871:. With custom applications, improper installation may cause the air bags to rub against the vehicle's frame or other surrounding parts, damaging it. The over-extension of an air spring which is not sufficiently constrained by other suspension components, such as a shock absorber, may also lead to the premature failure of an air spring through the tearing of the flexible layers. Failure of an air spring may also result in complete immobilization of the vehicle, since the vehicle will rub against the ground or be too high to move. However, most modern automotive systems have overcome many of these problems.
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trucks, this process is termed "notching" because a portion (notch) of the cargo bed may also be removed, along with the wheel wells, to provide maximum axle clearance. For some, it is desirable to have the vehicle so low that the frame rests on the ground when the air bags are fully deflated. Owners generally choose between having their cars 'tuck' their wheels into the arches when their air suspension is fully lowered or alternatively they can choose to go for 'fitment' which in partnership with stretched tyres sees the arch itself fit in between the tyre and rim.
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and undercarriage sensors, but a manual ride height switch allows control over the suspension by the driver. The "Loading" and "Off-Road" heights are available only at speeds typically less than 35 miles per hour (56 km/h). The "Highway" setting is not available manually; it is set when the vehicle moves at over typically 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) for over 30 seconds. Unlike a mechanical spring system (where deflection is proportional to load), height may be varied independently from the load by altering the pressure in the air springs.
936:. This system aids loading and unloading the coach on and off ferries due to their steep ramps and risk of grounding out, but can also be used on rough ground or on steep crests. Although the ferry lift may be installed on some buses, the Kneel Down facility is more common on public transport buses. This helps reduce the step height for easy passenger ingress. The Kneel Down facility is also used when using the built-in wheelchair ramps. Due to several advantages, air suspension has been extensively used in commercial vehicles since 1980.
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In addition, the basic minimum ground height of 148mm is divided into four stages: high, normal, low, and ultra-low according to the driving mode, driving speed, and driving environment. depending on the driving mode, driving speed, and driving environment. And it informs the driver of the garage control through the infotainment screen. The speed bump control, the hump control, the slope control, and the high-speed driving control functions are activated under the air suspension control.
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developments using this 1901 seal followed. A company called Air
Springs Ltd started producing the A.S.L. motorcycle in 1909. This was unusual in having pneumatic suspension at front and rear - rear suspension being unusual in any form of motorcycle at that time. The suspension units were similar to the normal girder forks with the spring replaced by a telescopic air unit which could be pressurised to suit the rider. Production of the motorcycles ceased in 1914.
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member or a moving suspension component, causing a hole to form. This mode of failure will typically take some time to occur after the initial installation of the system, as the integrity of a section of air line is compromised to the point of failure due to the rubbing and resultant abrasion of the material. An air line failure may also occur if a piece of
856:
606:, trucks, cars, and even motorcycles may have air springs. They are used in these applications to provide an adjustable suspension which allows vehicles to sit extremely low, yet be able rise to a level high enough to maneuver over obstacles and inconsistencies on paved surfaces. These systems generally employ small, electric or engine-driven
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platform featured an air suspension on the 300SE models. The system used a Bosch main valve with two axle valves on the front and one on the rear. These controlled a cone-shaped air spring on each wheel axle. The system maintained a constant ride height utilizing an air reservoir that was filled by a
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is primarily due to leaking air springs or air struts. The compressor will burn out trying to maintain the correct air pressure in a leaking air system. Compressor burnout may also be caused by moisture from within the air system coming into contact with its electronic parts. This is far more likely
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Often, owners may desire to lower their vehicle to such an extent that they must cut away portions of the frame for more clearance. A reinforcement member commonly referred to as a C-notch is then bolted or welded to the vehicle frame in order to maintain structural integrity. Specifically on pickup
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The installation and configuration of these systems varies for different makes and models but the underlying principle remains the same. The metal spring (coil or leaf) is removed, and an air bag, also referred to as an air spring, is inserted or fabricated to fit in the place of the factory spring.
