26:
652:'s Bond Corporation, the following year. The firm had posted a £2.3 million loss for the six months to 30 September 1983, as a result of delays in the 500s testing and certification, difficulties in setting up a Canadian subsidiary and revenue lost due to the certification delays. It had lost almost £10 million between June 1978 and September 1983, and its share price fell from a 1983 high of 147p to 56p in March 1984. However, AI reported its first profit, some £50,000, in the 15 months to 30 June 1985.
604:
426:
3361:
754:. Westinghouse acquired the corresponding rights to military variants of the three designs and took full control of the YEZ-2A programme. Airship International acquired the share capital of AI's US operation, one complete and one incomplete 600, an incomplete 500HL and support equipment. The rights held by Airship International subsequently passed to
830:
Airship
Technologies folded, to be succeeded by Advanced Technologies Group (ATG). Although ATG received two orders for the Skyship 600B, a higher-performance version of the 600, in its early years, it sold the type certificate for the 600 to Julian Benscher of Global Skyship and concentrated instead
771:
Westinghouse took full control of the
Sentinel programme after the failure of Airship Industries, and the first flight of the Sentinel 1000 took place under Westinghouse's management in 1991. The type certificates for the 500HL and 600 designs, which had initially passed to Slingsby, were acquired by
798:
On 2 August 1995, a fire, apparently started accidentally during welding work, destroyed the
Weeksville hangar and its contents, including the sole Sentinel 1000 and the mock-up of the 5000's gondola. Despite the setback, work on the 5000 project continued, and the firm projected an airship somewhat
709:
From an early stage of the programme, AI contemplated a civil version of the 5000, variously reported as accommodating between 140 and 300 passengers, for applications including both luxury shuttle services and conventional scheduled flights. However, this project was dependent on the success of the
705:
controls, an envelope material that eliminated the need for routine hangaring and a ground-handling technique that required a comparatively small crew of eight. However, the ship, which was assembled at WAI's
Weeksville facility in North Carolina, did not fly until 26 June 1991, by which time AI had
677:
paired with AI. The Navy was reported to be "interested in up to 75 airships." On 5 June 1987, Westinghouse–Airship
Industries (WAI) won the contract to build an Operational Development Model (ODM), or prototype, with the possibility of a production run of 40–50 airships if the ODM proved successful
433:
The AD500 was succeeded by the
Skyship 500 model. The first flight of a Skyship 500 proper (i.e. excluding the AD500) took place from Cardington on 28 September 1981. The ship incorporated "many detail improvements" relative to the AD500, including a new envelope material, improved actuators, and an
228:
symposium in 1975, dealing primarily with the Shell project, AD was at this time "pursuing the development potential" for "non-rigid, advanced technology airships in the half to ten ton payload range" for "general freight, surveying and airborne jeep" applications. These airships were to embody many
893:
hybrid airships for the US Army in
Afghanistan. The first one flew in 2012 but the project was terminated the next year in a round of US defence cuts. HAV re-purchased the envelope of the HAV 304 and returned it to the UK, where they refurbished it for civilian use as the Airlander 10. Airlander 10
664:
for a radar-carrying Battle
Surveillance Airship System (BSAS). AI responded with the Skyship 5000, "a concept airship of about 70,000 cubic metres (2,500,000 cu ft)" The BSAS programme was subsequently renamed the Naval Airship Surveillance Program (NASP), then the Organic Long Endurance
623:
Like the 500, the 600 was employed in the traditional blimp role as an advertising and camera platform and tested in a variety of other civil and military roles. The sightseeing operations begun with the 500 were expanded to take in a number of additional cities worldwide, including Paris, Toronto,
611:
Airship
Industries followed the Skyship 500 with the similar but larger Skyship 600, 59 metres (194 ft) long with 6,666 cubic metres (235,400 cu ft) of helium and seating for up to 18 passengers and two crew. The first Skyship 600 flew from Cardington on 6 March 1984. In all, ten
575:
By the summer of 1983, efforts to obtain federal and state funding had stalled. In June of that year, federal officials informed
American Skyship Industries Inc. that additional proof of private financing was required before $ 4.2 million in federal loans and grants could be released. Internal
470:
The former Thermo-Skyships design team proposed two rigid designs during their time with AI. In July 1980, AI announced "ambitious plans" to begin construction of a freight-carrying rigid, designated the Skyship R40, in early 1982. The airship (which appears also to have been referred to as the
348:
Following the loss of the AD500 prototype, the Aerospace Developments design team was reconstituted in September 1979 under the name Airship Developments Limited. During its short period under this name, the firm projected five non-rigid airship designs (several of which echoed the earlier AD
685:
In the design proposed in 1989, the Sentinel 5000, designated the YEZ-2A by the Navy, would have been 143 metres (469 ft) long and 32 metres (105 ft) in diameter, containing 70,864 cubic metres (2,502,500 cu ft) of helium. A crew of 10–15 would have been accommodated in a
253:
company Aerovision for the construction and delivery in 1977 of an initial airship, with a further 21 ("of similar design to the first ship, but...vary in payload and therefore size") to be delivered over ten years. The first airships would be assembled and tested in Britain, with a gradual
411:") that would have used heating of the lifting gas to control buoyancy. The resulting firm was known as Airship Industries Ltd.(AI). During the approximately two-and-a-half years the Thermo-Skyships team spent at AI, it proposed several abortive designs, for non-lenticular rigid airships.
