Hovercraft - Knowledge (XXG)

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these small personal hovercraft to safely cross all types of terrain, (e.g. water, sandbanks, swamps, ice, etc.) and reach places often inaccessible by any other type of craft, makes them suitable for a number of roles, such as survey work and patrol and rescue duties in addition to personal leisure use. Increasingly, these craft are being used as yacht tenders, enabling yacht owners and guests to travel from a waiting yacht to, for example, a secluded beach. In this role, small hovercraft can offer a more entertaining alternative to the usual small boat and can be a rival for the jet-ski. The excitement of a personal hovercraft can now be enjoyed at "experience days", which are popular with families, friends and those in business, who often see them as team building exercises. This level of interest has naturally led to a hovercraft rental sector and numerous manufacturers of small, ready built designs of personal hovercraft to serve the need.

1160: 1320: 382: 202: 404:(one coffee and the other from cat food) and a hairdryer. This produced a ring of airflow, as expected, but he noticed an unexpected benefit as well; the sheet of fast-moving air presented a sort of physical barrier to the air on either side of it. This effect, which he called the "momentum curtain", could be used to trap high-pressure air in the area inside the curtain, producing a high-pressure plenum that earlier examples had to build up with considerably more airflow. In theory, only a small amount of active airflow would be needed to create lift and much less than a design that relied only on the momentum of the air to provide lift, like a 615: 777: 908: 1406: 522:, who had recently taken over Saunders Roe's interest in the hovercraft. Experiments with the skirt design demonstrated a problem; it was originally expected that pressure applied to the outside of the skirt would bend it inward, and the now-displaced airflow would cause it to pop back out. What actually happened is that the slight narrowing of the distance between the walls resulted in less airflow, which in turn led to more air loss under that section of the skirt. The fuselage above this area would drop due to the loss of lift at that point, and this led to further pressure on the skirt. 492: 477: 1156:. Bethel is far removed from the Alaska road system, thus making the hovercraft an attractive alternative to the air based delivery methods used prior to introduction of the hovercraft service. Hovercraft service is suspended for several weeks each year while the river is beginning to freeze to minimize damage to the river ice surface. The hovercraft is able to operate during the freeze-up period; however, this could potentially break the ice and create hazards for villagers using their snowmobiles along the river during the early winter. 1009: 1092: 1680:

equipment found in this area, such as diesel engines, ventilating fans, winches and marine equipment. The load to move a 200 ton payload ACV barge at 5 kn (9.3 km/h) would only be 5 tons. The skirt and air distribution design on high-speed craft again is more complex, as they have to cope with the air cushion being washed out by a wave and wave impact. The slow speed and large mono chamber of the hover barge actually helps reduce the effect of wave action, giving a very smooth ride.

52: 761: 587: 2068: 223:(this creates a low-pressure area above the wing much like an aircraft), the craft was propelled by four aero engines driving two submerged marine propellers, with a fifth engine that blew air under the front of the craft to increase the air pressure under it. Only when in motion could the craft trap air under the front, increasing lift. The vessel also required a depth of water to operate and could not transition to land or other surfaces. Designed as a fast 5535: 1592: 1268: 514:, following a suggestion made by his business partner Arthur Ord-Hume. In 1958, he suggested the use of two rings of rubber to produce a double-walled extension of the vents in the lower fuselage. When air was blown into the space between the sheets it exited the bottom of the skirt in the same way it formerly exited the bottom of the fuselage, re-creating the same momentum curtain, but this time at some distance from the bottom of the craft. 1975: 426: 697:), which is responsible for lifting the vehicle by forcing high pressure air under the craft. The air inflates the "skirt" under the vehicle, causing it to rise above the surface. Additional engines provide thrust in order to propel the craft. Some hovercraft use ducting to allow one engine to perform both tasks by directing some of the air to the skirt, the rest of the air passing out of the back to push the craft forward. 310: 667: 1345: 1052: 530:

applied to the outside of this design, air pressure in the rest of the skirt forced the inner wall to move in as well, keeping the channel open. Although there was some deformation of the curtain, the airflow within the skirt was maintained and the lift remained relatively steady. Over time, this design evolved into individual extensions over the bottom of the slots in the skirt, known as "fingers".

269: 44: 1626: 539: 603:'s firm in France. Bertin was an advocate of the "multi-skirt" approach, which used a number of smaller cylindrical skirts instead of one large one in order to avoid the problems noted above. During the early 1960s he developed a series of prototype designs, which he called "terraplanes" if they were aimed for land use, and "naviplanes" for water. The best known of these designs was the 112:. The pressure difference between the higher-pressure air below the hull and lower pressure ambient air above it produces lift, which causes the hull to float above the running surface. For stability reasons, the air is typically blown through slots or holes around the outside of a disk- or oval-shaped platform, giving most hovercraft a characteristic rounded-rectangle shape. 71: 714:, the SR.N1, which carried out several test programmes in 1959 to 1961 (the first public demonstration was in 1959), including a cross-channel test run in July 1959, piloted by Peter "Sheepy" Lamb, an ex-naval test pilot and the chief test pilot at Saunders Roe. Christopher Cockerell was on board, and the flight took place on the 50th anniversary of 591: 588: 590: 1579: 1638:

Saalburg; Portugal: 1995 in Peso de la Regua; Sweden: 2008 and 2022 at Flottbro Ski Centre in Huddinge; UK 1991 and 2000 at Weston Parc; US: 1989 in Troy (Ohio), 2002 in Terre Haute. The 2020 World Hovercraft Championships had to be postponed to 2022 due to restriction caused by the Covid-19 outbreak.

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with their equipment as well as the pilot and co-pilot with only a slight reduction in hover height proportional to the load carried. The SR.N1 did not have any skirt, using instead the peripheral air principle that Cockerell had patented. It was later found that the craft's hover height was improved

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By the early 1970s, the basic concept had been well developed, and the hovercraft had found a number of niche roles where its combination of features were advantageous. Today, they are found primarily in military use for amphibious operations, search-and-rescue vehicles in shallow water, and sporting

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Another discovery was that the total amount of air needed to lift the craft was a function of the roughness of the surface over which it travelled. On flat surfaces, like pavement, the required air pressure was so low that hovercraft were able to compete in energy terms with conventional systems like

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Through these improvements, the hovercraft became an effective transport system for high-speed service on water and land, leading to widespread developments for military vehicles, search and rescue, and commercial operations. By 1962, many UK aviation and shipbuilding firms were working on hovercraft

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and persuaded the chief test-pilot, Commander Peter Lamb, to allow him to take over the SR.N1's controls. He flew the SR.N1 so fast that he was asked to slow down a little. On examination of the craft afterwards, it was found that she had been dished in the bow due to excessive speed, damage that was

393:, a British mechanical engineer. Cockerell's group was the first to develop the use of a ring of air for maintaining the cushion, the first to develop a successful skirt, and the first to demonstrate a practical vehicle in continued use. A memorial to Cockerell's first design stands in the village of 264:

and wheels in factories and warehouses, where the concrete floors offered the smoothness required for operation. By the 1950s, Ford showed a number of toy models of cars using the system, but mainly proposed its use as a replacement for wheels on trains, with the Levapads running close to the surface

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The first practical design for hovercraft was derived from a British invention in the 1950s. They are now used throughout the world as specialised transports in disaster relief, coastguard, military and survey applications, as well as for sport or passenger service. Very large versions have been used

