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57:
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283:, received in 1848, was that it was not necessary or advisable to grant the request. The British said they would treat the people of Calabar favorably if they would give up their practice of human sacrifice. At the time, it was common for wives and slaves of an important man to be sacrificed upon his death.
349:
187:
The religion places importance on paying tribute to the village ancestors, particularly those who achieved high rank, since they can affect the fortunes of the living for good or bad. The earth deity Ala is appeased through the Ogbom ceremony, which makes children plentiful and increases the harvest.
231:
during a period when Duke Town and Old Town were in the midst of a feud. The leaders of Duke Town made a secret arrangement with the slave traders whereby the leaders of Old Town would be invited onboard their ships to settle the dispute; guarantees of their safety were made. When the leaders of Old
222:
Igbo people formed the majority of enslaved
Africans which were sold as slaves from Calabar, despite forming a minority among the ethnic groups in the region. From 1725 until 1750, roughly 17,000 enslaved Africans were sold from Calabar to European slave traders; from 1772 to 1775, the number soared
183:
The traditional Efik religion considers that Abasi created the universe. One tradition says that Abasi's wife Atai persuaded him to let two of their children, a daughter and son, settle on the earth. They were not allowed to breed, but disobeyed this injunction and became the ancestors of the Efik
174:
by the early 18th century, by which time the Duke and Eyamba families were their leaders. They were settled in large, fortified villages along the waterways, in a loose federation with no paramount ruler, living by fishing and farming. The largest settlements were Ikot Itunko, Obutong and Iboku
211:, settling on the east bank in a position where they were able to dominate the slave trade with European vessels that anchored in the river. They soon became the most powerful people in the region. Dukes Town is believed to have been founded in about 1650 according to historians
286:
On the death of King Eyamba in 1847, it was proposed that King Eyo become sole ruler, which the
British favored. However, Duke Town's leaders did not agree, and selected Archibong Duke as the new king. In 1850, both kings agreed to suppress human sacrifice.
301:
336:, after which Lagos became the main center. Now called Calabar, the city remained an important port shipping ivory, timber, beeswax, and palm produce until 1916, when the railway terminus was opened at
430:
In
December 1970 it was agreed that a single ruler should represent the Efik people, rather than two (one for Creek Town and one for Duke Town), with the ruler alternated between the two communities.
195:
secret society. They made detailed wood carvings, masks, and accouterments that are considered complex works of art. Efik sacred ceremonies include drumming and music as important elements.
404:
In 1903 the
British made an agreement with the Efik Kings that they would no longer use title of King (Edidem), but instead as titular rulers would have the title Obong of Calabar.
207:. His reason for choosing this name is unknown, since it was not used by the Efik people. The city of Akwa Akpa was founded by Efik families who had left Creek Town, further up the
1217:
184:
people. Another version says that Abasi created two people, and did not allow them to breed. When they disobeyed this order, in punishment, Abasi let loose death on the earth.
271:
In 1846 a
Christian mission was established by the United Presbyterian Church between Duke Town and Henshaw town, with the support of King Eyo. The mission was headed by Rev.
232:
Town came aboard the ships, they were seized, with some being kept as slaves while others were handed over to the leaders of Duke Town, who ordered their execution.
1513:
142:
to the west. Although it is now absorbed into
Nigeria, traditional rulers of the state are still recognized. The state occupied what is now the modern city of
240:
864:
280:
1002:
948:
1210:
290:
British influence continued to grow, as did acceptance of
Christianity. The chiefs of Akwa Akpa placed themselves under British protection in 1884.
1063:
61:
Picture of Old
Calabar Factories from HM Stanley's book "The Congo and the founding of its free state; a story of work and exploration (1885)"
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of Creek Town signed a treaty agreeing to stop their involvement in the slave trade. With the suppression of the slave trade,
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441:
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Mission to
Educate: A History of the Educational Work of the Scottish Presbyterian Mission in East Nigeria, 1846-1960
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Simmons, Donald C. (1968) , "An
Ethnographic Sketch of the Efik people", in Forde, Daryll (ed.),
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Atapka. In the 19th century, the British renamed these as Creek Town, Old Town and Duke Town.