437:
Five more 500s were subsequently built — one at Cardington, two in Toronto, one in Tokyo, and one in the United States. The ships were mainly used in advertising and filming. Other uses of the craft included sightseeing flights over London, a trial shuttle service between Paris's
799:
larger than the 1000, the Sentinel 1240, which would have been capable of accommodating 40 passengers. Changes to the 5000's design were also proposed, including a simpler, single-deck, gondola and the replacement of the two gondola-mounted diesel engines and one turboprop with three
180:
Aerospace Developments (AD) was founded in 1970 by John Wood and Roger Munk (Jeffrey Roger Munk 1947–2010). Its first major project was the design of a very large – 549 m (1,801 ft) long with 2,750,000 m (97,000,000 cu ft) of gas capacity – rigid airship for
835:
airship, a small non-rigid 40.3 metres (132 ft) long with a gas volume of 2,306 cubic metres (81,400 cu ft), i.e. somewhat less than half the Skyship 500's volume. It also projected unrealised non-rigids, such as the 50-seat AT-04, and undertook development work on a
188:
The Shell project had been in progress since well before the formation of AD; Munk stated in 1975 that the idea had emerged "about seven years ago." Shell planned to use the airship to transport natural gas in gaseous form, eliminating the costly equipment associated with shipping
790:
In 1993, Westinghouse was "still hopeful" that a prototype YEZ-2A would fly in 1998. The roles envisaged at this stage were "radar surveillance in support of U.S. Navy fleet operations and theatre missile-defence for the U.S. Army." The prototype would have been constructed at
509:(FedEx) was reportedly "negotiating the possible purchase" of a training airship" in early 1981, with the possibility of an order for R150 cargo airships to follow, and Redcoat—through which FedEx had approached AI— switched its order to the R150, ordering four airships with
576:
disagreements and failure to raise the required private financing lead to Scoville's departure from the company he had co-founded. Afterward, the company was briefly managed by Michael McL. Foster-Turner. The company's offices were finally shuttered in the fall of 1984.
749:
Slingsby acquired the marketing and intellectual property rights to the civil versions of the 500, 500HL and 600—except in North America, where Airship International was the appointed agent—as well as work in progress, plant and fixed assets and UK, U.S., and Japanese
25:
803:
diesels, two mounted on a beam spanning across the envelope and one at the tail. Both Moffett Field and Lakehurst were under consideration as construction locations. However, further plans were stymied by the sale of Westinghouse's defence-electronics business to
291:
requirements for airships, something that took six months) but also by factors including a change of envelope supplier and revision of the engine and propeller design. The AD500, as it was by then known, first flew from Cardington on 3 February 1979.
248:
In May 1976 article, it was reported that Multi-Modal Transport Analysis (an associate firm to AD: the one covering marketing, the other technical matters – in total "a dozen people working full-time" on the project), had signed contracts with the
274:
The first airship (later to be designated the AD500) was to be of Type B. Night-time advertising flights would recoup the ship's cost, allowing it to be used by day in experiments supplying isolated communities in Venezuela's interior
295:
The AD500 was "a new-generation airship making use of advanced materials and technology." It was 164 feet (50 m) long and contained 181,200 cubic feet (5,130 m) of helium. Materials used in the ship included thin single-ply
1504:
215:
The project was "terminated before a detailed study of the concept could be crystallised." AD's work "showed that the concept was impracticable" but " Aerospace Developments into contact with the latest materials and ideas."
486:
A second design, the R150, followed. The R150 was to have been 174 metres (571 ft) long, with 152,000 cubic metres (5,400,000 cu ft) of gas and a payload of 75 tonnes (74 long tons), and propelled by four
567:
to American Skyship Industries, Inc. for US$ 1 – the sale being contingent on construction of manufacturing facilities on the site. The airport was named after the noted American Navy rigid airship pioneer, Lt. Cmdr.
2470:
388:
an extremely large (by non-rigid standards) craft with 50,000 cubic metres (1,800,000 cu ft) of gas and a payload of over 20 metric tons (20 long tons), foreshadowing the later Sentinel 5000/YEZ-2A
697:, as part of the development programme. The 1000 was a half-linear-scale model of the 5000, having a modified Skyship 600 gondola but a larger (10,000 cubic metres (350,000 cu ft)) envelope and an
335:
Unfortunately, on 8 March 1979, the month-old AD500 was seriously damaged when the nosecone failed while the ship was moored in high winds. Aerovision subsequently withdrew its financial support, and AD was
584:
Wren Skyships became the Advanced Airship Corporation (AAC) in 1988. Construction of the prototype ANR was commenced, but envelope problems delayed its completion, and AAC went into liquidation during the
808:
in early 1996. Westinghouse Airships did not form part of this deal; its designs, patents, and other assets were subsequently acquired by British investor group London Wall, in a deal led by Roger Munk.
520:
in mid-1982 due to cash flow problems. When AI's rigid division was subsequently split off, the R150 design was inherited by Wren Skyships and Wren went on to propose new metal-clads of varying sizes.
686:
triple-decked, partly pressurised gondola, on top of which (within the envelope) the radar antenna was to be mounted. The ship would have been powered by two CRM diesel engines, with a supplementary
3461:
3466:
690:
turboprop for "dash" situations. It would have offered an unrefuelled endurance of two to three days, which could be extended to 30 days through refuelling and replenishment from surface ships.