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carpets in front of various government experts and ministers, and the design was subsequently put on the secret list. In spite of tireless efforts to arrange funding, no branch of the military was interested, as he later joked, "The Navy said it was a plane not a boat; the RAF said it was a boat not

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concept, metal disks with pressurized air blown through a hole in the centre. Levapads do not offer stability on their own. Several must be used together to support a load above them. Lacking a skirt, the pads had to remain very close to the running surface. He initially imagined these being used in

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The transformers were loaded into the girder frame of the hydraulic modular trailer with axle lines in front and behind of the transformer, which made it possible to keep the transformer as low as possible to the ground to negotiate obstacles on the route. Air cushions were mounted under the girder

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Apart from the craft designed as "racing hovercraft", which are often only suitable for racing, there is another form of small personal hovercraft for leisure use, often referred to as cruising hovercraft, capable of carrying up to four people. Just like their full size counterparts, the ability of

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Latimer-Needham and Cockerell devised a 4-foot (1.2 m) high skirt design, which was fitted to the SR.N1 to produce the Mk V, displaying hugely improved performance, with the ability to climb over obstacles almost as high as the skirt. In October 1961, Latimer-Needham sold his skirt patents to

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engine powering a vertical fan in the middle of the craft. In addition to providing the lift air, a portion of the airflow was bled off into two channels on either side of the craft, which could be directed to provide thrust. In normal operation this extra airflow was directed rearward for forward

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A real benefit of air cushion vehicles in moving heavy loads over difficult terrain, such as swamps, was overlooked by the excitement of the British Government funding to develop high-speed hovercraft. It was not until the early 1970s that the technology was used for moving a modular marine barge

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Hovercraft are still manufactured in the UK, near to where they were first conceived and tested, on the Isle of Wight. They can also be chartered for a wide variety of uses including inspections of shallow bed offshore wind farms and VIP or passenger use. A typical vessel would be a Tiger IV or a

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area and during times of inland flooding. A Griffon rescue hovercraft has been in use for a number of years with the Airport Fire Service at Dundee Airport in Scotland. It is used in the event of an aircraft ditching in the Tay estuary. Numerous fire departments around the US/Canadian Great Lakes

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in France. The first SR.N4 had a capacity of 254 passengers and 30 cars, and a top speed of 83 kn (154 km/h). The channel crossing took around 30 minutes and was run like an airline with flight numbers. The later SR.N4 Mk.III had a capacity of 418 passengers and 60 cars. These were

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at Hovercraft Development Ltd. found the solution to this problem. Instead of using two separate rubber sheets to form the skirt, a single sheet of rubber was bent into a U shape to provide both sides, with slots cut into the bottom of the U forming the annular vent. When deforming pressure was

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Mackace (Mackley Air Cushion Equipment), now known as Hovertrans, produced a number of successful Hoverbarges, such as the 250 ton payload "Sea Pearl", which operated in Abu Dhabi, and the twin 160 ton payload "Yukon Princesses", which ferried trucks across the Yukon River to aid the

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hovercraft. They were not especially good as vacuum cleaners as the air escaping from under the cushion blew uncollected dust in all directions, nor as hovercraft as their lack of a skirt meant that they only hovered effectively over a smooth surface. Despite this, original Constellations are

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The Hoverbarge technology is somewhat different from high-speed hovercraft, which has traditionally been constructed using aircraft technology. The initial concept of the air cushion barge has always been to provide a low-tech amphibious solution for accessing construction sites using typical

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The World Hovercraft Championships are run under the auspices of the World Hovercraft Federation. So far the World Hovercraft Championships had been hosted by France: 1993 in Verneuil, 1997 in Lucon, 2006 at the Lac de Tolerme; Germany: 1987 in Bad Karlshafen, 2004 in Berlin, 2012 and 2018 in

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craft. The AP1-88 and the BHT130 were notable as they were largely built by Hoverwork using shipbuilding techniques and materials (i.e. welded aluminium structure and diesel engines) rather than the aircraft techniques used to build the earlier craft built by Saunders-Roe-British Hovercraft

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Cockerell built and tested several models of his hovercraft design in Somerleyton, Suffolk, during the early 1950s. The design featured an engine mounted to blow from the front of the craft into a space below it, combining both lift and propulsion. He demonstrated the model flying over many

1820:(UMTA) funded several hovertrain projects, which were known as Tracked Air Cushion Vehicles or TACVs. They were also known as Aerotrains since one of the builders had a licence from Bertin's Aerotrain company. Three separate projects were funded. Research and development was carried out by 340:

quoted Andrew A. Kucher, Ford's vice president in charge of Engineering and Research noting "We look upon Glide-air as a new form of high-speed land transportation, probably in the field of rail surface travel, for fast trips of distances of up to about 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi)".

120:, whilst others have military applications used to transport tanks, soldiers and large equipment in hostile environments and terrain. Decline in public demand meant that as of 2023, the only year-round public hovercraft service in the world still in operation serves between the 1907:

engine producing 235 bhp. While negotiating a bridge the air cushions were inflated and that reduced the stress tremendously on the bridge. Without this technology the government would have had to rebuild the bridges which was not feasible just to carry a small number of loads.

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could have been won far more easily had the British military shown more commitment to the hovercraft; although earlier trials had been conducted in the Falkland Islands with an SRN-6, the hovercraft unit had been disbanded by the time of the conflict. Currently, the

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systems in the high-speed arena, where their primary advantage was the very "low tech" tracks they needed. On the downside, the air blowing dirt and trash out from under the trains presented a unique problem in stations, and interest in them waned in the 1970s.

285:('Surface Glider'), in 1937. His design included the modern features of a lift engine blowing air into a flexible envelope for lift. Kaario's efforts were followed closely in the Soviet Union by Vladimir Levkov, who returned to the solid-sided design of the 1335:

or Thunderbolt comes in varieties designed for combat and transportation. Iran has equipped the Tondar with mid-range missiles, machine guns and retrievable reconnaissance drones. Currently they are used for water patrols and combat against drug smugglers.

1756:. The vehicle achieved 104 mph (167 km/h) on 7 February 1973 but the project was cancelled a week later. The project was managed by Tracked Hovercraft Ltd., with Denys Bliss as Director in the early 1970s, then axed by the Aerospace Minister, 623:

steel wheels. However, the hovercraft lift system acted as both a lift and a very effective suspension, and thus it naturally lent itself to high-speed use where conventional suspension systems were considered too complex. This led to a variety of "

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The commercial success of hovercraft suffered from rapid rises in fuel prices during the late 1960s and 1970s, following conflict in the Middle East. Alternative over-water vehicles, such as wave-piercing catamarans (marketed as the

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Small commercially manufactured, kit or plan-built hovercraft are increasingly being used for recreational purposes, such as inland racing and cruising on inland lakes and rivers, marshy areas, estuaries and inshore coastal waters.

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In August 2010, the Hovercraft Club of Great Britain hosted the World Hovercraft Championships at Towcester Racecourse, followed by the 2016 World Hovercraft Championships at the West Midlands Water Ski Centre in Tamworth.

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and others of misleading the House of Commons when he stated that the government was still considering giving financial support to the Hovertrain, when the decision to pull the plug had already been taken by the Cabinet.

