1051:
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is costly. Additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, and specific training and equipment are necessary for each type. In addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports.
917:, is a frequent stop-over hub for many cargo airlines flying between Asia and North America. Most cargo airlines only stop in Anchorage for refueling and customs, but FedEx and UPS frequently use Anchorage to sort trans-pacific packages between regional hubs on each continent in addition to refueling and customs.
1464:
A given hub's capacity may become exhausted or capacity shortages may occur during peak periods of the day, at which point airlines may be compelled to shift traffic to a reliever hub. A reliever hub has the potential to serve several functions for an airline: it can bypass the congested hub, it can
803:
have since established large hubs at their respective home airports. The hubs, which benefit from their proximity to large population centres, have become popular stopover points on trips between Europe and Asia, for example. Their rapid growth has impacted the development of traditional hubs, such
114:
The hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads; a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, but also passengers originating at multiple spoke cities. However, the system
139:
Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in which several flights arrive and depart within short periods of time. The banks may be known as "peaks" of activity at the hubs and the non-banks as "valleys". Banking allows for short connection times for passengers. However, an airline must
118:
For the passenger, the hub-and-spoke system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, it requires having to regularly make connections en route to their final destination, which increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs (fortress
140:
assemble many resources to cater to the influx of flights during a bank, and having several aircraft on the ground at the same time can lead to congestion and delays. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank.
143:
Instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a "rolling hub" in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is also known as "depeaking". While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub.
3394:
3389:
163:
has 471 daily movements to 140 destinations by March 2020 with an average of 262 seats per movement; in three main waves: 05:00–09:00 (132 movements), 16:00–21:00 (128) and 23:00–03:00 (132), allowing around 30 million connecting passengers in 2019.
1439:
also operate secondary hubs to an extent, but these are primarily used to serve regional high-demand destinations because shipping packages through its main hub would waste fuel; an example of this would be FedEx transiting a package through
119:
hubs), allowing them to freely increase fares as passengers have no alternative. High domestic connectivity in the United States is achieved through airport location and hub dominance. The top 10 megahubs in the US are dominated by
1391:
A primary hub is the main hub for an airline. However, as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations, it may elect to open secondary hubs. Examples of such hubs are
924:, as many flights to one destination all land and deplane passengers simultaneously and, after a passenger transit period, repeat a similar process for departure to the final destination of each plane. In past,
1570:
Colloquially, an airline hub may be defined as an airport that receives many passengers or as an airport that serves as the operating base of an airline, whether or not the airline allows for connecting
780:
respectively. As the new airlines grew, their home nations relied less on Gulf Air to provide air service. Qatar withdrew its share in Gulf Air in 2002. In 2003, the UAE formed another national airline,
745:
of the four Middle
Eastern nations. It linked Oman, Qatar and the UAE to its Bahrain hub, from which it offered flights to destinations throughout Europe and Asia. In the UAE, Gulf Air focused on
1105:
is used to mainly refer to an airport from which an airline operates limited point-to-point routes, its usage has loosely expanded to refer to a small-scale hub as well. For example, even though
1895:
2191:
1121:
A fortress hub exists when an airline controls a significant majority of the market at one of its hubs. Competition is particularly difficult at fortress hubs. As of 2012, examples included
2621:
1428:. By operating multiple hubs, airlines can expand their geographic reach. They can also better serve spoke–spoke markets, providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs.
3298:
1852:
878:, established its Memphis hub in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air cargo industry in the United States. The system has created an efficient delivery system for the airline.
78:. An airline may operate flights from several non-hub (spoke) cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities connect through the hub. This paradigm creates
2658:
2403:
1126:
241:
198:
2479:
2079:
2005:
1584:
of the United States defines a hub in terms of passenger enplanements. Specifically, a hub is an airport that handles 0.05% or more of the nation's annual passenger boardings.
1502:. Generally speaking, a marginal majority of the airline's long-haul flights are based out of Frankfurt, while a similarly sized but smaller minority are based out of Munich.
1063:
609:
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2214:
1011:
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74:
to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations. Hubs serve as transfer (or stop-over) points to help get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the
961:
941:
630:
3337:
2720:
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785:, which is based in Abu Dhabi. The country exited Gulf Air in 2006, and Oman followed in 2007. Gulf Air therefore became fully owned by the government of Bahrain.
937:
1397:
1665:
1465:
absorb excess demand for flights that could otherwise not be scheduled at the congested hub, and it can schedule new O&D city pairs for connecting traffic.