528:
In late 1982, Wren formed Wren Skyships as a "breakaway" of the rigid airship design division from Airship Industries. The former Thermo-Skyships was demerged from Airship Industries, becoming
3409:
204:
on the loaded voyage, with a small amount of helium, plus hot air from the airship's (gas-fuelled) engines, supporting it on the empty return leg. The ship's structure would have been "of a
1508:
867:, its assets were acquired in 2006 by an Italian–British consortium and the new business named SkyCat Group. However, SkyCat Group itself went into administration about a year later.
2463:
718:
AI made a loss of £15 million in the year to 30 June 1989, compared to £3.7 million in the preceding year and £5.1 million the year before that. In early 1990, after
471:
R130), was to be 183 metres (600 ft) long, contain 120,000 cubic metres (4,200,000 cu ft) of gas and have a hull form resembling that of the 1920s British rigid
3364:
2456:
783:
reportedly sent pilots to the US in early 1992 to evaluate the airship. In late 1993, the Sentinel 1000 became the first aircraft with fly-by-light controls to receive
3175:
572:. This sale of Lansdowne airport was met with some local opposition, concerns ranging from airship safety to a large hangar obstructing the view or being an eyesore.
894:
completed design certification testing before being written off when it came loose from its moorings in a high wind on 18 November 2017 at Cardington Airfield.
2353:
495:
turboshaft providing air to nose- and tail-mounted thrusters for purposes of low-speed control. The use of natural gas, or a combination of natural gas and
2941:
678:
in trials. However, NASP was cut from the fiscal year 1989 defence budget. Congress later authorised funding to continue the ODM's development, and the
3297:
3292:
3287:
2555:
679:
284:
167:(formerly the Royal Airship Works and RAF Cardington), were used as a base for the firm's test flying and an assembly site for some of its airships.
2479:
890:
513:
on another ten. FedEx was motivated by fuel-efficiency concerns and considered airships suitable for lower-priority 48-hour package deliveries.
155:
In addition to the manufacture of non-rigid airships, several of the companies were involved in abortive proposals for many other non-rigid and
3348:
2781:
458:. Four 500s were later upgraded to 500HL standards by mating the 500 gondola to a 600 envelope in order to increase lift for heavy payloads or
3395:
2670:
780:
775:
Aside from the Sentinel 1000's role as a demonstrator for the 5000, Westinghouse promoted the 1000 itself for roles such as demonstrating
548:
American Skyship Industries, Inc. (ASI) was established as the U.S. manufacturing arm of Wren Skyships, ostensibly for the production of
2495:
666:
197:
had been involved in the airship project in its early stages but withdrew due to problems with his design for a very large non-rigid.
3323:
2346:
2272:
499:, as fuel was considered. Unlike the R40/R130, which was to have had a traditional rigid structure, the R150 was intended to be a
3435:
2376:
3302:
3150:
2963:
784:
674:
2161:
378:
an enlarged AD500 with a gas capacity of 6,000 cubic metres (210,000 cu ft) (i.e. around 10% less than the eventual
3456:
3160:
2891:
2407:
2402:
613:
598:
420:
129:
125:
3155:
2182:
3210:
3190:
2846:
2490:
476:
209:
1485:
951:
3195:
2886:
2811:
2339:
510:
832:
2588:
2538:
2425:
755:
312:
for the cables suspending the gondola from the top of the envelope; a Kevlar nosecone moulded in the same manner as
3343:
3113:
2953:
1005:
225:
644:
At the time when the first 600 flew, AI was seeking to raise capital for continued operations. A£5.5 million
3388:
3048:
2916:
2866:
2608:
455:
443:
701:
resembling the "X" form planned for the 5000, rather than the cruciform one of the 600. Other features included
540:. The firm continued metal-clad development and began work on a non-rigid design, the Advanced Non-Rigid (ANR).
3230:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
2901:
2881:
2871:
2771:
2690:
852:
313:
164:
3220:
3063:
3013:
2993:
2973:
2946:
2921:
743:
649:
496:
451:
357:
145:
1464:
3135:
2926:
2705:
776:
665:
Airborne Area Surveillance Airship System, and finally became the Naval Airship Program. In mid-1985, the
492:
320:
from Kevlar-reinforced plastic. Other innovations featured in the AD500 included simplified controls and
2998:
2861:
2620:
2545:
2090:
2067:
2044:
2022:
2000:
1965:
1943:
1921:
1899:
1876:
1832:
1810:
1788:
1756:
1730:
1707:
1685:
1663:
1641:
1607:
1582:
1551:
1446:
1428:
1406:
1384:
1362:
1339:
1305:
1274:
1224:
1202:
1146:
1124:
1101:
977:
687:
617:
586:
517:
403:
In May 1980, Airship Developments was acquired by Thermo-Skyships Ltd., a firm that had been working on
283:
The rollout of the first ship was delayed, mainly by certification problems (certification required the
193:
by sea and, in particular, the need for large amounts of fixed plant in politically unstable countries.
190:
3068:
503:, with a thin metal shell stabilised by an internal pressure of around 2 kilopascals (0.29 psi).
479:
turboprop engines. It would have been capable of carrying payloads of up to 58 tonnes (57 long tons).
