Criminal transmission of HIV

1312:, sex venues shut their doors to what was called a 'HIV predator' and police arrested the 40-year-old man on 28 May 2009. On 16 June 2009 the court heard that two more people had come forward with complaints bringing the total to six. The eight charges included that he "with reckless disregard for the safety of others caused – or attempted to cause – grievous bodily harm to five males aged 17, 20, 24, 26, and 31, plus a female aged 19." He faced charges of "willfully and without justification or excuse causing in a male aged 20 and a female aged 19 a disease, namely HIV." The trial set for 2010 did not proceed as Glenn Mills, accused of knowingly exposing fourteen young people to HIV, was found dead in his Mt Eden remand prison cell on 30 November 2009 after having made two unsuccessful applications to be released on bail in prior weeks. 1108:. Thomas was found to have infected 5 of the 17 women with HIV, and was ordered to pay damages of $ 63,000–$ 73,000 to each infected victim. The sentence was widely criticised within the legal system, because under Finnish law the maximum sentence for multiple counts of attempted manslaughter is 12 years. Lauri Lehtimaja, the Ombudsman of the Parliament, gave a warning to the court judge about his misuse of the law. The Helsinki Court of Appeal lowered the sentence in December 1997 to be 11 years and 6 months of imprisonment. The documents of the case were classified for 40 years. 693: 766:(HIV). This is often conflated, in laws and in discussion, with criminal exposure to HIV, which does not require the transmission of the virus and often, as in the cases of spitting and biting, does not include a realistic means of transmission. Some countries or jurisdictions, including some areas of the U.S., have enacted laws expressly to criminalize HIV transmission or exposure, charging those accused with criminal transmission of HIV. Other countries charge the accused under existing laws with such crimes as 959:

person who intends to inflict grievous bodily harm on another person can be imprisoned for up to 25 years while under section 35 a person who recklessly causes another person grievous bodily harm can be imprisoned for up to 10 years and 14 years if in company. This can include causing someone to be infected with HIV. A person is generally deemed as reckless when they are aware that there is a risk that another person may be caused as a result of their actions, but they proceed to act anyway.

1374:, criminalizes the reckless inflicting of grievous bodily harm. Of these, five were men accused of infecting female partners during sex, one was a man who pleaded guilty to infecting a male partner, and one (in Wales) was a woman. In 2005, the 20-year-old Welsh woman was convicted of infecting her boyfriend with HIV during sex, knowing she had the infection. In 2006, a 43-year-old woman pleaded guilty to recklessly inflicting grievous bodily harm on her 31-year-old lover. 1144:

being charged for negligently spreading HIV. She denied any intent to infect, apologising profusely and saying "When I was arrested I realised that the way that I had dealt with the illness had been wrong... I made a big mistake... No way did I want my partner to be infected." She stated that she concealed the infection to avoid hurting the success of her band. Benaissa has claimed she had been told by doctors that the risk of passing on the virus was "practically zero".

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non-disclosure includes intentional transmission, accidental transmission, unknowing transmission (where the source individual is unaware of their infection), and exposure to HIV with no transmission. Individuals have been accused of and charged for HIV non-disclosure even if no harm was intended and if HIV was not actually transmitted. Laws in some countries also criminalize mother-to-child transmission of HIV during pregnancy/birth or breastfeeding.

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of relying on pre-existing laws such as sexual assault. They recommended that this law be applicable only when HIV is actually transmitted and "HIV non-disclosure should never be prosecuted if (1) the infected individual has an undetectable viral load (less than 200 copies per millilitre of blood); (2) condoms are used; (3) the infected individual's partner is on

1071:, who was diagnosed in 1996 but then allegedly had unprotected sex with at least 13 women. Aziga was charged with two counts of murder and 11 counts of aggravated sexual assault; the prosecution claims that he did not disclose his status. In 2009, Aziga was found guilty of the 2 counts of first-degree murder, 10 counts of aggravated sexual assault and 1 count of 138: 1297:

after a woman reported she had contracted HIV after sleeping with him. Multiple women came forward saying they had unprotected sex with Mwai who had not told them he had HIV. At least two of the women tested positive for HIV. Peter Mwai was charged under existing laws, for causing 'grievous body harm' and 'reckless endangerment'.

1532:, Indigenous women, and abuse survivors. There is also a higher proportion of women and indigenous people involved in cases based on low levels of blameworthiness (i.e. difficult life circumstance, spontaneous sexual acts, compliance with authorities, condom use, and evidence that the accused was abused by the complainant). 1021:, with L'Heureux-Dubé stating that any fraud could vitiate consent to all types of assault because the autonomy and physical integrity of the person has been violated. Thus, because the Canadian legislature has declined to criminalize the transmission of HIV, the judiciary must address the issues as and when they arise. 1258:, co-written by Nikolay Yordanov and one of the nurses, Valya Chervianashka. As a result, three of the medics signed confessions. They were first sentenced to death, had their case remanded by Libya's highest court, and were sentenced to death again, which was upheld by Libya's highest court in early July 2007. 1503:

calls for review of all federal and state laws, policies, and regulations regarding the criminal prosecution of individuals for HIV-related offenses. The bill died in the Subcommittee on Health, and also in 2013/2014 when introduced as H.R. 1843 and referred to the Subcommittee on Military Personnel.

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and the director of its Public Health Law Research program. The Obama administration's National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States concluded that "the continued existence and enforcement of these types of laws run counter to scientific evidence about routes of HIV transmission and may undermine

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New Zealand's first case for criminal HIV transmission occurred in 1993, when Peter Mwai, a Kenyan visiting New Zealand on a tourist visa, was sentenced to seven years in prison for infecting at least two women with HIV through unprotected sexual intercourse. Mwai came to New Zealand police attention

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In court, Hakkarainen admitted to having unprotected sex with the women but denied trying to infect them with the virus. On 22 April 2008, Rovaniemi court concluded that Hakkarainen knowingly infected five women with HIV, and in August 2008 he was found guilty of five counts of aggravated assault and

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with many women was Aki Matti Hakkarainen. He was first convicted in 2005 and sentenced to one year and nine months in prison for attempted aggravated assault. In August 2007, Hakkarainen was arrested by Rovaniemi police after a report from a young woman saying she had contracted HIV from Hakkarainen

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Subsequent legal precedent has established that failure to disclose HIV-positive status, combined with failure to utilize protective measures (condom use), is sufficiently fraudulent behaviour to constitute turning "consensual" sex into aggravated sexual assault, since the other party has been denied

