several years. Finally, in 1978, the Ninth
Circuit ruled against the Air Pirates 3-0 for copyright infringement, although they dismissed the trademark infringement claims. In 1979 the
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Mouse in the 1930s. In 1971 they produced two issues of an underground comic book in which a number of Disney characters, particularly Mickey, engaged in very un-Disneylike behavior, particularly sex.
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During the legal proceedings and in violation of the temporary restraining order, the Air
Pirates published some of the material intended for the third issue of
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consumption. O'Neill insisted that the group dilute the parody by changing the names of the characters, so his adventurous mouse character was called "Mickey".
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antagonists of the 1930s; Dan O'Neill imagined Mickey Mouse to be a symbol of conformist hypocrisy in
American culture, and therefore a ripe target for satire.
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537:. By mid-1979, O'Neill recruited diverse artists for a "secret" artist's organization, The Mouse Liberation Front. An M.L.F. art show was displayed in
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under the pseudonym "Alexander Barks" from 1983 to 1995. The title character closely resembles Donald Duck (who is called "Kalle Anka" in Swedish)
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During the height of the Air Pirates "moment" (1971–1973), members of the collective were featured in other solo titles or anthologies:
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After the Sky River Rock Festival, Flenniken, Richards, and Hallgren returned to Seattle, where Flenniken created graphics for the
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643:(Last Gasp "Cocoanut Comix" imprint, Oct. 1972) – anthology featuring London, Richards, Gary Hallgren, and Shary Flenniken
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in person to the Disney studios, where he posed drawing Mickey Mouse at an animation table and allegedly smoked a
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and Gary King started hanging around the collective and contributing to their projects, missing the original
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Messing with the Mouse: Copyright, Parody and the Countercultural Wars in Walt Disney v. the Air Pirates
905:#146 (November 1991): "We were up here from 1973 'til '76. We broke up and Bobby went back to New York."
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collective began to form in late 1969-early 1970, when London met Richards at the office of the
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This article is about the group of cartoonists. For fictional pirates of the air, see
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Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson
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in July & August 1971), created by O'Neill, London, and Hallgren, focused on
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infringement, and unfair competition. Disney later added Last Gasp publisher
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Brand, Stewart (Summer 1979). ""Disney Sues O'Neill, Brand and POINT"".
469:'s name to the suit. The Pirates, in turn, claimed that the parody was
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653:, late 1972) – including work by London, Gary King, and Willy Murphy
297:, mostly drawn by London. O'Neill also met Seattle-based cartoonist
549:. With the help of sympathetic Disney employees, O'Neill delivered
1016:
The Pirates and the Mouse: Disney's War Against the Counterculture
937:
The Pirates and the Mouse: Disney's War Against the Counterculture
1061:– 2005 Master's thesis with the Air Pirates case as a centerpiece
1055:
O'Neill talks about Air Pirates in the Brett Gaylor's documentary
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329:
fired O'Neill for the final time and discontinued the strip.
862:
Rebel Visions: the Underground Comix Revolution, 1963-1975
173:
were a group of cartoonists who created two issues of an
592:#1–2 (Last Gasp "Hell Comics" imprint, July–August 1971)
525:#21 in 1979. Disney asked the court to hold O'Neill in
637:#1–3 (Last Gasp, May 1972–October 1973) – Ted Richards
571:
O'Neill was interviewed about the ordeal in the 1988
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United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
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598:(Last Gasp, 1971) – includes material intended for
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519:(Mouse Liberation Front) appeared in the magazine
854:
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740:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 236–37.
304:Meanwhile, O'Neill, who was producing the strip
529:and have him prosecuted criminally, along with
631:(Company & Sons, Dec. 1971) – Bobby London
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1080:
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325:, into the strip. In late November 1970, the
8:
1869:Works based on a copyright-free Mickey Mouse
285:.) In 1970 London and Richards attended the
34:
834:"Bobby London and the Air Pirates Follies,"
763:"Disney's Bloody Attack on The Air Pirates"
445:but appearing in later Air Pirates comics.
1907:
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1087:
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885:Donahue, Don and Susan Goodrick, editors.
33:
797:. TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 58–59.
795:American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1970s
761:Gomez, Betsy; Levin, Bob (May 6, 2013).
281:is Not Black" in the Air Pirates' comic
208:The original Air Pirates were a gang of
181:in 1971, leading to a famous lawsuit by
1041:Disney's War Against the Counterculture
887:The Apex Treasury of Underground Comics
716:
687:, an obvious parody of Mickey Mouse by
515:O'Neill's four-page Mickey Mouse story
1047:Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates
889:(Links Books/Quick Fox, 1974), p. 153.
820:(Cocoanut Comix/Last Gasp, Oct. 1972).
455:Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates
336:'s brief-lived underground newspaper,
928:
926:
7:
1043:(article by Levin based on his book)
793:Sacks, Jason; Dallas, Keith (2014).
726:
724:
722:
720:
433:After the Pirates were established,
115:to parody old-time comic strips and
608:(Air Pirates Collective, July 1972)
220:The lead stories in both issues of
1053:RiP! A Remix Manifesto (Chapter 8)
14:
697:, a Swedish comic strip drawn by
23:. For real-life air pirates, see
2100:
2099:
900:"The Shary Flenniken Interview,"
617:Dan O'Neill's Comics and Stories
986:Howe, Desson (August 18, 1989).
844:Comix Art & Graffix Gallery
476:The initial decision by Judge
259:Air Pirates collective history
232:characters, most notably from
1:
2191:Non-Disney Mickey Mouse-media
2136:Comics groups and collectives
962:Travers, Peter (1989-06-14).
768:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
517:Communiqué #1 from the M.L.F.
1927:The Vanishing of S.S. Willie
665:The Disneyland Memorial Orgy
2196:Counterculture of the 1970s
2046:Artist's Studio—Look Mickey
919:. No. 22. p. 140.
859:Patrick Rosenkranz (2002).
606:Air Pirates Funnies Tabloid
99:; 44 years ago
56:; 53 years ago
29:Air pirate (disambiguation)
2212:
2166:Pornographic parody comics
452:
189:, the group also included
18:
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964:"Comic Book Confidential"
691:, first appearing in 1971
596:The Tortoise and the Hare
557:in Walt Disney's office.
501:The Tortoise and the Hare
478:Albert Charles Wollenberg
247:Ted Richards took on the
16:American cartoonist group
551:The M.L.F. Communiqué #2
334:Seattle Liberation Front
46:antagonists of the 1930s
2161:American erotic artists
2126:Underground cartoonists
1919:Mickey Mouse in Vietnam
1049:– excerpt from judgment
990:Comic Book Confidential
941:. Fantagraphics Books.
865:. Fantagraphics Books.
577:Comic Book Confidential
313:San Francisco Chronicle
287:Sky River Rock Festival
183:Walt Disney Productions
117:The Walt Disney Company
2011:Mickey au Camp de Gurs
917:Co-Evolution Quarterly
818:Merton of the Movement
641:Merton of the Movement
490:comic book conventions
283:Merton of the Movement
163:Mouse Liberation Front
27:. For other uses, see
1383:Richard "Grass" Green
1188:Theo van den Boogaard
623:, 1971) – Dan O'Neill
535:CoEvolution Quarterly
522:CoEvolution Quarterly
2019:The Uncensored Mouse
1992:Infestation: Origins
1974:The Pandemic Special
1558:Jean-Christophe Menu
1458:Jack Jackson (Jaxon)
2086:Tomorrow's Pioneers
1021:Fantagraphics Books
997:The Washington Post
734:(October 6, 2006).
699:Charlie Christensen
600:Air Pirates Funnies
590:Air Pirates Funnies
565:New York Law School
497:Air Pirates Funnies
482:U.S. District Court
462:Air Pirates Funnies
443:Air Pirates Funnies
263:The nucleus of the
222:Air Pirates Funnies
179:Air Pirates Funnies
127:Air Pirates Funnies
36:
2176:1971 comics debuts
2171:Parodies of comics
2156:American satirists
2151:American parodists
1884:Walt Before Mickey
933:Bob Levin (2003).
903:The Comics Journal
839:2011-07-16 at the
832:Ringgenberg, S.C.
647:Left Field Funnies
621:Company & Sons
389:Polly and Her Pals
277:in his story "Why
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1813:Michele Wrightson
1778:Michael J. Weller
1096:Underground comix
872:978-1-56097-464-2
527:contempt of court
301:at the festival.
295:Sky River Funnies
253:Three Little Pigs
234:Floyd Gottfredson
175:underground comic
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2017:
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1942:
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1860:Mickey Mouse
1763:Mike Vosburg
1728:Bryan Talbot
1718:Steve Stiles
1713:Bhob Stewart
1693:George Smits
1678:Martin Sharp
1663:Fred Schrier
1638:Ted Richards
1623:Milo Poulson
1588:Diane Noomin
1578:Willy Murphy
1568:Jim Mitchell
1513:Bobby London
1483:Robert Kirby
1398:Rick Griffin
1388:Justin Green
1373:Dave Gibbons
1353:David Geiser
1348:Larry Fuller
1343:Renée French
1338:Jim Franklin
1333:Ellen Forney
1323:Mary Fleener
1313:Joyce Farmer
1308:Hunt Emerson
1293:Julie Doucet
1258:Lloyd Dangle
1248:Howard Cruse
1243:Robert Crumb
1168:Bill Beckman
1158:Ralph Bakshi
1107:
1014:
1013:Levin, Bob.