3381:
3260:
3235:
3103:
3088:
2826:
2791:
2695:
2615:
864:
731:
661:
3430:
3125:
3093:
2978:
2896:
2816:
2655:
2640:
2635:
2362:
882:
876:
694:
529:
149:
87:
921:
was 245 m (804 ft) long and had a capacity of 200,000 m (7,100,000 cu ft)
3425:
3250:
3083:
2851:
2735:
2730:
2665:
2630:
1854:
735:
723:
549:
500:
488:
439:
3373:
3145:
3140:
2227:
2301:
3255:
3205:
3170:
2911:
2876:
2856:
2750:
2327:
Airship Heritage Trust pages on British airship designs, including those of Airship Industries
2268:
916:
847:
The SkyKitten, a 1/6 linear scale model of a SkyCat design, was built and flown by ATG in the
800:
569:
564:
480:
317:
182:
141:
3333:
3185:
3078:
3073:
3008:
2983:
2968:
2906:
2831:
2806:
2740:
2700:
2603:
2560:
886:
805:
751:
669:
awarded three six-month contracts for further studies to, respectively, Goodyear Aerospace,
620:. As was the case with the 500, two additional gondolas were commenced but never completed.
560:
325:
321:
301:
2448:
746:
were appointed in September. About 7-% of its debts of £50 million were owed to Alan Bond.
483:
proposed acquiring four R40s by 1984 and "opt out permanently from conventional aircraft."
3265:
3245:
3180:
3108:
3058:
3053:
2841:
2821:
2625:
2309:(Re-printed in 2005 by Airship Management Services, Inc. ed.), (via Skyship Services)
553:
506:
230:
144:(blimps) active under that name from 1980 to 1990 and controlled for part of that time by
152:, remains active as of 2022. Airship Industries itself was active between 1980 and 1990.
3225:
3130:
3098:
2725:
2715:
2598:
2593:
2523:
848:
837:
408:
229:
of the innovative features eventually seen in the AD500 and Skyship 500/600, including
205:
160:
104:
254:
transference of production to Venezuela. A family of five airship types was proposed:
3450:
3420:
3338:
3328:
3038:
2931:
2801:
2430:
792:
739:
288:
194:
156:
3200:
3043:
2936:
2766:
2675:
2645:
2578:
2518:
2326:
2157:
727:
702:
645:
459:
305:
148:. The first company, Aerospace Developments, was founded in 1970, and a successor,
999:
3240:
2958:
2745:
2550:
787:
certification and possibly the first such aircraft to be certificated anywhere.
719:
648:
in 1983 was followed by a second for £7 million, this time underwritten by
537:
404:
379:
337:
201:
552:. ASI was founded by partners, Russell Scoville II, and Major Malcolm W. Wren
3120:
2776:
955:
603:
329:
98:
1030:
730:'s Airship International and efforts to renegotiate the YEZ-2A contract from
3318:
2583:
2528:
2394:
742:
in AI's Isle of Man–based holding company was suspended in August 1990, and
722:
efforts failed, the firm sought to improve its financial position through a
698:
533:
516:
However, FedEx shelved its airship plans in late 1981 and Redcoat went into
425:
297:
250:
366:
a "runabout blimp" with 1,000 cubic metres (35,000 cu ft) of gas
3215:
3003:
2710:
2660:
629:
625:
726:
of the Cardington facilities, an attempted sale of its US operations to
556:. in 1981. No manufacturing facility, nor any airship, was ever built.
3405:
3165:
2988:
2720:
2685:
2680:
2570:
2533:
242:
2331:
831:
on a new product line. The firm constructed a solitary example of its
612:
Skyship 600s were built: two at Cardington; three at Weeksville, near
2437:
2142:
Nayler, Arnold W.L. (December 2000). "ATG Activities at Cardington".
841:
670:
633:
309:
234:
1306:"World News: Redcoat Air Cargo goes for lighter-than-air operations"
706:
collapsed and Westinghouse had taken full control of the programme.
462:
applications. Two more 500 gondolas were begun but never completed.
237:. Negotiations were stated to be in process with the governments of
2786:
1491:
602:
424:
2091:"Headlines: UK group is set to acquire airship from Westinghouse"
2836:
2566:
1385:"Air transport: Federal Express orders first all-cargo 727-200s"
779:
and acting as a sensor platform for drug interdiction. The UK's
472:
447:
238:
3377:
2452:
2335:
360:
with a gas capacity of 150 cubic metres (5,300 cu ft)
324: — an old airship idea revived — via inboard-mounted
2650:
930:
Wallis had worked on the British R100 design in the late-1920s
2280:
Symposium on the Future of the Airship: A Technical Appraisal
434:
overall weight saving of around 140 kilograms (310 lb).
1583:"Business Aviation : Airship Industries makes a profit"
885:(HAV), set up by British investors in 2007. HAV and partner
881:
The assets of the SkyCat group were acquired by a new firm,
822:
The successor company became known as Airship Technologies.
767:
Westinghouse Airships and the fate of the Sentinel programme
1552:"Business Aviation: Rights issue clouds Skyship 600 flight"
1966:"Headlines:Slingsby and US operators split Airship assets"
2321:
660:
In February 1985, the United States Navy (USN) issued a
1465:"Historic Lansdowne Airport/Youngstown's hidden secret"
1325:
1323:
1179:
1177:
2197:"ATG Assets Purchased by Italian/British Consortium".
1275:"Commercial Aircraft of the World: Airship Industries"
889:
won a $ 517 million LEMV contract to build three
532:(after founder Major Malcolm Wren) and relocating to
200:
The natural gas would have functioned as the primary
3462:
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
2303:
Skyship! Renaissance of the British Airship Industry
1757:"Airship builds Sentinel 1000 for US Navy programme"
1507:(in German). goolap.info. 4 May 2012. Archived from
270:
Type E: 20 to 25 long tons (20 to 25 t) payload
3467:
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
3311:
3278:
2759:
2511:
2504:
2418:
2385:
2369:
121:
111:
93:
83:
75:
67:
59:
51:
43:
35:
1258:Bewley, John (December 2003). "Skyship gondolas".