250:
In 1958, Buick introduced an optional "Air-Poised
Suspension" with four cylinders of air (instead of conventional coil springs) for automatic leveling, as well as a "Bootstrap" control on the dashboard to raise the car 5.5 inches (139.7 millimetres) for use on steep ramps or rutted country roads, as
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usually occurs when they are first fitted or very rarely in use. Cheap low quality components tend to be very unreliable. Air fittings are used to connect components such as bags, valves, and solenoids to the air line that transfers the air. They are screwed into the component and for the most part
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Multi-Chamber air suspension applicated on the
Genesis G90 consists of three chambers. Three chambers are used for a smooth ride, and one chamber is used for a dynamic driving feeling. A solenoid valve located between each chamber and a separate electronic control unit oversees the control process.
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Air suspension is also a common suspension upgrade for those who tow or haul heavy loads with their pick-up truck, SUV, van or car. Air springs, also called "air helper springs," are placed on existing suspension components on the rear or front of the vehicle in order to increase the load capacity.
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is a failure of the tubing which connects the air bags or struts to the rest of the air system, and is typically DOT-approved nylon air brake line. This usually occurs when the air lines, which must be routed to the air bags through the chassis of the vehicle, rub against a sharp edge of a chassis
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ECAS provides variable-height suspension for on- and off-road applications. The five suspension heights typically offered by ECAS are (from lowest to highest in terms of height) "Loading," "Highway," "Standard," "Off-Road," and "Off-Road
Extended." Height is controlled automatically based on speed
148:
On 22 January 1901 an
American, William W. Humphreys, patented an idea - a 'Pneumatic Spring for Vehicles'. The design consisted of a left and right air spring longitudinally channeled nearly the length of the vehicle. The channels were concaved to receive two long pneumatic cushions. Each one was
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configuration and the air spring may be situated vertically between a link bar or the axle housing and a point on the vehicle's frame. In other cases, the air bag is situated on the opposite side of the axle from the main link bars on an additional cantilever member. If the main linkage bars are
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The air springs were designed to provide a smooth ride, with the additional ability to raise the body of the vehicle for off-road clearance and lower it for higher-speeds road driving. Mechanical springs, for which deflection is proportional to load, cannot do this; with ECAS height is largely
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for welding) are sometimes used in more radical air suspension setups. Either of these reservoir systems may be fully adjustable, being able to adjust each wheel's air pressure individually. This allows the user to tilt the vehicle side-to-side, front-to-back, in some instances "hit a 3-wheel"
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Air springs are used in bus suspensions due to a wide range of advantages over mechanical springs. Compared to a mechanical spring, air suspension can adjust to different vehicle weights by increasing the pressure in the air bag, allowing vehicle height to be maintained at a particular value.
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which sometimes fill an on-board air receiver tank which stores compressed air for use in the future without delay. It is important that the tank is sized for the task and can be calculated using a specific formula involving the compressor output, standard atmospheric pressure and compressed
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Many enthusiasts use diagnostic devices such as laptop and hand computers running specially developed software to clear spurious faults and avoid the need for repair. Some manipulate the sensors to set the vehicle to a particular ride height at all times by adjusting the lever ratio on the
144:
On 7 January 1901 the
British engineer Archibald Sharp patented a method for making a seal allowing pneumatic or hydraulic apparatus described as a "rolling mitten seal", and on 11 January 1901 he applied for a patent for the use of the device to provide air suspension on bicycles. Further
247:. An "Air Dome" assembly at each wheel included sensors to compensate for uneven road surfaces and to automatically maintain the car's height. For 1958 and 1959, the system continued on the Eldorado Brougham, and was offered as an extra cost option on other Cadillacs.
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patented a rubber air spring that is inserted into a car's factory coil spring. The air spring expanded into the spaces in the coil spring, keeping the factory spring from fully compressing, and the vehicle from sagging. The air springs were also commonly used on
763:
Dunlop
Systems and Components Ltd have continued to develop the products to the point where the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) is now able to fit under the vehicle floor. The control valves are much smaller and lighter and they produce their own range of
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the dryer, which functions to remove moisture from the air system, eventually becomes saturated and unable to perform that function. This causes moisture to build up in the system and can result in damaged air springs and/or a burned out compressor.