2651:
Thompson, David; Perkins, Stephen; van Dender, Kurt; Zupan, Jeffrey; Forsyth, Peter; Yamaguchi, Katsuhiro; Niemeier, Hans-Martin; Burghouwt, Guillaume (2014).
2107:
2512:
1079:
90:, in which there are no hubs and nonstop flights are instead offered between spoke cities. Hub airports also serve origin and destination (O&D) traffic.
1740:
910:
871:
2315:
2929:
1276:
1134:
1695:
3374:
1417:
1975:
1707:
474:
1885:
496:
2181:
2859:
1150:
1146:
452:
266:
2899:
2629:
2250:
1244:
2458:
2116:
1485:
1196:
1110:
1071:
1039:
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981:
969:
813:
363:
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2146:
2919:
2904:
1170:
1166:
1138:
985:
945:
738:
565:
519:
75:
2713:
2416:
1007:
965:
933:
543:
193:
dictated which routes an airline could fly. At the same time, however, some airlines began to experiment with the hub-and-spoke system.
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2914:
1292:
1158:
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have historically enjoyed similar dominance at the main international airport of their countries and some still do. Examples include
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3262:
2750:
2674:
2600:
2565:
2489:
2075:
1997:
1941:
1823:
1637:
1348:
1188:
1067:
1035:
338:
2225:
957:
867:
386:
1038:
as a scissor hub for flights inbound from
Melbourne, Brisbane or Sydney, where passengers could connect onwards if traveling to
82:
that allow an airline to serve (via an intermediate connection) city-pairs that could otherwise not be economically served on a
3834:
3793:
3605:
1661:
1581:
1401:
1220:
313:
3357:
2706:
2588:
The Best
Transportation System in the World: Railroads, Trucks, Airlines, and American Public Policy in the Twentieth Century
2484:
1515:
754:
2680:
2606:
2571:
2464:
1947:
1829:
1643:
1522:) in Las Vegas as a primary night-flight hub to increase aircraft utilization rates far beyond those of competing carriers.
757:
to transform the latter into a world-class metropolis. Sheikh
Mohammed proceeded to establish a new airline based in Dubai,
3713:
3342:
1453:
1441:
1372:
1352:
1300:
1228:
1075:
1019:
977:
860:
832:
408:
1785:
1488:. Many regional flights operate out of LaGuardia, while most international and long-haul domestic flights remain at JFK.
2924:
2884:
1174:
1130:
675:
288:
3668:
3620:
1536:
1332:
1236:
1154:
1059:
711:
587:
430:
1657:
1260:
152:. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs.
2120:
3723:
3585:
3364:
2854:
2780:
2526:
1308:
953:
524:
186:
1752:
1050:
3580:
3182:
2959:
2785:
2770:
1204:
899:
809:
3798:
3640:
3555:
3384:
2964:
2954:
2760:
2325:
318:
178:
988:
after a near-simultaneous stopover in
Brussels and vice versa. An international scissor hub could be used for
1711:
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3630:
3595:
3560:
3452:
3293:
3223:
3084:
2849:
1890:
190:
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3718:
3270:
3022:
1965:
1546:
1284:
1095:
246:
182:
87:
3745:
3663:
3635:
3625:
3172:
3079:
3032:
2969:
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1531:
1344:
903:
864:
293:
2109:
The Rise of the
Emerging Middle East Carriers: Outlook and Implications for the Global Airline Industry
824:
1510:
In past history, carriers have maintained niche, time-of-day operations at hubs. The most notable was
201:
hub. After deregulation, many airlines quickly established hub-and-spoke route networks of their own.
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3615:
3525:
3515:
3315:
3309:
3157:
2879:
2262:
1933:
1541:
730:
149:
31:
920:
Passenger airlines that operate in a similar manner to the FedEx and UPS hubs are often regarded as
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3645:
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3510:
3505:
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2186:
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989:
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Elsewhere in the Middle East region, Qatar and Oman decided to create their own airlines as well.
98:
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2158:
1780:
1748:
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1336:
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1232:
788:
758:
707:
234:
79:
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routes. A focus city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers.