1147:"World News: Aerospace Developments loses support"
176:Beginnings and the Shell International Gas project
1944:"Headlines: Airship Industries appoints receiver"
1811:"Technical: Defence: Sentinel readies for flight"
3176:Port Victoria Marine Experimental Aircraft Depot
2278:Munk, R. (1975). "Action rather than Words". In
2023:"FIDAE '92: UK MoD to evaluate Sentinel airship"
1877:"Business Aviation: Bigger airships on the way?"
1340:"World News: Federal Express looks at airships"
607:A Skyship 600 operated by Skycruise Switzerland
2045:"Headlines: First fly-by-light craft approved"
3389:
2464:
2347:
1225:"World News: New UK airship ready for flight"
8:
2267:(3rd ed.). London: The Airship Association.
224:According to a paper delivered by Munk to a
220:Smaller airships and the Aerovision contract
18:
2260:(2nd ed.). London: The Airship Association.
1994:
1992:
1922:"Business: Airship to renegotiate USN deal"
258:Type A: 0.5 long tons (0.51 t) payload
3396:
3382:
3374:
2508:
2471:
2457:
2449:
2354:
2340:
2332:
1636:
1634:
1608:"Defence: Airship in chase for naval work"
616:; one at Sydney; two in Japan; and one at
24:
17:
3298:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
3293:Defence Electronics and Components Agency
1750:
1748:
1363:"Federal Express: the Memphis connection"
1253:
1251:
680:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
466:Proposed rigid airships—R40/R130 and R150
2480:Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom
1602:
1600:
267:Type D: 10 long tons (10 t) payload
264:Type C: 5 long tons (5.1 t) payload
233:and the use of modern materials such as
1664:"Defence: US Navy awards Nasp contract"
1203:"World News: Skyship 500 maiden flight"
942:
908:
813:Airship Technologies and its successors
682:inherited the programme from the Navy.
261:Type B: 1 long ton (1.0 t) payload
3349:Society of British Aerospace Companies
2782:Air Navigation and Engineering Company
2289:. Folkestone: The Airship Association.
976:Velupillai, David (24 February 1979).
971:
969:
967:
965:
208:type of stressed metal/skin honeycomb
140:was a British manufacturers of modern
30:Airship Industries blimp touching down
2282:. London, Royal Aeronautical Society.
1546:
1544:
358:remotely piloted surveillance vehicle
7:
2228:"World's longest aircraft collapses"
2068:"Lighter than Air: Burning ambition"
1833:"News in Brief: Sentinel 1000 Flies"
915:By comparison, the pre-war Zeppelin
2496:Manufacturing in the United Kingdom
1999:Streetly, Martin (11 August 1993).
1686:"Defence: Can WAI remain airborne?"
1642:"Defence: US Navy studies airships"
1123:Wilson, Michael (15 January 1977).
693:AI produced a smaller airship, the
245:concerning sales of such airships.
1273:Sweetman, Bill (25 October 1980).
656:The Sentinel 5000/YEZ-2A programme
580:Advanced Airship Corporation (AAC)
372:a rebuilt version of the prototype
14:
3324:Farnborough International Airshow
2212:"Statement from SGL New Owners".
2066:Lopez, Ramon (29 November 1995).
1361:Kjelgaard, Chris (4 April 1981).
826:Advanced Technologies Group (ATG)
3360:
3359:
2164:from the original on 5 June 2002
1898:Goold, Ian (26 September 1990).
1755:Gaines, Mike (21 October 1989).
1102:"British airships for Venezuela"
950:Hybrid Air Vehicles Ltd (2010).
3303:European Aviation Safety Agency
3156:Nieuport & General Aircraft
3151:National Aircraft Factory No. 2
2112:"AT-10 Training Airship—Data".
978:"AD500: the commercial airship"
673:paired with Wren Skyships, and
632:, Melbourne, San Francisco and
491:turboprops, with an additional
171:Aerospace Developments, 1970–79
47:Aircraft manufacture (airships)
3161:Norman Thompson Flight Company
2892:British Aircraft Manufacturing
2408:Airship Industries Skyship 600
2403:Airship Industries Skyship 500
2265:An introduction to the Airship
2258:An introduction to the Airship
2089:Lopez, Ramon (10 April 1996).
1593:(3977): 16. 14 September 1985.
1562:(3906): 672–73. 17 March 1984.
1395:(3779): 1043. 10 October 1981.
1350:(3747): 544. 28 February 1981.
1235:(3774): 700. 5 September 1981.
1100:Wilson, Michael (1 May 1976).
1000:"Jeffrey Roger Munk 1947–2010"
614:Elizabeth City, North Carolina
599:Airship Industries Skyship 600
477:Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6
421:Airship Industries Skyship 500
1:
3211:Seaplane Experimental Station
3191:Rollason Aircraft and Engines
2942:Aeronautical Technical School
2847:William Beardmore and Company
2491:Economy of the United Kingdom
1954:(4234): 7. 19 September 1990.
1932:(4203): 22. 14 February 1990.
1789:"Airship Has the Last Laugh?"
1787:Daly, Kieran (24 July 1991).
1729:Moxon, Julian (8 July 1989).