555:, making it easier to enter the vehicle, clear bumps, or clear rough terrain. Since a car with lower ground clearance has different aerodynamic characteristics, automakers can use active suspension technology to improve efficiency or handling.
354:
Dunlop
Systems Coventry UK were also pioneers of Electronically Controlled Air Suspension (ECAS) for off-road vehicles - the term ECAS was successfully trade marked. The system was first fitted to the 1993 model year Land Rover Range Rover.
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is usually caused by wet rust, due to old age, or moisture within the air system that damages it from the inside. Air ride suspension parts may fail because rubber dries out. Punctures to the air bag may be caused from
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Companies such as Jaguar and
Porsche have introduced systems on some of their models that change the spring rate and damping settings of the suspension, among other changes, for their sport/track modes. The
627:(contort the vehicle so one wheel lifts up from the ground) or even "hop" the entire vehicle into the air. When a pressure reservoir is present, the flow of air or gas is commonly controlled with pneumatic
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hits an air line and punctures or tears it, although this is unlikely to occur in normal road use. It does occur in harsh off-road conditions but it still not common if correctly installed.
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One of the advantages of using air suspension as a load support enhancement is the air springs can be deflated when not towing or hauling and therefore maintaining the factory ride quality.
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to occur with low specification compressors with insufficient duty cycle which are often purchased due to low cost. For redundancy in the system two compressors are often a better option.
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274:, reservoir, air bags within the coil springs, and a ride-height control, but the $ 99 optional system was not popular among buyers and American Motors (AMC) discontinued it for 1960.
69:, which offers many similar features, air suspension does not use pressurized liquid, but pressurized air. The air pressure inflates the bellows, and raises the chassis from the axle.
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when the patents on the technology had expired. This design replaced the expensive, complex, and problematic compressed air system that was still used on the 600 models until 1984.
1453:
171:, the U.S. developed the air suspension for heavy aircraft in order to save weight with compact construction. Air systems were also used in heavy trucks and aircraft to attain
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independent of load. The developers of ECAS also designed LoadSafe, a related system to ascertain load and change in load on an LCV type vehicle fitted with air springs.
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incorporated four wheel hydropneumatic suspension. This combined a very soft, comfortable suspension, with controlled movements, for sharp handling, together with a
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height sensors ideally on all 4 vehicle corners based, typically, on resistive contact sensing to give an absolute height reference for each corner of the vehicle.
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2004:
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introduced an update to Magic Body
Control, called Active Curve Tilting. This new system allows the vehicle to lean up to 2.5 degrees into a turn, similar to a
255:. For 1959, Buick offered an optional "Air Ride" system on all models that combined "soft-rate" steel coil springs in the front with air springs in the rear.
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The ECAS computer can, using pre-programmed criteria to detect a fault, disable the system into "Hard Fault Mode" which lowers the vehicle to the suspension
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had suspension settings which were linked to the memory seat system, meaning that the car would automatically adjust the suspension to individual drivers.
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built on its World War II experience with air suspension for trucks and airplanes. It introduced air suspension as standard equipment on the new 1957
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112:, but in some cases is used for sports suspension. Modern electronically controlled systems in automobiles and light trucks almost always feature
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a series of 6 mm air pipes which channel air throughout the system (mainly from the storage tank to the air springs via the valve block)
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655:. In some cases, two of the link bars may be combined into a triangular shape which effectively constrains the vehicles axle laterally.
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The Multi-Chamber air suspension is a suspension capable of controlling the spring characteristics of the air suspension step by step.
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such as pickup trucks, the leaf spring is sometimes eliminated and replaced with a multiple-bar linkage. These bars are typically in a
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oriented parallel to the longitudinal (driving) axis of the car, the axle housing may be constrained laterally with either a
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209:, incorporating the advantages of earlier air suspension concepts, but with hydraulic fluid rather than air under pressure.
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Leaks in the system, often due to main seal wear caused by excessive duty cycle, can cause premature compressor failure.
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When air pressure is supplied to the air bag, the suspension can be adjusted either up or down (lifted or lowered).
