981:
flights of
Lightnings flew in formation on an extended bearing...After the first attack anti-aircraft fire opened up on the aircraft from the air defenses of the Niš airfield, anti-aircraft fire shot down one Lightning, which fell 1 kilometer north of the airfield. At 13:00 the Yak-9 pair on duty of the 866th IAP took off by sight, leader Lieutenant Krivonogikh and wingman Junior Lieutenant Shipulya. At 13:05 six Yak-9s took off, leader squadron commander Captain Bondar, flight commanders Senior Lieutenants Surnev, Zheleznov, and Potsiba, pilots Lieutenant Zhestovsky and Junior Lieutenant Serdyuk. At 13:10 a Yak-3 pair took off, leader Captain Koldunov and wingman Lieutenant Krasyukov. The first pair, taking off, approached the four attacking Lightnings with a turn to the right. Two Lightnings attacked Krivonogikh's pair. Jr. Lt. Shipulya attacked a Lightning, which was beginning a repeated attack on the ground forces. It caught fire on the first pass and crashed into the ground at an angle of 40 degrees in the area 500 meters north of the Niš airfield, where it burned. Lt. Krivonogikh, repelling the attacks of two Lightnings, set one of them on fire with a vertical maneuver, which fell burning 8 to 10 kilometers north of Niš, on the mountain in a forest tract.
939:
986:
describing an attack by "up to 18 Lightnings" rather than the original twelve. The embellishment of
Koldunov's role was repeated by the air army report and then by Aleksey Antonov when he summarized the incident for John R. Deane. The combat journal of the 288th Fighter Aviation Division reported ten Yak-9s scrambled to cover the Niš airfield, with two shot down by the Americans. One pilot was killed and the other sent to the hospital, suffering serious burns bailing out of his aircraft. A third aircraft, pursuing a P-38, was shot down by Soviet antiaircraft fire and pilot killed. All downed aircraft crashed in the area of Niš. The division suffered losses on the ground when the 611th Fighter Aviation Regiment, relocating by vehicle from the Niš to
990:, was strafed by Lightnings, killing a mechanic and seriously wounding another. The 17th Air Army combat journal reported the air battle as taking place between 12:40 and 13:30 (Moscow time) and involved eight Yak-9s and eighteen Lightnings. The journal reported that the Soviet pilots entered battle in "self defense, attempting to inform the American aircraft of their error." The 866th Fighter Aviation Regiment claimed to have downed three P-38s and damaged three more. In fact, two P-38s were downed with both pilots killed. Soviet troops reached the crash sites and confirmed that the dead pilots were American by their documents and the airframes.
1059:
The pilots stated that the
American aircraft "blockaded" the airfield and continued to shoot despite multiple Soviet approaches trying to display their red stars. Biryuzov described the action as a "provocative allied aviation raid," and recalled that an American liaison officer apologized to him, but that this "insincere step" could not "revive those who perished, just as destroyed cities could not be restored." Biryuzov's chief of staff, Arefa Blazhey, mentioned the incident in his memoirs, published four years later, describing the incident as a "treacherous strike from around the corner." Ground attack pilot
45:
1075:
1063:, who was a deputy squadron commander in the Niš-based 707th Assault Aviation Regiment during the incident, provided the first eyewitness account in his 1966 memoirs, repeating the claim of two separate American attacks. Shmelyov included numerous embellishments, including a fanciful account of Kotov dying in the arms of his son, and described the incident as "a piratical, treacherous raid by the "allies"".
871:, preparing to attack into southern Hungary. In the first week of November, the corps marched into Yugoslavia en route to the positions of the 57th Army. At the same time, German troops were retreating from Greece into Yugoslavia and Hungary. Тhe 3rd Ukrainian Front and Yugoslav partisan troops sought to block their retreat, which the
973:, who took off from another airbase near Niš. The 'tangle of death' that formed in the air moved westward across the city with the sound of machine gun and cannon fire. Nine Soviet Yak-3 and an unidentified number of US P-38 fighters participated in the battle, which lasted for about another 15 minutes.