27:
Airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination
38:
3808:
3703:
3678:
3520:
3427:
3404:
3303:
3137:
3059:
3054:
2838:
2670:
2596:
2561:
2557:
2454:
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1937:
1819:
1633:
1495:
1477:
1473:
1316:
1142:
914:
703:
652:
219:
145:
120:
51:
3575:
3535:
3432:
3399:
3327:
3162:
3142:
3127:
3094:
3089:
2974:
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2823:
2795:
2662:
2347:
1449:
1364:
1360:
1256:
1252:
1212:
997:
973:
929:
895:
805:
197:
was the first to implement such a system, providing service to remote spoke cities from its
107:
2027:
1853:"American Airlines Has Hubs at Three of Top Four Most-Connected U.S. Airports, Survey Says"
3803:
3765:
3733:
3708:
3590:
3492:
3462:
3447:
3442:
3252:
3244:
2979:
2053:
1593:
1469:
1409:
1405:
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1208:
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1027:
229:
224:
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128:
124:
103:
83:
3839:
3775:
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3728:
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3369:
3229:
3219:
3167:
3132:
3049:
3027:
2989:
2828:
2818:
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1499:
1425:
1380:
1356:
1340:
1324:
1268:
1264:
1216:
1023:
800:
782:
3854:
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3192:
3037:
2813:
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1551:
1481:
1432:
1328:
1224:
875:
852:
848:
828:
792:
765:
156:
47:
3565:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3437:
3285:
3214:
3147:
3099:
3074:
3069:
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3017:
2999:
2765:
1511:
1436:
1180:
891:
879:
777:
742:
160:
2652:
2586:
2549:
2442:
1927:
1813:
1623:
3785:
3739:
3610:
3476:
3249:
3206:
2221:
1280:
949:
883:
148:
was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the
3829:
3177:
2984:
2288:
1519:
1393:
1296:
1200:
1192:
1184:
976:
prior to the 2016 shift to
Schiphol, flights operated from Mumbai, Delhi, and
3824:
3117:
2517:
1970:
1696:"Airline Networks: A Comparison of Hub-and-Spoke and Point-to-Point Systems"
1491:
1421:
1413:
1312:
925:
746:
43:
17:
3500:
3234:
3152:
3009:
2803:
1998:"Qatar Airways' Doha hub analysed; three waves & 471 movements today"
1288:
1272:
972:
and vice versa. At the peak of operations at their former scissor hub at
887:
769:
734:
1113:
resemble that of a hub, the airline still refers to it as a focus city.
3422:
3414:
3239:
3202:
3109:
2941:
2808:
2737:
2522:
2411:
1445:
1368:
1248:
1106:
1087:
1055:
1003:
718:
71:
67:
2698:
3187:
2994:
2666:
1857:
1320:
1031:
1010:
as a scissor hub during its summer schedule for flights inbound from
796:
2480:"Springs is Frontier's new front in battle for Colorado travelers"
1049:
856:
823:
750:
726:
702:
205:
US majors top 20 airports, millions of departing passengers, 2022
97:
2379:"Jet Airways officially launches flights from Amsterdam Schiphol"
1926:
Belobaba, Peter; Odoni, Amedeo; Barnhart, Cynthia, eds. (2016).
773:
722:
2702:
1304:
894:
follow a similar strategy and operate their primary hubs at
2622:"United Fights Southwest in Texas to Keep Grip on Busy Hub"
2054:"USDOT Bureau of Transpoirtation Statistics Data Elements"
2554:
2447:
1484:, due to capacity and slot restrictions at their hubs at
882:
has followed a similar pattern in
Louisville. In Europe,
2028:"These Are the 20 Busiest Airports in the United States"
1094:
is a destination from which an airline operates limited
3299:
Air route authority between the United States and China
1700:
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research
1494:
operates a similar model of business with its hubs at
1468:
One of the most recognized examples of this model is
2182:"The changing geography of international air travel"
753:, contrary to the aspirations of UAE Prime Minister
3817:
3784:
3654:
3491:
3413:
3284:
3261:
3201:
3108:
3008:
2940:
2837:
2794:
2736:
2620:Credeur, Mary; Schlangenstein, Mary (3 May 2012).
1886:"American Airlines banking on tighter connections"
131:, the three largest United States-based airlines.
1741:"Airline Deregulation and Hub-and-Spoke Networks"
1444:when shipping packages between destinations near
2585:Rose, Mark; Seely, Bruce; Barrett, Paul (2006).
3338:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives
2654:Expanding Airport Capacity in Large Urban Areas
1959:
1957:
1625:Straight and Level: Practical Airline Economics
847:is an airport that primarily is operated by a
2714:
1776:"Deregulation Challenges Atlanta Airline Hub"
8:
2056:. United States Department of Transportation
2147:"Revisiting: The Rise of the Gulf Carriers"
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
872:mean center of the United States population
851:that uses the hub-and-spoke system. In the
2721:
2707:
2699:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1452:instead of sending deliveries through the
203:
181:in 1978, most airlines operated under the
1879:
1877:
1875:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1518:(now named after longtime Nevada Senator
855:, two of the largest cargo hub airports,
2076:"Sea–Tac Airport Annual Activity Report"
772:were both founded in 1993, with hubs at
37:
2513:"United adds a 'hublet' in San Antonio"
2251:"Hubs of Major Air Freight Integrators"
1966:"American Airlines to try rolling hubs"
1609:
1563:
2215:Federal Express – delivering the goods
2101:
2099:
2097:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1694:Cook, Gerald; Goodwin, Jeremy (2008).