611:(SEDAM). The N500 could carry 400 passengers, 55 cars and five buses. It set a speed record between Boulogne and Dover of 74 kn (137 km/h). It was rejected by its operators, who claimed that it was unreliable. 1704:

Several attempts have been made to adopt air cushion technology for use in fixed track systems, in order to use the lower frictional forces for delivering high speeds. The most advanced example of this was the

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World hovercraft speed record – 137.4 km/h (85.38 mph or 74.19 knots). Bob Windt (USA) at World Hovercraft Championships, Rio Douro River, Peso de Regua, Portugal on 18 September 1995.

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Although the SR.N1 was successful as a testbed, the design hovered too close to the surface to be practical; at 9 inches (23 cm) even small waves would hit the bow. The solution was offered by

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and the smaller Counter Drain to the west. Careful examination of the site will still reveal traces of the concrete piers used to support the structure. The actual vehicle, RTV31, is preserved at

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pipeline build. Hoverbarges are still in operation today. In 2006, Hovertrans (formed by the original managers of Mackace) launched a 330-ton payload drilling barge in the swamps of Suriname.

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Corporation. Over 20 million passengers had used the service as of 2004 – the service is still operating (as of 2020) and is by far the longest, continuously-operated hovercraft service.

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thrust and blew over two large vertical rudders that provided directional control. For low-speed manoeuvrability, the extra thrust could be directed fore or aft, differentially for rotation.

1655: 1547:. One was destroyed in early 1970 and another in August of that same year, after which the unit was disbanded. The only remaining U.S. Army SR.N5 hovercraft is currently on display in the 993:

in the UK until 2005), use less fuel and can perform most of the hovercraft's marine tasks. Although developed elsewhere in the world for both civil and military purposes, except for the

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There have been many attempts to understand the principles of high air pressure below hulls and wings. Hovercraft are unique in that they can lift themselves while still, differing from

2465: 1836:, with different types of tracks for the different technologies used by the prototype contractors. They managed to build prototypes and do a few test runs before the funding was cut. 241:. It never saw actual combat, however, and as the war progressed it was eventually scrapped due to a lack of interest and perceived need, and its engines returned to the air force. 2059:, schedules up to three crossings each hour, and provides the fastest way of getting on or off the island. Large passenger-hovercraft are still manufactured on the Isle of Wight. 2044:, Hampshire, England, houses the world's largest collection of hovercraft designs, including some of the earliest and largest. Much of the collection is housed within the retired 1539:

designated the 9255 PACV. The United States Army also experimented with the use of SR.N5 hovercraft in Vietnam. Three hovercraft with the flat deck configuration were deployed to

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As well as Saunders-Roe and Vickers (which combined in 1966 to form the British Hovercraft Corporation (BHC)), other commercial craft were developed during the 1960s in the UK by

1622:, founded in 1966, regularly organizes inland and coastal hovercraft race events at various venues across the United Kingdom. Similar events are also held in Europe and the US. 3121: 1213:

Since the Channel routes abandoned hovercraft, and pending any reintroduction on the Scottish route, the United Kingdom's only public hovercraft service is that operated by

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because it has rigid, non-inflatable sides. With the fall of the Soviet Union, most Soviet military hovercraft fell into disuse and disrepair. Only recently has the modern

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operate hovercraft for water and ice rescues, often of ice fisherman stranded when ice breaks off from shore. The Canadian Coast Guard uses hovercraft to break light ice.

3799: 291:. Levkov designed and built a number of similar craft during the 1930s, and his L-5 fast-attack boat reached 70 knots (130 km/h) in testing. However, the start of 2901: 738:, who sold his idea to Westland (by then the parent of Saunders-Roe's helicopter and hovercraft interests), and who worked with Cockerell to develop the idea further. 1175:. Designated 'Suna-X', it is used as a high-speed ferry for up to 47 passengers and 47,500 pounds (21,500 kg) of freight serving the remote Alaskan villages of 5259: 3348: 400:

Cockerell came across the key concept in his design when studying the ring of airflow when high-pressure air was blown into the annular area between two concentric

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Since 2006, hovercraft have been used in aid in Madagascar by HoverAid, an international NGO who use the hovercraft to reach the most remote places on the island.

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with a capacity of 385 passengers and 45 cars; only one entered service and was used intermittently for a few years on the cross-channel service until returned to

571:. Small-scale ferry service started as early as 1962 with the launch of the Vickers-Armstrong VA-3. With the introduction of the 254 passenger and 30 car carrying 273: 2443: 2120:

Hovercraft land speed record – 56.25 mph (90.53 km/h or 48.88 knots). John Alford (USA) at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah, USA on 21 September 1998.

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from one place to another which weighed from 150 tons to 300 tons for which they did not have appropriate equipment; so they hired heavy haulers like Wynns and

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Testing quickly demonstrated that the idea of using a single engine to provide air for both the lift curtain and forward flight required too many trade-offs. A

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This lack of military interest meant that there was no reason to keep the concept secret, and it was declassified. Cockerell was finally able to convince the

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by the addition of a skirt of flexible fabric or rubber around the hovering surface to contain the air. The skirt was an independent invention made by a

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which were strong and powerful enough to carry the load. This made the transportation efficient by avoiding bridge reinforcement, in some cases costing

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patented an early design for an air cushion ship / hovercraft in the 1870s, but suitable, powerful, engines were not available until the 20th century.

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turbojet for forward thrust and two large vertical rudders for directional control were added, producing the SR.N1 Mk II. A further upgrade with the

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The SR.N1 made its first hover on 11 June 1959, and made its famed successful crossing of the English Channel on 25 July 1959. In December 1959, the

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engineers demonstrated the Glide-air, a one-metre (three-foot) model of a wheel-less vehicle that speeds on a thin film of air only 76.2 μm (

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In 1931, Finnish aero engineer Toivo J. Kaario began designing a developed version of a vessel using an air cushion and built a prototype

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that uses a fan on the cutter blade to provide lift. This allows it to be moved in any direction, and provides double-duty as a mulcher.

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As of 2023, Hovercraft continue in use between Ryde on the Isle of Wight and Southsea on the English mainland. The service, operated by

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system were contemporaneous, and there was intense competition between the two prospective British systems for funding and credibility.

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between 1965 and 1977. The project was abandoned in 1977 due to lack of funding, the death of its lead engineer and the adoption of the

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but was shut down in October 2009. However, the commercial line between Ōita Airport and central Ōita is scheduled to reopen in 2024.

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12000TD between the Isle of Wight and mainland England and, as of 2023, is the only scheduled public hovercraft service in the world.

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was used by the US Army to transport military cargo in logistics-over-the-shore operations from the early 1980s until the mid-1990s.

1421:, using hovercraft built by Saunders-Roe. In 1961, the United Kingdom set up the Interservice Hovercraft Trials Unit (IHTU) based at 3015: 2297: 1772:

After the Cambridge project was abandoned due to financial constraints, parts of the project were picked up by the engineering firm

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From the 1960s, several commercial lines were operated in Japan, without much success. In Japan the last commercial line had linked

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Mk.III, at 56.4 m (185 ft) length and 310 metric tons (305 long tons) weight, can accommodate 418 passengers and 60 cars.

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Griffon. They are light, fast, road transportable and very adaptable with the unique feature of minimising damage to environments.

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became the first Local Authority fire service in the UK to operate a hovercraft. It is used to rescue people from thick mud in the

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The British aircraft and marine engineering company Saunders-Roe built the first practical human-carrying hovercraft for the

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The Hovercraft Cruising Club supports the use of hovercraft for cruising in coastal and inland waterways, lakes and lochs.

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produced the Mk III. Further modifications, especially the addition of pointed nose and stern areas, produced the Mk IV.