980:
On 7 November 1944, at 12:50 a group of 12 Lightning aircraft carried out a ground attack on units of the rifle corps of the 3rd
Ukrainian Front, moving west along the road from Niš in the area of Čamurlija. Four aircraft in formation on an extended bearing carried out an attack, one at a time...Two
1070:
era, when 288th
Fighter Aviation Division commander Boris Smirnov published his memoirs, in which he recalled investigating the incident and repeated the earlier claims that the American fighters initiated the air battle. Smirnov wrote that he found a map on a dead American pilot that designated Niš
1082:
Beginning in the 2010s, the
Russian government sponsored efforts to memorialize the incident, describing it as an American attack. A Russian-designed monument commemorating the Soviet soldiers killed in the incident was unveiled in Niš in 2015, the impetus for which came from the Russian embassy in
1058:
first mentioned the incident in literature in 1963, when he described the death of Kotov. In his memoirs, Biryuzov quoted
Koldunov and Syrtsov as describing the air battle as an unprovoked attack by "two groups of American aircraft," one circling over Niš and the second dive-bombing Soviet troops.
985:
The 288th
Fighter Aviation Division report diverged from the initial report of the 866th IAP, claiming that Koldunov personally ended the air battle when he approached the lead P-38 at close range and waggled his wings to show the red star on his aircraft, and exaggerated the American strength,
1103:. The Russian ambassador described the monument as a preservation of the "memory of the heroes and the combined struggle against Nazism," "taking into account the present events in Europe." A year later, a mural was unveiled at the monument depicting American aircraft attacking Soviet troops.
830:
in the
American attack, the incident caused diplomatic uproar, which was resolved when Soviet officials accepted the American explanation that the attack was a mistake caused by navigational error. Despite the official Soviet conclusion, postwar memoirs claimed that the American attack was
993:
At the same time as the 866th IAP's pilots took off, between 12:50 and 13:20 (Moscow time), four Yak-9T of the 897th IAP, also based at Niš airfield, took off to cover the air base. Approaching the
American aircraft, they waggled their wings and avoided engaging them.
962:
dual boom reconnaissance planes. The American planes shifted their fire to the Soviet fighters which were taking off in spite of clearly visible large red star markings on their wings. One of the Yak-9s was immediately destroyed.
919:. At the beginning of the strike the 95th Fighter Squadron claimed a German locomotive destroyed in a strafing attack, and Captain Charles King's P-38 was shot down by flak. King was rescued by local peasants near
931:, some 50 miles into Soviet held territory. The first squadron immediately started to strafe the leading vehicles, destroying several, with 31 killed and 37 wounded. The commander of the corps, Lieutenant General
1033:
and offered to send liaison officers to the 3rd Ukrainian Front to prevent further incidents; Stalin rejected it, because a line of demarcation had been drawn indicating the boundaries of Allied air actions.
927:. Continuing eastward, the three squadrons of the 82nd spotted the vehicle column from the 6th Guards Rifle Corps moving from Niš towards Belgrade, and attacked at about 10:00 a.m., from southeast over Mount
548:
1042:
In the Soviet Union, the incident was kept secret during the war, potentially to deny Nazi Germany any propaganda value from the incident. Memoirs of Soviet officers published in the 1960s during the
2232:
1046:
were the first public discussion of the incident within the country, although none of the Soviet pilots who were direct participants published memoirs. These accounts, from the peak of the
1010:, chief of the American military mission in Moscow. In his report, Antonov increased the number of attacking Lightnings to 27. Edwinson was reassigned stateside after an investigation.
966:
The P-38s then climbed to about 500 metres (1,600 ft) and formed a defensive circle above the city of Niš itself, waiting to see how this uncertain situation would be resolved.
938:
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The United States apologized to the Soviet Union, stating that the attack was the result of a grave error by American pilots sent to attack German forces on the road from
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Edwinson did not report the incident to his superiors and instead went on leave. Three days later, on 10 November, Red Army deputy chief of the General Staff General
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fighters from 866th Fighter Aviation Regiment of 288th Fighter Aviation Division based at Niš, believing they were being attacked by German
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fighters were shot down in the air battle, and a third Yak-9 fell to Soviet antiaircraft fire. Due to the death of Red Army general
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The report of the 866th IAP, the first Soviet account of the air battle, began by describing the incident as follows:
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The Blister Club: The Extraordinary Story of the Downed American Airmen Who Escaped to Safety in World War II
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1991:
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Glantz, David M.; Maslov, Aleksandr A. (1998). "How and why did the Americans kill Soviet general Kotov?".