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Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights released a report on the criminalization of HIV non-disclosure in Canada with four recommendations for the House of Commons and the Canadian Government. The committee recommended that a new law be created specifically for the transmission of HIV, instead

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defined "no realistic possibility of transmission" as (1) using a condom and (2) having a low or undetectable viral load. However, the threshold for a low viral load was not defined until 2017 when the Criminal Justice System's Response to Non-Disclosure of HIV made conclusions about the current laws

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the same court held that a person accused of recklessly transmitting HIV could only raise the defense of consent, in cases where that consent was a "willing" or "conscious" consent. In other words, the court distinguished between "willingly running the risk of transmission" and "willingly consenting

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HIV researchers have criticized the recommendations for not going far enough to counteract the adverse effects that the current law imposes on women. Although people living with HIV are generally aware of non-disclosure laws, many do not fully understand the law or understand when they do or do not

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1900), and those done recklessly (s. 35). The definition of grievous bodily harm (GBH) now explicitly includes (in ss. 4(1)(c)) 'any grievous bodily disease'. This means that the infliction of grievous bodily harm refers to causing a person to contract a grievous bodily disease. Under section 33 a

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from 2010 regulates under section 79 that a person with HIV must disclose their status to all sexual partners. Under section 79(3) it is a defence, if the court is satisfied, that the defendant took reasonable precautions to prevent the transmission. In other Australian states, there is no specific

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As of June 2006, two women have been convicted for passing on an HIV infection in the UK. The first, from Cardiff, was jailed for 2 years; the second, Sarah Jane Porter, was convicted of grievous bodily harm through the reckless transmission of HIV, and was sentenced to 32 months in prison in June

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from the women and medical professionals should have been addressed with greater care "to establish there was no reasonable possibility that either of the women could have been infected another way". Both women had initially told investigators they had no other sexual partners, but later said they

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the Court of Appeal held that a person was reckless if, knowing that they were HIV-positive, they transmitted HIV to a person who had not been told of the infection, and convicted him of a total sentence of 8 years' imprisonment. It was not necessary to prove that the transmission had involved an

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Three HIV-positive men, Peter Mulder, Hans Jurgens and Wim Dekker, were jailed in 2008 on charges of attempting to inflict grievous bodily harm after drugging and raping 14 men, some of whom they injected with their own HIV-infected blood. Twelve of the victims were HIV-positive or suffering from

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Research has been done on the effects of the criminalization of HIV non-disclosure. It has been demonstrated that these types of laws increase HIV stigma and negatively affect public health. HIV non-disclosure laws and criminalization of HIV transmission may make people less likely to access HIV

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admitted to sex with several men while knowing her HIV-positive status, and infecting one of those several, who subsequently brought the case against her. She faced prison, but was instead given probation (two years) and community service. Women groups were outraged at the possibility of a woman

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Patterson, Sophie; Nicholson, Valerie; Milloy, M.-J.; Ogilvie, Gina; Hogg, Robert S.; Carter, Allison; Li, Tian; Ding, Erin; Sereda, Paul; Greene, Saara; de Pokomandy, Alexandra (21 March 2019). "Awareness and Understanding of HIV Non-disclosure Case Law and the Role of Healthcare Providers in

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nondisclosure. After being diagnosed with HIV in 2004, Clato Mabior underwent aggressive antiretroviral therapy and was adhering to treatment at the time of pursuing sexual relations with multiple partners between 2004 and 2006. Despite intermittent condom use, HIV was never transmitted to his

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where the defendant was charged with aggravated assault and sexual transmission of HIV under section 268 of the Criminal Code. The Supreme Court found that the trial judge had misdirected himself and ordered a new trial on two counts of aggravated assault but in May 1999, the British Columbian

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or (4) the type of sexual act (such as oral sex) is one where there is a negligible risk of transmission." This allows for four different scenarios in which HIV positive people will not have to disclose their status because of the nature of the sexual encounter; current laws only allow for one

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Interventions may range from counseling through to restrictive orders, with detention as a last resort. If talking about the problems of practising safe sex does not help, the doctor may obtain a Public Health Order to manage the behaviour of the HIV positive person. Only a small number of sex

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In November 2017, a man called Daryll Rowe was convicted of grievous bodily harm after intentionally infecting five men with the virus and attempting to infect five more. The Rowe case has been reported as being the first case in the United Kingdom where the defendant was found guilty for

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Criminal transmission of HIV is now better known as HIV non-disclosure, which is the criminal offence in some jurisdictions for not disclosing an HIV positive status. This can be intentionally or unknowingly not disclosing HIV status and then exposing or transmitting HIV to a person. HIV

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is practiced. In the case being ruled on, the man had used a condom during intercourse but not during oral sex. His partner had not been infected. The same man was convicted of criminal nuisance earlier for having unprotected sex with another partner without revealing his HIV status.

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women with HIV during 1993–1996. In January 1997, Finnish police published Thomas' picture in newspapers and stated that Thomas may have infected tens or even hundreds of Finnish women with HIV. Seventeen women said they had been in unprotected sexual contact with Thomas.

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Under the criminal law, a person with HIV is criminally liable for prosecution if they have intentionally transmitted the virus to their partner without informing them of their status. In NSW the relevant offences are separated into those done intentionally (s. 33 of the

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Donegan E, Lee H, Operskalski EA, Shaw GM, Kleinman SH, Busch MP, Stevens CE, Schiff ER, Nowicki MJ, Hollingsworth CG (June 1994). "Transfusion transmission of retroviruses: human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II compared with human immunodeficiency virus type 1".

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the Supreme Court rejected the view that consent will always be vitiated by non-disclosure of HIV-positive status, substituting the rule that there will be no consent only if in addition to the non-disclosure there was a realistic possibility of transmission of HIV.

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analysis has been used in many trials to demonstrate how closely related HIV strains in samples taken from the defendant and complainant are. The issues and problems surrounding phylogenetic analysis in criminal investigation are discussed in a 2007 report by

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Several Canadian courts had ruled that people who are not informed that a sexual partner is HIV-positive cannot truly give consent to sex. As a result, the death of Aziga's partners was automatically considered to be murder instead of the lesser charge of

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Attorney-General announced that a new trial would not take place. The Court's ruling caused difficulty because even though it only concerned non-disclosure of HIV-positive status in sexual situations, it unanimously rejected the English authority of

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reversed the aggravated assault conviction of Technical Sergeant David Gutierrez upon determining, that the risk of HIV transmission through sexual intercourse was not "likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm" under the applicable statute.

