306:
variety Owe. Agoyi (2009) classifies the varieties of these nine settlements into four dialects: Akpes, Èkiròmì, Èṣùkù, Ìluẹnì. Her analysis is mostly based on differences in lexicon and phonemics (especially vowel harmony). All dialects are mutually intelligible. Below is a table of all dialects,
1658:
Müller, André, Viveka
Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie
277:
The language is commonly referred to as 'Akpes' in literature. As this term is in fact the name of one of the four dialects, it is not supported by the whole speaker community. A meeting of representatives of all nine settlements has coined the term 'Abesabesi' to denote the language. It is a
302:. While Àkùnnù, Àsẹ̀, Gèdègédé, Ìbáràmù, Ìkáràmù, and Ìyànì are independent towns, three settlements form a quarter of the multilingual town Àjọwá: Dája, Ẹ̀ṣùkù, Ìlúdọ̀tun (also: Ìlọ̀dùn or Àkùnnù Àjọwá). The quarter Efifa of Ajowa used to speak Akpes in the past but switched to the local
1080:
Abesabesi's consonant inventory consists of 29 consonants. While 20 of these consonants are frequently used in lexemes, nine only appear marginally (indicated in parentheses). Many of these marginal consonants are labialized equivalents of stops, nasals, and fricatives, such as
920:. A syllable can have the structure N (syllabic nasal) or (C)V(V)(C). Closed syllables only appear at the end of a word and are likely to have resulted from word final vowel deletion.
2386:
1795:
908:
but is often used as grammatical tone marking the mood of a clause, possession, location, or relativization. Frequent phonological processes in
Abesabesi include
188:
849:, its exact position within this branch is disputed. Some claimed that it forms a separate sub-branch and others claimed a closer relationship to the
1768:
2379:
932:
distinction exists for the oral mid vowels (/o/ vs. /ɔ/ and /e/ vs. /ɛ/), nasal vowels do not differentiate +ATR from -ATR (/ɔ̃/ and /ɛ̃/).
861:
1421:
683:
399:
1788:
1373:
737:
625:
511:
344:
3487:
1221:
792:
570:
2372:
457:
1763:
2182:
2146:
1310:
1110:
1102:
1227:
1288:
893:
3456:
1781:
1349:
2404:
90:
3223:
1299:
173:
3316:
2727:
2713:
1327:
3267:
3216:
1151:
877:
1466:
1438:
2770:
2738:
1408:
1187:
1170:
2829:
2656:
2647:
2395:
1804:
846:
842:
266:
262:
100:
95:
84:
3430:
2457:
2850:
2438:
1812:
904:
on the tone-bearing unit. All three tones are lexical tones. However, the high tone only rarely appears on base
3117:
913:
2507:
2431:
3466:
3097:
3075:
2917:
2706:
2550:
1204:
1193:
1176:
1099:/. Agoyi treats these consonants as a result of deleted rounded vowels. The phoneme /ʃ/ can be realized as
3230:
1549:
1514:
2214:
1936:
1576:
1413:
1332:
1315:
1304:
1293:
1248:
1209:
1181:
1136:
896:. Abesabesi is a tonal language with a high, a mid, and a low tone. These tones are symbolized through an
1712:
1674:
3407:
3286:
3088:
2969:
2807:
2697:
1399:
1254:
1243:
257:
replaces Akpes in more and more informal domains and thus forwards a gradual shift from Akpes towards
3461:
1263:
1214:
1108:
1100:
929:
885:
1638:
1581:
2962:
2754:
2239:
2085:
1692:
Agoyi, Taiwo (2015). "Àbèsàbèsì Syllable and
Syllabification: A Generative Phonological Approach".
