al-Mu'tasim - Knowledge

1542: 1048:, "he who seeks refuge in God"). It is impossible to know whether this reflects actual events, or whether the letter was an invention and Abu Ishaq merely took advantage of his proximity to his dying brother, and al-Abbas's absence, to propel himself to the throne. As Abu Ishaq was the forefather of all subsequent Abbasid caliphs, later historians had little desire to question the legitimacy of his accession, but it is clear that his position was far from secure: a large part of the army favoured al-Abbas, and a delegation of soldiers even went to him and tried to proclaim him as the new Caliph. Only when al-Abbas refused them, whether out of weakness or out of a desire to avoid a civil war, and himself took the oath of allegiance to his uncle, did the soldiers acquiesce in al-Mu'tasim's succession. The precariousness of his position is further evidenced by the fact that al-Mu'tasim immediately called off the expedition, abandoned the Tyana project and returned with his army to Baghdad, which he reached on 20 1107:) only to the Turkish troops stationed in the province. Another departure from previous practice was al-Mu'tasim's appointment of his senior lieutenants, such as Ashinas and Itakh, as nominal super-governors over several provinces. This measure was probably intended to allow his chief followers immediate access to funds with which to pay their troops, but also, according to Kennedy, "represented a further centralizing of power, for the under-governors of the provinces seldom appeared at court and played little part in the making of political decisions". Indeed, al-Mu'tasim's caliphate marks the apogee of the central government's authority, in particular as expressed in its right and power to extract taxes from the provinces, an issue that had been controversial and had faced much local opposition since the early days of the Islamic state. 897:). Likewise, the motives behind the formation of the Turkish guard action are unclear, as are the financial means available to Abu Ishaq for the purpose, particularly given his young age. The Turks were closely associated with Abu Ishaq, and are usually interpreted as a private military retinue, something not uncommon in the Islamic world of the time. As the historian Matthew Gordon points out, the sources provide some indications that the original recruitment of Turks may have been begun or encouraged by al-Ma'mun, as part of the latter's general policy of recruiting Central Asian princes—and their own military retinues—to his court. It is therefore possible that the guard was originally formed on Abu Ishaq's initiative, but that it quickly received caliphal sanction and support, in exchange for being placed under al-Ma'mun's service. 1204:

returned, al-Mu'tasim publicly placed him on a throne and awarded him a ceremonial crown. In the same year, Ashinas was appointed to a super-governorate over the provinces of Egypt, Syria and the Jazira. Ashinas did not govern these directly, but appointed deputies as governors, while he remained in Samarra. When Ashinas participated in the Hajj of 841, he received honours on every stop of the route. In 840, it was the turn of al-Afshin to fall victim to the Caliph's suspicions. Despite his distinguished service as a general, he was very much the "odd man out" in the Samarran elite; the relations of the Iranian prince with the low-born Turkish generals were marked by mutual antipathy. Furthermore, he alienated the Tahirids, who might under other circumstances have been his natural allies, by interfering in

1875:, the institution of military slavery introduced by al-Mu'tasim became "one of the most important and most enduring socio-political institutions that Islam has known". With his Turkish guard, al-Mu'tasim set a pattern that would be widely imitated: not only did the military acquire a predominant position in the state, but it also increasingly became the preserve of minority groups from the peoples living on the margins of the Islamic world. Thus it formed an exclusive ruling caste, separated from the Arab-Iranian mainstream of society by ethnic origin, language, and sometimes even religion. This dichotomy would become, according to Hugh Kennedy, a "distinctive feature" of many Islamic polities, and would reach its apogee in the 821:, and the members of the extended Abbasid dynasty formed the core of the traditional elites and largely supported al-Amin. During the remainder of al-Ma'mun's reign they lost their positions in the administrative and military machinery, and with them their influence and power. Furthermore, as the civil war raged in the eastern half of the caliphate and in Iraq, the western provinces slipped from Baghdad's control in a series of rebellions that saw local strongmen claiming various degrees of autonomy or even trying to secede from the caliphate altogether. Although he had overthrown the old elites, al-Ma'mun lacked a large and loyal power base and army, so he turned to " 1684: 1892:" (861–870), where the Turks played the main role. The need to cover military spending would henceforth be a fixture of caliphal government. This was at a time when government income began to decline rapidly—partly through the rise of autonomous dynasties in the provinces and partly through the decline in productivity of the lowlands of Iraq that had traditionally provided the bulk of tax revenue. Less than a century after al-Mu'tasim's death, this process would lead to the bankruptcy of the Abbasid government and the eclipse of the caliphs' political power with the rise of the 697: 1788:

requested by one of the Byzantine commanders of the breach, the Abbasid army successfully stormed the city. It was thoroughly plundered and its walls razed, while the populace, numbering into the tens of thousands, was carried off to be sold into slavery. According to al-Tabari, al-Mu'tasim was now considering extending his campaign to attack Constantinople, when the conspiracy headed by his nephew, al-Abbas, was uncovered. Al-Mu'tasim was forced to cut short his campaign and return quickly to his realm, without bothering with Theophilos and his forces, stationed in nearby

1571:. The Khurramite revolt had been active since 816/7, aided by the inaccessible mountains of the province and the absence of large Arab Muslim population centres, except for a few cities in the lowlands. Al-Ma'mun had left the local Muslims largely to their own devices. A succession of military commanders attempted to subdue the rebellion on their own initiative, and thus gain control of the country's newly discovered mineral resources, only to be defeated by the Khurramites under the capable leadership of Babak. Immediately after his accession, al-Mu'tasim sent the Tahirid 684:, Abu Ishaq. Al-Tabari describes the adult Abu Ishaq as "fair-complexioned, with a black beard the hair tips of which were red and the end of which was square and streaked with red, and with handsome eyes". Other authors stress his physical strength and his love for physical activity—an anecdote recalls how during the Amorium campaign he went ahead of the army riding on a mule and searched in person for a ford across a river—in stark contrast to his more sedentary predecessors and successors. Later authors write that he was almost illiterate, but as the historian 1250: 2007:, which features heavily fictionalized versions of events from the Arab–Byzantine wars. In it, al-Mu'tasim helps the heroes pursue the traitor and apostate Uqba across several countries "from Spain to Yemen", before having him crucified before Constantinople. On its return, the Muslim army is ambushed in a defile by the Byzantines, and only 400 men, including the Caliph and most of the heroes, manage to escape. In retaliation, al-Mu'tasim's successor al-Wathiq launches a campaign against Constantinople, where he installs a Muslim governor. 501: 1177:, the conspiracy rallied the traditional Abbasid elites, dissatisfied with al-Mu'tasim's policies and especially his favouritism towards the Turks. Discontent with the latter grew due to their servile origin, which offended the Abbasid aristocracy. The plotters aimed to kill the Caliph and raise al-Ma'mun's son al-Abbas in his stead. According to al-Tabari, al-Abbas, although privy to these designs, rejected Ujayf's urgent suggestions to kill al-Mu'tasim during the initial stages of the campaign for fear of appearing to undermine the 1216:). Al-Tabari reports other allegations against al-Afshin: that he was plotting to poison al-Mu'tasim; or that he was planning to escape to his native Ushrusana with vast sums of money. According to Kennedy, the very variety of allegations against al-Afshin is grounds for skepticism about their truthfulness, and it is likely that he was framed by his enemies at court. Whatever the truth, these allegations discredited al-Afshin in the eyes of al-Mu'tasim. He was dismissed from his position in the caliphal bodyguard ( 1061: 1268:, some 80 miles (130 km) north of Baghdad, but there were other considerations in play. Founding a new capital was a public statement of the establishment of a new regime. According to Tayeb El-Hibri it allowed the court to exist "at a distance from the populace of Baghdad and protected by a new guard of foreign troops, and amid a new royal culture revolving around sprawling palatial grounds, public spectacle and a seemingly ceaseless quest for leisurely indulgence", an arrangement compared by 1770: 66: 1284:. By creating a new city in a previously uninhabited area, al-Mu'tasim could reward his followers with land and commercial opportunities without cost to himself and free from any constraints, unlike Baghdad with its established interest groups and high property prices. In fact, the sale of land seems to have produced considerable profit for the treasury—in the words of Kennedy, "a sort of gigantic property speculation in which both government and its followers could expect to benefit". 1915: 833:, and his own brother Abu Ishaq. Abu Ishaq's Turkish corps was politically useful to al-Ma'mun, who tried to lessen his own dependence on the mostly eastern Iranian leaders, such as the Tahirids, who had supported him in the civil war, and who now occupied the senior positions in the new regime. In an effort to counterbalance their influence, al-Ma'mun granted formal recognition to his brother and his Turkish corps. For the same reason he placed the Arab tribal levies of the 1142:. A man trained in the traditions of the Abbasid bureaucracy, he was distinguished for his caution and frugality, and tried to shore up the finances of the state. These traits eventually caused his downfall, when he refused to authorize the Caliph's gifts to his courtiers on the grounds that the treasury could not afford it. He was dismissed in 836, and was lucky not to suffer any punishment more severe than being sent into exile to the village of al-Sinn. His replacement, 1079:

who tried to use the tribal Arabs and the Turks to balance out the Iranian troops, al-Mu'tasim relied almost exclusively on his Turks; the historian Tayeb El-Hibri describes al-Mu'tasim's regime as "militaristic and centred on the Turkish corps". The rise of al-Mu'tasim to the caliphate thus heralded a radical change in the nature of Abbasid administration, and the most profound shift the Islamic world had experienced since the dynasty had come to power in the

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while his brother al-Ma'mun had nurtured four excellent servants from the Tahirids, he had raised al-Afshin, who was dead; Ashinas, "a feeble heart and a coward"; Itakh, "who is totally insignificant"; and Wasif, "an unprofitable servant". Ishaq himself then suggested that this was because, while al-Ma'mun had used men with local connections and influence, al-Mu'tasim had used men with no roots in the Muslim community, to which the Caliph sadly assented.

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apparatus of the state was more and more dedicated to the maintenance of the professional army, which was dominated by Turks. The Arab and Iranian elites that had played a major role in the early period of the Abbasid state were increasingly marginalized, and an abortive conspiracy against al-Mu'tasim in favour of al-Abbas in 838 resulted in a widespread purge of their ranks. This strengthened the position of the Turks and their principal leaders,

1792:. Taking the direct route from Amorium to the Cilician Gates, both the Caliph's army and its prisoners suffered during the march through the arid countryside of central Anatolia. Some captives were so exhausted that they could not move and were executed, while others found in the turmoil the opportunity to escape. In retaliation, al-Mu'tasim, after separating the most prominent among them, executed the rest, some 6,000. 1146:, was of a completely different character: a rich merchant, he is described by Kennedy as "a competent financial expert but a callous and brutal man who made many enemies", even among his fellow members of the administration. Nevertheless, and even though his political authority never extended beyond the fiscal domain, he managed to maintain his office to the end of the reign, and under al-Mu'tasim's successor, 1585:. Ishaq swiftly achieved success, and by December 833 had suppressed the rebellion, forcing many Khurramites to seek refuge in the Byzantine Empire. In 835 al-Mu'tasim took action against Babak, assigning his trusted and capable lieutenant, al-Afshin, to command the campaign. After three years of cautious and methodical campaigning, al-Afshin was able to capture Babak at his capital of Budhdh on 26 1796: 1817:. The Abbasids did not follow up on their success. Warfare continued between the two empires with raids and counter-raids along the border, but after a few Byzantine successes a truce was agreed in 841. At the time of his death in 842, al-Mu'tasim was preparing yet another large-scale invasion, but the great fleet he had prepared to assault Constantinople was destroyed in a storm off 2030:. The al-Mu'tasim referenced there is not the Abbasid caliph, though Borges does state, regarding the original, non-fictional al-Mu'tasim from whom the name is taken: "the name of that eighth Abbasid caliph who was victorious in eight battles, fathered eight sons and eight daughters, left eight thousand slaves, and ruled for a period of eight years, eight moons, and eight days". 748:, on the northeastern periphery of the Islamic world, al-Ma'mun allowed his main lieutenants to rule in his stead in Iraq. This resulted in a wave of antipathy towards al-Ma'mun and his "Persian" lieutenants, both among the Abbasid elites in Baghdad and generally in the western regions of the Caliphate, culminating in the nomination of Harun al-Rashid's younger brother 410:). Although not personally interested in literary pursuits, al-Mu'tasim also nurtured the scientific renaissance begun under al-Ma'mun. In other ways, his reign marks a departure and a watershed moment in Islamic history, with the creation of a new regime centred on the military, and particularly his Turkish guard. In 836, a new capital was established at 1600:, whom al-Afshin had appointed as governor of Adharbayjan after the defeat of the Khurramites, rose in revolt, either because he had been involved in financial irregularities, or because he had been a co-conspirator of al-Afshin's. Bugha the Elder marched against him, forcing him to capitulate and receive a safe-passage to Samarra in 840. 992:, launched the first large-scale invasion of Byzantine territory since the start of the Abbasid civil war, and sacked several Byzantine border fortresses. Following his return from Egypt, Abu Ishaq joined al-Ma'mun in his 831 campaign against the Byzantines. After rebuffing Theophilos' offers of peace, the Abbasid army passed through the 1930:, his brothers al-Amin and al-Ma'mun and Ali bin Hisham. She hailed from Medina and was raised in Basra. Described as charming with fair skin, she was praised for her musical talent, particularly her skill in playing instruments, and was known for her exceptional ability as a songwriter and singer. One of his concubines was 1456:. Opposition to Mu'tazilism also provided a vehicle for criticism by those who disliked the new regime and its elites. In the event, the active repression of the traditionalists was unsuccessful, and even proved counterproductive: the beating and imprisonment of one of the most resolute opponents of Mu'tazilism, 1482:

Although al-Mu'tasim's reign was a time of peace in the Caliphate's heartland territories, al-Mu'tasim himself was an energetic campaigner, and according to Kennedy "acquired the reputation of being one of the warrior-caliphs of Islam". With the exception of the Amorium campaign, most of the military

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Whatever the true background of his accession, al-Mu'tasim owed his rise to the throne not only to his strong personality and leadership skills, but principally to the fact that he was the only Abbasid prince to control independent military power, in the form of his Turkish corps. Unlike his brother,

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and other cities in exchange for not attacking them, and defeated several smaller Arab forces. As refugees began arriving at Samarra, the caliphal court was outraged by the brutality and brazenness of the raids; not only had the Byzantines acted in open collusion with the Khurramites, but during the

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autonomy. The three great campaigns of the reign—Amorium, the expedition against the Khurramite rebellion, and that against Mazyar, ruler of Tabaristan—were in part also conscious propaganda exercises, in which al-Mu'tasim could solidify his regime's legitimacy in the eyes of the populace by leading

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family, which had dominated government during the previous decades, in 803 hinted at political instability at the highest levels of the court, while provincial rebellions that were suppressed with difficulty provided warning signals about the dynasty's hold over the empire. Nevertheless, compared to

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Al-Tabari describes al-Mu'tasim as having a relatively easygoing nature, being kind, agreeable and charitable. According to C. E. Bosworth the sources reveal little about al-Mu'tasim's character, other than his lack of sophistication compared with his half-brother. Nevertheless, Bosworth concludes,

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palace in Samarra. The succession of his son, al-Wathiq, was unopposed. Al-Wathiq's reign, through unremarkable, was essentially a continuation of al-Mu'tasim's own, as the government continued to be led by the men al-Mu'tasim had raised to power: the Turks Itakh, Wasif, and Ashinas; the vizier Ibn

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Taking advantage of the Abbasids' preoccupation with the suppression of the Khurramite rebellion, the Byzantine emperor Theophilos had launched attacks on the Muslim frontier zone in the early 830s, and scored several successes. His forces were bolstered by some 14,000 Khurramites who fled into the

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Nevertheless, it seems that al-Mu'tasim was not entirely satisfied with the men he had raised to power. An anecdote dating from his last years, relayed by Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab, recalls how the Caliph, in an intimate exchange with Ishaq, lamented that he had made poor choices in this regard:

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disappeared from the court, and minor members of the Abbasid family ceased to be appointed to governorships or senior military positions. The reforms of al-Mu'tasim completed this process, resulting in the eclipse of the previous Arab and Iranian elites, both in Baghdad and the provinces, in favour

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had made no official provisions for his succession. His son, al-Abbas, was old enough to rule and had acquired experience of command in the border wars with the Byzantines, but had not been named heir. According to the account of al-Tabari, on his deathbed al-Ma'mun dictated a letter nominating his

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of the country. The rebels were confronted by the Turks, led by al-Afshin. Al-Afshin conducted a systematic campaign, winning a string of victories and engaging in large-scale executions: many male Copts were executed and their women and children sold into slavery, while the old Arab elites who had

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from the historical record. Correspondingly they must have increased the standing of the Turks and their chief commanders, particularly Ashinas: in 839, his daughter, Utranja, married the son of al-Afshin, and in 840, al-Mu'tasim appointed him as his deputy during his absence from Samarra. When he

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The one major exception to this process were the Tahirids, who remained in place as autonomous governors of their Khurasani super-province, encompassing most of the eastern Caliphate. The Tahirids provided the governor of Baghdad, and helped to keep the city, a focus of opposition under al-Ma'mun,

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rulers. This private force was small—it probably numbered between three and four thousand at the time of his accession to the throne—but it was highly trained and disciplined, and made Abu Ishaq a man of power in his own right, as al-Ma'mun increasingly turned to him for assistance. For the first

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The nature and identity of the "Turkish slave soldiers", as they are commonly described, is a controversial subject; both the ethnic label and the slave status of its members are disputed. Although the bulk of the corps were clearly of servile origin, being either captured in war or purchased as

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to symbolize this new regime and remove it from the restive populace of Baghdad. The power of the caliphal government was increased by centralizing measures that reduced the power of provincial governors in favour of a small group of senior civil and military officials in Samarra, and the fiscal

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in 848–852) and palaces, built in grand style by both the caliphs and their senior commanders, who were given extensive properties to develop. Unlike Baghdad, the new capital was an entirely artificial creation. Poorly sited in terms of water supply and river communications, its existence was

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August. Al-Afshin, Itakh, and Ashinas all took turns assaulting the city with their troops, but the siege was fiercely contested, even after the Abbasids, informed by a defector, effected a breach in a weak spot of the wall. After two weeks, taking advantage of a short truce for negotiations

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and imprisoning the local Abbasid governor. Al-Mu'tasim confirmed him in his post on his accession, but trouble soon began when Mazyar refused to accept his subordination to the Tahirid viceroy of the east, Abdallah ibn Tahir, instead insisting on paying the taxes of his region directly to

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Al-Mu'tasim's reign represents a watershed moment in the history of the Abbasid state, and had long-lasting repercussions in Islamic history. Al-Mu'tasim's military reforms marked "the moment when the Arabs lost control of the empire they created", according to Kennedy, while according to

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The Turkish army was at first quartered in Baghdad, but quickly came into conflict with the remnants of the old Abbasid establishment in the city and the city's populace. The latter resented their loss of influence and career opportunities to the foreign troops, who were furthermore often

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determined solely by the presence of the caliphal court, and when the capital returned to Baghdad, sixty years later, Samarra was rapidly abandoned. Due to this, the ruins of the Abbasid capital are still extant, and the city can be mapped with great accuracy by modern archaeologists.

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was built over time from a foundation of 8th-century translations and adaptations of Persian and Indian material. Many of the stories added during the Abbasid period take place in Baghdad; among them is a cycle of stories around Harun al-Rashid, where he is presented as an exemplary

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The Caliph took personal charge of preparations for a retaliatory expedition, as the campaigns against Byzantium were customarily the only ones in which caliphs participated in person. Al-Mu'tasim assembled a huge force—80,000 men with 30,000 servants and camp followers according to

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Space and life in the new capital were strictly regimented: residential areas were separated from the markets, and the military was given its own cantonments, separated from the ordinary populace and each the home of a specific ethnic contingent of the army (such as the Turks or the