408:. In terms of power, a hovercraft would only need between one quarter to one half of the power required by a helicopter. 5569: 5414: 5376: 4308: 4221: 4156: 2111: 1810: 1753: 1207: 1122: 1080: 3707: 2619: 2090:

at 57.6 metres (188 feet) length and a maximum displacement of 535 tons. This hovercraft can transport three

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hovercraft, the replacement for the Griffon 2000 TDX Class ACV, which was deployed operationally by the marines in the

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in 1981) to operate regular car and passenger carrying services across the English Channel. Hoverlloyd operated from

2127:(009) was in service for over 20 years, and logged 22,000 hours of use. It is currently on display at the 5424: 5315: 5238: 5223: 4346: 4148: 2872: 2837: 1112: 560: 3961: 1311:

fast attack craft, but due to fiscal reasons and doctrinal change in the Navy, the hovercraft was soon withdrawn.

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in 1983. The service ceased on 1 October 2000 after 32 years, due to competition with traditional ferries,

5381: 4068: 2219: 897: 769: 504: 491: 476: 3991: 1956: 1008: 3551: 1959:. This device is easy and quick to move, and has no pressure points, making damage to the pitch less likely. 237:(59 km/h). It was thoroughly tested and even armed with torpedoes and machine guns for operation in the 5485: 5445: 5391: 4152: 4013: 3655: 2235: 1948: 1805:. Only 1,280 m (4,200 ft) long, the line reaches a maximum speed of 25 mph (40 km/h). A 1361: 299: 183:

The first mention, in the historical record of the concepts behind surface-effect vehicles, to use the term

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During the 1960s, Saunders-Roe developed several larger designs that could carry passengers, including the

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hovercraft were introduced on this route in 1983, and in 2007, these were joined by the first 130-seat

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never allowed to be repaired, and was from then on affectionately referred to as the 'Royal Dent'.

353: 4124: 3521: 2265: 1283:. This troop and equipment carrying hovercraft is roughly the Chinese equivalent of the U.S. Navy 847:

In 1966, two cross-channel passenger hovercraft services were inaugurated using SR.N6 hovercraft.

742: 27:"Ground-effect machine" redirects here. For the vehicle also called a wingship or ekranoplan, see 5269: 5070: 4697: 4502: 4485: 4408: 3217: 1825: 1761: 1503: 1130: 997:

Ryde-to-Southsea crossing, hovercraft disappeared from the coastline of Britain until a range of

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between 1994 and 1999, but the services were subsequently stopped due to the lack of sufficient

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on the Isle of Wight for many years. In 1963 the SR.N2 was used in experimental service between

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Bill Gunston, "Hydrofoils and Hovercraft: new vehicles for sea and land", Doubleday, 1969, p.93

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had been built at Pegwell Bay, to Calais. Seaspeed operated from Dover, England, to Calais and

306:. Because the project was classified by the U.S. government, Fletcher could not file a patent. 5228: 4894: 4829: 4795: 4420: 4363: 4246: 3800:"Happy birthday to Columbia Helicopters! Oregon-based company celebrates its 50th anniversary" 3779: 3474: 3468: 3430: 3403: 3397: 3318: 3295: 3011: 2293: 2132: 2128: 2041: 2037: 1869: 1757: 1741: 1498:

licensed and sold the Saunders-Roe SR.N5 as the Bell SK-5. They were deployed on trial to the

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16-ton maxiload provided by CEGB. The vehicle was loaded with 4 air compressors powered by a

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was the world's largest developer of military hovercraft. Their designs range from the small

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The SR.N1 was driven by expelled air, powered by a single piston engine. Demonstrated at the

5539: 5455: 5419: 5409: 5366: 5361: 5341: 5336: 5218: 5163: 5133: 4624: 4584: 4522: 4403: 4388: 4383: 4303: 4261: 4213: 3452: 2931:

as part of consolidation of British helicopter activities by several aero companies into one

2174: 2094: 1833: 1536: 1520: 1267: 1145: 1020: 965: 860: 715: 568: 98: 3934: 3078: 1974: 1241: 5534: 5254: 5088: 4924: 4745: 4629: 4599: 4542: 4430: 4415: 4113: 4091: 2504: 2500: 2204: 2104: 2087: 2072: 1877: 1853: 1777: 1773: 1365: 1153: 938: 425: 361: 336: 129: 117: 63: 1237: 543: 1790:

has been in continuous operation since 1985. This is an unusual underground air cushion

1433:. This unit carried out trials on the SR.N1 from Mk1 through Mk5 as well as testing the 5470: 5371: 5351: 5187: 5108: 4899: 4824: 4753: 4547: 4338: 1921: 1917: 1845: 1787: 1383: 1187: 1149: 1134: 1076: 1072: 982: 970: 875: 604: 564: 452: 370: 313: 309: 369:

and was envisioned to revolutionise the transportation system, with personal hovering

5553: 5520: 5465: 5060: 5045: 5025: 5020: 4763: 4649: 4532: 4492: 4480: 4373: 4239: 4109: 3031: 2184: 2025: 1856:

over bridges which were not able to bear the weight of the load and the trailer. The

1794: 1566: 1495: 1475: 1470: 1410: 1371: 1230: 835:

commenced on 24 July 1965, using the SR.N6, which carried 38 passengers. Two 98 seat

121: 1099:

In October 2008, The Red Cross commenced a flood-rescue service hovercraft based in

440:

to fund development of a full-scale model. In 1958, the NRDC placed a contract with

5505: 5490: 5290: 5274: 5264: 5233: 5213: 5197: 5158: 5118: 5113: 5098: 5055: 4778: 4557: 4465: 4378: 4293: 4256: 2842: 1963: 1930: 1780: 1749: 1737: 1585:

A U.S. patrol air cushion vehicle (PACV) in Cau Hai Bay near Hue South Vietnam 1968

1516: 1512: 1394: 1357: 1344: 1328: 1296: 1108: 1051: 871: 666: 441: 292: 224: 148: 17: 2971: 1706: 1543:

in the Mekong Delta region and later to Ben Luc. They saw action primarily in the

1449:

craft. The Hovercraft Trials Unit (Far East) was established by the Royal Navy at

863:

also started a service to Calais from Dover, which was soon superseded by that of

633: 365:

reported on the Aeromobile 35B, an air-cushion vehicle (ACV) that was invented by

268: 43: 159:), hence other manufacturers' use of alternative names to describe the vehicles. 5510: 5148: 5010: 4980: 4970: 4758: 4725: 4705: 4562: 4323: 3181: 3155: 3057: 2561: 2056: 1952: 1904: 1861: 1765: 1625: 1548: 1528: 1499: 1453:

in August 1964 with two armed hovercraft; they were deployed later that year to

1214: 1203: 1068: 1036: 1028: 923: 832: 781: 600: 538: 394: 349: 234: 133: 4166: 3837: 3625: 2679: 2314: 1063:

In Finland, small hovercraft are widely used in maritime rescue and during the

599:

Another major pioneering effort of the early hovercraft era was carried out by

5450: 5320: 5040: 5035: 4955: 4857: 4735: 4667: 4634: 4604: 4569: 4512: 4440: 4435: 4398: 4328: 4313: 4288: 4271: 4234: 2641: 2575: 2194: 2179: 2098: 1941: 1896: 1868:

who had specialized equipment like hydraulic modular trailers manufactured by

1821: 1798: 1760:. Records of this project are available from the correspondence and papers of 1710: 1699: 1687: 1532: 1430: 1222: 1064: 1012:

A volunteer fire department in Bavaria using a hovercraft to practise a rescue

953: 945: 941: 893: 885: 848: 731: 624: 576: 464: 405: 101:

capable of travelling over land, water, mud, ice, and various other surfaces.