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Only Cadillac continued to offer air suspension through the 1960 model year, where it was standard equipment on the
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631:. This allows the user to make adjustments by simply pressing a momentary-contact electric button or switch.
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Air suspension was not included in standard production American-built cars between 1960 and 1983. In 1984,
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http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0-921-1721304-1-1710008-1-0-0-1710107-0-1-12759-614216-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html
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storage tank may be included for rapid "kneel", storing air at ~150psi (1000 kPa), note (1psi=6.89kPa)
128:(although these terms are also used to describe just the rubber bellows element with its end plates).
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Air suspension is used in place of conventional steel springs in heavy vehicle applications such as
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Standard coaches also have a system called ferry lift, which raises the vehicle and increases its
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How to Build Tri-Five Chevy Trucks: Performance Modifications and Upgrades for 1955-1957 Classic
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that featured numerous innovations, including a four-wheel independent air suspension system.
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a valve block which routes air from the storage tank to the four air springs via a series of
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Cut-way of a deflated commercial truck air spring bellows. 'A' is the rubber bellows element
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featured an optional rear air suspension system with a dual compressor control system from
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replaced the conventional steel springs on the rear axle of their top-of-range model, the
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used larger air springs and the compressed air system also powered the brake servo.
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175:. With adjustable air pressure, the axle height was independent of vehicle load.
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35:
1030:, "An Improved Packing Tube suitable for Pneumatic and Hydraulic Apparatus"
164:
automobiles featured a suspension "to hold the car aloft on four gas bubbles."
77:
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2421:
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2238:
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In 1986, Nissan installed an airbag modification to MacPherson Struts on the
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along with raising and lowering functions. Although traditionally called
1263:
1102:
The A.S.L. Spring-Frame Motor Bicycle, The Motor Cycle, 7 Jul 1909, p502
190:
17:
966:
916:, leaving it usable with radically reduced performance until repaired.
855:
827: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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505:
501:
441:
432:
Vehicle marques that have used air suspension on their models include:
404: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
136:
62:
1982:
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920:
height-sensing devices, or a supplementary ECU to "fool" the system.
744:
an ECAS computer which communicates with the car's main computer the
735:
525:
513:
465:
258:
An optional air suspension system was available on the 1958 and 1959
195:
602:
Air suspension has become popular in the custom automobile culture:
567:
to lower or raise the vehicle for aerodynamics and increased range.
41:"Air ride" redirects here. For the Nintendo GameCube videogame, see
889:
push-in or push-to-fit DOT line is then inserted into the fitting.
582:
on the occupants and is available only on rear-wheel drive models.
296:
single-cylinder air compressor powered by the engine. In 1964, the
149:
closed at one end and provided with an air valve at the other end.
30:
This article is about vehicle suspension. For the loudspeaker, see
2633:
2519:
854:
682:. It was developed in the early 1990s by the company now known as
589:
489:
437:
135:
98:
90:
86:
76:
1786:
Magazine, Truckin'; Staff, Truckin' Magazine (1 September 1999).
1702:"How the Active Curve Tilting Feature of the S-Class Coupe Works"
674:(ECAS) is the name of the air suspension system installed on the
2637:
2331:
2075:
1242:"1946 Stout Scarab Experimental news, pictures, and information"
477:
433:
2269:
1986:
1931:"Indian bus market fast switching to air suspension technology"
108:
The purpose of air suspension is to provide a smooth, constant
2308:
1087:, "Improvements in or relating to Compressed Air Springs."
796:
717:, which is typically located in the trunk (boot) or under the
445:
373:
288:
was the first German car with self-levelling air suspension.
1340:"Citroen - Going up a Gear | Motoring Special Features"
1691:
Under the microscope: Curve tilting function - Curve artist
594:
Customised VW Polo with fully lowered air suspension, note
1315:"Traction Avant 15cv, 6 cylindres, suspension hydraulique"
1728:"The new Mercedes-Benz S-Class Coupé: The high-end coupé"
1624:(21 July 2010). Retrieved 17 November 2015 (in German).
