2913:. That enables corporations to "socialize their costs" for the primary benefit of shareholders; to socialize a cost is to spread it to society in general. The economic rationale is that it allows anonymous trading in the shares of the corporation by eliminating the corporation's creditors as a stakeholder in such a transaction. Without limited liability, a creditor would probably not allow any share to be sold to a buyer at least as creditworthy as the seller. Limited liability further allows corporations to raise large amounts of finance for their enterprises by combining funds from many owners of stock. Limited liability reduces the amount that a shareholder can lose in a company. That increases the attraction to potential shareholders and so increases both the number of willing shareholders and the amount they are likely to invest. However, some jurisdictions also permit another type of corporation in which shareholders' liability is unlimited, for example the
1878:(c.1202–61). Although the dealings it describes are perhaps more complex than those practiced a century earlier, it essentially deals with a kind of investment and division of profits that for sure would have been made in the twelfth if not also the eleventh century: a four-party partnership that collectively made an investment (of 424,000 strings of cash) in a Chinese trading venture to southeast Asia. Each party's original investment consisted of precious metals like silver and gold and commodities like salt, paper, and monk certificates (and their accruing tax exemption). Yet the value of their individual investments varied considerably, as much as eightfold. Likewise, each party's share of the profits varied greatly, evidently in proportion to its overall share in the total investment. While social and family ties may have shaped the circle of potential coinvestors, they affected little, if at all, an investor's eventual share of the profits, or losses.
2846:(shareholders) from "corporate" losses or liabilities; losses are limited to the number of shares owned. It furthermore creates an inducement to new investors (marketable stocks and future stock issuance). Corporate statutes typically empower corporations to own property, sign binding contracts, and pay taxes in a capacity separate from that of its shareholders, who are sometimes referred to as "members". The corporation is also empowered to borrow money, both conventionally and directly to the public, by issuing interest-bearing bonds. Corporations subsist indefinitely; "death" comes only by absorption (takeover) or bankruptcy. According to
4076:, corporations have certain rights that attach to natural persons. The vast majority of them attach to corporations under state law, especially the law of the state in which the company is incorporated – since the corporations very existence is predicated on the laws of that state. A few rights also attach by federal constitutional and statutory law, but they are few and far between compared to the rights of natural persons. For example, a corporation has the personal right to bring a lawsuit (as well as the capacity to be sued) and, like a natural person, a corporation can be libeled.
2058:
1902:
2988:" because any profits distributed to shareholders will eventually be taxed twice. One solution, followed by as in the case of the Australian and UK tax systems, is for the recipient of the dividend to be entitled to a tax credit to address the fact that the profits represented by the dividend have already been taxed. The company profit being passed on is thus effectively taxed only at the rate of tax paid by the eventual recipient of the dividend.
1894:
3039:
bad year or slow period in the company profits. Closely held companies often have a better relationship with workers. In larger, publicly traded companies, often after only one bad year, the first area to feel the effects is the workforce with layoffs or worker hours, wages or benefits being cut. Again, in a closely held business the shareholders can incur the profit damage rather than passing it to the workers.
3750:. A joint-stock company must be incorporated, has an independent legal personality and limited liability, and is required to have a certain capital upon incorporation. Ordinary joint-stock companies must have a minimum capital of NOK 30,000 upon incorporation, which was reduced from 100,000 in 2012. Publicly traded joint-stock companies must have a minimum capital of NOK 1 million.
1687:
4223:
3035:
corporation can often voluntarily take a hit to profit with little to no repercussions if it is not a sustained loss. A publicly traded company often comes under extreme scrutiny if profit and growth are not evident to stock holders, thus stock holders may sell, further damaging the company. Often, that blow is enough to make a small public company fail.
2150:
2023:. The development enhanced the ability of joint-stock companies to attract capital from investors, as they could now easily dispose of their shares. In 1612, it became the first 'corporation' in intercontinental trade with 'locked in' capital and limited liability. The joint-stock company became a more viable financial structure than previous
51:
3972:. Generically, any business entity that is recognized as distinct from the people who own it (i.e., is not a sole proprietorship or a partnership) is a corporation. This generic label includes entities that are known by such legal labels as 'association', 'organization' and 'limited liability company', as well as corporations proper.
3988:
its own name like buildings, land and equipment. It can also incur liabilities and enter into contracts like franchising and leasing. American corporations can be either profit-making companies or non-profit entities. Tax-exempt non-profit corporations are often called "501(c)3 corporations," after the section of the
2857:...a corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind of its own any more than it has a body of its own; its active and directing will must consequently be sought in the person of somebody who is really the directing mind and will of the corporation, the very ego and centre of the personality of the corporation.
3038:
Often, communities benefit from a closely held company more so than from a public company. A closely held company is far more likely to stay in a single place that has treated it well even if that means going through hard times. Shareholders can incur some of the damage the company may receive from a
2965:
and other data so that creditors who do business with the corporation are able to assess the creditworthiness of the corporation and cannot enforce claims against shareholders. Shareholders, therefore, experience some loss of privacy in return for limited liability. That requirement generally applies
5083:
atum bank USA today published in a way that's the kids and the kids and my kids are in their own state and my daughter is the first time the kids have to have a lot of time no longer a lot more important 666666inches in a way to do and to do vifyfs4ae4s5fhigiofieienkfjsiwyrt5.yyir the kids and their
3987:
stated: "A corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law." A corporation is a legal entity, distinct and separate from the individuals who create and operate it. As a legal entity the corporation can acquire, own, and dispose of property in
3042:
The affairs of publicly traded and closely held corporations are similar in many respects. The main difference in most countries is that publicly traded corporations have the burden of complying with additional securities laws, which (especially in the US) may require additional periodic disclosure
1799:
A joint-stock company is an artificial person; it has legal existence separate from persons composing it. It can sue and can be sued in its own name. It is created by law, established for commercial purposes, and comprises a large number of members. The shares of each member can be purchased, sold,
2950:. (However a corporation can be dissolved by a government authority by putting an end to its existence as a legal entity. That rarely happens unless the company breaks the law, for example, fails to meet annual filing requirements or, in certain circumstances, if the company requests dissolution.)