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the information necessary to give properly informed consent. The Court's vague justification for serostatus disclosure under circumstances that lead to "significant risk of bodily harm" remained a particularly contentious issue in the aftermath of

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for an attacker to assert the syringe has HIV-positive blood; the victim need not perceive a risk of infection. If there is actual transmission of blood or fluid contaminated with a "potentially life threatening disease", the penalty is

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testing and less likely to disclosure their status or discuss sexual health with a healthcare provider. Although women only make up 10% of Canadian non-disclosure prosecutions, there is an overrepresentation of prosecuted

1233:, also called 'the Bulgarian nurses affair', concerns the trials, appeals and eventual release of six foreign medical workers charged with conspiring to deliberately infect over 400 children with HIV in 1998, causing an 4177:

Weinberg PD, Hounshell J, Sherman LA, Godwin J, Ali S, Tomori C, Bennett CL (February 2002). "Legal, financial, and public health consequences of HIV contamination of blood and blood products in the 1980s and 1990s".

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Greene, Saara; Odhiambo, Apondi J.; Muchenje, Marvelous; Symington, Alison; Cotnam, Jasmine; Dunn, Kristin; Frank, Margaret; Glum, Shelly; Gormley, Rebecca; Ion, Allyson; Nicholson, Valerie (3 October 2019).

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to the risk of transmission". This suggests that consent will only operate as a defense—in all but the most exceptional of cases—where there has already been prior disclosure of known HIV-positive status.

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muggings and abandoned used syringes by creating offences of attacking or threatening with (s. 6), possession with intent (s. 7), and placing or abandoning (s. 8) a syringe or container of blood. It is an

4105: 903:. In court, prosecutors presented 11,000 text messages and 36 audio clips to support their case against Guerra. Since then, Guerra has been accused of intentionally exposing dozens of other men to HIV. 2633: 1409:

intentionally rather than recklessly transmitting the virus. In 2017, another man, Antonio Reyes-Minana, was convicted of grievous bodily harm after withholding his HIV status from two male partners.

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in 2018, for a man who had unprotected sex in 2009–10 with two women without informing them of his HIV status. He had neglected to take prescribed anti-retroviral medication after a 2008 diagnosis of

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and they were freed. Libya has since complained about the releases, and the issue remains ongoing. Furthermore, a controversy has arisen concerning the terms of release, which allegedly include an

3683:"Ending and Defending Against HIV Criminalization: State and Federal Laws and Prosecutions, Vol.1, CHLP's Positive Justice Project, First Edition, Fall 2010 | The Center for HIV Law and Policy" 1424:

Presentations from the Economic and Social Research Council funded 2011 seminar series "HIV/AIDS and Law: Theory, Practice and Policy" at Keele University deal with the question of criminalization.

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assault for the "inflicting" of the disease. They acknowledged that there could be a higher standard of disclosure expected of someone in a relationship, compared with the "known risks" involved in

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An important issue that arises where proof of transmission is required is establishing the source of the complainant's HIV infection. Although it cannot prove the route and timing of transmission,

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In May 2009, a 40-year-old bisexual man from Auckland was thought to have infected at least five younger gay men between 2008 and 2009. One of the infected men had laid a formal complaint to the

2827: 1056:, the Court found that "significant risk of bodily harm is negated if (i) the accused's viral load at the time of sexual relations was low or undetectable, and (ii) condom protection was used." 5073: 638: 3337: 1123:

14 counts of attempted aggravated assault. He was sentenced to ten years in prison. He was also ordered to pay 45,000–55,000 euros compensation to the five women that contracted the virus.

3089: 2033: 1770:"Criminalisation of HIV transmission in Europe: A rapid scan of the laws and rates of prosecution for HIV transmission within signatory States of the European Convention of Human Rights" 918:, about 0.5% to 1% of all people reported to be living with HIV/AIDS had been prosecuted for alleged intentional or "negligent" transmission of HIV. In many developing countries such as 4792: 5164: 2906: 5760: 1119:

during unprotected sex. On 5 October 2007, police published the name and photo of Hakkarainen in newspapers in an effort to reach all women who had had sexual intercourse with him.

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Courts have looked into the statistical probability of HIV transmission to overturn or reduce criminal sentences resulting from prosecutions. For example, on 23 February 2015, the

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HIV is spread when one of these bodily fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, breast milk, rectal fluids, or vaginal fluids of an HIV-positive person comes into contact with a

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does not contain any HIV-specific offences, undisclosed HIV transmission and exposure have been prosecuted as aggravated assault, aggravated sexual assault and other offences.

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Commonly referred to as "HIV non-disclosure", criminal transmission of HIV in Canada is defined as a "realistic possibility of transmission" of HIV during sexual intercourse.

5755: 4809: 3764:"H.R.1843 - 113th Congress (2013-2014): Repeal Existing Policies that Encourage and Allow Legal HIV Discrimination Act of 2013 | Congress.gov | Library of Congress" 1508: 1197: 2260:

An HIV-positive Ontario man has been found guilty of first-degree murder in the deaths of two of his sex partners in what was considered a precedent-setting trial in Canada.

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did not expressly define "significant risk", lower courts inconsistently criminalized HIV-positive defendants based on varied interpretations of the clause. In large part,

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The first case of criminal HIV infection in Finland was that of Steven Thomas, a US citizen from New York, who was convicted in 1997 in Helsinki for knowingly infecting

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LegalEase Collective, 'Episode 38 - The Status of Non-Disclosure of HIV Status: A Legal Analysis of Supreme Court of Canada Decisions R. v. Mabior and R. v. D.C.'

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on HIV non-disclosure including that people with low viral loads (under 200 copies of HIV per milliliter of blood) should not be convicted under the criminal law.

1173: 1484:. It released a manual of HIV-specific laws and prosecutions in the 50 states, District of Columbia, U.S. territories, federal government, and military in 2010. 3364: 1774: 907: 49: 5144: 4170: 3988:"The impact of criminalization of HIV non-disclosure on the healthcare engagement of women living with HIV in Canada: a comprehensive review of the evidence" 674: 454: 4264: 1252:(often termed "medics"). All of the medics were heavily tortured for months to extract confessions. The torture process is described in details in the book 5016: 4835: 4785: 4733: 922:

where the HIV/AIDS pandemic has been much more serious, laws regarding criminalisation of intentional transmission have been either weak or non-existent.