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involving United States and Soviet forces. Taking place on 7 November 1944, the incident began when
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While the second group of American P-38s were starting their attack, the commander of the
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was assigned to launch strikes against German motorized columns and trains moving between
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Soon the battle was joined by a second group of Yaks led by Soviet fighter ace Captain
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fighters. More than thirty Red Army soldiers were killed on the ground. Two American
795:
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1686:[Combat Report of the headquarters of the 288th Fighter Aviation Division].
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1484:"В Сербии открыли мурал в память о советских воинах, погибших в Нишском инциденте"
1457:
1606:
1099:, in a ceremony attended by the Russian ambassador and Serbian interior minister
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1935:
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Two P-38 Lightnings of the 82nd Fighter Group descending for a strafing attack
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Forgotten Fifteenth: The Daring Airmen Who Crippled Hitler's War Machine
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After the thaw ended there was less public discussion until after the
1014:
1563:
1458:"В Сербии открыли памятник убитым авиацией США бойцам Красной армии"
811:
27:
Aerial confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union
1073:
937:
1672:[Combat Journal of the 17th Air Army for November 1944].
1658:[Combat Journal of the 288th Fighter Aviation Division].
1336:
1334:
1277:
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1713:
104:
38:
1087:. The monument was presented by its promoters as a symbol of
1704:(in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
1690:(in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
1676:(in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
1662:(in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
1432:"Власти Сербии установили памятник советским освободителям"
1294:
1292:
1290:
855:. After taking part in the occupation of Bulgaria with the
1021:. On 14 December, American ambassador to the Soviet Union
839:
After the occupation of Bulgaria, Soviet forces from the
1700:[Combat Journal of the 6th Guards Rifle Corps].
1668:
Korsakov, Lieutenant General; Artemyev, Colonel (1944).
1670:"Журнал боевых действий частей 17 ВА за ноябрь 1944 г."
1071:
as a target, implying that the attack was deliberate.
1078:
2015 monument to the soldiers killed in the incident
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2068:
2022:
1959:
1923:
1882:
1747:
1250:
1248:
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1682:Smirnov, Boris; Koloshin, Major General (1944).
1281:
1340:
1266:
978:
1516:[How the allies spoiled the holiday].
2233:Soviet Union–United States military relations
1725:
867:was transferred to the 3rd Ukrainian Front's
116:
8:
1900:Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines
1394:
1382:
1370:
1237:
1136:
377:Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines
1732:
1718:
1710:
1678:(TsAMO, fond 370, opus 0006518, file 0308)
1654:Koloshin, Colonel; Veksler, Major (1944).
875:interdicted with aircraft based in Italy.
123:
109:
101:
1358:
843:advanced into southern Yugoslavia in the
89:Learn how and when to remove this message
2223:Air-to-air combat operations and battles
1632:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 112–115.
1548:"The Kotov Affair and the Road to Yalta"
1406:
52:This article includes a list of general
2258:Serbia–United States military relations
2243:Friendly fire incidents of World War II
1418:
1161:Lanning, Michael Lee (1 October 2021).
1129:
1006:reported the incident to Major General
1890:Operations Southeast Croatia and Ozren
1692:(TsAMO, fond 243, opus 2900, file 209)
1600:] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat.
1587:] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat.
1967:Operations Kugelblitz and Schneesturm
1298:
1254:
1148:
1091:. A second monument was unveiled for
1083:Belgrade, Serbian government and the
7:
1768:June uprising in eastern Herzegovina
1664:(TsAMO, fond 20257, opus 1, file 42)
1611:. Squadron/Signal Publications Inc.
1874:Karadak-Gollak Uprising (1941–1951)
1759:Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1706:(TsAMO, fond 821, opus 1, file 122)
1085:Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center
2253:United States–Yugoslavia relations
2092:World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia
1527:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
1514:"Как союзнички праздник испортили"
769:World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia
176:Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina
58:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2248:Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations
2124:World War II in the Slovene Lands
1698:"Журнал боевых действий 6 гв. ск"
935:, was also killed in this attack.