3034:
and can delegate debt throughout all shareholders. Therefore, shareholders of publicly traded company will each take a much smaller hit to their returns as opposed to those involved with a closely held corporation. Publicly traded companies, however, can suffer from that advantage. A closely held
4041:
Once incorporated, a corporation has artificial personhood everywhere it may operate, until such time as the corporation may be dissolved. A corporation that operates in one state while being incorporated in another is a "foreign corporation". This label also applies to corporations incorporated
4037:
Corporations are created by filing the requisite documents with a particular state government. The process is called "incorporation", referring to the abstract concept of clothing the entity with a "veil" of artificial personhood (embodying, or "corporating" it, 'corpus' being the Latin word for
3026:
Closely held corporations have some advantages over publicly traded corporations. A small, closely held company can often make company-changing decisions much more rapidly than a publicly traded company, as there will generally be fewer voting shareholders, and the shareholders would have common
1819:
Provided sales and assets exist within the company, a joint-stock company is effectively a forum for three- party trading: Owners, i.e. shareholders, are seeking financial funds (profits) and offer economic assets, in the form of capital. Employees, contractors and other contracted parties seek
4045:
A corporation is legally a citizen of the state (or other jurisdiction) in which it is incorporated (except when circumstances direct the corporation be classified as a citizen of the state in which it has its head office, or the state in which it does the majority of its business). Corporate
2845:
The existence of a corporation requires a special legal framework and body of law that specifically grants the corporation legal personality, and it typically views a corporation as a fictional person, a legal person, or a moral person (as opposed to a natural person) which shields its owners
1815:
A joint-stock company also differs from other company forms, as it lacks internal ownership (hence its shareholders). This means that although the shareholder(s) in the joint-stock company may also work for the company as employees or by contract, when they act as shareholders they are always
4033:
having to obtain a charter for each one from the state legislature (as was formerly the case in the 19th century). Many states have separate, self-contained laws authorizing the formation and operation of certain specific types of corporations that are wholly independent of the state general
2872:
This 'directing will' is embodied in a corporate Board of
Directors. The legal personality has two economic implications. It grants creditors (as opposed to shareholders or employees) priority over the corporate assets upon liquidation. Second, corporate assets cannot be withdrawn by its
2933:
and structure of the corporation may continue beyond the lifetimes of its shareholders and bondholders. That allows stability and the accumulation of capital, which is thus available for investment in larger and longer-lasting projects than if the corporate assets were subject to
3399:
According to the
Ministry of Economy's Business and Society Registry, SpAs accounted for 71.42% of new businesses in October 2023. SpAs are popular in Chile for their legal structure that offers flexibility and freedoms not found in other business types. Key features include:
5084:
own families than our fathers who are at the same age and have the right of my parents for the children of the world to be in a good place for you have a great deal 4th year 4th year of the world health 222inches and I have a lot more than host to the next generation of
4110:
and over 200 village corporations that were entitled to a settlement of land and cash. In addition to the 12 regional corporations, the legislation permitted a 13th regional corporation without a land settlement for those Alaska
Natives living out of the
3023:, or closely held, so there is no ready market for the trading of shares. Many such corporations are owned and managed by a small group of businesspeople or companies, but the size of such a corporation can be as vast as the largest public corporations.
3133:, identified by "SA" or "Companhia" in the company's name, equivalent to the British public limited company. The "Ltda." is mainly governed by the new Civil Code, enacted in 2002, and the "SA", by Law 6.404, dated December 15, 1976, as amended.
4094:
in 1650. Significantly, Massachusetts itself was a corporate colony at that time – owned and operated by the
Massachusetts Bay Company (until it lost its charter in 1684) – so Harvard College is a corporation created by a corporation.
3854:
which gave a rise of another term "Red directors". Many companies started to be sold at open market and commercialized. Those companies were transformed in joint-stock companies by selling their shares for mutual cooperation and investment.
3043:(with more stringent requirements), stricter corporate governance standards as well as additional procedural obligations in connection with major corporate transactions (for example, mergers) or events (for example, elections of directors).
3396:(often abbreviated "SpA"). They were created in 2007 by Law N° 20.190, and they are the most recent variety of societary types, as they represent a simplified form of corporation – originally conceived for venture capital companies.
3027:
interests. A publicly traded company is also at the mercy of the market, with capital flow in and out based not only on what the company is doing but also on what the market and even what the competitors, major and minor, are doing.
2873:
shareholders, and assets of the firm cannot be taken by personal creditors of its shareholders. The second feature requires special legislation and a special legal framework, as it cannot be reproduced via standard contract law.
3850:, Ukraine's economy, along with those of the rest of the former Soviet republics, was further liberalized. Along with private entrepreneurship, many state owned companies were privatized, primarily by the former party's
4046:
business law differs dramatically from state to state. Many prospective corporations choose to incorporate in a state whose laws are most favorable to its business interests. Many large corporations are incorporated in
1811:
The shareholders also vote to accept or reject an annual report and audited set of accounts. Individual shareholders can sometimes stand for directorships within the company if a vacancy occurs, but that is uncommon.
3407:
Management and
Administration: SpAs provide various management options, adaptable to partner needs, with easy changes in partnership composition through share trading, supporting agile and customized management
2991:
In other systems, dividends are taxed at a lower rate than other income (for example, in the US), or shareholders are taxed directly on the corporation's profits, while dividends are not taxed (for example,
4010:. Thus, virtually all corporations in the U.S. are incorporated under the laws of a particular state. A major exception to the federal non-participation in the incorporation of private businesses is in
3411:
Single
Shareholder: SpAs can have one shareholder, offering total control to individual entrepreneurs, with shareholder liability limited to their contributions, protecting personal assets in financial
4034:
corporation law. For example, in
California, nonprofit corporations are incorporated under the Nonprofit Corporation Law, and in Illinois, insurers are incorporated under the Illinois Insurance Code.
3054:), which may itself be either a closely held or a public corporation. In some jurisdictions, the subsidiary of a listed public corporation is also defined as a public corporation (for example, in
2102:. Initially, companies incorporated under this Act did not have limited liability, but it became common for companies to include a limited liability clause in their internal rules. In the case of
1897:
The transfer letter from 1288 through which Bishop Peter of Västerås reacquires an eighth of
Tiskasjöberg, Kopparberget. The original can be found at Riksarkivet (National Archive) in Stockholm.
1862:, merchants who operated their businesses using investors' funds, with investor compensation based on profit-sharing, reducing the risk of individual merchants and burdens of interest payment.
3404:
Flexibility and
Simplification: SpAs have a flexible, simplified corporate structure, allowing for a range of commercial activities under one social objective, ideal for diversified ambitions.
3296:
2077:
2050:. Joint-stock companies paid out divisions (dividends) to their shareholders by dividing up the profits of the voyage in the proportion of shares held. Divisions were usually cash, but when
3415:
Legal and Tax
Requirements: SpAs must meet specific legal and tax requirements, including registered addresses and legal representatives, with the option for full or simplified accounting.