1374:, the world's largest hovercraft. The Soviet Union was also one of the first 689:

Hovercraft can be powered by one or more engines. Smaller craft, such as the

5153: 5103: 5050: 4965: 4919: 4889: 4879: 4819: 4773: 4730: 4720: 4639: 4609: 4594: 4537: 4393: 4251: 3106: 2611: 2209: 2136: 1865: 1791: 1745: 1729: 1598: 1450: 1191: 1176: 1100: 978: 961: 750: 638: 413: 177: 144: 70: 4574: 3703: 1307:, was commissioned in 2000. It proved an extremely successful design for a 725:

in 1960, it was shown that this simple craft can carry a load of up to 12

4985: 4975: 4960: 4950: 4929: 4909: 4874: 4852: 4814: 4805: 4768: 4682: 4455: 4425: 2643:Первый боевой корабль на воздушной подушке, советский торпедный катер Л-5 2439: 2229: 2199: 1983: 1881: 1552: 1386: 1331:

operates multiple British-made and some Iranian-produced hovercraft. The

1308: 1218: 1180: 1138: 957: 949: 864: 852: 813: 694: 580: 244:

The theoretical grounds for motion over an air layer were constructed by

238: 220: 125: 5300: 5177: 5015: 4945: 4847: 4687: 4659: 4589: 4579: 4475: 2409: 2169: 2159: 2140: 1996:

Terrain-independence - crossing beachfronts and slopes up to 40 degrees

1924:

notable for its lack of wheels. Floating on a cushion of air, it was a

1873: 1829: 1802: 1733: 1570: 1558:

Experience led to the proposed Bell SK-10, which was the basis for the

1168: 1126: 1056: 825: 726: 4144: 3450:

Margolis, Jonathan (10 December 1995). "Hover bother on the horizon".

3104:

Young, Robin (2 October 2000). "Fans mourn last hovercraft crossing".

1816:

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the U.S. Department of Transport's

1721:

by the French government as its high-speed ground transport solution.

1171:, US built, under licence, a cargo/passenger version of the Hoverwork 5000: 4995: 4914: 4619: 4445: 4298: 4128: 3651: 1900: 1776:, and abandoned in the mid-1980s. The Tracked Hovercraft project and 1725: 1714: 1458: 1375: 1352:-class landing craft, an example of a large armed military hovercraft 1172: 1024: 994: 990: 856: 840: 836: 828:

under the aegis of P & A Campbell, the paddle steamer operators.

805: 261: 4089:

Volpe, John (December 1969). "Coming: Streamliners Without Wheels".

2972:"Aérotrain et Naviplanes - L'histoire de la SEDAM et des Naviplanes" 2436:"BBC ON THIS DAY - 11 - 1959: Hovercraft marks new era in transport" 1417:

The first application of the hovercraft for military use was by the

1075:

Area Rescue Boat (BARB) are used to rescue people from thick mud in

930:

The world's first car-carrying hovercraft was made in 1968, the BHC

385:

Cockerell's hovercraft model from 1955 in the Science Museum, London

4182: 4176: 4138: 4072: 4710: 3766:. UK. 25 August 2010. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010 2189: 2124: 2080: 2066: 2045: 1973: 1937: 1624: 1524: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1404: 1343: 1318: 1276: 1266: 1158: 1090: 1050: 1032: 1007: 931: 912: 906: 901: 889: 809: 801: 775: 759: 690: 665: 613: 585: 572: 537: 490: 475: 445: 429: 424: 380: 308: 267: 200: 104:

Hovercraft use blowers to produce a large volume of air below the

69: 59: 55: 50: 42: 3547: 3269: 1271:

Prototype 452 of Type 722 II LCAC in Chinese Navy Museum, Qingdao

741:

The first passenger-carrying hovercraft to enter service was the

5075: 5030: 4644: 4507: 4171: 3599: 2804:"April Artifact of the Month: Curtiss-Wright Model 2500 Air Car" 2091: 1925: 1886: 1508: 1226: 974: 817: 793: 746: 583:

in 1968, hovercraft had developed into useful commercial craft.

389:

The idea of the modern hovercraft is most often associated with

4186: 4229: 3345:"Iran unveils home-made missile launching hovercraft - NZweek" 2357:"Hovercraft to Return to Oita, Ferrying Passengers to Airport" 1718: 1601:

Landing Craft Air Cushion, an example of a military hovercraft

3681: 1144:

In 1998, the US Postal Service began using the British built

4133: 4085:

Web page on tracked air cushion vehicle research in the U.S.

2913:

Raymond Wheeler, "From River to Sea", Cross Publishing, 1993

2702:"1959 Curtiss-Wright Air Car 2500 – Like Riding on a Cloud…" 1186:

An experimental service was operated in Scotland across the

609:

Société d'Etude et de Développement des Aéroglisseurs Marins

139:

Although now a generic term for the type of craft, the name

4097:

Article on tracked air cushion vehicle research in the U.S.

3729: 3426:

Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy

1672:

with a dragline on board for use over soft reclaimed land.

878:

Group) and Hovermarine based at Woolston (the latter being

3573: 3243: 2779:"This Unbelievable 1959 Curtiss-Wright Model 2500 Air-Car" 2648:

The first air-cushion warship, the Soviet torpedo boat L-5

1999:

All-season capability - frozen or flowing rivers no object

1724:

A test track for a tracked hovercraft system was built at

1299:

designed an experimental missile attack hovercraft class,

4069:"The Rohr Aerotrain Tracked Air-Cushioned Vehicle (TACV)" 3903:"Correspondence and papers of Sir Harry Legge-Bourke, MP" 2466:"Technic - Austro-Hungarian Hovercraft - The Development" 1690:

to pull a hoverbarge across snow, ice and water in 1982.

373:

that could speed up to 2,400 km/h (1,500 mph).

47:

RLG-innovations eurocraft, a Formula 1 racing hovercraft

2468:. Homepages.fh-giessen.de. 26 March 1915. Archived from 645:

both took out licences to develop local versions of the

213:(1880–1956) built the world's first "air cushion" boat ( 116:

to transport hundreds of people and vehicles across the

3495:"Griffon Hoverwork secure Ministry of Defence contract" 1764:

at Leeds University Library. Heseltine was accused by

1527:

was unique. This was used in both the UK SR.N5 curved

334:

of an inch) above its tabletop roadbed. An article in

1163:

Hivus-10 hovercraft on Taimyr peninsula in April 2013

2355:

Sekiya, Yohei; Shimbun, Yomiuri (3 September 2023).

1129:

an AP1-88 hovercraft for regular passengers between

618:

Russian-built Aerohod A48 hovercraft with passengers

487:

2000TD hovercraft with engine off and skirt deflated

417:

a plane; and the Army were 'plain not interested'."