1366:"1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (press release image)"
1289:
1268:
Air Lift Company - Tow and Haul with Safety and Comfort
1503:
1501:
270:
models. The "Air-Coil Ride" utilized an engine-driven
251:
well as for facilitating tire changes or to clean the
65:, usually made from textile-reinforced rubber. Unlike
1511:. HowStuffWorks.com. 27 November 2007. Archived from
366:
to support tire inflation for off-road applications.
559:, for instance, uses "Active Air Suspension" on the
57:
powered by an electric or engine-driven air pump or
2631:
2518:
2465:
2317:
2190:
2174:
2153:
2143:
2109:
2018:
1563:
American Cars, 1946-1959: Every Model, Year by Year
578:. The leaning is intended to counter the effect of
93:, and in some passenger cars. It is widely used on
1929:Sri Krishna Vignesh, Preetham (3 September 2015).
1482:. Oldcarbrochures.org. p. 14. Archived from
1456:. Oldcarbrochures.org. p. 30. Archived from
1388:"1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (press release)"
1537:. Oldcarbrochures.org. p. 5. Archived from
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
598:of rear wheels coupled with 'fitment' of the rim
160:pneumatic suspension systems. His own 1922-1930
61:. This compressor pumps the air into a flexible
1290:"Paul Magès père de l'hydraulique chez Citroën"
614:High-pressured industrial gas bottles (such as
1068:, "Improvements in Telescopic Air Springs"
336:incorporated a new design as a feature on the
2281:
1998:
1976:"Air suspension – How does it actually work?"
1762:"Air Receiver Tanks - Compressed Air Systems"
8:
2288:
2274:
2266:
2150:
2005:
1991:
1983:
1215:Werminghausen, Martin (11 February 2014).
140:1909 A.S.L. motorcycle with air suspension
843:Learn how and when to remove this message
420:Learn how and when to remove this message
1970:. airliftcompany.com. 11 November 2013.
1962:. airliftperformance.com. 7 March 2014.
1816:. airliftcompany.com. 19 September 2013
1019:
748:and decides where to route air pressure
1914:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1907:
34:. For the frictionless elevation, see
1960:"Air Suspension FAQs and Terminology"
1133:. Machine-History.Com. Archived from
7:
1183:"A Short History of Air Suspensions"
825:adding citations to reliable sources
672:Electronic Controlled Air Suspension
402:adding citations to reliable sources
314:, a system built under license from
1978:. luftfjadring24.se. 17 April 2024.
228:In 1956 air suspension was used on
2736:Automotive suspension technologies
2583:Electronic brakeforce distribution
25:
1635:"2022 Acura MDX Type S Press Kit"
1597:. Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 16
1434:. Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 15
1412:. Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 15
1390:. Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 14
1156:Nicholson, Timothy Robin (1966).
754:an air drier canister containing
684:Dunlop Systems and Components Ltd
182:built a non-production prototype
81:Pneumatic spring on a semitrailer
2710:
2709:
2699:
1864:. Airride.co.uk. 8 February 2009
1368:. Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 2
801:
551:Most air suspension designs are
378:
205:developed a functioning air/oil
1131:"Pneumatic Spring For Vehicles"
812:needs additional citations for
710:rubber air spring at each wheel
389:needs additional citations for
1738:. 23 June 2014. Archived from
1535:"1959 Rambler Wagons brochure"
1509:"1958-1959 Rambler Ambassador"
1049:, "Improvements in Cycles"
952:Arnott Air Suspension Products
793:Common air suspension problems
1:
215:Traction Avant 15 Hydraulique
2588:Electronic stability control
2046:Electronic Stability Control
1968:"Air Suspension Terminology"
1560:Flory, J. Kelly Jr. (2008).
977:Height adjustable suspension
957:Automotive suspension design
864:Air bag or air strut failure
769:Multi-Chamber air suspension
338:Lincoln Continental Mark VII
2741:Vehicle safety technologies
2475:Ackermann steering geometry
1319:Les Rendez-vous de La Reine
2767:
2538:Active rollover protection
1617:Der vergessene Meilenstein
1566:. McFarland. p. 930.