3016:
in the United States) whose shares of stock of corporations are bought and sold by and to the general public. Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations.
4029:
All states have some kind of "general corporation law" (California, Delaware, Kansas, Nevada and Ohio actually use that exact name) which authorizes the formation of private corporations
2863:
4090:(also known as the Harvard Corporation), is the oldest corporation in the western hemisphere. Founded in 1636, the second of Harvard's two governing boards was incorporated by the
4038:'body'). Only certain corporations, including banks, are chartered. Others simply file their articles of incorporation with the state government as part of a registration process.
2984:
In many countries, corporate profits are taxed at a corporate tax rate, and dividends paid to shareholders are taxed at a separate rate. Such a system is sometimes referred to as "
3742:. A special and by far less common form of joint-stock companies, intended for companies with a large number of shareholders, is the publicly traded joint-stock companies, called
3374:
in 1670, and became a Canadian charter by amendment in 1970 when it moved its corporate headquarters from London to Canada. Federally recognized corporations are regulated by the
2116:
provided for limited liability for all joint-stock companies provided, among other things, that they included the word "limited" in their company name. The landmark case of
1773:(shareholders are liable for the company's debts only to the value of the money they have invested in the company). Therefore, joint-stock companies are commonly known as
4405:. Lopez, Robert S. (Robert Sabatino), 1910-1985., Raymond, Irving W. (Irving Woodworth), 1898-1964., Constable, Olivia Remie. New York: Columbia University Press. 2001.
1717:
4505:
4378:
4042:
outside of the United States. Foreign corporations must usually register with the secretary of state's office in each state to lawfully conduct business in that state.
2054:
was low and detrimental to the survival of the company, divisions were either postponed or paid out in remaining cargo, which could be sold by shareholders for profit.
4102:, for example, follows the model of New York State corporate law. In addition to typical corporations in the United States, the federal government, in 1971 passed the
3082:
2699:
600:
1808:
Ownership refers to a large number of privileges. The company is managed on behalf of the shareholders by a board of directors, elected at an annual general meeting.
3419:
These attributes make SpAs an attractive choice for entrepreneurs and small businesses in Chile, offering a balance of flexibility, control, and legal protection.
2657:
558:
2909:
for the corporation's debts and obligations. As a result, their losses cannot exceed the amount that they contributed to the corporation as dues or payment for
2415:
1820:
compensation and offer labor for this. Utilisers, ie customers, clients and other stakeholders, seek products and services, and offer financial funds for this.
316:
1961:
3975:
Only a company that has been formally incorporated according to the laws of a particular state is called a "corporation." A corporation was defined in the
3835:
were state owned and private entrepreneurship was strictly prohibited and criminally prosecuted. Following the Gorbachev initiated broad spectrum reforms (
1941:
were traded at a value that depended on the profitability of the mills the society owned, making it probably the first company of its kind in history. The
4023:
3451:
2095:, with large numbers of members. Nevertheless, membership of such associations was usually for a short term so their nature was constantly changing.
4314:
4087:
3545:
2612:
513:
1854:, the earliest form of joint stock company with an active partner and one or two passive investors. By the Song dynasty this had expanded into the
3358:
have corporate statutes, and thus a corporation may be incorporated either provincially or federally. Many older corporations in Canada stem from
2821:
722:
3591:
and public limited company, having two categories of shareholders, some with and some without limited liability, and is rarely used in practice.
2946:
times, when land donated to the Church (a corporation) would not generate the feudal fees that a lord could claim upon a landholder's death: see
4061:, which does not require disclosure of share ownership. Many states, particularly smaller ones, have modeled their corporate statutes after the
3872:
In 2009 further reforms were introduced and open joint-stock companies were forced to be restructured as public joint-stock company (Ukrainian:
1867:
1823:
The shareholders are usually not liable for any of the company debts that extend beyond the company's ability to pay up to the amount of them.
3950:, which is an office held by an individual natural person (the incumbent), but which has a continuing legal entity separate from that person.
4163:
2850:
2516:
2325:
1710:
786:
417:
226:
4181:
2504:
2448:
2407:
405:
349:
308:
4821:
2046:, which is evidenced by investment in companies like the East India Company, which used the financing model to manage their trade on the
4103:
3030:
However, publicly traded companies also have advantages over their closely held counterparts. Publicly traded companies often have more
2386:
1800:
and transferred without the consent of other members. Its capital is divided into transferable shares, suitable for large undertakings.
287:
4349:
3984:
2174:
1910:
1414:
75:
5114:
5076:
4684:
4613:
Fawcett, Sir Charles (1937). "The Striped Flag of the East India Company, and its connexion with the American 'Stars and Stripes'".
4410:
4295:
4270:
3219:
2453:
1271:
354:
3932:("Limited" or "Ltd"). Private limited companies can either be limited by shares or by guarantee. Other corporate forms include the
5094:
4595:
John F. Padgett, Walter W. Powell. The Emergence of Organizations and Markets. (Princeton University Press, 2012. Oct 14, 2012).
3376:
2530:
2431:
1703:
1320:
431:
332:
4449:
4050:, for example, without being physically located there because that state has very favorable corporate tax and disclosure laws.
4003:
3847:
2914:
2118:
4241:
3117:, identified by "Ltda." or "Limitada" after the company's name, equivalent to the British limited liability company, and (ii)
4600:
4512:
4062:
2970:
jurisdictions, except for publicly traded corporations (for which financial disclosure is required for investor protection).
2113:
2099:
4169:
4019:
2356:
2290:
1921:
Finding the earliest joint-stock company is a matter of definition. An early form of joint-stock company was the medieval
1691:
1436:
1346:
997:
257:
191:
2540:
1554:
1340:
1168:
441:
4895:
4091:
3959:
3858:
As in the rest former Soviet republics (predominantly Russia) in Ukraine were created following commercial companies:
2814:
2727:
2204:
2080:, and it was limited because of the government's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted.
1837:
1544:
1431:
1381:
715:
628:
105:
4657:
2961:
In many jurisdictions, corporations whose shareholders benefit from limited liability are required to publish annual
4771:
4875:
4434:
4187:
4007:
3919:
2423:
2199:
2184:
2088:
1574:
324:
100:
85:
4157:
4141:
3259:
3243:
3195:
2772:
2707:
2496:
2366:
2194:
1750:(certificates of ownership). Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the
1579:
1358:
1300:
1002:
834:
673:
608:
397:
267:
95:
4192:
4124:
4066:
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2667:
2534:
2209:
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2098:
Consequently, registration and incorporation of companies, without specific legislation, was introduced by the
2069:
2016:
1866:
The operation of these joint investment partnerships can be examined in a mathematical problem included in the
1762:
1594:
1569:
1305:
1015:
949:
919:
568:
435:
110:
70:
4797:
1949:
has documented a stock transfer for an eighth of the company (or more specifically, the mountain in which the
5109:
3612:
3576:
3551:
3363:
3255:
3009:
2376:
2297:
1938:
1584:
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992:
987:
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277:
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existed to bridge the gap between for-profit companies and non-governmental and non-profit organizations.