238:
1616:
2902:
2672:
2583:
2413:
2259:
2136:
1971:
1270:
1131:
3295:
3202:
2871:
2686:
2540:
2514:
2494:
2422:
2279:
1989:
1893:
1482:
A Digital
Reference Grammar of Abesabesi. Towards a data format for digital reference grammars
1365:
1156:
1141:
3363:
3309:
3302:
3260:
3209:
3025:
2885:
2878:
2814:
2786:
2747:
2679:
2619:
2613:
2557:
2488:
2475:
2249:
2219:
2206:
2080:
2045:
2024:
1941:
1913:
1883:
1126:
784:
729:
675:
617:
562:
503:
449:
391:
336:
295:
291:
1476:. MA thesis, Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, University of Port Harcourt.
3346:
3339:
3333:
3254:
3107:
3103:
3059:
3045:
2932:
2857:
2800:
2793:
2779:
2720:
2632:
2599:
2592:
2187:
2126:
2100:
2090:
2065:
2019:
2004:
1994:
1921:
1237:
1146:
850:
303:
258:
254:
250:
76:
1596:
Agoyi, Taiwo (2001). "The category of number and the genetic classification of Èkìròmì".
3422:
3415:
3377:
3369:
3195:
3151:
3083:
3000:
2944:
2896:
2837:
2760:
2625:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2500:
2481:
2353:
2343:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2244:
2229:
2192:
2177:
2172:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2105:
2095:
2075:
2055:
1984:
1903:
1888:
1868:
1853:
1848:
1820:
865:
854:
165:
3481:
3438:
3384:
3249:
3161:
3156:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3092:
3038:
3032:
3018:
3011:
2956:
2950:
2939:
2926:
2864:
2606:
2545:
2534:
2525:
2470:
2464:
2445:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2234:
2224:
2156:
2070:
2060:
2029:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1931:
1926:
1898:
1843:
1835:
1825:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1018:
948:
917:
881:
1567:
Agoyi, Taiwo (2013). "Language, Invasion and
Insecurity: The history of Àbèsàbèsì".
3165:
3129:
3125:
3005:
2975:
2891:
2451:
2348:
2050:
1979:
1951:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1858:
901:
897:
889:
249:. The language is surrounded by several other languages of the Akoko area, where
2991:
1757:
1391:
1030:
1013:
960:
943:
178:
1480:
1060:
1023:
990:
953:
299:
246:
57:
888:(ATR) distinction for the oral mid vowels. The orthography used here follows
808:
794:
753:
739:
699:
685:
641:
627:
586:
572:
527:
513:
473:
459:
415:
401:
360:
346:
204:
190:
1339:
1282:
1045:
975:
158:
142:
149:
36:
1773:
2364:
1163:
909:
242:
47:
3400:
905:
2986:
1752:
111:
1660:
1536:
The phonology of Àbèsàbèsì vowel harmony (Unpublished PhD thesis)
1453:
The category of number and the genetic classification of Èkiròmì
2368:
1777:
245:. It is spoken by approximately 7,000 speakers in the North of
928:
Abesabesi exhibits seven oral and five nasal vowels. While an
1769:
1661:
ASJP World
Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4
841:
While most scholars attribute
Abesabesi somewhere in the
307:
the settlements they are spoken in, and alternate names.
290:
Abesabesi is spoken in nine different settlements in the
1646:
1624:
864:
4.0 classifies Abesabesi as most closely related to the
1730:
Agoyi, Taiwo (2013). "Classification of Abesabesi".
3449:
3393:
3356:
3326:
3285:
3240:
3185:
3178:
3116:
3074:
3067:
3058:
2984:
2916:
2828:
2769:
2737:
2696:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2582:
2524:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2331:
2278:
2205:
2165:
2114:
2038:
2012:
2003:
1970:
1912:
1834:
1811:
1694:
Ago-Iwoye Journal of Languages and Literary Studies
172:
156:
140:
135:
73:
63:
53:
43:
31:
21:
876:Abesabesi has a rich phoneme inventory comprising
1732:International Journal of Language and Literatures
1659:Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013.