1159:The vintage car, 1919-1930
972:Double wishbone suspension
281:, Biarritz, and Brougham.
245:Cadillac Eldorado Brougham
198:race cars for many years.
40:
29:
27:Type of vehicle suspension
2695:
2304:
1217:"Mercedes Air Suspension"
992:Self-levelling suspension
982:Hydropneumatic suspension
678:in 1993 and later on the
667:Electronic Air Suspension
327:hydropneumatic suspension
312:Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow
308:self-levelling suspension
223:self-levelling suspension
207:hydropneumatic suspension
173:self-levelling suspension
67:hydropneumatic suspension
2751:Mechanical power control
2533:Anti-lock braking system
2327:Anti-roll bar (sway bar)
1595:"1960 Cadillac brochure"
1432:"1959 Cadillac brochure"
1410:"1958 Cadillac brochure"
1181:Norbye, John P. (1972).
927:Use on coaches and buses
323:Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9
2563:Combined braking system
1862:"What is a Compressor?"
1162:. Batsford. p. 161
2387:Independent suspension
1814:"About Air Suspension"
1766:Compressed Air Systems
1222:. 600airsuspension.com
1187:Special Interest Autos
1007:Torsion bar suspension
860:
702:The system comprises:
640:leaf spring suspension
599:
572:Mercedes S-Class Coupe
180:William Bushnell Stout
141:
124:, the correct term is
82:
2407:Multi-link suspension
1480:"1959 Buick brochure"
1454:"1958 Buick brochure"
1244:. www.conceptcarz.com
858:
593:
152:From 1920, Frenchman
139:
80:
53:is a type of vehicle
1896:on 18 September 2017
821:improve this article
622:tanks used to store
398:improve this article
262:, as well as on all
2578:Electric park brake
2013:Automotive handling
1742:on 24 December 2014
1346:on 29 November 2014
1270:. 30 September 2013
1137:on 30 December 2013
886:Air fitting failure
676:Range Rover Classic
586:Custom applications
260:Rambler Ambassadors
201:In 1954, Frenchman
32:Acoustic suspension
2618:Regenerative brake
1836:"1993 Range Rover"
1732:Stuttgart, Germany
1708:. 16 February 2014
1687:2016-03-04 at the
1661:"Model S Features"
893:Compressor failure
869:debris on the road
861:
638:For vehicles with
600:
370:Modern automobiles
334:Ford Motor Company
293:Mercedes-Benz W112
178:In 1946, American
142:
83:
2723:
2722:
2528:Automatic braking
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2249:Semi-trailing arm
2225:
2208:
1730:(Press release).
947:Active suspension
853:
852:
845:
686:in Coventry, UK.
580:centrifugal force
553:height adjustable
546:Lincoln Mark VIII
502:Mercedes--Maybach
430:
429:
422:
298:Mercedes-Benz 600
16:(Redirected from
2758:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2667:Outline of tires
2402:MacPherson strut
2290:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2246:
2219:
2217:MacPherson strut
2202:
2175:Semi-independent
2151:
2096:Vehicle dynamics
2007:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1889:. Archived from
1888:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1838:. Archived from
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1692:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1460:on 4 August 2013
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1342:. Archived from
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1024:
875:Air line failure
848:
841:
837:
834:
828:
805:
797:
680:Range Rover P38A
570:In 2014 the new
425:
418:
414:
411:
405:
382:
374:
279:Eldorado Seville
266:"Cross Country"
232:'s experimental
191:Air Lift Company
103:passenger trains
21:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2691:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2603:Hydraulic fluid
2598:Hydraulic brake
2514:
2505:Torque steering
2500:Rack and pinion
2461:
2452:Wheel alignment
2367:Double wishbone
2313:
2300:
2294:
2264:
2255:
2200:Double wishbone
2186:
2170:
2139:
2105:
2101:Weight transfer
2014:
2011:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1884:"Archived copy"
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1706:BenzInsider.com
1700:
1699:
1695:
1689:Wayback Machine
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1486:on 4 March 2016
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
942:
934:breakover angle
929:
910:
849:
838:
832:
829:
818:
806:
795:
786:
779:
771:
700:
669:
629:solenoid valves
624:shielding gases
608:air compressors
588:
426:
415:
409:
406:
395:
383:
372:
358:In 2005 the GM
325:incorporated a
264:American Motors
253:whitewall tires
217:. In 1955, the
134:
75:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:Whitewall tire
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Engine braking
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Brake bleeding
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:Power steering
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Watt's linkage