3566:
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2336:
2250:
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2104:
4691:... they have become a superb instrument for the capitalization of gain and the socialization of cost.
4047:
3963:
3943:
Some corporations, both public and private sector, are formed by Royal Charter or Act of Parliament.
3900:
3808:
form of the private limited company is called товариство з обмеженою відповідальністю (ТОВ or ТзОВ).
3703:
3670:(持分会社), a form for smaller enterprises, are becoming increasingly common. Between 2002 and 2008, the
3608:
3345:
3306:). When all shares are owned by a single shareholder the company receives the special designation of
2962:
2757:
2694:
1788:
still provide the possibility of registering joint-stock companies without limited liability. In the
1751:
1589:
1514:
1499:
1386:
1376:
1353:
1293:
1261:
1163:
1105:
867:
764:
658:
595:
4129:
Almost every recognized type of organization carries out some economic activities (for example, the
3831:. Due to specifics of the Soviet economy, all enterprises in the Soviet republic as the rest of the
5003:
Fisher, F. J. (1933). "Some experiments in company organization in the early seventeenth century".
4846:
4203:
4175:
3588:
3362:
passed before the introduction of general corporation law. The oldest corporation in Canada is the
2947:
2902:
2732:
2486:
2458:
2312:
2285:
2280:
2057:
2047:
1997:
1785:
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1371:
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359:
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4342:
A Brief History of Entrepreneurship: The Pioneers, Profiteers, and Racketeers Who Shaped Our World
3254:) that can be traded in a free market or stock exchanges in the Bosnia and Herzegovina (listed in
5020:
4991:
4568:
4560:
4428:
4083:
3925:
3812:
3805:
3771:
3604:
3533:
3510:
3323:
3291:
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2225:
2220:
2189:
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1973:
1957:
1634:
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1441:
1391:
1315:
1223:
1188:
879:
553:
473:
446:
126:
121:
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4537:
3008:, which means that the company's shares are traded on a public stock exchange (for example, the
4745:
1901:
5072:
4879:
4746:"www.crhovrs.org - Centralni registar hartija od vrijednosti, akcionarsko društvo, Banja Luka"
4680:
4596:
4457:
4416:
4406:
4345:
4291:
4266:
4098:
Many nations have modeled their own corporate laws on American business law. Corporate law in
4015:
3937:
3359:
3211:
3169:
2935:
2918:
2712:
2582:
2470:
2345:
2307:
2302:
2123:
1969:
1906:
1793:
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1766:
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1477:
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1276:
1183:
1153:
1090:
884:
613:
483:
371:
246:
208:
203:
5054:
Lobban, M. (1996). "Corporate identity and limited liability in France and England 1825–67".
2061:
The flag of the East India Company, which is speculated to have influenced the design of the
5012:
4983:
4622:
4552:
4228:
4073:
3947:
3660:
3562:
3173:
3165:
2790:
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1251:
1246:
1208:
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799:
691:
678:
623:
523:
4719:
3899:
Minimum amount of share capital is 1,250 minimum wages (as of 1 January 2017 ₴4,000,000 or
4673:
4538:"Mercantilism as Strategic Trade Policy: The Anglo-Dutch Rivalry for the East India Trade"
4151:
4146:
4130:
4112:
4079:
3929:
3785:
3666:
3223:
3031:
2985:
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2847:
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2051:
1965:
1778:
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1471:
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1228:
1158:
1148:
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962:
929:
894:
814:
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663:
618:
341:
166:
5034:
Joint-Stock Enterprise in France 1807–1867: From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation
4133:). Other organizations that may carry out activities that are generally considered to be
2122:
established that a company with legal liability, not being a partnership, had a distinct
2083:
As a result of the rapid expansion of capital-intensive enterprises in the course of the
1816:
exterior to the company, which may help keep ownership business-oriented and impersonal.
5043:
4107:
3428:
3051:
2032:
2027:
or state-regulated companies. The first joint-stock companies to be implemented in the
1789:
1649:
1178:
1173:
1100:
1095:
1085:
939:
914:
889:
1925:, although it was usually employed for a single commercial expedition. Around 1350 in
1893:
5103:
4208:
3969:
3527:
3367:
3081:
corporations are registered and regulated by the Commonwealth Government through the
2993:
2979:
2840:
2642:
2524:
2491:
2141:
2073:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1792:
and in other countries that have adopted its model of company law, they are known as
1758:
1739:
1624:
1060:
907:
543:
425:
392:
42:
4572:
4626:
4236:
4099:
3832:
2602:
2592:
2112:
held that such clauses bound people who have notice of them. Four years later, the
1847:
1843:
1203:
1080:
1070:
782:
503:
493:
17:
4974:
Ekelund, R.B.; Tollison, R.D. (1980). "Mercantilist origins of the corporation".
4702:
3843:
and permission for organization of public economic entities called cooperatives.
4198:
3851:
3840:
3836:
3523:
2939:
2898:
2738:
2275:
2260:
2255:
2092:
2009:
1993:
1875:
1774:
1743:
1659:
1198:
839:
824:
819:
639:
176:
161:
156:
4956:
4218:
4106:(ANCSA), which authorized the creation of 12 regional native corporations for
3632:
3047:
2967:
2795:
2561:
2511:
752:
696:
462:
412:
4461:
3707:(a/s, A/S or AS), whereas a private, 'limited liability company' is called a
3701:, which uses a model similar to Germany, a public stock company is called an
4481:
4420:
3078:
3055:
1914:
1133:
1035:
1028:
4935:
4883:
1686:
4400:
3711:(SIA). State-owned variants of these companies add an initial capital V (
3658:) is used to refer to business corporations. The predominant form is the
3466:
3355:
3271:
2943:
2767:
2028:
2020:
2005:
1930:
1922:
1842:
The earliest records of joint-stock companies appear in China during the
969:
924:
668:
3780:
there are two types of companies with limited liability: (i) "S.L.", or
2087:
in Europe and the United States, many businesses came to be operated as
1746:. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their
5024:
4995:
4564:
4402:
Medieval trade in the Mediterranean world : illustrative documents
4054:
3828:
3519:
3515:
2245:
1956:
In more recent history, the earliest joint-stock company recognized in
804:
146:
4006:
can only create corporate entities pursuant to relevant powers in the
4058:
3996:
3995:
In some states, such as Colorado, a corporation may represent itself
3698:
3351:
3098:
3013:
2930:
2910:
1996:
on December 31, 1600 with the intention of establishing trade on the
1950:
1942:
1926:
5016:
4987:
3664:(株式会社), used by public corporations as well as smaller enterprises.