1429:"Wren proposes rigid airship"
714:The end of Airship Industries
344:Airship Developments, 1979–80
3196:Royal Aircraft Establishment
2887:British Aircraft Corporation
2812:Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft
2131:(126): 29–31. December 1999.
2055:(4397): 4. 24 November 1993.
1976:(4243): 4. 21 November 1990.
1857:. The Airship Heritage Trust
1855:"SkyShip 5000/Sentinel 5000"
1618:(3948): 8. 23 February 1985.
1213:(3778): 981. 3 October 1981.
667:Naval Air Development Center
2589:British Airways Engineering
2539:Surrey Satellite Technology
2426:Airship Management Services
2322:Airship Management Services
2287:Airships Today and Tomorrow
1652:(3715): 11. 10 August 1985.
1417:(3814): 1594. 19 June 1982.
1035:Airship and Blimp Resources
1031:"Westinghouse Airships Inc"
891:Hybrid Air Vehicles HAV 304
756:Airship Management Services
544:American Skyship Industries
394:Airship Industries, 1980–90
316:; and a gondola moulded by
161:historic airship facilities
3483:
3344:Royal Aeronautical Society
2954:Desoutter Aircraft Company
2917:Clayton & Shuttleworth
2216:(157): 21. September 2007.
1708:"Navy airship soldiers on"
1490:; Saturday, 21 June 2008;
1316:(3715): 162. 19 July 1980.
1125:"Britain's export airship"
1054:Mowforth 2007, pp. 101–02.
1006:Royal Aeronautical Society
874:
777:over-the-horizon targeting
596:
418:
328:engines driving vectoring
226:Royal Aeronautical Society
3416:
3357:
3049:Hants and Sussex Aviation
2964:Dunlop Standard Aerospace
2867:Bristol Aeroplane Company
2486:
2285:Netherclift, O.J. (1993)
2033:(4310): 9. 18 March 1992.
1821:(4206): 17. 7 March 1990.
1696:(4103): 12. 5 March 1988.
1674:(4067): 39. 20 June 1987.
1572:Mowforth 2007, pp. 85–86.
1538:Mowforth 2007, pp. 84–85.
1447:"It's Airship Time Again"
524:Demerger of Wren Skyships
456:United States Coast Guard
454:, United States Navy and
446:airports and trials with
407:airship designs (dubbed "
23:
3288:Civil Aviation Authority
3231:Sopwith Aviation Company
3034:Gloster Aircraft Company
3029:General Electric Company
3019:Garland Aircraft Company
2902:Central Aircraft Company
2882:British Aircraft Company
2872:British Aerial Transport
2772:Abbott-Baynes Sailplanes
2263:Mowforth, Edwin (2007).
2256:Mowforth, Edwin (1991).
2116:(126): 3. December 1999.
1986:Mowforth 2007, pp. 87–88
1777:Netherclift, pp. 105–09.
1718:(4124): 9. 30 July 1988.
1245:Mowforth 2007, pp.83–84.
1167:R M Rimel "Renaissance"
744:administrative receivers
399:Thermo-Skyships takeover
314:glass-reinforced plastic
285:Civil Aviation Authority
165:Cardington, Bedfordshire
3221:SELEX Sistemi Integrati
3094:Lindstrand Technologies
3064:Heston Aircraft Company
3014:Foster, Wikner Aircraft
2994:Fairey Aviation Company
2974:Edgar Percival Aircraft
2922:Comper Aircraft Company
2292:Reid, Alastair (2014).
1887:(4009): 13. 3 May 1986.
1843:(4274): 5. 3 July 1991.
1505:"Michael Foster-Turner"
1407:"Redcoat stops trading"
1157:(3668): 3. 7 July 1979.
452:United States Air Force
3136:Moss Brothers Aircraft
3069:Hewlett & Blondeau
2927:Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft
2706:Safran Landing Systems
2556:Military Air Solutions
2201:(152): 7–8. June 2006.
1628:Mowforth 2007, p. 111.
1081:Mowforth 2007, p. 102.
1029:Roland Escher (2003).
772:Westinghouse in 1993.
608:
430:
3457:Airship manufacturers
3104:M. B. Arpin & Co.
2999:Fane Aircraft Company
2862:Boulton Paul Aircraft
2621:Dunlop Aircraft Tyres
2546:Babcock International
2127:"Advancing the Art".
1467:. Mahoningvalley.info
1329:Mowforth 1991, p. 76.
1295:Mowforth 1991, p, 74.
1183:Mowforth 1991, p. 47.
1010:. Hybrid Air Vehicles
688:General Electric T700
636:, as well as London.
618:Lakehurst, New Jersey
606:
587:early 1990s recession
518:voluntary liquidation
428:
191:liquefied natural gas
71:Roger Munk, John Wood
3261:Westland Helicopters
3089:Lakes Flying Company
2827:Austin Motor Company
2792:The Airscrew Company
2095:Flight International
2072:Flight International
2049:Flight International
2027:Flight International
2005:Flight International
1970:Flight International
1948:Flight International
1926:Flight International
1904:Flight International
1881:Flight International
1837:Flight International
1815:Flight International
1793:Flight International
1761:Flight International
1735:Flight International
1712:Flight International
1690:Flight International
1668:Flight International
1646:Flight International
1612:Flight International
1587:Flight International
1556:Flight International
1529:Netherclift, p. 142.
1451:Flight International
1435:: 15, 31 August 1985
1433:Flight International
1411:Flight International
1389:Flight International
1367:Flight International
1344:Flight International
1310:Flight International
1279:Flight International
1229:Flight International
1207:Flight International
1192:Mowforth 2007, p.83.