5129: 3829: 1516: 2813: 3423: 1519:(CDC) states that those who have undetectable levels of HIV in their blood cannot transmit the virus, but only when they are compliant with treatment. 3656: 735: 250: 4236: 3634: 3501: 4943: 3928:"How women living with HIV react and respond to learning about Canadian law that criminalises HIV non-disclosure: 'how do you prove that you told?'" 397: 3448: 2208: 1852: 4312: 4254: 1468:

announced a major change in its HIV/AIDS policy, a change informed by public health law research carried out by Scott Burris, professor of law at

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As of 19 June 2006, there had been seven convictions for the sexual transmission of HIV in England and Wales under s.20 of the 1861 Act which,

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In Australia the regulations concerned with the transmission of HIV are found in two sources, the Public Healths Acts and in the criminal law.

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Lazzarini, Zita; Galletly, Carol L.; Mykhalovskiy, Eric; Harsono, Dini; O'Keefe, Elaine; Singer, Merrill; Levine, Robert J. (13 June 2013).

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Criminal statutes against transmission of HIV exist primarily at the state level. These were significantly influenced by the passage of the

5535: 4622: 1553: 1356: 1164:, the legal implications of such behaviour were debated. The first conviction in Ireland for reckless HIV transmission via sex was in the 263: 160: 3986:

Patterson, Sophie E.; Milloy, M.-J.; Ogilvie, Gina; Greene, Saara; Nicholson, Valerie; Vonn, Micheal; Hogg, Robert; Kaida, Angela (2015).

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On 6 October 2005 a New Zealand District Court ruled that HIV-positive people need not tell sexual partners about their status so long as

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that a woman from London had deliberately infected numerous local men with HIV. While the consensus was that Kennedy was propagating an

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Infecting another individual with HIV is a criminal offense unless that individual knew about HIV infection beforehand and consented.

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launched the 'Positive Justice Project', a campaign to combat HIV-related stigma and discrimination against people with HIV by the

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Warburton, Damian (2004) 'A Critical Review of English Law in Respect of Criminalising Blameworthy Behaviour by HIV+ Individuals'

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A Libyan government panel later commuted their sentences to life in prison. The six were released following a deal reached with

3711: 3682: 2634:"Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into the Infection with HIV and Hepatitis C of Persons with Haemophilia and Related Matters" 2555: 1201: 3312: 5563: 4825: 2400: 273: 4171:

Weait, Matthew & Azad, Yusef 'The criminalization of HIV transmission in England and Wales: Questions of Law and Policy'

1902:"Where HIV is a crime, not just a virus: a global ranking of prosecutions for HIV non-disclosure, exposure and transmission" 4099: 3737: 3292: 2857: 2474: 2275: 5791: 5625: 5139: 5119: 4850: 4738: 4505: 3484: 2311: 1477: 728: 476: 393: 2293: 1172:, the same strain the two women were diagnosed with in 2010. He was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment under s.4 of the 5738: 4999: 4880: 4840: 1481: 1281: 1153: 763: 5206: 2276:"Finnish media expose black HIV carrier.(Originated from Knight Rider Newspapers) - Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service" 2247: 950:

workers and clients have received a Public Health Order or 'management' intervention for potentially breaking the law.

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Weait, Matthew 'Taking the blame: criminal law, social responsibility and the sexual transmission of HIV' 23(4)

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has published a table of cases of people in England and Wales charged with reckless sexual transmission of HIV.

90: 5515: 5365: 5238: 4926: 4885: 4652: 2505:

Hanafin, Patrick (1996). "The intentional transmission of the HIV Virus: the relevance of legal intervention".

1558: 1165: 993: 752: 721: 545: 530: 2059: 3104:"ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ ПРОТИВ ЖИЗНИ И ЗДОРОВЬЯ - Уголовный кодекс РФ (УК РФ) от 13.06.1996 N 63-ФЗ \ Консультант Плюс" 3013: 1927: 5733: 5605: 5480: 5398: 5300: 4865: 4860: 4607: 2727: 1461:

which predicated federal funding for state AIDS treatment programs on states having said statutes in place.

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representatives on humanitarian issues. The EU did not condone the guilty verdict in Libya against the six.

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Thomas was given a 14-year prison sentence at the Helsinki court on 10 July 1997 for 17 counts of attempted

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Goldstein, Diane E. (1 August 2004). "Bad People and Body Fluids: Contemporary Legend and AIDS Discourse".

2378: 863:(less than 50 copies of virus per milliliter). Undetectable viral loads are untransmittable. Proper use of 5445: 5418: 5408: 5330: 5315: 5213: 5033: 4963: 4770: 4760: 4472: 4421: 4391: 4298: 3505: 3338:"Hairdresser who 'deliberately infected lovers with HIV' says he does not remember sending chilling texts" 3018: 1350: 968: 856: 697: 389: 348: 3059: 5728: 5682: 5620: 5610: 5520: 5455: 5026: 4994: 4931: 4755: 4671: 4593: 4467: 4462: 4386: 4369: 4221: 2547: 2216: 829: 813: 669: 293: 245: 4251: 1614:

Burris, Scott; Cameron, Edwin (6 August 2008). "The Case Against Criminalization of HIV Transmission".

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From a global perspective, the U.S. and Canada account for the vast majority of reported prosecutions.

1993: 1949: 5697: 5615: 5530: 5505: 5490: 5428: 5380: 5360: 5285: 5280: 5265: 5006: 4938: 4552: 4337: 4283:- The legal, political and social problems associated with HIV were discussed at a seminar series at 3545: 3480:

Edwin J Bernard, Yusef Azad, Anne-Mieke Vandamme, Matthew Weait, Anna Maria Geretti (February 2007).

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Discussions About the Criminalization of HIV Non-disclosure Among Women Living with HIV in Canada".

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for "intentionally or recklessly caus serious harm to another". His sentence was overturned by the

557: 540: 375: 2357:"Publishing photo of HIV man leads to discovery of yet another HIV-positive victim from years ago" 97: 5702: 5692: 5600: 5595: 5568: 5555: 5540: 5525: 5475: 5438: 5423: 5375: 5370: 5350: 5320: 5295: 5255: 5247: 5179: 5174: 5043: 4968: 4870: 4540: 4512: 4457: 4396: 4203: 4083: 3963: 2251: 2175: 1364: 1309: 1230: 1213: 880: 807: 756: 599: 513: 483: 380: 370: 3565:"HIV Positive Persons' Awareness and Understanding of their States Criminal HIV Disclosure Laws" 2571: 1032:

partners. Ultimately, the Court convicted Mabior with six counts of aggravated sexual assault.