5433: 5400: 5329: 5283: 5247: 5206: 5069: 4938: 4838: 4804: 4744: 4696: 4658: 4521: 4337: 4220: 1966:is a hovercraft device used for skimming concrete. 1397:begun building new classes of military hovercraft. 2086:World's largest military hovercraft – The Russian 2071:World's largest military hovercraft – The Russian 627:" proposals during the 1960s, including England's 1531:configuration and later with modified flat deck, 1303:, in the late 1990s. The prototype of the class, 944:engines. These were both used by rival operators 595:Hovercraft in the Netherlands, newsreel from 1976 4177:Air cushion technology for heavy haulage in 1967 3522:"Lighter Air Cushioned Vehicle 30-ton (LACV 30)" 2548: 2546: 2495:(in Russian), personal archive published by the 2123:Longest continuous use – The original prototype 1752:and can be seen from trains, just south west of 1107:received two flood-rescue hovercraft donated by 1071:liaison vehicles. In England, hovercraft of the 3501:. Bland Group UK Holdings Ltd. 13 November 2019 2904:, Maritime Defence Management Journal, Issue 47 2383:"Griffon Hoverwork wins £25m Japan export deal" 1955:" that it uses regularly to cover the pitch at 3128:. Navi Mumbai. 3 November 2011. Archived from 2560:. October 1959. pp. 92–95. Archived from 1844:From the 1960s to 1980s, heavy haulers in the 892:). One of these models, the HM-2, was used by 274:Aviation Hall of Fame and Museum of New Jersey 4198: 4014:"Guinness World Records - Fastest Hovercraft" 1569:. Developed and tested in the mid-1970s, the 1389:, though it is more properly classified as a 1152:, to and from eight small villages along the 542:Passenger-carrying hovercraft, offshore from 444:for the development of what would become the 302:, invented a walled air cushion vehicle, the 280: 8: 1786:At the other end of the speed spectrum, the 1364:, comparable to the SR.N6, to the monstrous 286: 228: 214: 180:that require forward motion to create lift. 3885:"*** MISSING TITLE *** MISSING TITLE ***", 2728:"Luke Skywalker, your landspeeder is ready" 2675:Inventor of the week: Christopher Cockerell 2405:"House of Commons Debates: Hovercraft Bill" 2079:World's largest civil hovercraft – The BHC 1461:and operated on waterways there during the 1409:A Griffon 2000 TDX Class hovercraft of the 1148:to haul mail, freight, and passengers from 1095:Multipurpose civilian hovercraft Kaiman-10 298:During World War II, an American engineer, 4205: 4191: 4183: 3292:"LCAC / PGAC Wellington BH.7 (Iran) class" 3001: 2999: 2997: 2876:. 3 June 1960. p. 930. Archived from 2413:, vol. 764, cc1479-522, 16 May 1968, 1202:, the service used a craft chartered from 3079:"Hovercraft of Hovermarine Transport Ltd" 3058:"Media | Hovertravel Isle of Wight Ferry" 712:National Research Development Corporation 438:National Research Development Corporation 108:, or air cushion, that is slightly above 4040:"Fastest speed on land for a hovercraft" 3990:. Guinness World Records. Archived from 3962:"CEGB's problems are seldom little ones" 2753:"1959 Curtiss-Wright Model 2500 Air-Car" 2499:(in author's own handwriting), pp. 2315:"What happened to passenger hovercraft?" 2005:Flexibility, due to low surface friction 1649: 1198:), from 16 to 28 July 2007. Marketed as 812:, which operated across the Solent from 448:, short for "Saunders-Roe, Nautical 1". 62:on its last commercial route across the 4167:Simple Potted History of the Hovercraft 3122:"Navi Mumbai mulls hovercraft services" 2257: 1895:frame's surface and were operated by a 1832:. UMTA built an extensive test site in 1575: 1105:Gloucestershire Fire and Rescue Service 969:later joined by the French-built SEDAM 451:The SR.N1 was powered by a 450 hp 3777: 3606:from the original on 25 September 2009 3548:"Welcome to the Hovercruiser Web site" 3528:from the original on 21 September 2016 3371:"Media/images/1388/03/06/100907865558" 3294:. harpoondatabases.com. Archived from 2982:from the original on 27 September 2011 2519:"Russia and the Ground-effect Vehicle" 2385:(Press release). UK: Griffon Hoverwork 2292:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 18. 1167:In 2006, Kvichak Marine Industries of 1055:Russian-built hovercraft "Hiivari" in 272:Charles Fletcher's Glidemobile in the 3740:from the original on 17 December 2014 3710:from the original on 17 February 2015 3580:from the original on 27 December 2018 3351:from the original on 23 February 2014 3250:from the original on 13 February 2014 2417:from the original on 27 November 2012 2313:Parkinson, Justin (9 November 2015). 2232:Swedish air-cushion vehicle prototype 1848:used an air-cushion system for their 937:(SR.N4) models, each powered by four 7: 4046:from the original on 3 November 2014 4020:from the original on 3 November 2014 3908:. University of Leeds. 2 June 2004. 3574:"Hovercraft Cruising Club UK !" 3554:from the original on 3 February 2010 3038:from the original on 1 February 2014 3008:Whatever Happened to the Hovercraft? 1858:Central Electricity Generating Board 1469:, claimed late in his life that the 525:After considerable experimentation, 295:put an end to his development work. 219:). Shaped like a section of a large 3429:. Seaforth Publishing. p. 69. 3402:. New York: Springer. p. 323. 2942:"Hovercraft: New Generations Ahead" 2622:from the original on 14 August 2011 2614:[Hovercraft] (in Russian). 2531:from the original on 5 October 2015 2446:from the original on 6 January 2008 2338:"The hovercraft that kept on going" 2225:Resonance method of ice destruction 1003:Royal National Lifeboat Institution 766:Royal National Lifeboat Institution 246:Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovskii 86: 5377:Transit-oriented development (TOD) 3915:from the original on 27 March 2009 3600:"Hovercraft Club of Great Britain" 3473:. The History Press. p. 107. 3396:Yun, Liang; Bliault, Alan (2012). 2678:, MIT, August 2007, archived from 2592:from the original on 26 March 2012 1133:, Denmark, and the SAS Hovercraft 132:is planning to resume services in 25: 4071:. SHONNER Studios. Archived from 3658:from the original on 28 June 2011 3377:from the original on 6 March 2014 3325:from the original on 6 April 2014 3218:"County lends Cumbria hovercraft" 3032:"Hoylake-Rhyl Hovercraft Service" 2952:from the original on 22 June 2012 2267:Hovercraft Definition and Meaning 2114:SR.N4 Mk.III on 14 September 1995 1818:Urban Mass Transit Administration 1797:system, situated in the Austrian 1465:. The hovercraft's inventor, Sir 1423:RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus) 495:With engine on and skirt inflated 5533: 5387:Transportation demand management 4172:Hovercraft Club of Great Britain 3678:"World Hovercraft Championships" 3632:from the original on 4 July 2011 3626:"European Hovercraft Federation" 3085:from the original on 29 May 2012 2833:"June 1960: Floating a new idea" 2726:Wojdyla, Ben (2 February 2015). 2700:Brophy, Jim (4 September 2021). 2654:from the original on 10 May 2019 1620:Hovercraft Club of Great Britain 1590: 1578: 1463:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 551:designs, including Saunders Roe/ 89:: hovercraft), also known as an 3399:High Performance Marine Vessels 2809:U.S. Army Transportation Museum 2410:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1899:vehicle which was a customized 1629:Single-seater racing hovercraft 1413:on patrol in Iraq in April 2003 4162:Royal Marines Super Hovercraft 2891:– via theengineer.co.uk. 2853:– via theengineer.co.uk. 2493:Friction and resistance of air 2336:Noble, Will (13 August 2021). 