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
86:basis. This system contrasts with the
2295:from the original on 13 December 2021
2282:
2280:
2117:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1832:from the original on 15 February 2017
1774:Schmidt, William (14 November 1985).
1486:John F. Kennedy International Airport
761:, which launched operations in 1985.
7:
2314:McWhirter, Alex (27 November 2015).
2145:Kindergan, Ashley (2 January 2015).
2119:. pp. 25–26, 28. Archived from
1708:Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
996:flights, for which a precursor is a
739:British Overseas Airways Corporation
2002:Airline Network News & Analysis
1978:from the original on 5 October 2016
1815:Aviation and the Role of Government
928:operated a scissor hub at London's
177:Before the US airline industry was
2255:The Geography of Transport Systems
2194:from the original on 8 August 2016
2078:. Port of Seattle. 15 April 2018.
2008:from the original on 21 March 2020
1818:. Kendall Hunt. pp. 227–228.
1745:The Geography of Transport Systems
952:operated a similar scissor hub at
25:
3276:Environmental effects of aviation
2358:from the original on 7 March 2018
2316:"Jet Airways to axe Brussels hub"
2082:from the original on 22 July 2018
1898:from the original on 24 June 2016
1036:Los Angeles International Airport
980:and continued onward to Toronto,
911:Ted Stevens International Airport
2609:from the original on 8 May 2018.
2574:from the original on 8 May 2018.
2511:Mutzabaugh, Ben (3 March 2006).
2478:Heilman, Wayne (20 April 2012).
2467:from the original on 8 May 2018.
2348:"Ahmedabad to Newark via London"
1950:from the original on 8 May 2018.
1668:from the original on 28 May 2016
1646:from the original on 8 May 2018.
992:flights or it could be used for
944:could continue onto a flight to
185:(with a notable exception being
3835:Aviation taxation and subsidies
3794:Aircraft maintenance technician
3606:Pre-flight safety demonstration
2683:from the original on 8 May 2018
2287:Denby, Sam (13 February 2018).
2180:Dewey, Caitlin (5 March 2013).
1851:Reed, Ted (18 September 2018).
1662:Federal Aviation Administration
1582:Federal Aviation Administration
2485:The Gazette (Colorado Springs)
2289:"How Overnight Shipping Works"
1884:Maxon, Terry (27 March 2015).
1516:McCarran International Airport
755:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
1:
3714:Flight cancellation and delay
3343:European Common Aviation Area
2377:André Orban (27 March 2016).
1442:Oakland International Airport
1353:Swiss International Air Lines
956:to transport passengers from
833:Memphis International Airport
50:partners may connect through
741:(BOAC). Gulf Air became the
717:In 1974, the governments of
3669:Airline reservations system
3621:Special visual flight rules
1964:Reed, Dan (8 August 2002).
1929:The Global Airline Industry
1537:List of former airline hubs
1000:between two country pairs.
839:Cargo hubs and scissor hubs
712:Dubai International Airport
3877:
3724:Government contract flight
3586:Flight information service
3365:Hague Hijacking Convention
3358:EU–US Open Skies Agreement
2950:Pilot in command (Captain)
2552:. In Garrett, Mark (ed.).
2548:Mammarella, James (2014).
2445:. In Garrett, Mark (ed.).
2441:Mammarella, James (2014).
2404:"The JetBlue focus cities"
1622:Holloway, Stephen (2008).
1387:Primary and secondary hubs
1034:similarly used to utilize
954:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
29:
3581:Flight information region
3183:Low-cost carrier terminal
2751:Airline holding companies
1936:. pp. 142, 172–174.
3799:Aircraft ground handling
3641:Upper information region
3556:Civil aviation authority
3385:Paris Convention of 1919
2106:Al-Sayeh, Karim (2014).
1812:Lawrence, Harry (2004).
1167:Houston–Intercontinental
990:third and fourth freedom
932:, where passengers from
566:Houston–Intercontinental
155:For example, the hub of
3631:Terminal control center
3596:Instrument flight rules
3453:Baggage handling system
3294:Air transport agreement
3085:In-flight entertainment
2213:Scholes, Kevan (2004).