764:World War II in the Slovene Lands
1684:"Боевое донесение штаба 288 иад"
1656:"Журнал боевых действий 288 иад"
43:
1546:Myers, Harold P. (March 1987).
1512:Bykov, Mikhail (29 July 2012).
2189:Factions in the Yugoslav Front
1:
804:United States Army Air Forces
2196:People of the Yugoslav Front
1282:Korsakov & Artemyev 1944
1167:. Rowman & Littlefield.
901:Clarence T. "Curly" Edwinson
847:and in cooperation with the
1763:May 1941 Sanski Most revolt
1696:Zaychikov, Colonel (1944).
1341:Koloshin & Veksler 1944
1267:Smirnov & Koloshin 1944
1097:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1089:Russian-Serbian cooperation
2284:
2108:Kosovo during World War II
1741:World War II in Yugoslavia
1579:Shmelyov, Nikolay (1966).
1310:Junior Lieutenant Shipulya
903:, the strike included the
759:Kosovo during World War II
134:World War II in Yugoslavia
29:
2178:
1795:Battle of Banja Koviljača
1626:Tillman, Barrett (2014).
1539:10.1080/13518049808430344
774:Air warfare in Yugoslavia
749:Axis occupation of Serbia
142:
1608:P-38 Lightning in Action
1464:(in Russian). 8 May 2022
1395:Glantz & Maslov 1998
1383:Glantz & Maslov 1998
1371:Glantz & Maslov 1998
1238:Glantz & Maslov 1998
1137:Glantz & Maslov 1998
1025:apologized on behalf of
2045:Battle of Lijevče Field
1605:Stafford, Gene (1984).
1592:Smirnov, Boris (1990).
933:Grigory Petrovich Kotov
899:. Commanded by Colonel
779:Allied bombing campaign
73:more precise citations.
2268:Serbia in World War II
2076:Zagreb in World War II
1972:Operation Rösselsprung
1847:Uprising in Montenegro
1755:Invasion of Yugoslavia
1328:Lieutenant Krivonogikh
1079:
1052:October Revolution Day
983:
943:
917:97th Fighter Squadrons
865:6th Guards Rifle Corps
312:Uprising in Montenegro
1992:Battle of Jelova Gora
1987:Operation Draufgänger
1319:Lieutenant Zhestovsky
1077:
1027:Franklin D. Roosevelt
941:
859:, Lieutenant General
654:Niš airspace incident
2228:November 1944 events
1946:Operation Kugelblitz
1858:Uprising in Croatia
1830:Operation Mihailovic
1193:raf-112-squadron.org
810:vehicle column near
754:Hungarian occupation
632:Bregalnitsa–Strumica
508:Bombing of Podgorica
30:For other uses, see
2050:Battle of Zelengora
1810:Battle of Trešnjica
1598:The sky of my youth
1594:Небо моей молодости
1421:, pp. 295–297.
1397:, pp. 145–146.
1301:, pp. 190–191.
1139:, pp. 143–144.
1023:W. Averell Harriman
889:Fifteenth Air Force
883:On 7 November, the
841:3rd Ukrainian Front
806:fighters strafed a
711:Nagykanizsa-Körmend
701:Transdanubian Hills
556:Bombing of Belgrade
392:Partisan Long March
214:Uprising in Croatia
190:Eastern Herzegovina
162:Bombing of Sarajevo
157:Bombing of Belgrade
18:Air battle over Niš
2040:Sarajevo Operation
1982:Belgrade offensive
1977:Operation Rübezahl
1951:Battle of Višegrad
1915:Operation Kopaonik
1862:Croatian Partisans
1852:Battle of Pljevlja
1785:Uprising in Serbia
1648:Military documents
1585:From low altitudes
1574:– via JSTOR.