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:Shock absorber
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Hydropneumatic
2379:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:control system
2295:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2236:
2234:Sliding pillar
2231:
2226:
2214:
2209:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:Center of mass
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1954:
1953:External links
1951:
1948:
1947:
1921:
1875:
1853:
1842:on 6 June 2018
1827:
1805:
1798:
1778:
1753:
1719:
1693:
1674:
1663:. Tesla Motors
1652:
1641:. 8 March 2022
1639:Acura Newsroom
1626:
1608:
1586:
1572:
1552:
1541:on 22 May 2014
1526:
1515:on 7 June 2014
1497:
1471:
1445:
1423:
1401:
1379:
1357:
1331:
1306:
1281:
1255:
1233:
1200:
1173:
1148:
1122:
1104:
1095:
1076:
1057:
1038:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
943:
941:
938:
928:
925:
909:
906:
851:
850:
809:
807:
800:
794:
791:
785:
780:
778:
775:
770:
767:
766:
765:
761:
758:
752:
749:
742:
728:
725:compressed air
721:
715:air compressor
711:
699:
696:
668:
665:
653:Watt's linkage
620:carbon dioxide
587:
584:
428:
427:
386:
384:
377:
371:
368:
286:Borgward P 100
241:General Motors
154:George Messier
133:
130:
74:
71:
51:Air suspension
43:Kirby Air Ride
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2763:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Rostyle wheel
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:Tires (Tyres)
2635:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Parking brake
2611:
2609:
2608:Inboard brake
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Unsprung mass
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:Chapman strut
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Unsprung mass
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Inboard brake
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1799:9781557882592
1795:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1779:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1741:
1737:
1736:Mercedes-Benz
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1575:
1573:9780786452309
1569:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1553:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1295:
1294:paulmages.com
1291:
1285:
1282:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1149:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
939:
937:
935:
926:
924:
921:
917:
915:
908:ECAS problems
907:
905:
902:
901:Dryer failure
897:
894:
890:
887:
883:
881:
876:
872:
870:
865:
857:
847:
844:
836:
826:
822:
816:
815:
810:This section
808:
804:
799:
798:
792:
790:
784:
781:
776:
774:
768:
762:
759:
757:
753:
750:
747:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
704:
703:
697:
695:
691:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
664:
660:
656:
654:
650:
645:
641:
636:
632:
630:
625:
621:
617:
612:
609:
605:
597:
592:
585:
583:
581:
577:
576:tilting train
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Mercedes-Benz
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
424:
421:
413:
403:
399:
393:
392:
387:This section
385:
381:
376:
375:
369:
367:
365:
361:
356:
352:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
321:In 1975, the
319:
317:
313:
309:
306:incorporated
305:
301:
299:
294:
291:In 1962, the
289:
287:
284:In 1960, the
282:
280:
275:
273:
269:
268:station wagon
265:
261:
256:
254:
248:
246:
242:
239:In the U.S.,
237:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
192:
187:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
150:
146:
138:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:self-leveling
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
95:semi trailers
92:
88:
79:
72:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2652:Custom wheel
2623:Vacuum servo
2558:Brake lining
2480:Caster angle
2437:Trailing arm
2362:De Dion tube
2352:Car handling
2347:Camber angle
2307:Part of the
2306:
2244:Trailing arm
2166:De Dion tube
2129:
2026:Car handling
1938:. Retrieved
1934:
1924:
1898:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:the original
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1808:
1788:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:the original
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1705:
1696:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1638:
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110:ride quality
107:
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2687:Wire wheels
2657:Drive wheel
2647:Alloy wheel
2553:Brake fluid
2432:Torsion bar
2412:Panhard rod
2392:Leaf spring
2372:Hydrolastic
2357:Coil spring
2192:Independent
2076:Tire / Tyre
2051:Fishtailing
2019:Main topics
1846:29 November
1820:23 February
1792:. Penguin.