2107:crossing – 22 minutes by 1920:was a spherical canister-type 1041:water transport infrastructure 896:between Southampton (near the 649:. These designs competed with 316:Model 2500 Air Car, late 1950s 153:British Hovercraft Corporation 1: 4359:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 4141:at Lee-on-Solent, Gosport, UK 3704:"World Hovercraft Federation" 3550:. hovercruiser.org.uk. 2008. 1709:, an experimental high speed 1683:The low pull force enabled a 1565:now deployed by the U.S. and 472:Skirts and other improvements 255:began experimenting with the 211:Dagobert Müller von Thomamühl 5415:Passenger information system 4157:National Library of Scotland 2831:Ford, Jason (18 June 2019). 2612:"Судно на воздушной подушке" 2112:Mountbatten class hovercraft 1811:Narita International Airport 1754:Peterborough railway station 1081:Avon Fire and Rescue Service 804:, which operated across the 607:, built for Seaspeed by the 4553:Demand-responsive transport 4451:Medium-capacity rail system 3862:. Railworld. Archived from 2497:Russian Academy of Sciences 2021:Proneness to contrary winds 1563:air-cushioned landing craft 1258:Air-cushioned landing craft 753:aero-engines and driven by 233:had a top speed of over 32 205:Luftkissengleitboot replica 5591: 5316:Public transport timetable 4347:Passenger rail terminology 4134:"The Future of Hovercraft" 3960:Cater, Ron (5 June 1970). 3467:Hollebone, Ashley (2012). 2491:Tsiolkovskii, Konstantin, 1850:hydraulic modular trailers 1762:Sir Harry Legge-Bourke, MP 1697: 1662:Boren ride-on Power Trowel 1275:The People's Army Navy of 1255: 768:operates a small fleet of 718:'s first aerial crossing. 251:In 1929, Andrew Kucher of 26: 5529: 5347:Green transport hierarchy 5084:Automated fare collection 3941:. No. 18. April 2019 3784:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3470:The Hovercraft: A History 2616:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1740:, sandwiched between the 1378:to use a hovercraft, the 1121:The Scandinavian airline 808:, in 1962, and later the 187:was by Swedish scientist 5382:Transportation authority 2290:A Dictionary of Aviation 2288:Wragg, David W. (1973). 2220:Research Test Vehicle 31 1736:. It ran southwest from 1019:used to ply between the 898:Woolston Floating Bridge 749:. It was powered by two 505:Armstrong Siddeley Viper 463:visited Saunders-Roe at 5446:Bus rapid transit creep 5392:Transportation planning 4153:Scottish Screen Archive 4119:considered for deletion 3891:, p. 235, May 1973 2976:Aérotrain et Naviplanes 2948:: 528. 5 October 1961. 2270:, collinsdictionary.com 2236:Ship-to-Shore Connector 1949:Marylebone Cricket Club 1480:Griffonhoverwork 2400TD 1362:Czilim-class hovercraft 1047:Civilian non-commercial 575:cross-channel ferry by 348:displayed a hovercraft 58:hovercraft arriving in 5144:Manual fare collection 5124:Farebox recovery ratio 4615:Personal rapid transit 3680:. 2010. Archived from 3652:"Hoverclub of America" 3524:. globalsecurity.org. 3423:Roberts, John (2009). 3321:. globalsecurity.org. 3006:Lefeaux, John (2001). 2075: 2015:Engine noise emissions 1987: 1778:Professor Laithwaite's 1713:built and operated in 1663: 1630: 1425:, now the site of the 1414: 1353: 1324: 1301:Tuuli class hovercraft 1272: 1164: 1096: 1060: 1013: 952:(which joined to form 927: 797: 773: 686: 619: 596: 547: 496: 488: 482:Lithuanian Coast Guard 433: 386: 317: 287: 281: 276: 229: 215: 209:In 1915, the Austrian 206: 196:John Isaac Thornycroft 174:ground effect vehicles 78: 67: 48: 5501:Sustainable transport 5481:Passenger load factor 5296:Clock-face scheduling 5129:Free public transport 4981:Bus turnout (bus bay) 4678:Real-time ridesharing 4471:Platform screen doors 4151:D2 hoverbus from the 3760:"Hover barge History" 3244:"hoveraid.org - Home" 2155:Aerofex hover vehicle 2070: 1977: 1957:Lord's Cricket Ground 1661: 1628: 1549:Army Transport Museum 1484:2003 invasion of Iraq 1467:Christopher Cockerell 1408: 1347: 1322: 1281:Jingsah II class LCAC 1270: 1208:passenger load factor 1196:Portobello, Edinburgh 1162: 1094: 1054: 1011: 910: 855:Harbour, England, to 779: 763: 669: 617: 594: 541: 512:Cecil Latimer-Needham 494: 479: 428: 391:Christopher Cockerell 384: 377:Christopher Cockerell 312: 271: 204: 73: 54: 46: 29:Ground-effect vehicle 5575:Air-cushion vehicles 5540:Transport portal 5476:Outline of transport 5169:Reduced fare program 5139:Integrated ticketing 5094:Contract of carriage 4905:Personal transporter 4461:Narrow-gauge railway 4309:Rail replacement bus 3988:"Largest Hovercraft" 3888:The Railway Magazine 3866:on 10 September 2007 3833:Columbia Helicopters 3373:. jamejamonline.ir. 3132:on 24 September 2015 3081:. 18 December 1974. 2946:Flight International 2662:– via YouTube. 2524:Flight International 1918:Hoover Constellation 1419:British Armed Forces 1206:and achieved an 85% 770:hovercraft lifeboats 736:C.H. Latimer-Needham 367:William R. Bertelsen 110:atmospheric pressure 31:. For the band, see 5570:Amphibious vehicles 5516:Transport economics 5311:On-time performance 5306:Night (owl) service 5006:Interchange station 4885:Horse-drawn vehicle 4673:Flexible carpooling 4481:Metro/Rapid Transit 3840:on 13 February 2016 3298:on 22 February 2014 2564:on 29 January 2016. 2241:Surface effect ship 1813:near Tokyo, Japan. 1391:surface effect ship 1001:were bought by the 881:sidewall hovercraft 723:Farnborough Airshow 432:general arrangement 354:Ford Levacar Mach I 265:of existing rails. 216:Luftkissengleitboot 91:air-cushion vehicle 38:Air cushion vehicle 18:Air cushion vehicle 5565:English inventions 5270:Standing passenger 4533:Auto rickshaw taxi 4503:Suspension railway 4486:Rubber-tyred metro 4409:Heritage streetcar 4314:Share taxi/Taxibus 3499:www.blandgroup.com 3319:"Iranian Warships" 3224:. 20 November 2009 3184:on 8 December 2015 3158:on 8 December 2015 3010:. Pentland Books. 2076: 1988: 1940:is an air-cushion 1912:Non-transportation 1826:Garrett AiResearch 1664: 1631: 1607:Recreational/sport 1504:United States Navy 1494:During the 1960s, 1415: 1354: 1325: 1273: 1165: 1131:Copenhagen Airport 1109:Severn Trent Water 1097: 1067:("mud season") as 1061: 1014: 960:, where a special 928: 851:ran services from 798: 774: 687: 629:Tracked Hovercraft 620: 597: 548: 497: 489: 434: 387: 318: 277: 248:in 1926 and 1927. 207: 189:Emanuel Swedenborg 79: 68: 49: 5547: 5546: 5239:Transport network 5229:Non-revenue track 4895:Inclined elevator 4830:Inclined elevator 4796:Inclined elevator 4421:Higher-speed rail 4364:Airport rail link 4247:Bus rapid transit 4139:Hovercraft Museum 3828:"The hover barge" 2759:. 18 October 2017 2472:on 9 October 2007 2133:Lee-on-the-Solent 2129:Hovercraft Museum 2095:main battle tanks 2042:Lee-on-the-Solent 2038:Hovercraft Museum 1758:Michael Heseltine 1742:Old Bedford River 1659: 1427:Hovercraft Museum 1323:Tondar hovercraft 1085:Weston-super-Mare 999:Griffon Hoverwork 822:Weston-super-Mare 792:is shown here at 786:Griffon Hoverwork 784:service uses the 592: 557:Vickers-Armstrong 534:Commercialisation 501:Blackburn Marboré 485:Griffon Hoverwork 461:Duke of Edinburgh 371:self-driving cars 288:Versuchsgleitboot 230:Versuchsgleitboot 33:Hovercraft (band) 16:(Redirected from 5582: 5538: 5537: 5456:Destination sign 5420:Platform display 5410:Destination sign 5367:Transit district 5362:Street hierarchy 5342:Complete streets 5337:Airport security 5219:Cross-city route 5164:Proof-of-payment 5134:Free travel pass 4625:Public light bus 4585:Hackney carriage 4404:Heritage railway 4389:Elevated railway 4384:Cross-city route 4304:Public light bus 4262:Cross-city route 4214:Public transport 4207: 4200: 4193: 4184: 4122: 4096: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3968:. pp. 80–82 3966:Commercial Motor 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3836:. Archived from 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3734:hovercrafthq.com 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3453:The Sunday Times 3447: 3441: 3440: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3272:. Stagecoach Bus 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3246:. hoveraid.org. 