1639:"Re-classification of Abesabesi (Akpes) as Edoid"
1764:Abesabesi language documentation and maintenance
1569:American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities
2380:
1789:
8:
1598:Inquiry in African Languages and Literatures
1508:
1506:
1474:A comparative reconstruction of Akpes lects
3182:
3071:
3064:
2661:
2652:
2418:
2409:
2387:
2373:
2365:
2009:
1796:
1782:
1774:
1617:"Comparative Akedoid and West Benue-Congo"
1530:
1528:
309:
18:
1580:
1485:. Doctoral Thesis, University of Cologne
1120:
1004:
934:
1502:
261:. Akpes is generally attributed to the
1492:. BA long essay, University of Ilorin.
1462:. BA long essay, University of Ilorin.
1455:. Seminar paper, University of Ilorin.
35:
7:
1550:"Location and surrounding languages"
1490:Aspects of the phonology of Ikaramu
1760:- ELAR, SOAS, University of London
14:
1420:
1407:
1398:
1372:
1348:
1326:
1309:
1298:
1287:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1242:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1203:
1192:
1186:
1175:
1169:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1460:Aspects of the Phonology of Dája
1472:Ibrahim-Arirabiyi, Femi 1989.
16:Endangered language of Nigeria
1:
3261:Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla)
3217:Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka)
1451:Agoyi, Taiwo Ọpeyemi 1997.
3504:
892:(2020), which is based on
286:Distribution and varieties
278:reduplication of the word
668:
554:
442:
329:
184:
26:
1753:Abesabesi language blog
1538:. University of Ilorin.
550:Ikaram, Ikeram, Ikorom
438:Ìlọ̀dùn, Àkùnnù Àjọwá
253:is the lingua franca.
3488:Volta–Niger languages
1805:Volta–Niger languages
1637:Agoyi, Taiwo (2012).
1534:Agoyi, T. O. (2008).
1465:Blench, Roger. 2011.
1174:)
809:7.600432°N 5.849476°E
754:7.599074°N 5.846479°E
700:7.632653°N 5.877947°E
642:7.673737°N 5.896295°E
587:7.677871°N 5.899412°E
528:7.610636°N 5.863632°E
416:7.674049°N 5.898399°E
361:7.629756°N 5.937402°E
205:7.632653°N 5.877947°E
1758:Collection Àbèsàbèsì
1615:Elugbe, Ben (2012).
1515:"Number of speakers"
1107:or as the affricate
886:advanced tongue root
474:7.60222°N 5.884055°E
2614:Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka)
1711:Lau, Jonas (2021).
1673:Lau, Jonas (2021).
1548:Lau, Jonas (2021).
1513:Lau, Jonas (2021).
1412:
1331:
1314:
1303:
1292:
1247:
1225:
1212:
1208:
1191:
1180:
1007:
937:
837:Genetic affiliation
804: /
749: /
695: /
637: /
582: /
523: /
469: /
411: /
356: /
239:endangered language
200: /
3224:Southwestern Mande
1458:Ayoọla O.J. 1986.
1005:
935:
884:consonants and an
814:7.600432; 5.849476
759:7.599074; 5.846479
705:7.632653; 5.877947
647:7.673737; 5.896295
616:Quarter of Àjọwá,
592:7.677871; 5.899412
561:Quarter of Àjọwá,
533:7.610636; 5.863632
421:7.674049; 5.898399
390:Quarter of Àjọwá,
366:7.629756; 5.937402
267:Niger-Congo phylum
263:Volta-Congo Branch
210:7.632653; 5.877947
37:[àbèsàbès]
3475:
3474:
3457:Proto-Niger–Congo
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3174:
3173:
3054:
3053:
2912:
2911:
2824:
2823:
2728:Upper Cross River
2714:Lower Cross River
2642:
2641:
2482:Mbum (Kebi–Benue)
2362:
2361:
2201:
2200:
1717:Abesabesi Grammar
1679:Abesabesi Grammar
1554:Abesabesi Grammar
1519:Abesabesi Grammar
1488:Raji, B.T. 1986.
1479:Lau, Jonas 2021.