1932:. Chichester, England:
1891:The Dallas Morning News
1710:: 52–54. Archived from
1205:Paris–Charles de Gaulle
948:. Until its grounding,
810:Paris-Charles de Gaulle
191:Civil Aeronautics Board
3756:Round-the-world ticket
3719:Frequent-flyer program
1547:Point-to-point transit
1083:
835:
714:
111:
55:
54:, Lufthansa's main hub
3746:Passenger name record
3664:Airline booking ploys
3636:Uncontrolled airspace
3626:Terminal control area
3263:Environmental effects
3173:International airport
3080:Crew rest compartment
3033:Premium economy class
2776:Non-scheduled airline
2593:Ohio State University
1934:John Wiley & Sons
1632:. pp. 376, 378.
1532:Hidden city ticketing
1480:as a domestic hub in
1345:South African Airways
1053:
827:
706:
183:point-to-point system
101:
42:Passengers flying on
41:
3616:Special use airspace
3526:Airport crash tender
3516:Aircraft safety card
3316:Cross-strait charter
3310:Bermuda II Agreement
2661:. pp. 151–152.
2657:. ITF Round Tables.
2303:– via YouTube.
1714:on 23 September 2015
1658:"Airport Categories"
1542:List of hub airports
1431:Cargo airlines like
1410:London–Gatwick
1135:Minneapolis/St. Paul
1054:The focus cities of
868:Louisville Worldport
731:United Arab Emirates
631:Minneapolis/St. Paul
150:September 11 attacks
88:point-to-point model
76:hub-and-spoke system
70:used by one or more
32:List of hub airports
3694:Codeshare agreement
3646:Visual flight rules
3571:Controlled airspace
3546:Area control center
3511:Air traffic service
3506:Air traffic control
3395:Sabotage Convention
3380:Montreal Convention
3353:Freedoms of the air
3043:Basic economy class
2730:Commercial aviation
2422:on 18 February 2015
2328:on 12 December 2015
2187:The Washington Post
874:. FedEx's airline,
870:, are close to the
206:
102:The primary hub of
3684:Bereavement flight
3333:Chicago Convention
3323:Beijing Convention
3312:(UK–US, 1978–2008)
3306:(UK–US, 1946–1978)
2781:Passenger airlines
2591:. Columbus, Ohio:
2321:Business Traveller
2259:Hofstra University
1781:The New York Times
1749:Hofstra University
1630:Ashgate Publishing
1337:Singapore Airlines
1241:Ethiopian Airlines
1101:Although the term
1084:
836:
715:
653:New York–LaGuardia
497:Phoenix–Sky Harbor
204:
112:
80:economies of scale
56:
3848:
3847:
3809:Flight dispatcher
3704:Electronic ticket
3679:Airline timetable
3521:Airport authority
3428:Baggage allowance
3405:Warsaw Convention
3304:Bermuda Agreement
3138:Airport rail link
3060:Aircraft seat map
3055:Aircraft lavatory
2786:Regional airlines
2771:Low-cost airlines
2558:SAGE Publications
2460:978-1-4522-6779-1
2451:SAGE Publications
1496:Frankfurt Airport
1478:LaGuardia Airport
1474:American Airlines
1175:Washington-Dulles
1151:Dallas Fort Worth
1143:American Airlines
1109:'s operations at
915:Anchorage, Alaska
696:
695:
267:Dallas/Fort Worth
146:American Airlines
121:American Airlines
52:Frankfurt Airport
16:(Redirected from
3868:
3576:Evacuation slide
3536:Airport security
3433:Baggage carousel
3400:Tokyo Convention
3328:Cape Town Treaty
3163:Domestic airport
3143:Airport terminal
3128:Airport check-in
3090:Inflight smoking
2975:Flight attendant
2824:Vanilla Alliance
2761:Charter airlines
2723:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2667:10.1787/2074336x
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2628:. Archived from
2617:
2611:
2610:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2525:. Archived from
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2488:. Archived from
2475:
2469:
2468:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2415:. Archived from
2408:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2324:. Archived from
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2265:on 12 April 2016
2261:. Archived from
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2224:. Archived from
2219:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2161:on 21 April 2016
2157:. Archived from
2151:The Financialist
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2114:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2034:. 28 August 2023
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2004:. 9 March 2020.
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1809:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1784:. Archived from
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1751:. Archived from
1737:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1664:. 3 March 2016.
1654:
1648:
1647:
1628:(3rd ed.).