4556:
3542:(or corporations in US/Can) in the English-speaking world, and the
3222:(Federation of BiH and RS entity level) as a legal entity that has
3004:
The institution most often referenced by the word "corporation" is
2149:
1980:
was granted in 1555. The most notable joint-stock company from the
50:
4450:"Opinion | The Self-Destruction of the 1 Percent (Published 2012)"
3777:
3600:
3389:
2056:
2024:
1946:
1900:
1892:
1761:, the existence of a joint-stock company is often synonymous with
1607:
769:
5045:
The Development of the Business Corporation in England, 1800–1867
4011:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
2905:, shareholders of a modern business corporation have "limited"
1858:, a large pool of shareholders with management in the hands of
4961:(vols. 1–2 ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4847:"La Sociedad por Acciones o SpA, Características y Requisitos"
4065:, one of many model sets of law prepared and published by the
3109:), but the two most common ones commercially speaking are (i)
2408:
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)
1213:
309:
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)
4822:"Informe de creación de empresas y cooperativas octubre 2023"
4018:, banks may receive charters from the federal government as
2126:
that was separate from that of its individual shareholders.
4936:"Judge Boyette rules on corporate rights to self-represent"
3907:
3366:; though its business has always been based in Canada, its
3210:
The specified form of organization means that the company (
3000:
Closely held corporations and publicly traded corporations
4675:
One from Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization
3565:
recognizes three types of company limited by shares: the
3968:
Several types of conventional corporations exist in the
3890:
3878:
3821:
3631:. Non-profit corporations may be established under the
3316:
3308:
3284:
3276:
2042:
Transferable shares aim to achieve positive returns on
1964:, founded in 1551 with 240 shareholders. It became the
4958:
Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations
4379:"Dutch student finds world's oldest share certificate"
3530:
recognize two forms of company limited by shares: the
4315:"Advantages and Disadvantages of Joint Stock Company"
3603:, both the state and local public entities under the
3180:
3150:
4309:
4307:
3085:. Corporations law has been largely codified in the
2864:
Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd
4022:, subjecting them to the regulation of the federal
3992:that addresses the tax exemption for many of them.
3583:, or S.r.l.), and the publicly traded partnership (
2000:. The charter effectively granted the newly formed
5071:(22nd ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
5042:
5036:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
4672:
4290:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 117.
3101:there are many different types of legal entities (
4551:(6). The University of Chicago Press: 1296–1314.
3928:. The most common type of company is the private
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3083:Australian Securities and Investments Commission
4941:Volume 3 Issue 6. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
4344:. Columbia University Press. pp. 110–113.
3908:National Securities and Stock Market Commission
3682:
3647:
3624:
3331:
3301:
2855:
1864:
3734:In Norway, a joint-stock company is called an
3676:
3641:
3618:
3587:, or S.a.p.a.). The latter is a hybrid of the
2416:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation
1850:. The Tang dynasty saw the development of the
317:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation
3884:) or private joint-stock company (Ukrainian:
3431:form of the public limited company is called
2815:
2019:issued shares that were made tradable on the
1711:
716:
8:
3543:
3531:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
1962:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
4922:"Company and business formation in Ukraine"
4679:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 140.
4288:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 1
4137:exist under the laws of various countries:
3459:
3449:
3441:
3433:
5095:The History of the Corporate Business Firm
5049:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4286:Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005).
4265:(2nd ed.). Butterworths. p. 26.
3910:is the main stock market state authority.
3019:However, the majority of corporations are
2822:
2808:
2332:
2128:
1953:resource was available) as early as 1288.
1718:
1704:
734:
723:
709:
233:
29:
4802:Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile
4057:or asset protection often incorporate in
4024:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
5069:Mayson, French & Ryan on Company Law
4934:Brachfeld, Aaron, USDA (February 2012).
4092:Great and General Court of Massachusetts
4088:President and Fellows of Harvard College
3811:Several types of joint stock companies (
3447:) and its private counterpart is called
2882:
1968:, which had a monopoly on trade between
1868:Mathematical treatise in nine sections (
4253:
2553:
2478:
2397:
2335:
2140:
1883:Joseph P. McDermott and Shiba Yoshinobu
737:
454:
379:
298:
236:
41:
4872:Cross-Border Mergers in Europe, Vol. 1
4426:
4364:
4026:rather than state banking regulators.
3392:form of joint-stock company is called
2517:Limited liability limited partnership
2432:Industrial and provident society
418:Limited liability limited partnership
333:Industrial and provident society
4164:Limited liability limited partnership
3546:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
2614:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
515:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
27:Business entity owned by shareholders
7:
5011:(2). Blackwell Publishing: 177–194.
4982:(2). The RAND Corporation: 715–720.
4182:Low-profit limited liability company
3999:in courts of law in some situations
3924:Most companies are regulated by the
3354:both the federal government and the
3274:, a joint-stock company is called a
3046:A closely held corporation may be a
2917:in two provinces of Canada, and the
4536:Irwin, Douglas A. (December 1991).
4104:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
3946:A special type of corporation is a
3615:) are considered to be corporations
3145:, a joint-stock company is called:
4968:The Cambridge History of China 5-2
4772:"SASE: Organization of the Market"
4705:Cases and Materials on Company Law
3839:), there was introduced a term of
3709:sabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību
2876:The regulations most favorable to
25:
5067:Mayson, S.W; et al. (2005).
4900:Register of Enterprises of Latvia
4896:"Limited liability company (SIA)"
4720:"Securities Registry in the FBiH"
4448:Freeland, Chrystia (2012-10-13).
4115:at the time of passage of ANCSA.
3585:società in accomandita per azioni
3581:società a responsabilità limitata
3310:ednolichno aktsionerno druzhestvo
1738:in which shares of the company's
1692:Business and economics portal
4703:Hicks, A., and Goo, S.H. (2008)
4655:A leading case in common law is
4545:The Journal of Political Economy
4221:
3880:Publichne Aktsionerne Tovarystvo
3715:- 'state'), as in VAS and VSIA.