1467:Comparative Akpes
1430:
1429:
1073:
1072:
1003:
1002:
834:
833:
479:7.60222; 5.884055
228:
227:
69:7,000 (2021)
3495:
3431:Serengeti-Dorobo
3243:(Samogo–Soninke)
3188:(Manding–Kpelle)
3183:
3072:
3065:
2771:Southern Bantoid
2739:Northern Bantoid
2662:
2653:
2419:
2410:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2010:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1439:Akpes word lists
1424:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1376:
1352:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1008:
938:
900:, no accent, or
828:
827:
825:
824:
823:
821:
816:
815:
810:
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
785:Akoko North-West
773:
772:
770:
769:
768:
766:
761:
760:
755:
750:
747:
746:
745:
742:
730:Akoko North-West
719:
718:
716:
715:
714:
712:
707:
706:
701:
696:
693:
692:
691:
688:
676:Akoko North-West
661:
660:
658:
657:
656:
654:
649:
648:
643:
638:
635:
634:
633:
630:
618:Akoko North-West
606:
605:
603:
602:
601:
599:
594:
593:
588:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
563:Akoko North-West
547:
546:
544:
543:
542:
540:
535:
534:
529:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
504:Akoko North-West
493:
492:
490:
489:
488:
486:
481:
480:
475:
470:
467:
466:
465:
462:
450:Akoko North-West
435:
434:
432:
431:
430:
428:
423:
422:
417:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
392:Akoko North-West
380:
379:
377:
376:
375:
373:
368:
367:
362:
357:
354:
353:
352:
349:
337:Akoko North-East
325:Alternate names
310:
296:Akoko North-West
292:Akoko North-East
224:
223:
221:
220:
219:
217:
212:
211:
206:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
168:
152:
145:
107:
79:
39:
19:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3450:Proto-languages
3445:
3389:
3352:
3322:
3273:
3242:
3236:
3187:
3170:
3112:
3050:
2989:
2980:
2908:
2820:
2765:
2733:
2692:
2638:
2578:
2520:
2399:
2393:
2363:
2358:
2327:
2274:
2197:
2161:
2110:
2034:
1999:
1966:
1908:
1830:
1807:
1802:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1663:(October 2013).
1657:
1653:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1582:10.1.1.684.9145
1566:
1565:
1561:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1448:
1446:Further reading
1435:
1118:
1078:
926:
874:
851:Edoid languages
839:
819:
817:
813:
811:
807:
806:
803:
798:
795:
793:
791:
790:
764:
762:
758:
756:
752:
751:
748:
743:
740:
738:
736:
735:
710:
708:
704:
702:
698:
697:
694:
689:
686:
684:
682:
681:
652:
650:
646:
644:
640:
639:
636:
631:
628:
626:
624:
623:
597:
595:
591:
589:
585:
584:
581:
576:
573:
571:
569:
568:
538:
536:
532:
530:
526:
525:
522:
517:
514:
512:
510:
509:
484:
482:
478:
476:
472:
471:
468:
463:
460:
458:
456:
455:
426:
424:
420:
418:
414:
413:
410:
405:
402:
400:
398:
397:
371:
369:
365:
363:
359:
358:
355:
350:
347:
345:
343:
342:
288:
275:
215:
213:
209:
207:
203:
202:
199:
194:
191:
189:
187:
186:
164:
148:
141:
131:
105:
80:
77:Language family
75:
66:
65:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3467:Proto-Yoruboid
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3426:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3098:Samo (Burkina)
3095:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
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2899:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2773:
2767:
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2764:
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2758:
2751:
2743:
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2596:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2551:Samo (Burkina)
2548:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2515:Yendang (Maya)
2511:
2504:
2497:
2495:Nyingwom (Kam)
2492:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2405:Atlantic–Congo
2401:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1910:
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1906:
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1896:
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1800:
1793:
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1778:
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1766:
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1748:
1747:External links
1745:
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978:
972:
971:
968:
966:
963:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
925:
922:
910:vowel deletion
873:
870:
866:Ukaan language
838:
835:
832:
831:
829:
788:
782:
778:
777:
774:
733:
727:
723:
722:
720:
679:
673:
670:
666:
665:
662:
621:
614:
610:
609:
607:
566:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
507:
501:
497:
496:
494:
453:
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444:
440:
439:
436:
395:
388:
384:
383:
381:
340:
334:
331:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
287:
284:
282:meaning 'we'.