1619:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1454:Memphis Superhub
1450:Phoenix, Arizona
1398:Montréal–Trudeau
1361:Turkish Airlines
1022:and outbound to
1006:used to utilize
998:bilateral treaty
930:Heathrow Airport
861:Memphis Superhub
733:took control of
207:
108:Heathrow Airport
21:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3813:
3804:Baggage handler
3780:
3734:Open-jaw ticket
3709:Fare basis code
3656:Airline tickets
3650:
3591:Flight recorder
3493:Aviation safety
3487:
3463:Checked baggage
3448:Baggage handler
3443:Baggage reclaim
3409:
3390:Rome Convention
3280:
3257:
3245:Travel document
3197:
3104:
3004:
2980:Flight engineer
2936:
2833:
2790:
2732:
2727:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2677:
2659:OECD Publishing
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2603:
2595:. p. 233.
2584:
2583:
2579:
2568:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2231:on 11 June 2014
2228:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1944:
1925:
1924:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1755:on 5 April 2016
1739:
1738:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1640:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1594:Alaska Airlines
1592:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1528:
1508:
1470:Delta Air Lines
1462:
1406:British Airways
1389:
1377:Aegean Airlines
1213:London–Heathrow
1209:British Airways
1197:Toronto–Pearson
1163:United Airlines
1123:Delta Air Lines
1119:
1064:Fort Lauderdale
1048:
970:Toronto-Pearson
841:
822:
806:London-Heathrow
701:
610:Fort Lauderdale
195:Delta Air Lines
175:
170:
137:
129:United Airlines
125:Delta Air Lines
104:British Airways
96:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3874:
3872:
3864:
3863:
3861:Civil aviation
3853:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3840:Mile high club
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3776:Travel website
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:Red-eye flight
3748:
3743:
3736:
3731:
3729:One-way travel
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3699:Continent pass
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3674:Airline ticket
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Overwing exits
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Brace position
3548:
3543:
3541:Airspace class
3538:
3533:
3531:Airport police
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3370:Hague Protocol
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Departure card
3227:
3220:Border control
3217:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Airport lounge
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Aircraft cabin
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Business class
3025:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:Aircraft pilot
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:Second officer
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:Other regions
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2876:United States
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:International
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2829:U-FLY Alliance
2826:
2821:
2819:Value Alliance
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2675:
2643:
2632:on 29 May 2016
2626:Bloomberg News
2612:
2601:
2577:
2566:
2550:"Airport Hubs"
2540:
2529:on 26 May 2016
2503:
2492:on 26 May 2016
2470:
2459:
2443:"Airport Hubs"
2433:
2395:
2369:
2339:
2306:
2276:
2242:
2205:
2172:
2137:
2126:on 29 May 2016
2115:(MSc thesis).
2093:
2067:
2045:
2019:
1989:
1953:
1942:
1909:
1871:
1843:
1824:
1799:
1788:on 24 May 2015
1766:
1725:
1679:
1649:
1638:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1507:
1504:
1500:Munich Airport
1461:
1458:
1388:
1385:
1265:Japan Airlines
1217:Cathay Pacific
1139:Salt Lake City
1118:
1115:
1096:point-to-point
1047:
1044:
1028:London–Gatwick
909:Additionally,
906:respectively.
840:
837:
821:
818:
801:Etihad Airways
783:Etihad Airways
700:
697:
694:
693:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
649:
648:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
633:
627:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
615:
612:
606:
605:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
590:
584:
583:
581:
578:
576:
574:
571:
568:
562:
561:
559:
556:
554:
552:
549:
546:
540:
539:
537:
534:
532:
530:
527:
522:
516:
515:
512:
510:
508:
505:
502:
499:
493:
492:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
477:
475:Seattle/Tacoma
471:
470:
468:
466:
464:
461:
458:
455:
449:
448:
446:
444:
442:
439:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
421:
419:
417:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
399:
397:
395:
392:
389:
383:
382:
380:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
360:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
335:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
321:
316:
314:Chicago–O'Hare
310:
309:
306:
303:
301:
299:
296:
291:
285:
284:
282:
280:
278:
275:
272:
269:
263:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
244:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
214:
211:
174:
171:
169:
166:
136:
133:
95:
92:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3873:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:Miscellaneous
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Travel agency
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:Overbooking (
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:Boarding pass
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:Baggage sizer
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Flight permit
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Hypermobility