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3180:. Archived from 3178:"CCGS Sipu Muin" 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3154:. Archived from 3152:"CCGS Mamilossa" 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3110:. UK. p. 6. 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3003: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2882: 2869: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2841:. Archived from 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2783:Design You Trust 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2732:Road & Track 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2706:Curbside Classic 2697: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2591: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2527:. 5 April 1962. 2514: 2508: 2507: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2442:. 11 June 1959. 2432: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2262: 1890: 1878:ballast tractors 1854:overweight loads 1834:Pueblo, Colorado 1660: 1594: 1582: 1537:grenade launcher 1146:Hoverwork AP1-88 1021:Gateway of India 861:Townsend Ferries 764:In Britain, the 593: 359:In August 1961, 333: 332: 328: 300:Charles Fletcher 290: 284: 232: 218: 194:The shipbuilder 99:amphibious craft 88: 66:(1 October 2000) 21: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5532: 5525: 5429: 5402: 5396: 5325: 5279: 5255:Checked baggage 5243: 5202: 5089:Bus advertising 5073: 5065: 4934: 4925:Trackless train 4868:Scooter-sharing 4863:Bicycle-sharing 4840: 4834: 4800: 4740: 4692: 4654: 4630:Pulled rickshaw 4600:Motorcycle taxi 4543:Combination bus 4524: 4517: 4431:Inter-city rail 4416:High-speed rail 4333: 4216: 4211: 4107: 4104: 4092:Popular Science 4088: 4078: 4076: 4075:on 7 April 2014 4067: 4064: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3808:. 18 April 2007 3798: 3797: 3793: 3776: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3730:"RC Hovercraft" 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3005: 3004: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2845:on 18 June 2019 2830: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2812:. 23 March 2021 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2683: 2682:on 13 June 2012 2672: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2558:Modern Mechanix 2554:"Cars that Fly" 2552: 2551: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2361:Yomiuri Shimbun 2354: 2353: 2349: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2205:Hovercraft tank 2150: 2105:English Channel 2088:Zubr class LCAC 2073:Zubr class LCAC 2065: 2034: 2012: 1993: 1972: 1914: 1885: 1842: 1809:also exists in 1774:Alfred McAlpine 1702: 1696: 1669: 1650: 1648: 1609: 1602: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1492: 1403: 1342: 1317: 1293: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1154:Kuskokwim River 1049: 939:Bristol Proteus 926:Hoverport, 1973 911:The Hoverlloyd 708: 703: 685: 664: 637:. In the U.S., 586: 536: 474: 423: 379: 362:Popular Science 337:Modern Mechanix 330: 326: 325: 320:In April 1958, 170: 165: 130:Oita Hovercraft 118:English Channel 64:English Channel 39: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5471:Land transport 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5372:Transit police 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5352:Rail subsidies 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5224:Network length 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5188:Ticket machine 5185: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5109:Fare avoidance 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4991:Ferry terminal 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4900:Moving walkway 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4825:Moving walkway 4822: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4754:Aerial tramway 4750: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4550: 4548:Cycle rickshaw 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4498:Street running 4495: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4343: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4226: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4142: 4136: 4131: 4103: 4102:External links 4100: 4099: 4098: 4086: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4031: 4005: 3994:on 25 May 2006 3979: 3952: 3935:"Totally ace!" 3926: 3894: 3877: 3860:"Hover Trains" 3851: 3819: 3791: 3751: 3721: 3695: 3669: 3643: 3617: 3591: 3565: 3539: 3512: 3486: 3480:978-0752464794 3479: 3459: 3442: 3436:978-1848320437 3435: 3415: 3409:978-1461408680 3408: 3388: 3362: 3347:. nzweek.com. 3336: 3309: 3283: 3261: 3235: 3209: 3195: 3169: 3143: 3113: 3096: 3070: 3049: 3023: 3016: 2993: 2963: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2902:"Air apparent" 2894: 2856: 2823: 2795: 2770: 2757:ThrottleXtreme 2744: 2718: 2692: 2665: 2633: 2603: 2567: 2542: 2509: 2483: 2457: 2427: 2396: 2374: 2347: 2328: 2305: 2298: 2280: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2102: 2084: 2064: 2061: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1971: 1968: 1922:vacuum cleaner 1913: 1910: 1841: 1838: 1807:similar system 1788:U-Bahn Serfaus 1698:Main article: 1695: 1692: 1668: 1665: 1647: 1644: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1577: 1545:Plain of Reeds 1491: 1488: 1402: 1401:United Kingdom 1399: 1384:guided missile 1341: 1338: 1316: 1313: 1292: 1289: 1264: 1261: 1253: 1250: 1188:Firth of Forth 1150:Bethel, Alaska 1113:2007 UK floods 1111:following the 1077:Bridgwater Bay 1073:Burnham-on-Sea 1048: 1045: 983:Channel Tunnel 971:N500 Naviplane 922:on the pad at 876:Britten-Norman 859:, France, and 831:Operations by 707: 704: 702: 699: 684: 683: 682:Flexible skirt 680: 677: 674: 670: 663: 660: 605:N500 Naviplane 565:Britten-Norman 535: 532: 473: 470: 453:Alvis Leonides 422: 419: 378: 375: 314:Curtiss-Wright 169: 166: 164: 161: 37: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5587: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5521:Micromobility 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5466:Hail and ride 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5061:Transport hub 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5046:Train station 5044: 5042: 5041:Taxicab stand 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5026:Park and ride 5024: 5022: 5021:Metro station 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764:Cable railway 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493:Regional rail 4491: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 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