274:
271:
226:
225:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
162:
154:
153:
146:
138:
137:
136:Language codes
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
91:Atlantic–Congo
83:
81:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
45:
44:Native to
41:
40:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3500:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3317:Talodi–Heiban
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2918:West Atlantic
2915:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
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2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:Central Delta
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:North-Central
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1675:"Orthography"
1669:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1006:Nasal vowels
999:
996:
994:
992:
989:
988:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:
933:
931:
923:
921:
919:
918:vowel harmony
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
871:
869:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
836:
830:
826:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
771:
734:
731:
728:
725:
724:
721:
717:
680:
677:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
622:
619:
615:
612:
611:
608:
604:
567:
564:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
508:
505:
502:
499:
498:
495:
491:
454:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
396:
393:
389:
386:
385:
382:
378:
341:
338:
335:
332:
328:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
285:
283:
281:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
222:
185:Coordinates:
183:
180:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
161:
160:
155:
151:
147:
144:
139:
134:
118:
115:
114:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
86:
82:
78:
72:
68:
62:
59:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
32:Pronunciation
30:
25:
20:
3437:
3429:
3414:
3408:Dima-Bottego
3406:
3394:Unclassified
3376:
3368:
3345:
3338:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3268:Soninke–Bozo
3266:
3259:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3186:Central West
3037:
3024:
3017:
3010:
2968:
2961:
2949:
2925:
2901:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2753:
2746:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2631:
2626:Sere (Ndogo)
2624:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2556:
2533:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2487:
2480:
2463:
2456:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2338:
2166:Southwestern
2115:Northwestern
1735:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1668:
1654:
1645:
1632:
1623:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1575:(2): 68–77.
1572:
1568:
1562:
1553:
1543:
1535:
1518:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1459:
1452:
1441:(Wiktionary)
1152:Labial-velar
1137:Postalveolar
1117:
1079:
936:Oral vowels
927:
914:assimilation
902:grave accent
898:acute accent
878:labial-velar
875:
859:
840:
289:
279:
276:
234:
230:
229:
157:
116:
3462:Proto-Bantu
3287:Kordofanian
3255:Jowulu (Jɔ)
2992:Ivory Coast
2970:Senegambian
2830:Volta–Niger
2808:Grassfields
2698:Cross River
2657:Benue–Congo
2648:Volta–Congo
2535:Central Gur
2396:Niger–Congo
1738:(1): 37–51.
1392:Approximant
847:Niger–Congo
843:Volta–Niger
812: /
757: /
703: /
645: /
590: /
531: /
477: /
419: /
364: /
322:Coordinates
208: /
101:Volta–Niger
96:Volta–Congo
85:Niger–Congo
2851:Ayere–Ahan
2501:Samba–Duru
2471:Kwah (Baa)
2439:Bikwin–Jen
2240:Gupa-Abawa
2086:Ivbiosakon
1813:Ayere-Ahan
1700:: 246–270.