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found that at least one prosecution had occurred in about half of these countries, and that in

5650: 5500: 5470: 5450: 5433: 5340: 5305: 5290: 5275: 5260: 5038: 4948: 4905: 4775: 4557: 4517: 4500: 4195: 4075: 4025: 4007: 3955: 3947: 3907: 3889: 3594: 3456: 3372: 2936: 2762: 2744: 2460: 2167: 2159: 1905: 1639: 1631: 1469: 1333:, persons who knowingly risk infecting others with HIV are liable to be jailed up to 3 years. 1218: 1067:. He asked whether there is a legal obligation to disclose HIV status. He held up the case of 835: 825: 648: 611: 552: 503: 471: 289: 285: 1432:

In February 2001 Stephen Kelly, an ex-prisoner and former IV drug user, was convicted of the

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In 2002 Steven Thomas was quietly released and deported from Finland to an unknown location.

5707: 5485: 5465: 5460: 5390: 5325: 5068: 4445: 4359: 4284: 4191: 4187: 4067: 4015: 3999: 3939: 3897: 3881: 3584: 3576: 3504:. Research Institute for Social Sciences, Keele University. 25 February 2011. Archived from 3482:"The use of phylogenetic analysis as evidence in criminal investigation of HIV transmission" 2752: 2736: 2619: 2452: 2151: 1623: 1189: 842:– although this is unlikely because blood and organ donations are extensively tested for HIV 818: 775: 579: 408: 365: 308: 4071: 3157: 3037: 2991: 2965: 2529:"Supreme Court quashes man's first-of-its-kind conviction for infecting two women with HIV" 855:

decreases the chance of transmitting HIV. A person living with HIV who is taking effective

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argued against criminalisation at the XVII International AIDS Conference in Mexico City.

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is the Supreme Court of Canada's most recent decision outlining criminal liability for

839: 616: 606: 562: 466: 303: 3830:"Those with undetectable HIV at "effectively no risk" of transmitting virus, CDC says" 1874: 5775: 5149: 5058: 4381: 4354: 4321: 2823: 2689: 2339:"Policying Silence, Practicing Invisibility:Migrants Living with HIV/AIDS in Finland" 1780: 1536: 1277: 1169: 1068: 1060: 892: 868: 631: 442: 343: 338: 323: 4207: 4087: 3967: 3715: 3686: 2179: 1804:"Man who knowingly spread HIV sentenced to six months. Judge calls it a 'travesty.'" 1363:(GBH) with intent or to resist arrest, GBH generally, poisoning (two sections), and 5184: 4875: 4527: 4477: 4440: 3424:"Daryll Rowe guilty – but is criminal law the right way to stop the spread of HIV?" 2426: 1682: 1413: 1105: 1080: 1011: 771: 594: 574: 567: 535: 403: 385: 101: 27:

Intentional or reckless infection of a person with the human immunodeficiency virus

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offence of "recklessly injuring" his former partner by infecting her with HIV. In

230: 3249: 2740: 5088: 4989: 4780: 4401: 3741: 2849: 2612:"Tribunals of inquiry as instruments of legitimacy: A ritualization perspective" 2279: 1853:"Man Who Purposefully Infected His Boyfriend With HIV Gets Six Months in Prison" 1488: 704: 508: 353: 328: 281: 269: 3481: 2315: 2155: 895:, an American landscape architect, who became the first person in the state of 17: 5048: 4890: 4718: 4376: 3870:"Criminalization of HIV Transmission and Exposure: Research and Policy Agenda" 3811: 3580: 3563:

Carol L. Galletly; Wayne DiFranceisco; Steven D. Pinkerton (31 October 2008).

3086:"Narażenie na chorobę wywołaną wirusem HIV, zakaźną lub weneryczną (Art. 161)" 2624: 2611: 2297: 1548: 1529: 1493:

Repeal Existing Policies that Encourage and Allow Legal HIV Discrimination Act

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and National Haemophilia Treatment Centre, but no criminal charges were made.

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LegalEase on CKUT 90.3 FM - Episode 38 (October 2012) - The Status of Status

4011: 3951: 3893: 3885: 3460: 3376: 2940: 2907:"AIDS and the Other: Race, Gender and Social Policy in the Peter Mwai Affair" 2748: 2163: 1635: 4428: 2879: 1433: 1207:

The Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997 addressed an increase in

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Transmission generally may fall under sections 18, 20, 23, 24 or 47 of the

4154:

Weait, Matthew 'Criminal Law and the Sexual Transmission of HIV: R v Dica'

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or bloodstream of an HIV-negative person. HIV transmission can occur via:

5154: 5053: 4750: 4698: 4433: 4349: 3128: 1301: 1269: 1238: 1234: 919: 915: 437: 3812:"HIV Treatment as Prevention - HIV Risk and Prevention - HIV/AIDS - CDC" 2781: 1950:"CRIMES ACT 1900 - SECT 33 Wounding or grievous bodily harm with intent" 5078: 2117:"Recommendations on changes to HIV criminalization don't go far enough" 1418: 911: 779: 589: 4146:

Weait, Matthew 'Dica: Knowledge, Consent and the Transmission of HIV'

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Only two cases pleaded 'not guilty', and both have gone to appeal. In

5194: 4364: 2209:"Canadian Criminal Law and the Non-Disclosure of HIV-Positive Status" 1994:"CRIMES ACT 1900 - SECT 35 Reckless grievous bodily harm or wounding" 864: 767: 4141:

Intimacy and Responsibility: the Criminalisation of HIV Transmission

4106:

10 Reasons to Oppose Criminalization of HIV Exposure or Transmission

2091:"Committee Report No. 28 - JUST (42-1) - House of Commons of Canada" 1740: 899:

to be convicted for intentionally infecting another individual with

4227:

Criminal HIV Transmission Research Project Tops 100 Online Profiles

3657:"Positive Justice Project | The Center for HIV Law and Policy" 1473:

the public health goals of promoting HIV screening and treatment."