824:
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535:
215:
and Efiong U. Aye. Akwa Akpa, also known as Duke Town to the British, became a center of the
1441:
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1386:
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306:
1138:
Old Calabar (1600-1891): The Impact of the International Economy upon a Traditional Society
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167:
1240:
601:
212:
171:
1181:
689:
The trading states of the oil rivers: a study of political development in Eastern Nigeria
508:
279:. That year the chiefs requested British protection for Calabar, but the reply from Lord
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with support from Hugh Goldie, who wrote an account of Calabar in his 1890 book
159:
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III of Calabar Kingdom was crowned in 1878 with a regalia sent directly by
1129:
602:"Theological and religious studies at the founding of the British academy"
1416:
1156:
371:
358:
Rulers of the city state, and successors in the traditional state, were:
265:
257:
17:
203:
The coast in this region was named "Calabar" by the Portuguese explorer
1487:
868:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 962.
228:
143:
135:
131:
127:
126:
city-state that flourished in the 19th century in what is now southern
348:
1355:
606:
A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain, 1902-2002
256:, continued to buy slaves at Calabar until 1841. In that year, King
252:
in 1807, though slave traders from other European nations, such as
1482:
1436:
1391:
1164:
The Two Princes of Calabar: An Eighteenth-century Atlantic Odyssey
977:
819:
The Two Princes of Calabar: An Eighteenth-century Atlantic Odyssey
347:
319:
300:
239:
153:
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479:
192:
1199:
857:
332:
From 1884 until 1906 Old Calabar was the headquarters of the
170:
language group. They had become a power on the coast of the
353:
King Duke IX of Calabar in Full Dress (published 1895).
1064:"Royal Fathers: Their Power, Influence, Relevance..."
768:. National Great Blacks in Wax Museum. Archived from
1093:"Kingmakers give Henshaw 14 days to abdicate throne"
166:
The Efik speak a language that is a subgroup of the
1460:
1369:
1233:
37:
816:
219:, where slaves were exchanged for European goods.
848:
846:
844:
1003:"The Obongship Dispute in Calabar: A Rejoinder"
792:Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia
368:Effiom Edem Ekpo Effiom I Eyamba IV (1814–1834)
389:Edem Asibong III Eyamba VIII (1872 - May 1879)
1211:
1186:, Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier
885:Biographical dictionary of Christian missions
665:. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier.
459:Edidem Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu (2008 - till date)
365:Ekpenyong Effiom Okoho Eyamba III (1805–1814)
250:outlawed their involvement in the slave trade
8:
1029:
1027:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
450:Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V (1989–1999)
383:Ededem Effiom II (April 1852 - August 1858)
1218:
1204:
1196:
794:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 22.
570:Encyclopedia of African religion, Volume 2
268:and palm kernels became the main exports.
34:
692:. James Currey Publishers. p. 15ff.
386:Eyo Asibong II (March 1859 - August 1872)
158:Skin covered head dress from the related
447:Edidem Otu Ekpenyong Effa IX (1987–1989)
434:Edidem David James Henshaw V (1970–1973)
1039:Creek Town (Iboku Esit Edik) Foundation
500:
77:
65:
53:
1001:TATABONKO OROK EDEM (April 23, 2008).
1514:Populated places in Cross River State
717:. BiblioBazaar, LLC. pp. 21–22.
567:Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama (2009).
456:Edidem Nta Elijah Henshaw (2001–2004)
372:Edem Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho Eyamba V
244:"Duketown Calabar", late 19th century
223:to over 62,000. In 1767, six British
7:
823:. Harvard University Press. p.
628:. University of Iowa. Archived from
312:, at Duke Town, Old Calabar River -
437:Edidem Esien Ekpe Oku V (1973–1980)
362:Ekpenyong Offiong Okoho (1786–1805)
130:. The City State extended from now
73:Southern states, including Calabar
25:
1121:Old Calabar through the centuries
600:Nicholson, Ernest (2004-01-15),
67:
55:
1091:Anietie Akpan (March 3, 2004).
978:"Nigeria: Traditional polities"
921:"Coronation of an African King"
738:Sparks, Randy J. (2009-02-28).
485:Timeline of Old Calabar history
1150:, London: Dawsons of Pall Mall
887:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
715:The Lower Niger and Its Tribes
1:
1123:, Calabar: Hope Waddell Press
790:Chambers, Douglas B. (2005).
1166:, Harvard University Press,
1069:. 2003-08-31. Archived from
744:. Harvard University Press.
713:Arthur Glyn Leonard (2009).
27:Town in Cross River, Nigeria
1524:Nigerian traditional states
1227:Nigerian traditional states
1148:Efik Traders of Old Calabar
879:Gerald H. Anderson (1999).
442:Bassey Eyo Ephraim Adam III
340:, 145 km to the west.