1497:References
1076:Consonants
882:labialized
845:branch of
818: (
763: (
709: (
651: (
596: (
537: (
483: (
425: (
370: (
316:Settlement
300:Ondo State
247:Ondo State
214: (
58:Ondo State
3241:Northwest
3068:Southeast
2963:Rio Nunez
2755:Mambiloid
2508:Tula–Waja
2432:Bena–Mboi
2260:Koro Zuba
2220:Bassa Nge
2137:Okpamheri
1577:CiteSeerX
1340:Affricate
1283:Fricative
872:Phonology
799:5°50′58″E
796:7°36′02″N
744:5°50′47″E
741:7°35′57″N
690:5°52′41″E
687:7°37′58″N
632:5°53′47″E
629:7°40′25″N
577:5°53′58″E
574:7°40′40″N
518:5°51′49″E
515:7°36′38″N
464:5°53′03″E
461:7°36′08″N
406:5°53′54″E
403:7°40′27″N
387:Ìlúdọ̀tun
351:5°56′15″E
348:7°37′47″N
235:Àbèsàbèsì
195:5°52′41″E
192:7°37′58″N
159:Glottolog
143:ISO 639-3
27:Abesabesi
3482:Category
3434:" ?
3357:Isolates
3231:Vai–Kono
3118:Southern
2985:Others (
2903:Yoruboid
2673:Jukunoid
2584:Ubangian
2414:Savannas
2398:branches
1990:Itsekiri
1972:Yoruboid
1713:"Vowels"
1604:: 64–80.
1433:See also
1132:Alveolar
1093:/, and /
711:Gedegede
672:Gèdègédé
427:Iludotun
319:Location
298:LGAs of
237:) is an
216:Gedegede
166:akpe1248
3442: ?
3425: ?
3419: ?
3411: ?
3403: ?
3381: ?
3373: ?
3364:Bangime
3203:Manding
3100: ?
3076:Eastern
3042: ?
3029: ?
3026:Mangree
2872:Idomoid
2687:Plateau
2665:Platoid
2620:Ngbandi
2553: ?
2541:Kulango
2476:Longuda
2423:Adamawa
2280:Idomoid
2250:Kakanda
2183:SW Okpe
2147:NW Okpe
2081:Ikpeshi
2046:Afenmai
2025:Engenni
1942:Ikwerre
1366:Lateral
1164:Plosive
1157:Glottal
1142:Palatal
1019:Central
949:Central
906:lexemes
776:Ibaram
726:Ìbáràmù
664:Echuku
500:Ìkáràmù
443:Èkiròmì
313:Dialect
265:of the
243:Nigeria
48:Nigeria
3401:Degere
3334:Defaka
3327:Others
3310:Rashad
3303:Lafofa
3210:Mokole
3108:Tyenga
3104:Shanga
3046:Siamou
2933:Bijago
2886:Nupoid
2879:Igboid
2815:Tivoid
2787:Beboid
2748:Dakoid
2680:Kainji
2569:Tusian
2558:Senufo
2546:Miyobe
2489:Mumuye
2332:Others
2207:Nupoid
2188:Urhobo
2127:Ehueun
2101:Sasaru
2091:Okpela
2066:Ghotuo
2020:Degema
1995:Yoruba
1922:Ekpeye
1914:Igboid
1579:
1127:Labial
924:Vowels
916:, and
765:Ibaram
669:Ìluẹnì
653:Eshuku
613:Ẹ̀ṣùkù
539:Ikaram
372:Akunnu
333:Àkùnnù
304:Yoruba
259:Yoruba
255:Yoruba
251:Yoruba
179:Ikorom
110:Akpes–
54:Region
3423:Rimba
3416:Omaio
3378:Komta
3370:Jalaa
3347:Ijoid
3340:Dogon
3296:Katla
3152:Yaure
3084:Bissa
3060:Mande
3001:Dompo
2987:Ghana
2945:Limba
2897:Ukaan
2858:Edoid
2844:Akpes
2838:Akoko
2801:Ekoid