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On 24 July 2007, the five medics and the doctor were extradited to

167:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

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Keele University Research Institute for Law, Politics and Justice

3848:"HIV drugs now so effective people on them cannot transmit virus" 1272:, where their sentences were commuted by the Bulgarian President 5228: 5189: 4562: 4290: 1589:"CDC : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Homepage" 4667: 4294: 3365:"Man found guilty of trying to infect 10 Grindr dates with HIV" 2636:. Department of Health. 5 September 2002. pp. 137, 166–168 4713: 4694: 3787:"Lawyer: HIV assault ruling could end all such military cases" 3491:. National AIDS Manual and National AIDS Trust briefing paper. 2449:

Once upon a virus: AIDS legends and vernacular risk perception

900: 131: 70: 29: 5110:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

4045:

Chalmers, James 'The criminalisation of HIV Transmission' 28

2060:"Criminal Justice System's Response to Non-Disclosure of HIV" 3635:"National Health Strategy for HIV/AIDS in the United States" 4125:

Spencer, J.R. 'Reckless Infection in the Course of Appeal'

1114:

A Finnish man convicted of spreading HIV knowingly through

4222:

HIV and the criminal law (International resource from NAM)

2294:"Finland Jails American HIV Carrier - the Washington Post" 4246: 4118:

Spencer, J.R. 'Liability for Reckless infection: Part 2'

4111:

Spencer, J.R. 'Liability for Reckless Infection: Part 1'

2814:"Libya commutes medics' death sentence to life in prison" 2684:

Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997 ss. 1, 6–8

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South Africa's openly HIV-positive Supreme Court Justice

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WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease

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countries and in most of the states who have signed the

2403:. AP – Associated Press. 25 August 2008. Archived from 1244:

The defendants, arrested in 1999, were one Palestinian

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lead to criminal prosecution. One such case is that of

156: 151:

may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines

5761:

List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region

2427:"German singer Nadja Benaissa apologises at HIV trial" 2026:"Fact Sheet – HIV Non-Disclosure and the Criminal Law" 1185:

had other partners but always used condoms with them.

4232:

Information concerning a number of European countries

3449:"Nottingham man jailed for infecting lovers with HIV" 1659:"Policy Brief -- Criminalization of HIV Transmission" 2548:"Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997 s.4" 5756:

List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate

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President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)

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Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)

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United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces

1386:. Matthew Weait has critically discussed the case. 3272:"History of HIV & AIDS in the UK 1996 Onwards" 3171:"Criminal Law and the Sexual Transmission of HIV: 2115:Kaida, Angela; Spencer, Sarah (5 September 2019). 1875:"Asia-Pacific | German sparks Thai HIV scare" 1830:"Man pleads no contest to willfully spreading HIV" 1741:"U=U | United States | Prevention Access Campaign" 859:will have a viral load that becomes so low, it is 2721:Kovac, Carl; Khandjiev, Radko (3 February 2001). 2610:McGrath, Paul; Marshall, Donna (5 January 2023). 2451:. Logan: Utah State Univ. Press. pp. 47–48. 2401:"Finn gets 10 years for infecting women with HIV" 2236:. Episode AR HOUR-05-12-01. 1 December 2005. CBC. 1453:Criminal transmission of HIV in the United States 871:also greatly reduces any chance of transmission. 3313:"UK man found guilty of knowingly spreading HIV" 3014:"Man in court accused of infecting men with HIV" 2058:Department of Justice Canada (1 December 2017). 1683:"HIV Transmission | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC" 1009:The first notable case of HIV non-disclosure is 4744:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program 3740:. Center for HIV Law and Policy. Archived from 3222:"Knowledge, Autonomy and Consent: R. v Konzami" 2270: 2268: 3637:. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov. 16 August 2011 2248:"Ontario man found guilty in HIV murder trial" 2230:"Robert Lantos - Team Quebec - Sheila Copps". 1565:Criminal transmission of HIV by various people 1174:Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997 997:specific scenario with multiple requirements. 4679: 4306: 3036:. GayNZ.com. 30 November 2009. Archived from 2688:O'Brien, Mary; Dillon, Lucy; Moran, Rosalyn. 1775:Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS 908:Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS 729: 8: 4247:HIV & AIDS Legal Clinic (Ontario) Canada 4173:HIV/AIDS Policy and Law Review (August 2005) 3302:September 2014, National AIDS Trust, 5 pages 3060:"Men jailed for spreading HIV at sex orgies" 3034:"HIV accused Glenn Mills found dead in cell" 2024:Department of Justice Canada (23 May 2018). 675:Sex offender registries in the United States 4836:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome 4267:- Transmission of HIV as a criminal offence 1763: 1761: 1052:and an attempt to sharpen the criteria. In 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5588: 5243: 5069:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement 4686: 4672: 4664: 4648: 4313: 4299: 4291: 2576:"Director of Public Prosecutions -v- R.K." 2379:"HIV spreader public image – (in Finnish)" 1713:"Undetectable = Untransmittable Explainer" 1517:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 906:In a 2004 survey of the latter group, the 736: 722: 218: 100:. Please do not remove this message until 4019: 3992:Journal of the International AIDS Society 3901: 3706: 3704: 3588: 2988:"Sex venues shut doors to HIV 'predator'" 2756: 2623: 205:Learn how and when to remove this message 187:Learn how and when to remove this message 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 4237:Information concerning England and Wales 4165:Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 3528:"HIV man guilty of infecting girlfriend" 3123: 3121: 2990:. GayNZ.com. 16 May 2009. Archived from 2964:. Gaynz.com. 13 May 2009. Archived from 2782:"Photos of the Bulgarian health workers" 96:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4192:10.7326/0003-4819-136-4-200202190-00011 3398:"Accused 'said moaning won't cure HIV'" 2697:Overview of Drug Issues in Ireland 2000 1580: 682: 661: 421: 237: 221: 4072:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1994.34694295061.x 3712:"H.R.3053: REPEAL Act - U.S. Congress" 2929:"Editorial: HIV and the right to know" 2723:"Doctors face murder charges in Libya" 2085: 2083: 2036:from the original on 24 September 2019 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1972:"CRIMES ACT 1900 - SECT 4 Definitions" 1282:civilian nuclear cooperation agreement 887:, knowingly infecting others with HIV 812:Sharing needles or other equipment in 5105:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories 3981: 3979: 3977: 3863: 3861: 3685:. Hivlawandpolicy.org. Archived from 3659:. Hivlawandpolicy.org. Archived from 2527:O'Riordan, Ellen (14 December 2023). 2053: 2051: 1904:. INt AIDS Conference. Archived from 1188:In the 1980s and 1990s contamination 1063:filed a report on this issue for the 946:legislative requirement to disclose. 7: 2784:(Press release). Human Rights Watch. 1706: 1704: 1554:STD notifications in dating services 1357:Offences against the Person Act 1861 1196:led to hundreds of HIV infections. 5224:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert 4252:The Center for HIV Law & Policy 3546:"HIV man jailed for 'reckless sex'" 3129:"Woman jailed for giving lover HIV" 2909:. NZ Ministry of Social Development 2830:from the original on 19 August 2007 2475:"Do you remember 'Angel of Death'?" 2258:from the original on 7 April 2009. 1237:at El-Fatih Children's Hospital in 885:European Convention of Human Rights 2860:from the original on 8 August 2007 1570:Intentional contagion of infection 25: 4810:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate 4277:on Criminalizing HIV Transmission 3874:American Journal of Public Health 3785:Hegeman, Roxana (8 August 2017). 3293:England and Wales, table of cases 2850:"HIV medics released to Bulgaria" 1491:(D-CA) introduced H.R. 3053, The 45:This article has multiple issues. 5271:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4831:AIDS-defining clinical condition 4647: 4143:(Abingdon: Routledge-Cavendish); 3502:"The Law & HIV/AIDS Project" 3363:Watt, Holly (15 November 2017). 2962:"HIV 'predator' may be bisexual" 1802:Michael E. Miller (5 May 2015). 1329:In Poland under Art. 161 of the 1156:alleged in his Sunday sermon in 703: 691: 229: 136: 75: 34: 4242:Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network 3932:Culture, Health & Sexuality 2707:– via drugsandalcohol.ie. 1851:Matthew Tharrett (5 May 2015). 1321:AIDS at the time of the trial. 1202:Blood Transfusion Service Board 1001:have to disclose their status. 847:Reducing chance of transmission 53:or discuss these issues on the 3714:. OpenCongress. Archived from 3250:"Criminal Transmission of HIV" 1523:Criticism of criminal statutes 1139:of the German pop music group 819:Intentionally attacking people 1: 5140:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS 5120:International AIDS Conference 5074:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry 5017:Discrimination against people 3944:10.1080/13691058.2018.1538489 3428:University of Portsmouth News 3158:[2004] EWCA Crim 1103 1900:E.J. Bernard (22 July 2010). 1828:Marcella Lee (9 March 2015). 1501:REPEAL HIV Discrimination Act 1497:REPEAL HIV Discrimination Act 1478:Center for HIV Law and Policy 1190:of haemophilia blood products 5782:Criminal transmission of HIV 5000:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS 4881:HIV Drug Resistance Database 3766:. Congress.gov. 20 June 2013 3615:. Public Health Law Research 3210:[2005] EWCA Crim 706 2780:Fred Abrahams (9 May 2005). 2337:Kris Clarke (January 2002). 1482:U.S. criminal justice system 1200:criticised decisions by the 764:human immunodeficiency virus 749:Criminal transmission of HIV 489:Criminal transmission of HIV 5301:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 5135:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS 5064:List of HIV-positive people 4536:Child-on-child sexual abuse 2796:"Creative Writing (page 1)" 2032:(published December 2017). 1487:On 23 September 2011, Rep. 1284:signed by French President 1180:in 2023, on the basis that 1133:Federal Republic of Germany 1075:aggravated sexual assault. 981:The Supreme Court of Canada 102:conditions to do so are met 5808: 5201:Reports from the Holocaust 5125:International AIDS Society 5115:Elton John AIDS Foundation 4271:WHO technical consultation 4261:- Positive Justice Project 2741:10.1136/bmj.322.7281.260/b 2156:10.1007/s10461-019-02463-2 1720:Prevention Access Campaign 1450: 1348: 941:The New South Wales (NSW) 698:Human sexuality portal 319:Deviant sexual intercourse 5751: 5591: 5160:Treatment Action Campaign 4876:Tuberculosis co-infection 4739:disease progression rates 4643: 4275:World Health Organization 4096:LegalEase on CKUT 90.3 FM 4047:Journal of Medical Ethics 3581:10.1007/s10461-008-9477-y 3487:27 September 2007 at the 2625:10.1177/13505084221145578 2381:. MTV3.fi. 5 October 2007 1591:. Cdc.gov. Archived from 1476:In the fall of 2010, the 1152:In 1995, Catholic priest 1048:represents a response to 821:with HIV infected needles 662:Sex offender registration 499:Female genital mutilation 4886:Innate resistance to HIV 4856:Neurocognitive disorders 3886:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301267 1930:. Legislation.nsw.gov.au 1559:Electronic health record 5207:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor 5190:Gay Men's Health Crisis 4866:Opportunistic infection 4257:20 October 2021 at the 4134:Journal of Criminal Law 3169:Weait, Matthew (2005). 2905:Worth, Heather (n.d.). 2728:British Medical Journal 2483:. Dublin. 