305:Palaver of Chiefs on board
1540:
741:The Two Princes of Calabar
534:William H. Taylor (1996).
412:(January 1901 - July 1906)
380:(May 1849 - February 1852)
1162:Sparks, Randy J. (2004),
1141:, Oxford: Clarendon Press
815:Sparks, Randy J. (2004).
415:Obong Adam Ephraim Duke X
78:
66:
54:
47:
421:Obong Asibong V (1956 -)
334:Niger Coast Protectorate
191:Some Efik belong to the
1183:Calabar and its Mission
1135:Latham, A.J.H. (1973),
1119:Aye, Efiong U. (1967),
1035:"Culture & Society"
865:Encyclopædia Britannica
662:Calabar and Its Mission
540:. BRILL. p. 31ff.
378:Efio-Okoho Asibong Ekpo
326:Calabar and Its Mission
298:of the United Kingdom.
277:Calabar and its Mission
1519:19th century in Africa
355:
329:
317:
273:Hope Masterton Waddell
245:
163:
118:, originally known as
1180:Goldie, Hugh (1890),
953:The African Executive
573:. SAGE. p. 230.
395:Eyamba IX (1880–1896)
351:
328:(1890) by Hugh Goldie
323:
304:
243:
157:
949:"History of Calabar"
766:"The Middle Passage"
686:G. I. Jones (2001).
659:Hugh Goldie (1890).
453:(vacant 1999 - 2001)
217:Atlantic slave trade
632:on December 4, 2010
150:Origins and society
94: /
928:The New York Times
626:"Eket Information"
356:
344:Independent rulers
330:
324:Illustration from
318:
246:
164:
1501:
1500:
930:. 6 November 1878
751:978-0-674-04389-3
724:978-1-113-81057-1
608:, British Academy
580:978-1-4129-3636-1
260:of Duke Town and
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16:(Redirected from
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103:4.950; 8.317
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470:Efik people
444:(1982–1986)
426:Efik rulers
374:(1834–1847)
314:The Graphic
227:arrived in
225:slave ships
199:Slave trade
168:Niger–Congo
160:Ekoi people
101: /
1508:Categories
1473:Egba Alake
1102:2010-09-02
1077:2010-09-02
1049:2010-09-02
1017:2010-09-02
987:2010-09-02
982:Rulers.Org
963:2010-09-02
934:2010-10-17
900:2010-10-20
776:2010-09-02
636:2010-10-17
612:2023-08-29
586:2010-10-17
553:2010-10-17
520:2010-10-17
514:Ethnologue
496:References
281:Palmerston
49:City state
32:City state
1468:Akwa Akpa
1452:Bassa Nge
1321:Kontagora
1130:476222042
1007:Kwenu.com
205:Diogo Cao
116:Duke Town
39:Duke Town
18:Akwa Akpa
1417:Kumbwada
1412:Kalabari
1370:Kingdoms
1336:Potiskum
1281:Damaturu
1234:Emirates
1157:67514086
464:See also
266:palm oil
262:King Eyo
258:Eyamba V
179:Religion
122:, is an
1488:Oke Ila
1241:Adamawa
1067:ThisDay
509:"Obolo"
440:Edidem
229:Calabar
144:Calabar
136:Bakassi
132:Calabar
128:Nigeria
1493:Wukari
1478:Idoani
1361:Patigi
1356:Zazzau
1346:Suleja
1341:Sokoto
1311:Ilorin
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408:Obong
120:Atakpa
89:8°19′E
86:4°57′N
42:Atakpa
1483:Isedo
1461:Other
1447:Hausa
1442:Warri
1437:Opobo
1422:Nembe
1402:Ijebu
1397:Igala
1392:Gobir
1387:Bonny
1382:Benin
1377:Akure
1351:Yauri
1326:Lapai
1316:Kebbi
1306:Gumel
1301:Gombe
1291:Dikwa
1286:Daura
1276:Borno
1271:Borgu
1246:Agaie
924:(PDF)
309:Decoy
254:Spain
1432:Ondo
1427:Okpe
1331:Muri
1296:Fika
1261:Bida
1251:Bade
1168:ISBN
1153:OCLC
1126:OCLC
889:ISBN
829:ISBN
796:ISBN
746:ISBN
719:ISBN
694:ISBN
667:ISBN
575:ISBN
542:ISBN
480:Ekpe
316:1880
307:HMS
193:Ekpe
140:Oron
124:Efik
1407:Iwo
1266:Biu
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