2794:Bendi
2780:Bantu
2761:Tikar
2721:Ogoni
2633:Zande
2600:Gbaya
2593:Banda
2574:Viemo
2564:Tiefo
2354:Ukaan
2344:Akoko
2339:Akpes
2308:Igede
2303:Idoma
2298:Etulo
2293:Alago
2288:Agatu
2245:Gwari
2230:Ebira
2193:Uvbie
2178:Isoko
2173:Eruwa
2152:Uhami
2142:Oloma
2132:Iyayu
2122:Akuku
2106:Uneme
2096:Ososo
2076:Ikhin
2056:Enwan
2013:Delta
2005:Edoid
1985:Igala
1904:Saxwe
1894:Pherá
1889:Tofin
1869:Gbesi
1854:Ayizo
1849:Alada
1821:Ayere
1642:(PDF)
1620:(PDF)
1238:Nasal
1147:Velar
1113:]
1109:[
1105:]
1101:[
1031:Close
1014:Front
961:Close
944:Front
855:Ukaan
820:Iyani
781:Ìyànì
555:Èṣùkù
330:Akpes
231:Akpes
117:Akpes
112:Edoid
22:Akpes
3439:Wawu
3385:Laal
3250:Bobo
3196:Jogo
3179:West
3157:Mano
3148:Guro
3143:Beng
3139:Gban
3134:Tura
3093:Boko
3089:Busa
3039:Mpra
3033:Mbre
2990:and
2957:Nalu
2940:Gola
2458:Fali
2323:Yala
2318:Akpa
2313:Yace
2270:Nupe
2265:Kupa
2255:Kami
2235:Gade
2225:Dibo
2157:Ukue
2071:Igwe
2061:Esan
2030:Epie
1962:Ogba
1957:Mgbo
1952:Izii
1947:Ikwo
1932:Igbo
1927:Ezaa
1899:Phla
1884:Tɔli
1826:Ahan
1414:(j̃)
1333:(hʷ)
1316:(ʃʷ)
1305:(sʷ)
1294:(fʷ)
1249:(mʷ)
1210:(kʷ)
1182:(bʷ)
1087:/, /
1061:Open
1024:Back
991:Open
985:o ɔ
980:e ɛ
954:Back
880:and
862:ASJP
860:The
598:Daja
558:Dája
294:and
280:àbès
273:Name
106:yeai
3166:Wan
3162:Mwa
3130:Goo
3126:Dan
3019:Kwa
3012:Kru
3006:Ega
2976:Sua
2951:Mel
2927:Bak
2892:Oko
2865:Gbe
2607:Mba
2526:Gur
2465:Kim
2452:Day
2446:Bua
2349:Oko
2215:Asu
2051:Edo
1980:Ede
1937:Ika
1879:Gun
1874:Gen
1864:Fon
1859:Ewe
1844:Aja
1836:Gbe
1350:d͜ʒ
1228:ɡ͜b
1222:k͜p
1111:t͜ʃ
1055:ɔ̃
1050:ɛ̃
1046:Mid
976:Mid
930:ATR
894:IPA
890:Lau
857:.
853:or
787:LGA
732:LGA
678:LGA
620:LGA
565:LGA
506:LGA
485:Ase
452:LGA
446:Asẹ
394:LGA
339:LGA
269:.
241:of
174:ELP
150:ibe
3484::
1734:.
1715:.
1696:.
1677:.
1644:.
1622:.
1600:.
1571:.
1552:.
1527:^
1517:.
1505:^
1115:.
1096:hʷ
1090:mʷ
1084:bʷ
1067:ã
1040:ũ
1035:ĩ
997:a
970:u
965:i
912:,
868:.
87:?
3428:"
3164:–
3150:–
3141:–
3132:–
3128:–
3106:–
3091:–
2994:)
2388:e
2381:t
2374:v
1797:e
1790:t
1783:v
1736:1
1719:.
1698:6
1681:.
1648:.
1626:.
1602:4
1585:.
1573:3
1556:.
1521:.
1469:.
1422:w
1409:j
1400:r
1374:l
1328:h
1311:ʃ
1300:s
1289:f
1271:ŋ
1264:ɲ
1255:n
1244:m
1215:ɡ
1205:k
1194:d
1188:t
1177:b
1171:p
1168:(
1103:ʃ
1081:/
822:)
767:)
713:)
655:)
600:)
541:)
487:)
429:)
374:)
233:(
218:)
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