1350:22 November
987:Leaf spring
962:Coil spring
880:road debris
783:Genesis G90
777:Application
649:Panhard rod
604:street rods
518:Rolls-Royce
486:Lamborghini
304:Rolls-Royce
158:aftermarket
122:air bellows
101:(primarily
36:air bearing
2746:Auto parts
2730:Categories
2634:Roadwheels
2573:Drum brake
2568:Disc brake
2548:Brake fade
2510:Understeer
2422:Swing axle
2337:Axle track
2319:Suspension
2309:Automobile
2239:Swing axle
2229:Multi-link
2205:Jaguar IRS
2182:Twist beam
2145:Suspension
2086:Understeer
2071:Suspension
1935:Motorindia
1771:3 February
1746:2 December
1712:2 December
1324:19 January
1299:19 January
1274:3 November
1226:19 January
1014:References
914:bump-stops
708:vulcanised
698:Components
611:pressure.
534:Volkswagen
482:Land Rover
272:compressor
219:Citroën DS
203:Paul Magès
126:air spring
59:compressor
55:suspension
2490:Oversteer
2457:Wheelbase
2427:Toe angle
2397:Live axle
2342:Beam axle
2161:Beam axle
2154:Dependent
2130:Pneumatic
2081:Transaxle
2061:Oversteer
2036:Downforce
1940:9 October
1622:Auto Bild
1113:US 673682
997:Strut bar
833:June 2018
756:desiccant
738:and many
732:solenoids
410:June 2014
360:Hummer H2
234:Aerotrain
189:In 1950,
156:provided
2715:Category
2467:Steering
2376:Hydragas
2212:Dubonnet
2066:Steering
2041:Drifting
1910:cite web
1900:2 August
1685:Archived
1645:25 April
1002:Sway bar
940:See also
616:nitrogen
522:SsanYong
450:Cadillac
118:air bags
73:Overview
18:Air ride
2677:Spinner
2485:Kingpin
2297:Chassis
2135:Torsion
1601:16 June
1579:16 June
1545:16 June
1519:16 June
1490:16 June
1464:16 June
1438:16 June
1416:16 June
1394:16 June
1372:16 June
1264:"About"
1193:16 June
1166:16 June
967:Dashpot
740:o-rings
565:Model X
561:Model S
506:Porsche
494:Lincoln
470:Hyundai
462:Genesis
454:Citroën
442:Bentley
316:Citroën
211:Citroën
167:During
162:Messier
132:History
63:bellows
2705:Portal
2662:Hubcap
2520:Brakes
2311:series
2111:Spring
1868:22 May
1796:
1667:22 May
1570:
1248:22 May
1141:22 May
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1091:
1072:
1053:
1034:
736:valves
719:bonnet
596:camber
526:Subaru
514:Rivian
474:Jaguar
466:Hummer
364:Dunlop
349:Gloria
345:Cedric
196:NASCAR
99:trains
91:trucks
2147:types
2113:types
1894:(PDF)
1887:(PDF)
1220:(PDF)
557:Tesla
538:Volvo
530:Tesla
490:Lexus
438:Acura
87:buses
2332:Axle
2125:Leaf
2120:Coil
1942:2020
1916:link
1902:2017
1870:2014
1848:2018
1822:2015
1794:ISBN
1773:2016
1748:2014
1714:2014
1669:2014
1647:2023
1603:2014
1581:2014
1568:ISBN
1547:2014
1521:2014
1492:2014
1466:2014
1440:2014
1418:2014
1396:2014
1374:2014
1352:2014
1326:2015
1301:2015
1276:2020
1250:2014
1228:2015
1195:2014
1189:: 21
1168:2014
1143:2014
746:BeCM
563:and
478:Jeep
458:Ford
434:Audi
347:and
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899:In
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