22 March 2010 2312:"English Press Service" 1182:circumstantial evidence 824:Mother-to-child during 5034:HIV-affected community 4974:HIV and homosexual men 4139:Weait, Matthew (2007) 4004:10.7448/IAS.18.1.20572 3019:The New Zealand Herald 2658:DPP v Joseph Griffiths 1657:UNAIDS (August 2008). 1628:10.1001/jama.300.5.578 1351:Consent (criminal law) 975:Current law and policy 969:Canadian criminal code 857:antiretroviral therapy 427:varies by jurisdiction 5214:Silence=Death Project 5012:Criminal transmission 4932:Multiple sex partners 4468:Sex-positive movement 4463:Sex-positive feminism 4387:Obesity and sexuality 3238:on 29 September 2007. 3195:on 29 September 2007. 2556:Law Reform Commission 2457:10.2307/j.ctt4cgmww.6 2343:Social Work in Europe 1768:Moono Nyambe (2005). 1349:Further information: 826:pregnancy, childbirth 794:Modes of transmission 762:of a person with the 670:Sex offender registry 5792:Disease transmission 5536:United Arab Emirates 5007:Circumcision and HIV 4964:City of Hope Patient 4724:structure and genome 4553:Cybersex trafficking 4338:Adolescent sexuality 4122:(26 March 2004) 448; 4115:(12 March 2004) 384; 3836:. 29 September 2017. 3298:2 April 2015 at the 2574:(14 December 2023). 2219:on 14 November 2007. 2067:Government of Canada 1711:UNAIDS (July 2018). 1361:grievous bodily harm 1198:Tribunals of inquiry 1059:On 1 December 2005, 639:UK Section 63 (2008) 494:Cybersex trafficking 157:improve this article 5084:AIDS Memorial Quilt 4896:HIV-positive people 4473:Sex workers' rights 4453:Reproductive rights 4051:Criminal Law Review 3818:. 18 December 2018. 3552:. 25 February 2010. 3534:. 23 February 2001. 2359:. HELSINGIN SANOMAT 1808:The Washington Post 1689:. 25 September 2019 1459:Ryan White CARE Act 1403:National AIDS Trust 1248:and five Bulgarian 1135:on 16 August 2010, 376:Reproductive rights 251:Reproductive rights 169:footnote references 89:of this article is 5787:Recklessness (law) 5661:Dominican Republic 5044:HIV/AIDS denialism 4969:Women and HIV/AIDS 4959:The London Patient 4826:Signs and symptoms 4734:CDC classification 4541:Child sexual abuse 4513:Child prostitution 4458:Right to sexuality 4273:- A report by the 4150:(28 May 2004) 826; 4129:(21 May 2004) 762; 3791:The Military Times 3663:on 22 October 2010 3455:. 15 August 2017. 3092:on 1 January 2015. 3066:. 13 November 2008 3040:on 1 December 2009 2935:. 6 October 2005. 2252:The Canadian Press 1365:actual bodily harm 1310:New Zealand police 1231:HIV trial in Libya 1214:aggravating factor 814:injection drug use 808:sexual intercourse 484:Child prostitution 450:Anti-miscegenation 381:Right to sexuality 371:Red-light district 314:Pedophile advocacy 274:Conversion therapy 264:Capital punishment 5769: 5768: 5747: 5746: 5669: 5668: 5150:The SING Campaign 5039:HIV/AIDS activism 5027:Cost of treatment 4949:Timothy Ray Brown 4944:World AIDS Museum 4661: 4660: 4518:Child sex tourism 4501:Child pornography 4158:Modern Law Review 3938:(10): 1087–1102. 3854:. 9 October 2017. 3718:on 2 October 2015 3689:on 27 August 2011 3569:AIDS and Behavior 3404:. 3 November 2017 3344:. 3 November 2017 2968:on 2 October 2015 2800:www.goodreads.com 2690:"Legal Framework" 2558:. 1 November 2023 2433:. 16 August 2010. 2144:AIDS and Behavior 2095:www.ourcommons.ca 1928:"NSW Legislation" 1881:. 18 October 2004 1470:Temple University 1464:In July 2010 the 1219:life imprisonment 943:Public Health Act 836:blood transfusion 746: 745: 612:Sexual harassment 504:Forcible touching 472:Child pornography 422:Specific offences 394:Decriminalization 286:Same-sex marriage 278:Decriminalization 215: 214: 207: 197: 196: 189: 130: 129: 122: 68: 16:(Redirected from 5799: 5739:Papua New Guinea 5589: 5244: 4688: 4681: 4674: 4665: 4651: 4650: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4292: 4285:Keele University 4211: 4098:(October 2012); 4091: 4034: 4033: 4023: 3983: 3972: 3971: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3905: 3880:(8): 1350–1353. 3865: 3856: 3855: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3744:on 25 April 2012 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3575:(6): 1262–1269. 3560: 3554: 3553: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3498: 3492: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3309: 3303: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3231:. 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Archived from 2308: 2302: 2301: 2296:. Archived from 2290: 2284: 2283: 2282:on 11 June 2014. 2278:. Archived from 2272: 2263: 2262: 2254:. 4 April 2009. 2244: 2238: 2237: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2215:. Archived from 2205: 2199: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2121:The Conversation 2112: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2021: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1996:. Austlii.edu.au 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1974:. Austlii.edu.au 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1952:. Austlii.edu.au 1946: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1908:on 27 April 2014 1897: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1832:. CBS8-San Diego 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1779:. 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Consultant.ru 3102: 3101: 3097: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2826:. 7 July 2007. 2812: 2811: 2807: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2687: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2570: 2561: 2559: 2546: 2537: 2535: 2533:The Irish Times 2526: 2522: 2518: 2507:Irish Law Times 2504: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2473: 2467: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2407:on 29 July 2020 2399: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2300:on 18 May 2013. 2292: 2291: 2287: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2191: 2187: 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349:Objectification 334:Public morality 260:Criminalization 223:Sex and the law 211: 200: 199: 198: 193: 182: 176: 173: 154: 145:This article's 141: 137: 126: 115: 109: 106: 95: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Aki Hakkarainen 15: 12: 11: 5: 5805: 5803: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5564:United Kingdom 5560: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 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4658: 4656: 4655: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4590:Age of consent 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4580:Sexual slavery 4577: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4498: 4496:Child marriage 4492: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4334: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4268: 4262: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4216:External links 4214: 4213: 4212: 4180:Ann Intern Med 4174: 4168: 4161: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4092: 4054: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4035: 3973: 3917: 3857: 3839: 3821: 3803: 3777: 3755: 3729: 3700: 3674: 3648: 3626: 3604: 3555: 3537: 3519: 3508:on 20 May 2009 3493: 3473: 3440: 3415: 3389: 3355: 3329: 3304: 3285: 3263: 3241: 3213: 3198: 3161: 3146: 3135:. 19 June 2006 3117: 3095: 3077: 3064:Brisbane Times 3051: 3025: 3022:. 28 May 2009. 3005: 2994:on 18 May 2009 2979: 2953: 2920: 2897: 2871: 2841: 2805: 2787: 2772: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2630: 2606: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2583:Courts Service 2568: 2544: 2523: 2516: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2471: 2465: 2443: 2436: 2418: 2392: 2370: 2348: 2329: 2318:on 18 May 2013 2303: 2285: 2264: 2239: 2222: 2213:www.aidslaw.ca 2200: 2185: 2133: 2107: 2079: 2047: 2007: 1985: 1963: 1941: 1919: 1892: 1866: 1843: 1820: 1794: 1783:on 10 May 2007 1757: 1732: 1700: 1674: 1649: 1622:(5): 578–581. 1606: 1595:on 7 June 2012 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1524: 1521: 1451:Main article: 1448: 1445: 1441:HMA v Deveraux 1429: 1426: 1359:(respectively 1346: 1345:United Kingdom 1343: 1338: 1335: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1293: 1290: 1288:in July 2007. 1263:European Union 1246:medical intern 1226: 1223: 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However, in 1006: 1003: 976: 973: 964: 961: 938: 935: 930: 927: 876: 873: 848: 845: 844: 843: 840:organ donation 832: 822: 816: 810: 795: 792: 744: 743: 741: 740: 733: 726: 718: 715: 714: 713: 712: 710:Law portal 700: 685: 684: 680: 679: 678: 677: 672: 664: 663: 659: 658: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 635: 634: 629: 619: 614: 609: 607:Sexual assault 604: 603: 602: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 571: 570: 565: 555: 550: 549: 548: 543: 533: 528: 527: 526: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 480: 479: 469: 467:Child grooming 464: 459: 458: 457: 447: 446: 445: 432: 431: 419: 418: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 362: 361: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 304:Age of consent 301: 267: 253: 248: 240: 239: 235: 234: 226: 225: 213: 212: 195: 194: 149:external links 144: 142: 135: 128: 127: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5804: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5740: 5737: 5735: 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