1189:"82ndfghonor-roll"
1113:Belgrade Offensive
1080:
1031:George C. Marshall
971:Aleksandr Koldunov
944:
885:82nd Fighter Group
849:Yugoslav Partisans
845:Belgrade offensive
233:Uprising in Serbia
2238:Conflicts in 1944
2205:
2204:
2133:Strategic bombing
2055:Battle of Poljana
1790:Battle of Loznica
1773:Siege of Rogatica
1639:978-1-62157-235-0
1618:978-0-89747-024-7
1436:Российская газета
1174:978-0-8117-6972-3
960:Focke-Wulf Fw 189
787:
786:
691:Bombing of Zagreb
442:Greenwood–Rootham
347:Southeast Croatia
99:
98:
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16:(Redirected from
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2035:Mostar operation
2014:Battle of Batina
1999:Kosovo Operation
1905:Kozara Offensive
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1552:Military Affairs
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1101:Aleksandar Vulin
1061:Nikolay Shmelyov
816:Soviet Air Force
798:incident during
696:Spring Awakening
622:Stracin–Kumanovo
513:Bombing of Zadar
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1805:Mačva operation
1800:Attack on Šabac
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1214:"MR-1944-11-07"
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1056:Sergey Biryuzov
1044:Khrushchev Thaw
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1004:Aleksey Antonov
1000:
952:Vladimir Sudets
905:P-38 Lightnings
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822:and two Soviet
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2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Battle of Knin
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1910:Operation Alfa
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Operation Trio
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1693:
1679:
1665:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1602:
1589:
1576:
1558:(4): 188–192.
1543:
1533:(2): 142–171.
1522:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1475:
1449:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1385:, p. 165.
1375:
1373:, p. 149.
1363:
1359:Zaychikov 1944
1351:
1345:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1286:
1271:
1259:
1242:
1240:, p. 148.
1230:
1205:
1180:
1173:
1153:
1151:, p. 189.
1141:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1039:
1036:
999:
996:
956:Yakovlev Yak-9
880:
877:
873:Western Allies
836:
833:
820:P-38 Lightning
785:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
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634:
629:
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619:
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609:
604:
597:
592:
585:
580:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
540:
539:
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527:
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510:
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490:
485:
480:
475:
468:
461:
456:
451:
444:
439:
426:
425:
420:
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406:
405:
404:
399:
389:
384:
379:
374:
367:
362:
355:
350:
343:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
316:
315:
307:
306:
305:
304:
299:
292:
287:
282:
277:
270:
265:
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250:
245:
237:
236:
228:
227:
226:
225:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:
197:
195:Drvar uprising
192:
187:
179:
178:
167:
166:
165:
164:
159:
143:
140:
139:
130:
128:
127:
120:
113:
105:
97:
96:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2280:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
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2229:
2226:
2224:
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2216:
2215:
2213:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Syrmian Front
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
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1859:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
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1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
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1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
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1746:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1703:
1702:Pamyat Naroda
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:Pamyat Naroda
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:Pamyat Naroda
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:Pamyat Naroda
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:С малых высот
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1520:(in Russian).
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:Shmelyov 1966
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:, p. 24.
1283:
1278:
1276:
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1260:
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1234:
1231:
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1086:
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1072:
1069:
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1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1008:John R. Deane
1005:
997:
995:
991:
989:
982:
977:
974:
972:
967:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:17th Air Army
940:
936:
934:
930:
926:
923:and saved by
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:Grigory Kotov
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
834:
832:
831:intentional.
829:
828:Grigory Kotov
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:friendly fire
793:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:Lijevče Field
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
706:Lika-Primorje
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
677:
676:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
649:
645:
643:
642:Syrmian Front
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:
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596:
593:
591:
590:
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Raid on Šolta
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:
547:
546:
545:
544:
538:
535:
533:
532:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
493:Turjak Castle
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
473:
469:
467:
466:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
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431:
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421:
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368:
366:
363:
361:
360:
356:
354:
351:
349:
348:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
336:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
314:
313:
309:
308:
303:
300:
298:
297:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
235:
234:
230:
229:
224:
221:
220:
219:
218:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:Axis invasion
148:
147:
146:
141:
136:
126:
121:
119:
114:
112:
107:
106:
103:
93:
90:
82:
72:
68:
62:
61:
55:
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:Battle of Niš
19:
2194:
2187:
1867:Srb uprising
1701:
1687:
1673:
1659:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1607:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1555:
1551:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1506:Bibliography
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1438:. 9 May 2015
1435:
1426:
1419:Smirnov 1990
1414:
1409:, Chapter 8.