3377:Canada Business Corporations Act
2659:Société à responsabilité limitée
2148:
2119:Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd
1769:separate from shareholders) and
1685:
560:Société à responsabilité limitée
49:
3892:Pryvatne Aktsionerne Tovarystvo
3848:dissolution of the Soviet Union
3611:, made in the 19th century and
3489:spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným
2915:unlimited liability corporation
4627:10.1080/00253359.1937.10657258
4482:"Raise Capital | euronext.com"
4377:Dunkley, Jamie (11 Sep 2010).
4063:Model Business Corporation Act
3886:Приватне Акціонерне Товариство
3874:Публічне Акціонерне Товариство
3550:(GmbH), similar to the modern
3328:еднолично акционерно дружество
2929:Another advantage is that the
2114:Joint Stock Companies Act 1856
2100:Joint Stock Companies Act 1844
2015:Soon afterwards, in 1602, the
1935:Société des Moulins du Bazacle
1:
4170:Limited liability partnership
4082:, an undergraduate school of
3452:společnost s ručením omezeným
2942:. That was also important in
2002:Honourable East India Company
1347:management information system
998:Chief human resources officer
4658:Salomon v. Salomon & Co.
4644:The Anatomy of Corporate Law
4263:The Law of Private Companies
4261:Courtney, Thomas B. (2002).
3862:National Joint-stock company
3050:of another corporation (its
2541:Massachusetts business trust
2008:on all English trade in the
1341:Enterprise resource planning
1169:Financial statement analysis
442:Massachusetts business trust
4874:edited by Dirk Van Gerven,
3985:United States Supreme Court
3960:United States corporate law
3891:
3879:
3822:
3683:
3648:
3625:
3423:Czech Republic and Slovakia
3317:
3309:
3285:
3277:
3181:
3151:
2728:Piercing the corporate veil
2424:Community interest company
2399:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
2387:Economic interest grouping
2089:unincorporated associations
1838:Economy of the Song dynasty
1827:Early joint-stock companies
629:Piercing the corporate veil
325:Community interest company
300:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
288:Economic interest grouping
5131:
4876:Cambridge University Press
4242:Public–private partnership
4188:Not-for-profit corporation
4122:
3957:
3920:United Kingdom company law
3917:
3868:Closed Joint-stock company
3769:
3722:
3508:
3343:
3070:
2977:
2838:
2497:Limited liability company
1835:
1742:can be bought and sold by
398:Limited liability company
5056:Anglo-American Law Review
4976:Bell Journal of Economics
4158:Limited liability company
3885:
3873:
3816:
3677:
3642:
3619:
3505:German-speaking countries
3370:was issued in England by
3332:
3327:
3302:
3295:
3260:Banja Luka Stock Exchange
2708:Internal affairs doctrine
2703:and estoppel corporations
1003:Chief information officer
835:Limited liability company
609:Internal affairs doctrine
604:and estoppel corporations
5115:Types of business entity
4193:Open joint-stock company
4125:Types of business entity
4067:American Bar Association
3936:("plc") and the private
3865:Open Joint-stock company
3760:Open joint-stock company
3672:intermediary corporation
3540:public limited companies
2132:This article is part of
2021:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
2017:Dutch East India Company
1905:One of the oldest known
1016:Chief technology officer
950:Mergers and acquisitions
920:Constitutional documents
745:Management of a business
33:This article is part of
5032:Freedman, C.E. (1979).
5005:Economic History Review
4707:Oxford University Press
4632:(subscription required)
4506:""Shareholder Lawsuit""
4319:economicsdiscussion.net
4119:Other business entities
3788:), and (ii) "S.A.", or
3577:private limited company
3552:private limited company
3469:equivalents are called
3256:Sarajevo Stock Exchange
3010:New York Stock Exchange
2921:in the United Kingdom.
2378:Societas unius personae
2240:General corporate forms
1939:Bazacle Milling Company
1076:Environmental economics
1056:International economics
1007:Chief marketing officer
993:Chief financial officer
988:Chief operating officer
984:Chief executive officer
945:International trade law
739:Business administration
279:Societas unius personae
141:General corporate forms
4603:, 9781400845552 p. 227
4433:: CS1 maint: others (
4142:Consumers' cooperative
3981:Chief Justice Marshall
3977:Dartmouth College case
3934:public limited company
3823:Aktsionerne Tovarystvo
3794:public limited company
3567:public limited company
3544:
3532:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3460:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3278:aktsionerno druzhestvo
3252:хартија од вриједности
3240:hartija od vrijednosti
3218:) is organized on the
3143:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3137:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
2966:in Europe, but not in
2870:
2690:Business judgment rule
2110:Court of the Exchequer
2065:
1988:, which was granted a
1918:
1898:
1886:
1645:International business
1630:Business judgment rule
975:Chief business officer
875:Annual general meeting
855:State-owned enterprise
845:Privately held company
591:Business judgment rule
4966:Chafee, John (2015),
4053:Companies set up for
3990:Internal Revenue Code
3817:Акціонерне Товариство
3725:Naamloze vennootschap
3394:Sociedad por Acciones
3087:Corporations Act 2001
3073:Corporations Act 2001
2634:Naamloze vennootschap
2624:Kabushiki gaisha
2441:Limited company
2085:Industrial Revolution
2068:However, in general,
2060:
1904:
1896:
1836:Further information:
1321:Customer relationship
1257:Business intelligence
1219:Financial institution
1194:International finance
1144:Cash conversion cycle
1051:Development economics
1012:Chief product officer
760:Management accounting
535:Naamloze vennootschap
525:Kabushiki gaisha
342:Limited company
4955:Davis, J.S. (1917).
4615:The Mariner's Mirror
3964:Delaware corporation
3364:Hudson's Bay Company
3346:Canadian corporation
3297:акционерно дружество
2963:financial statements
2957:Financial disclosure
2758:Beneficial ownership
2695:Corporate governance
2531:Delaware corporation
2358:Societas cooperativa
1262:Business development
1106:Economic development
868:Corporate governance
765:Financial accounting
659:Beneficial ownership
596:Corporate governance
432:Delaware corporation
259:Societas cooperativa
5041:Hunt, B.C. (1936).
4340:Joe Carlen (2013).