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3193:Transit hotel
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Economy class
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Third officer
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:First officer
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Star Alliance
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Flag carriers
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Cargo airline
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Airline codes
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2682:
2678:
2676:9789282107393
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2644:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2602:9780812221169
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2567:9781452267791
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2383:Aviation24.be
2380:
2373:
2370:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2209:
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1552:Transport hub
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1506:Moonlight hub
1505:
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1482:New York City
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1301:Seoul–Incheon
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1277:Imam Khomeini
1274:
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849:cargo airline
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829:FedEx Express
826:
820:Types of hubs
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793:Qatar Airways
790:
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173:United States
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53:
49:
48:Star Alliance
45:
40:
36:
33:
19:
3566:Control zone
3561:Control area
3483:Luggage lock
3473:Lost luggage
3468:Hand luggage
3438:Baggage cart
3253:(Electronic)
3215:Arrival card
3148:Airside pass
3122:
3100:Sickness bag
3075:Buy on board
3070:Airline seat
3065:Airline meal
3018:Travel class
3000:Dead mileage
2839:Trade groups
2685:. Retrieved
2653:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2615:
2587:
2580:
2553:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2516:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:the original
2483:
2473:
2446:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2417:the original
2410:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2382:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2351:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:the original
2319:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2267:. Retrieved
2263:the original
2254:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2226:the original
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2185:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:the original
2150:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2121:the original
2108:
2084:. Retrieved
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2031:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2001:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1969:
1928:
1900:. Retrieved
1889:
1862:. Retrieved
1856:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1814:
1790:. Retrieved
1786:the original
1779:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:the original
1744:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1703:
1699:
1670:. Retrieved
1652:
1624:
1589:
1576:
1566:
1512:America West
1509:
1490:
1467:
1463:
1460:Reliever hub
1437:UPS Airlines
1430:
1390:
1349:Johannesburg
1293:Sheremetyevo
1269:Tokyo-Haneda
1179:
1159:Philadelphia
1120:
1117:Fortress hub
1111:New York–JFK
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:industry, a
1085:
1072:New York–JFK
1040:New York–JFK
1002:
922:scissor hubs
921:
919:
908:
892:DHL Aviation
884:ASL Airlines
880:UPS Airlines
844:
842:
831:aircraft at
814:New York-JFK
787:
763:
749:rather than
743:flag carrier
716:
710:aircraft at
364:New York–JFK
176:
161:Doha Airport
154:
142:
138:
117:
113:
63:
59:
57:
35:
3786:Ground crew
3740:Overselling
3611:Sky marshal
3477:WorldTracer
3250:Travel visa
3207:Immigration
3123:Airline hub
3023:First class
2970:Relief crew
2388:11 December
2352:airindia.in
2222:Pearson PLC
2060:13 November
2038:13 November
1864:27 February
1396:'s hubs at
1281:ITA Airways
1245:Addis Ababa
1229:Panama City
1189:Mexico City
1068:Los Angeles
950:Jet Airways
699:Middle East
339:Los Angeles
179:deregulated
64:hub airport
60:airline hub
18:Airline Hub
3830:Air travel
3178:Jet bridge
2985:Loadmaster
2521:. McLean:
2220:(Report).
1604:References
1520:Harry Reid
1514:'s use of
1476:' uses of
1424:'s hub at
1416:'s hub at
1394:Air Canada
1297:Korean Air
1201:Air France
1193:Air Canada
1185:Aeromexico
1103:focus city
1092:focus city
1046:Focus city
1008:St. John's
900:Luxembourg
216:2022 pax.
94:Operations
30:See also:
3825:Air cargo
3118:Aerodrome
2796:Alliances
2518:USA Today
1971:USA Today
1492:Lufthansa
1422:Lufthansa
1414:Air India
1408:' hub at
1402:Vancouver
1341:Singapore
1317:Frankfurt
1313:Lufthansa
1309:Amsterdam
1221:Hong Kong
1147:Charlotte
958:Bangalore
938:Ahmedabad
926:Air India
845:cargo hub
747:Abu Dhabi
737:from the
657:Northeast
592:Northeast
525:Northeast
453:Charlotte
387:Las Vegas
368:Northeast
110:in London
44:Lufthansa
3855:Category
3766:Tracking
3501:Air rage
3235:Passport
3224:internal
3158:Boarding
3153:Airstair
3010:Airliner
2804:Oneworld
2738:Airlines
2681:Archived
2607:Archived
2572:Archived
2465:Archived
2356:Archived
2293:Archived
2192:Archived
2080:Archived
2012:13 March
2006:Archived
1976:Archived
1948:Archived
1896:Archived
1830:Archived
1666:Archived
1644:Archived
1571:traffic.