1151:Flight International
1129:Flight International
1106:Flight International
982:Flight International
863:After ATG went into
818:Airship Technologies
710:military programme.
662:request for proposal
308:, for the envelope;
55:Airship Developments
3146:Nash & Thompson
3141:D. Napier & Son
3126:Matra Marconi Space
2979:Elliotts of Newbury
2656:Hybrid Air Vehicles
2641:GE Aviation Systems
2636:General Dynamics UK
2631:Finmeccanica UK Ltd
2363:Hybrid Air Vehicles
2158:"Skykitten website"
2001:"Up...Up..and Away"
1900:"In Need of a Lift"
883:Hybrid Air Vehicles
877:Hybrid Air Vehicles
871:Hybrid Air Vehicles
781:Ministry of Defence
762:Successor companies
550:Metal-clad airships
185:International Gas.
150:Hybrid Air Vehicles
88:Hybrid Air Vehicles
20:
3251:Vickers-Armstrongs
3171:Parnall & Sons
3114:Electronic Systems
3084:Kingsbury Aviation
2857:Boulton & Paul
2852:Blackburn Aircraft
2797:Airship Industries
2736:Thales Air Defence
2671:Marshall Aerospace
2666:Lockheed Martin UK
2609:Technical Services
2534:Astrium Satellites
2387:Airship Industries
2234:. 18 November 2017
1453:: 722, 6 June 1974
724:sale and leaseback
609:
501:metal-clad airship
489:Garrett AiResearch
431:
429:Skyship 500 G-SKSA
287:to write a set of
142:non-rigid airships
138:Airship Industries
19:Airship Industries
3444:
3443:
3371:
3370:
3281:regulatory bodies
3274:
3273:
3256:Westland Aircraft
3206:Scottish Aviation
2912:Chrislea Aircraft
2877:British Aerospace
2751:Ultra Electronics
2584:Boeing Defence UK
2446:
2445:
2296:. Lulu publishing
752:type certificates
570:Zachary Lansdowne
565:Lansdowne Airport
481:Redcoat Air Cargo
444:Charles de Gaulle
135:
134:
3474:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3236:Spartan Aircraft
3186:Reid and Sigrist
3079:Hunting Aircraft
3074:Hordern-Richmond
3024:General Aircraft
3009:Folland Aircraft
2984:English Electric
2907:Chilton Aircraft
2832:Aviation Traders
2807:Airwork Services
2741:Thales Optronics
2691:Reaction Engines
2561:Eurofighter GmbH
2509:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2310:
2308:
2294:Moving Mountains
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1731:"Airship Update"
1726:
1720:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1501:
1495:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
996:
990:
989:
973:
960:
959:
958:on 15 June 2012.
954:. Archived from
947:
931:
928:
922:
913:
887:Northrop Grumman
806:Northrop Grumman
640:Financial issues
322:thrust vectoring
318:Vickers–Slingsby
302:titanium dioxide
28:
21:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3412:
3404:US tri-service
3402:
3372:
3367:
3353:
3307:
3280:
3270:
3266:J. Samuel White
3181:Lang Propellers
3109:Marconi Company
3059:Hawker Siddeley
3054:Hawker Aircraft
2842:Beagle Aircraft
2755:
2731:Telespazio VEGA
2626:Europa Aircraft
2500:
2482:
2477:
2447:
2442:
2414:
2381:
2365:
2360:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1511:on 7 April 2014
1503:
1502:
1498:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1373:(3752): 972–76.
1360:
1359:
1355:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1135:(3540): 130–32.
1122:
1121:
1117:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:Munk, pp. 6–10.
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1004:Extract from a
998:
997:
993:
988:(3649): 539–44.
975:
974:
963:
949:
948:
944:
935:
934:
929:
925:
914:
910:
900:
879:
873:
815:
769:
764:
716:
658:
642:
601:
595:
582:
546:
526:
507:Federal Express
468:
423:
417:
401:
396:
346:
281:
231:vectored thrust
222:
212:construction."
178:
173:
114:
107:
101:
31:
12:
11:
5:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3312:Related topics
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3279:Government and
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:Siddeley-Deasy
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Miles Aircraft
3128:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3099:Luton Aircraft
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Arrow Aircraft
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:Swift Aircraft
2723:
2718:
2716:Short Brothers
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2599:Chemring Group
2596:
2594:Britten-Norman
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2524:AgustaWestland
2521:
2515:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2316:External links
2314:
2312:
2311:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2219:
2204:
2189:
2175:
2149:
2134:
2119:
2104:
2081:
2078:(4500): 36–37.
2058:
2036:
2014:
2011:(4382): 40–42.
1988:
1979:
1957:
1935:
1913:
1910:(4235): 26–27.
1890:
1868:
1846:
1824:
1802:
1779:
1770:
1744:
1721:
1699:
1677:
1655:
1630:
1621:
1596:
1574:
1565:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1496:
1478:
1456:
1438:
1420:
1398:
1376:
1353:
1331:
1319:
1297:
1288:
1265:
1247:
1238:
1216:
1194:
1185:
1173:
1160:
1138:
1115:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1063:Munk, pp. 4–5.
1056:
1047:
1021:
991:
961:
941:
940:
939:
933:
932:
923:
907:
906:
905:
904:
899:
896:
875:Main article:
872:
869:
865:administration
861:
860:
849:United Kingdom
838:hybrid airship
828:
827:
820:
819:
814:
811:
795:, California.