4204:Sole proprietorship
4176:Limited partnership
3744:allmennaksjeselskap
3589:limited partnership
3538:(AG), analogous to
3226:(Bosnian/Croatian:
3200:акционарско друштво
3186:(often abbreviated
3182:akcionarsko društvo
3156:(often abbreviated
2948:Statute of Mortmain
2926:Perpetual lifetime
2903:sole proprietorship
2773:Corporate registers
2733:Rochdale Principles
2487:Benefit corporation
2313:Sole proprietorship
2048:Indian subcontinent
1998:Indian subcontinent
1933:, 96 shares of the
1794:unlimited companies
1752:continued existence
1732:joint-stock company
1672:Business statistics
1655:International trade
1640:Business operations
1336:Electronic business
1241:Types of management
1129:Financial statement
1111:Economic statistics
979:Chief brand officer
935:Corporate liability
850:Sole proprietorship
830:Joint-stock company
674:Corporate registers
634:Rochdale Principles
388:Benefit corporation
214:Sole proprietorship
4853:. 13 February 2024
4828:. 28 November 2023
4671:Hock, Dee (2005).
4454:The New York Times
4084:Harvard University
4004:federal government
3979:of 1819, in which
3926:Companies Act 2006
3772:S.A. (corporation)
3638:The term "company"
3605:Local Autonomy Act
3575:, or S.p.A.), the
3572:società per azioni
3534:Aktiengesellschaft
3511:Aktiengesellschaft
3473:akciová spoločnosť
3435:akciová společnost
3360:Acts of Parliament
3113:sociedade limitada
2974:Corporate taxation
2894:Limited liability
2574:Aktiengesellschaft
2546:Nevada corporation
2066:
1986:East India Company
1919:
1917:, dated 9 Sep 1606
1907:stock certificates
1899:
1870:Shu-shu chiu-chang
1635:Consumer behaviour
1437:Product life-cycle
1224:Capital management
1189:Managerial finance
880:Board of directors
475:Aktiengesellschaft
447:Nevada corporation
18:Akciová spoločnosť
4939:Meadowlark Herald
4752:. www.crhovrs.org
4642:Hansmann et al.,
4381:. Telegraph.co.uk
4016:National Bank Act
4008:U.S. Constitution
3938:unlimited company
3782:Sociedad Limitada
3704:akciju sabiedrība
3232:vrijednosni papir
3196:Cyrillic alphabet
3170:Croatian language
3121:sociedade anônima
2954:
2953:
2919:unlimited company
2832:
2831:
2713:Limited liability
2675:
2674:
2584:Ansvarlig selskap
2471:Unlimited company
2308:Shelf corporation
2303:Shell corporation
2291:Limited liability
2124:legal personality
2105:Hallett v Dowdall
1994:Queen Elizabeth I
1779:limited companies
1771:limited liability
1767:legal personality
1728:
1727:
1615:Business analysis
1184:Corporate finance
1154:Capital budgeting
1091:Knowledge economy
885:Supervisory board
733:
732:
614:Limited liability
576:
575:
485:Ansvarlig selskap
372:Unlimited company
209:Shelf corporation
204:Shell corporation
192:Limited liability
16:(Redirected from
5122:
5082:
5063:
5050:
5048:
5037:
5028:
4999:
4970:
4962:
4942:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4920:Thor, Anatoliy.
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4892:
4886:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4716:
4710:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4678:
4668:
4662:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4610:
4604:
4593:
4578:
4576:
4542:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4511:. Archived from
4510:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4486:www.euronext.com
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4424:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4258:
4231:
4229:Companies portal
4226:
4225:
4224:
4074:juristic persons
3948:corporation sole
3894:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3825:
3818:
3790:Sociedad Anónima
3746:and abbreviated
3688:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3661:Kabushiki gaisha
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3549:
3537:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3463:
3455:
3445:
3437:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3320:
3312:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3288:
3280:
3184:
3174:Serbian language
3166:Bosnian language
3154:
3152:dioničko društvo
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
2883:
2868:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2778:Registered agent
2723:Drag-along right
2663:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2537:
2520:
2500:
2444:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2400:
2390:
2382:
2372:
2368:Societas privata
2362:
2352:
2333:
2152:
2129:
2072:was possible by
2063:Grand Union Flag
2037:Plymouth Company
1909:, issued by the
1884:
1754:of the company.
1720:
1713:
1706:
1690:
1689:
1667:Business process
1209:Financial market
1046:Labour economics
1041:Public economics
800:Corporation sole
735:
725:
718:
711:
679:Registered agent
624:Drag-along right
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5017:10.2307/2590601
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4988:10.2307/3003390
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4949:Further reading
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4147:Holding company
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4113:State of Alaska
4086:, formally the
4080:Harvard College
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3006:publicly traded
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2848:Lord Chancellor
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2763:Civil procedure
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2718:Tag-along right
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2298:Private limited
2266:Holding company
2241:
2233:
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2160:
2159:By jurisdiction
2052:working capital
2004:a fifteen-year
1966:Muscovy Company
1891:
1885:
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1876:Ch'in Chiu-shao
1840:
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1765:(possession of
1736:business entity
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1159:Commercial bank
1149:Insider dealing
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1066:Planned economy
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963:Corporate title
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930:Corporate crime
910:
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895:Audit committee
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815:Holding company
795:Corporate group
790:
783:Business entity
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684:
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3846:Following the
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3164:) in both the
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3071:Main article:
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1874:(1247 ed.) of
1848:Song dynasties
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1757:In modern-day
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4778:. www.sase.ba
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4321:. 8 June 2019
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3970:United States
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3136:
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3124:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
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3036:
3033:
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3022:
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3015:
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3007:
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2997:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:Corporate tax
2973:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:incorporation
2874:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2841:Corporate law
2835:Corporate law
2834:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
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2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:Related areas
2749:
2748:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
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2635:
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2609:
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2599:
2595:
2591:
2589:
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2526:
2525:S corporation
2523:
2521:
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2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2492:C corporation
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2488:
2485:
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2483:
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2479:United States
2477:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
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2447:
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2304:
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2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
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2236:
2227:
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2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
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2208:
2206:
2205:United States
2203:
2201:
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2178:
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2171:
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2166:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2155:
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2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:Corporate law
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
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2094:
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2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:royal charter
2071:
2070:incorporation
2064:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:royal charter
1987:
1983:
1982:British Isles
1979:
1978:royal charter
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1871:
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1795:
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1787:
1786:jurisdictions
1782:
1780:
1776:
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1764:
1763:incorporation
1760:
1759:corporate law
1755:
1753:
1749:
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1737:
1733:
1721:
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1702:
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1625:Business plan
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1555:Communication
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1523:
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1515:administrator
1513:
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1397:administrator
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1306:Configuration
1304:
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1061:Mixed economy
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926:
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916:
913:
912:
909:
908:Corporate law
904:
903:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
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869:
864:
863:
856:
853:
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841:
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690:
689:
688:
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680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
653:Related areas
650:
649:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
603:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
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426:S corporation
424:
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416:
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404:
403:
402:
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394:
393:C corporation
391:
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386:
385:
384:
383:
380:United States
378:
373:
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363:
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356:
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351:
348:
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313:
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305:
304:
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292:
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280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
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254:
249:
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235:
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210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
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193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
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160:
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155:
153:
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106:United States
104:
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99:
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43:Corporate law
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4904:. Retrieved
4902:. 2021-07-30
4899:
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4855:. Retrieved
4850:
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4830:. Retrieved
4825:
4816:
4805:. Retrieved
4801:
4792:
4780:. Retrieved
4775:
4766:
4754:. Retrieved
4749:
4740:
4728:. Retrieved
4726:. www.rvp.ba
4723:
4714:
4704:
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4690:
4674:
4666:
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4651:
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4544:
4531:
4520:. Retrieved
4513:the original
4500:
4489:. Retrieved
4485:
4476:
4465:. Retrieved
4453:
4443:
4401:
4395:
4383:. Retrieved
4372:
4360:
4341:
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4318:
4287:
4281:
4262:
4256:
4237:Aktieselskab
4134:
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4100:Saudi Arabia
4097:
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3845:
3833:Soviet Union
3820:
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3736:aksjeselskap
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3684:chūkan hōjin
3665:
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3161:
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3062:By countries
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2990:
2983:
2960:
2940:distribution
2889:Description
2875:
2871:
2862:
2856:
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2737:
2700:
2658:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2604:Aksjeselskap
2603:
2594:Aktieselskab
2593:
2583:
2573:
2562:
2449:by guarantee
2377:
2367:
2357:
2346:
2270:
2251:Conglomerate
2195:South Africa
2117:
2103:
2097:
2093:partnerships
2091:or extended
2082:
2067:
2041:
2014:
2001:
1955:
1934:
1920:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1798:
1783:
1775:corporations
1756:
1744:shareholders
1731:
1729:
1545:Architecture
1539:Organization
1505:Supply chain
1331:Earned value
1204:Stock market
1081:Open economy
1071:Econometrics
829:
810:Conglomerate
638:
601:
559:
544:
534:
524:
514:
505:Aksjeselskap
504:
495:Aktieselskab
494:
484:
474:
463:
350:by guarantee
278:
268:
258:
247:
171:
152:Conglomerate
96:South Africa
4857:13 February
4798:"Ley 20190"
4776:www.sase.ba
4365:Chafee 2015
4325:21 February
4199:Partnership
3841:khozraschet
3837:perestroika
3827:) exist in
3784:(a private
3719:Netherlands
3524:Switzerland
3408:structures.
3234:; Serbian:
3216:state-owned
2936:dissolution
2899:partnership
2886:Regulation
2739:Ultra vires
2459:proprietary
2276:Partnership
2271:Joint-stock
2261:Corporation
2256:Cooperative
2078:private act
2010:East Indies
1913:chamber of
1734:(JSC) is a
1660:Trade route
1575:Engineering
1570:Development
1422:Performance
1365:development
1326:Distributed
1199:Liquidation
840:Partnership
825:Corporation
820:Cooperative
640:Ultra vires
360:proprietary
177:Partnership
172:Joint-stock
162:Corporation
157:Cooperative
5104:Categories
4906:2023-10-18
4878:, pg. 148
4832:2024-02-13
4807:2024-02-13
4724:www.rvp.ba
4601:1400845556
4522:2016-03-02
4491:2023-06-28
4467:2021-01-13
4385:1 November
4248:References
3958:See also:
3903:148,000).
3723:See also:
3633:Civil Code
3105:sociedades
3048:subsidiary
2968:common law
2796:Law portal
2644:Osakeyhtiö
2563:Aktiebolag
2512:Series LLC
1804:Advantages
1527:Technology
1409:Operations
1289:Commercial
1282:innovation
1272:Capability
1164:Derivative
753:Accounting
697:Law portal
545:Osakeyhtiö
464:Aktiebolag
413:Series LLC
4884:495475469
4709:Chapter 4
4462:0362-4331
4429:cite book
3813:Ukrainian
3806:Ukrainian
3465:). Their
3356:provinces
3324:Bulgarian
3292:Bulgarian
3129:companhia
3079:Australia
3067:Australia
3056:Australia
2907:liability
2897:Unlike a
2880:include:
2684:Doctrines
2454:by shares
2170:Australia
2031:were the
1915:Enkhuizen
1860:jingshang
1595:Structure
1580:Hierarchy
1500:Strategic
1387:Materials
1377:Knowledge
1354:Financial
1294:Marketing
1139:Factoring
1134:Insurance
1036:Commodity
1029:Economics
585:Doctrines
355:by shares
71:Australia
4577:at 1299.
4573:17937216
4421:48438544
4215:See also
4135:business
4048:Delaware
3906:Ukraine
3762:(OJSC).
3272:Bulgaria
3266:Bulgaria
3244:Cyrillic
3198: :
3168:and the
2944:medieval
2860:—
2768:Contract
2701:De facto
2533: /
2347:Societas
2165:Anguilla
2134:a series
2035:and the
2029:Americas
2006:monopoly
1984:was the
1960:was the
1945:company
1931:Toulouse
1923:commenda
1881:—
1585:Patterns
1565:Conflict
1550:Behavior
1490:Security
1467:Resource
1452:Property
1415:services
1372:Incident
1311:Conflict
1267:Capacity
970:Chairman
925:Contract
669:Contract
602:De facto
434: /
248:Societas
66:Anguilla
35:a series
5025:2590601
4996:3003390
4646:, pg 7.
4565:2937731
4055:privacy
4031:without
4012:banking
3983:of the
3829:Ukraine
3800:Ukraine
3654:or (企業
3520:Austria
3516:Germany
3390:Chilean
3228:dionica
3212:private
2851:Haldane
2668:more...
2286:Limited
2281:General
2246:Company
2226:Germany
2210:Vietnam
1976:, when
1974:England
1958:England
1943:Swedish
1560:Culture
1510:Systems
1495:Service
1474:
1462:Records
1457:Quality
1447:Project
1442:Product
1432:Process
1411:
1392:Network
1361:
1343:
1316:Content
1123:Finance
805:Company
569:more...
187:Limited
182:General
147:Company
127:Germany
111:Vietnam
5075:
5062:: 397.
5023:
4994:
4882:
4683:
4661:AC 22.
4599:
4571:
4563:
4460:
4419:
4409:
4348:
4294:
4269:
4195:(OJSC)
4166:(LLLP)
4131:family
4059:Nevada
3997:pro se
3754:Russia
3730:Norway
3713:valsts
3699:Latvia
3693:Latvia
3649:kaisha
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