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1361:, p. 1.
1354:
1348:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1262:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1163:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1081:
1065:
1041:
1012:
1001:
992:
984:
979:
975:
968:
965:
945:
882:
838:
800:World War II
792:Niš incident
791:
789:
674:
673:
647:
627:Vukov Klanac
600:
588:
577:Rösselsprung
576:
549:
542:
541:
530:
518:
471:
464:
447:
435:
428:
427:
416:
409:
370:
358:
346:
334:
333:
310:
295:
273:
231:
223:Srb uprising
213:
175:
169:
168:
149:
144:
85:
76:
57:
36:
1518:LiveJournal
1462:РИА Новости
1093:Victory Day
583:Andrijevica
185:Sanski Most
71:introducing
2212:Categories
1936:Case Black
1931:Case White
1835:Novi Pazar
1299:Myers 1987
1255:Bykov 2012
1149:Myers 1987
1119:References
950:, General
851:liberated
835:Background
531:Kugelblitz
465:Case Black
459:Hoathley 1
436:Case White
382:Montenegro
296:Mihailovic
290:Novi Pazar
243:Bela Crkva
79:April 2011
54:references
2155:Podgorica
2139:Belgrade
2085:Macedonia
1223:19 August
1198:19 August
1124:Citations
998:Reactions
929:Jastrebac
897:Mitrovica
869:57th Army
857:37th Army
731:Zelengora
669:Desivojca
285:Trešnjica
170:Uprisings
2182:see also
2160:Sarajevo
2117:Slovenia
1820:Kraljevo
1815:Kruševac
1218:82nd FGA
1107:See also
1068:Glasnost
1048:Cold War
1019:Pristina
988:Kruševac
925:Chetniks
879:Incident
853:Belgrade
808:Red Army
716:Sarajevo
612:Belgrade
503:Višegrad
488:Grčarice
483:Davidson
417:Kopaonik
359:Prijedor
341:Dražgoše
327:Pljevlja
322:Bullseye
280:Kraljevo
263:Kruševac
200:Rogatica
2069:Croatia
1840:Sjenica
1572:1987948
1493:21 June
1468:21 June
1442:21 June
921:Sjenica
907:of the
893:Sjenica
887:of the
736:Poljana
726:Trieste
601:Ratweek
589:Halyard
571:Lindsay
550:Maibaum
537:Kočevje
519:Delphin
498:Maclean
478:Zvornik
472:Typical
302:Sjenica
248:Loznica
67:improve
2170:Zagreb
2101:Serbia
1636:
1615:
1570:
1171:
1038:Legacy
1015:Skopje
915:, and
794:was a
686:Mostar
681:Trnovo
659:Batina
637:Kosovo
607:Serbia
595:Ožbalt
525:Rogers
454:Fungus
397:Kupres
387:Kozara
56:, but
2165:Zadar
1778:Olovo
1596:[
1583:[
1568:JSTOR
824:Yak-9
741:Odžak
648:Floxo
566:Dafoe
423:Bihać
402:Livno
365:Nanos
353:Hydra
274:Uzice
268:Mačva
258:Šabac
205:Olovo
2148:1944
2143:1941
2023:1945
1960:1944
1924:1943
1883:1942
1748:1941
1634:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1495:2023
1488:TACC
1470:2023
1444:2023
1225:2023
1200:2023
1169:ISBN
1029:and
913:96th
909:95th
895:and
790:The
675:1945
664:Knin
543:1944
448:Otto
429:1943
410:Alfa
371:Trio
335:1942
145:1941
1560:doi
1535:doi
1017:to
863:'s
812:Niš
617:Niš
2214::
1566:.
1556:51
1554:.
1550:.
1531:11
1529:.
1486:.
1460:.
1434:.
1333:^
1289:^
1274:^
1245:^
1216:.
1191:.
911:,
1733:e
1726:t
1719:v
1642:.
1621:.
1562::
1541:.
1537::
1497:.
1472:.
1446:.
1257:.
1227:.
1202:.
1177:.
124:e
117:t
110:v
92:)
86:(
81:)
77:(
63:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.