768:
765:
763:
760:
715:
712:
657:
654:
641:
638:
597:Main article:
594:
591:
581:
578:
545:
542:
534:Jurby airfield
525:
522:
467:
464:
419:Main article:
416:
413:
409:flying saucers
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
390:
383:
373:
367:
361:
345:
342:
300:, coated with
280:
277:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
241:, Ecuador and
221:
218:
206:semi-monocoque
177:
174:
172:
169:
133:
132:
123:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:United Kingdom
103:
97:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
39:Public company
37:
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530:Wren Skyships
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3201:Saunders-Roe
3044:Handley Page
2937:de Havilland
2796:
2767:ADC Aircraft
2676:Martin-Baker
2646:GFS Projects
2579:BBA Aviation
2519:AD Aerospace
2386:
2377:Airlander 10
2302:
2293:
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2264:
2257:
2236:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2213:
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2198:
2192:
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2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2152:
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2128:
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2017:
2008:
2004:
1982:
1973:
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1951:
1947:
1938:
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1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1849:
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1568:
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1534:
1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1509:the original
1499:
1486:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1459:
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1105:
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1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
985:
981:
956:the original
945:
926:
917:
911:
880:
862:
859:SkyCat group
846:
829:
821:
797:
789:
774:
770:
748:
728:Lou Pearlman
717:
708:
703:fly-by-light
692:
684:
675:Westinghouse
659:
646:rights issue
643:
622:
610:
583:
574:
559:The City of
558:
547:
527:
515:
505:
485:
475:, with four
469:
460:hot and high
436:
432:
402:
385:
375:
369:
363:
353:
349:proposals):
347:
334:
306:polyurethane
294:
282:
273:
247:
223:
214:
199:
187:
179:
154:
137:
136:
94:Headquarters
36:Company type
15:
3241:Supermarine
2959:Dowty Group
2746:TUI Airways
2696:Rolls-Royce
2551:BAE Systems
2238:18 November
2146:(130): 3–4.
1799:(4277): 22.
1767:(4172): 23.
1741:(4172): 36.
1090:Munk, p. 1.
1014:17 December
738:. However,
732:fixed-price
720:refinancing
593:Skyship 600
538:Isle of Man
415:Skyship 500
380:Skyship 600
340:on 8 June.
330:ducted fans
202:lifting gas
159:types. The
130:Skyship 600
126:Skyship 500
113:Area served
52:Predecessor
3451:Categories
3121:Martinsyde
2947:Propellers
2777:ABC Motors
2569:(37.5% as
2250:References
2187:2001-01-06
2101:(4518): 4.
1262:(142): 27.
952:"About Us"
918:Hindenburg
853:Cardington
628:, Sydney,
561:Youngstown
405:lenticular
338:liquidated
251:Venezuelan
3410:post-1962
3319:ADS Group
2969:ED Abbott
2529:Airbus UK
2505:Companies
2399:Products
2395:Alan Bond
938:Citations
736:cost plus
699:empennage
650:Alan Bond
389:programme
298:polyester
279:The AD500
146:Alan Bond
117:Worldwide
84:Successor
3365:Category
3004:Ferranti
2802:Airspeed
2711:Selex ES
2661:IRVIN-GQ
2370:Products
2232:BBC News
2162:Archived
1487:Today...
1169:Skyship!
630:Brisbane
626:Montreal
450:and the
210:sandwich
122:Products
44:Industry
3406:airship
3246:Vickers
3166:Parnall
2989:Euravia
2760:Defunct
2721:Skyrora
2686:Qinetiq
2681:Meggitt
2571:MBDA UK
2512:Current
2419:Related
2214:Airship
2199:Airship
2144:Airship
2129:Airship
2114:Airship
1515:2 April
1471:2 April
1260:Airship
536:on the
511:options
493:Allison
386:AD5000:
326:Porsche
304:-doped
243:Nigeria
76:Defunct
68:Founder
60:Founded
3334:NDI UK
2822:Auster
2604:Cobham
2438:SkyCat
2271:
2168:5 June
1861:27 May
1040:16 May
842:SkyCat
840:, the
671:Boeing
634:Zurich
376:AD600:
370:AD500:
364:AD100:
310:Kevlar
235:Kevlar
99:London
2787:Airco
2701:Rotol
2563:(33%)
2307:(PDF)
1492:vindy
903:Notes
898:Notes
833:AT-10
801:Zoche
563:sold
354:AD15:
183:Shell
157:rigid
2837:Avro
2567:MBDA
2269:ISBN
2240:2017
2170:2002
1863:2010
1517:2014
1494:.com
1473:2014
1042:2010
1016:2011
1008:post
473:R100
448:NASA
442:and
440:Orly
239:Peru
79:1990
63:1980
3436:Z-4
3431:Z-3
3426:Z-2
3421:Z-1
2651:GKN
2099:149
2076:148
2053:144
2031:141
2009:144
1974:138
1952:138
1930:137
1908:138
1885:129
1841:140
1819:137
1797:140
1765:136
1739:136
1716:134
1694:133
1672:131
1650:118
1616:127
1591:128
1560:125
1415:122
1393:120
1371:119
1348:119
1314:118
1283:118
1233:120
1211:120
1155:115
1133:111
1110:109
986:115
851:at
785:FAA
734:to
497:LPG
163:at
3453::
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2093:.
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2070:.
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2029:.
2025:.
2007:.
2003:.
1991:^
1972:.
1968:.
1950:.
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1171:p9
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