1526:See also
1365:Istanbul
1289:Aeroflot
1273:Iran Air
1253:Helsinki
1233:Emirates
1080:San Juan
982:New York
974:Brussels
888:Cargolux
789:Emirates
770:Oman Air
759:Emirates
735:Gulf Air
729:and the
708:Emirates
84:non-stop
72:airlines
46:and its
3761:Standby
3423:Bag tag
3415:Baggage
3240:Timatic
3203:Customs
3110:Airport
2942:Aircrew
2891:Europe
2809:SkyTeam
2523:Gannett
2412:JetBlue
2299:4 March
2086:22 July
1446:Seattle
1373:Calgary
1369:WestJet
1249:Finnair
1131:Detroit
1127:Atlanta
1107:JetBlue
1088:airline
1086:In the
1076:Orlando
1056:JetBlue
1020:Orlando
1016:Toronto
1004:WestJet
978:Chennai
904:Leipzig
719:Bahrain
680:Midwest
676:Detroit
635:Midwest
409:Orlando
319:Midwest
242:Atlanta
213:Region
210:Airport
199:Atlanta
189:). The
168:History
135:Banking
68:airport
3188:Runway
3095:Galley
2995:Purser
2687:29 May
2673:
2636:28 May
2599:
2564:
2533:26 May
2496:26 May
2457:
2426:26 May
2332:29 May
2269:29 May
2235:29 May
2198:28 May
2165:28 May
2130:28 May
1982:30 May
1940:
1902:30 May
1858:Forbes
1836:30 May
1822:
1792:28 May
1759:28 May
1718:28 May
1672:30 May
1636:
1596:: 11.4
1472:' and
1426:Munich
1418:Mumbai
1381:Athens
1357:Zurich
1325:Sydney
1321:Qantas
1261:Madrid
1257:Iberia
1171:Newark
1161:; and
1157:, and
1078:, and
1060:Boston
1032:Qantas
1024:Dublin
1018:, and
1012:Ottawa
986:Newark
984:, and
962:Mumbai
946:Newark
942:Mumbai
940:, and
812:, and
797:Saudia
778:Muscat
683:13.73
660:14.36
638:15.20
617:15.36
614:South
595:15.42
588:Boston
580:11.08
573:19.80
551:20.40
536:12.15
529:21.66
520:Newark
504:21.79
482:22.11
460:23.09
438:23.68
416:24.44
413:South
394:25.26
371:26.99
346:32.29
331:11.13
323:33.13
308:10.43
305:12.34
298:33.75
289:Denver
274:35.33
251:45.37
187:Pan Am
66:is an
2925:AFRAA
2870:ISTAT
2865:IATAN
2420:(PDF)
2407:(PDF)
2362:8 May
2229:(PDF)
2218:(PDF)
2124:(PDF)
2113:(PDF)
1706:(2).
1558:Notes
1237:Dubai
1155:Miami
966:Delhi
934:Delhi
896:Liège
857:FedEx
751:Dubai
727:Qatar
570:South
558:8.50
514:7.62
463:16.14
457:South
441:13.93
435:South
431:Miami
425:4.79
403:8.87
391:West
358:3.21
355:4.74
277:24.34
271:South
261:3.68
256:33.87
247:South
3375:ICAO
3168:Gate
2930:RAAA
2920:AAPA
2915:AACO
2900:EBAA
2860:IATA
2855:ATAG
2689:2016
2671:ISBN
2638:2016
2597:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2535:2016
2498:2016
2455:ISBN
2428:2016
2390:2021
2364:2018
2334:2016
2301:2021
2271:2016
2237:2016
2200:2016
2167:2016
2132:2016
2088:2018
2062:2023
2040:2023
2032:AFAR
2014:2020
1984:2016
1938:ISBN
1904:2016
1866:2022
1838:2016
1820:ISBN
1794:2016
1761:2016
1720:2016
1674:2016
1634:ISBN
1580:The
1498:and
1448:and
1435:and
1420:and
1400:and
1375:and
1333:Doha
1285:Rome
1173:and
1137:and
1058:are
1026:and
964:and
902:and
890:and
863:and
799:and
776:and
774:Doha
768:and
723:Oman
688:7.95
666:2.92
663:2.49
643:8.52
600:3.26
548:West
507:7.39
501:West
487:4.47
479:West
377:6.23
374:3.37
352:5.42
349:4.91
343:West
326:7.71
294:West
127:and
3286:Law
2905:ERA
2895:A4E
2885:RAA
2880:A4A
2850:ACO
2663:doi
1379:in
1371:in
1363:in
1355:in
1347:in
1339:in
1331:in
1323:in
1315:in
1307:in
1305:KLM
1299:at
1291:in
1283:in
1275:in
1267:in
1259:in
1251:in
1243:in
1235:in
1227:in
1219:in
1211:in
1203:in
1195:in
1187:in
1165:at
1145:at
1125:at
968:to
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859:'s
804:as
159:in
106:is
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20:)
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