995:
989:
982:
971:. Retrieved
967:
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788:
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772:. Retrieved
766:
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611:
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584:Publications
575:
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561:copyrights.
559:
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543:Philadelphia
534:
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494:
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435:Willy Murphy
432:
425:
417:
414:Ted Richards
398:
395:Bobby London
387:
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367:Clare Briggs
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305:
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294:
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262:
249:Big Bad Wolf
246:
221:
219:
210:Mickey Mouse
207:
203:Ted Richards
191:Bobby London
178:
170:
168:
159:Subsidiaries
148:Ted Richards
140:Bobby London
126:
44:Mickey Mouse
2038:Look Mickey
1984:Video games
1960:Obama Wins!
1911:Short films
1773:M. Wartella
1753:Rick Veitch
1743:Mark Vallen
1708:Dan Steffan
1703:Frank Stack
1653:Johnny Ryan
1633:Ralph Reese
1603:Gary Panter
1598:Dan O'Neill
1503:Terry LaBan
1438:Rand Holmes
1298:Graham Dury
1238:Guy Colwell
1208:Roger Brand
1183:Vaughn Bodē
1148:Peter Bagge
1108:Air Pirates
1098:cartoonists
681:in May 1967
678:The Realist
619:(3 issues,
422:Mort Walker
344:Odd Bodkins
307:Odd Bodkins
279:Bobby Seale
265:Air Pirates
230:Walt Disney
187:Dan O'Neill
171:Air Pirates
129:comic books
73:Dan O'Neill
40:Named after
35:Air Pirates
2120:Categories
2054:Andy Mouse
2003:Literature
1943:South Park
1900:Screamboat
1788:Mack White
1783:Larry Welz
1758:Tom Veitch
1748:Suzy Varty
1733:Larry Todd
1673:Herr Seele
1478:Jay Kinney
1453:Greg Irons
1423:Rory Hayes
1418:Drew Hayes
1413:Larry Hama
1288:Don Dohler
1273:Mike Diana
1268:Kim Deitch
1253:Dame Darcy
1233:Lyn Chevli
1198:Brian Bram
1113:Doug Allen
973:2024-02-04
846:(5-12-98).
706:References
685:Mickey Rat
673:Wally Wood
635:Dopin' Dan
628:Dirty Duck
467:Ron Turner
439:Larry Todd
418:Dopin' Dan
400:Dirty Duck
135:Key people
87:California
79:Founded at
25:air piracy
21:Air pirate
1668:Dori Seda
1613:Ed Piskor
1608:Neon Park
1533:Lee Marrs
1523:Jay Lynch
1508:Gary Leib
1463:Kamagurka
1368:Luc Giard
1178:Mark Bodé
1163:Joel Beck
1019:. (2003)
774:April 26,
695:Arne Anka
547:San Diego
420:imitated
409:Krazy Kat
403:imitated
382:imitated
365:imitated
327:Chronicle
226:Last Gasp
94:Dissolved
51:Formation
2105:Category
1976:" (2020)
1969:" (2019)
1962:" (2012)
1955:" (2009)
1953:The Ring
1945:episodes
1538:Joe Matt
1528:Mad Peck
1263:Gene Day
837:Archived
732:Tom Sito
658:See also
568:years."
471:fair use
310:for the
251:and the
216:Overview
123:Products
89:, U.S.A.
2073:Related
1448:The Hun
1008:Sources
480:in the
177:called
112:Purpose
102: (
69:Founder
59: (
2065:(2012)
2062:Mickey
2057:(1986)
2049:(1973)
2041:(1961)
2022:(1989)
2014:(1942)
1995:(2024)
1930:(2024)
1922:(1969)
1903:(2025)
1895:(2024)
1887:(2015)
1856:Disney
1123:Angeli
1027:
945:
869:
801:
744:
201:, and
1876:Films
711:Notes
555:joint
339:Sabot
323:Pluto
289:near
275:Tribe
2080:Foxy
1854:Non-
1025:ISBN
943:ISBN
867:ISBN
799:ISBN
776:2024
742:ISBN
671:and
545:and
369:and
242:drug
240:and
169:The
104:1980
97:1980
61:1971
54:1971
2030:Art
1468:Kaz
424:'s
407:'s
397:'s
386:'s
378:'s
361:'s
346:.
238:sex
2122::
1023:.
994:.
966:.
925:^
851:^
825:^
778:.
765:.
719:^
602:#3
580:.
541:,
492:.
473:.
437:,
416:'
318:he
205:.
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193:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
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1965:"
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1951:"
1847:e
1840:t
1833:v
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
1000:.
992:"
988:"
976:.
951:.
875:.
807:.
750:.
663:"
649:(
106:)
63:)
31:.
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