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ruthlessness". Al-Abbas was forced to die of thirst, while his male offspring were arrested, and likely executed, by Itakh. The other leaders of the conspiracy were likewise executed in ingeniously cruel ways, which were widely publicized as a deterrent to others. According to the

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More immediately, although al-Mu'tasim's new professional army proved militarily highly effective, it also posed a potential danger to the stability of the Abbasid regime, as the army's separation from mainstream society meant that the soldiers were entirely reliant on the

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as anti-caliph at Baghdad in 817. This event made al-Ma'mun realise his inability to rule from afar; bowing to popular reaction, he dismissed or executed his closest lieutenants, and returned in person to Baghdad in 819 to begin the difficult task of rebuilding the state.

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branches of the Alids, continued to reject the Abbasids as usurpers. Thereafter, periods of conciliatory efforts alternated with periods of suppression by the caliphs, provoking Alid uprisings which were followed in turn by large-scale persecutions of the Alids and their

1649:, who also revealed to the Tahirids the correspondence between Mazyar and al-Afshin. Quhyar then succeeded his brother as a Tahirid appointee, while Mazyar was taken captive to Samarra. Like Babak, he was paraded before the populace, and then flogged to death, on 6 1119:, was "always one of al-Mu'tasim's closest advisers and confidants". Apart from the Turkish military and the Tahirids, al-Mu'tasim's administration depended on the central fiscal bureaucracy. As the main source of revenue was the rich lands of southern Iraq (the 476:, who had clashed with the Tahirid governor of Khorasan and risen up in revolt. While his generals led the fight against internal rebellions, al-Mu'tasim himself led the sole major external campaign of the period, in 838 against the Byzantine Empire. His armies 2178:

The Arabic sources report anecdotal and widely diverging stories about al-Ma'mun's final illness, including a few that claim that he was poisoned by Abu Ishaq, or that his illness was the result of an "unnecessary surgery performed by a physician acting on

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and ascetics at court secured the benevolence of the religious classes towards the dynasty, while the funds lavished on poets guaranteed its lasting fame; the splendour of the caliphal court provided the inspiration for some of the earliest stories of the

1019:, a success that consolidated Abbasid control of both exits of the Cilician Gates. So encouraged was al-Ma'mun by this victory that he repeatedly rejected Theophilos' ever more generous offers for peace, and publicly announced that he intended to capture 1309:

As a military man, al-Mu'tasim's outlook was utilitarian, and his intellectual pursuits could not be compared with those of al-Ma'mun or his successor al-Wathiq, but he continued his brother's policy of promoting writers and scholars. Baghdad remained a

1712:. In 837, Theophilos, urged by the increasingly hard-pressed Babak, launched a major campaign into the Muslim frontier lands. He led a large army, reportedly numbering over 70,000 men, in an almost unopposed invasion of the region around the upper 1012:

ruled the country since the Muslim conquest of Egypt in the 640s were practically annihilated. In early 832, al-Ma'mun came to Egypt, and soon after the last elements of resistance, the Copts of the coastal marshes of the Nile Delta, were subdued.

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itself. Consequently, al-Abbas was dispatched in May to convert the deserted town of Tyana into a military colony and prepare the ground for the westward advance. Al-Ma'mun followed in July, but he suddenly fell ill and died on 7 August 833.

2165:) as a reward for their support of al-Ma'mun. These positions became hereditary in the family, marking the start of the rise of the autonomous Samanid dynasty, which by the end of the century controlled all of Khurasan and large swathes of 1447:

Thus Mu'tazilism became closely identified with the new regime of al-Mu'tasim. Adherence to Mu'tazilism was transformed into an intensely political issue, since to question it was to oppose the authority of the Caliph as the God-sanctioned

958:) with the Byzantine Empire passed to al-Abbas. Ibn Tahir had just brought Egypt back under caliphal authority and pacified it after the tumult of the civil war, but the situation remained volatile. When Abu Ishaq's deputy in Egypt, 1745:, the birthplace of the reigning Byzantine dynasty. The Caliph reportedly had the name painted on the shields and banners of his army. The campaign began in June, with a smaller force under al-Afshin attacking through the Pass of 1628:

Tension mounted as the Tahirids encouraged the local Muslims to resist Mazyar, forcing the latter to adopt an increasingly confrontational stance against the Muslim settlers and turn for support on the native Iranian, and mostly

2037:, his lifespan was eight and forty years, that he died leaving eight sons and eight daughters, and that he reigned for eight years and eight months", and reflects the widespread reference to al-Mu'tasim in Arabic sources as 1615:

in the eastern and the Qarinids in the central and western mountain ranges—who retained their autonomy in exchange for paying a tribute to the Caliphate. With the support of al-Ma'mun, Mazyar had established himself as the

1534:. After a seven-month campaign, Ujayf was successful in encircling the Zutt and forcing them to surrender. He made a triumphal entry into Baghdad in January 835 with numerous captives. Many of the Zutt were then sent to 1483:

expeditions of al-Mu'tasim's reign were domestic, directed against rebels in areas that, although nominally part of the Caliphate, had remained outside effective Muslim rule and where native peoples and princes retained

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leader who had raided the pilgrim caravans. He also led the pilgrimage the following year, but no details are known. It appears that at least during this time, Abu Ishaq was loyal to al-Ma'mun and his viceroy in Iraq,

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of the Turkish military, and an increasing centralization of administration around the caliphal court. A characteristic example is Egypt, where the Arab settler families still nominally formed the country's garrison (

2100:—whose regime was widely regarded as oppressive and more concerned with the worldly aspects of the caliphate than the teachings of Islam—inspired by the belief that only a "chosen one from the Family of Muhammad" ( 1761:

July, barely escaping with his life. Unable to offer any effective resistance to the Abbasid advance, the Emperor returned to Constantinople. A week later, al-Afshin and the main caliphal army joined forces before

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between Ali and his opponents. Mu'tazilism was officially adopted by al-Ma'mun in 827, and in 833, shortly before his death, al-Ma'mun made its doctrines compulsory, with the establishment of an inquisition, the

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was originally a cook) whom he trained in the art of war, but they were soon complemented by Turkish slaves sent directly from the fringes of the Muslim world in Central Asia, under an agreement with the local

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for survival. Consequently, any failure to provide their pay, or policies that threatened their position, were likely to cause a violent reaction. This became evident less than a generation later, during the

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al-Mu'tasim's agent. According to al-Tabari, the Qarinid's intransigence had been secretly encouraged by al-Afshin, who hoped to discredit the Tahirids and assume their vast governorship in the east himself.

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by his subjects in Ushrusana. Despite putting up an able and eloquent defence, al-Afshin was found guilty and thrown into prison. He died soon after, either of starvation or of poison. His body was publicly

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September 840. While the autonomy of the local dynasties was maintained in the aftermath of the revolt, the event marked the onset of the country's rapid Islamization, including among the native dynasties.

1083:. While the latter had been backed by a mass popular movement seeking to enact social reforms, al-Mu'tasim's revolution was essentially the project of a small ruling elite aiming to secure its own power. 1837:

October 841. His regular physician, Salmawayh ibn Bunan, whom the Caliph had trusted implicitly, had died the previous year. His new physician, Yahya ibn Masawayh, did not follow the normal treatment of

1541: 1123:) and neighbouring areas, the administration was staffed mostly with men drawn from these regions. The new caliphal bureaucratic class that emerged under al-Mu'tasim waw thus mostly Persian or 2200:, grumbling during the siege of Amorium about being humbled by Ashinas, "this slave, the son of a whore", and that they would rather defect to the Byzantines than continue to serve under him. 635:

with Europe and Africa passed through the caliphate, with Baghdad at their nexus, bringing immense prosperity. The revenues of the provinces kept the treasury full, allowing Harun to launch

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and Hawf regions revolted. In 830, Umayr tried to forcibly subdue the rebels, but was ambushed and killed along with many of his troops. With the government troops confined to the capital,

925:, in later years one of the chief Turkish leaders, received his name when he placed himself between a Kharijite lancer about to attack the future caliph, shouting, "Recognize me!" (in 7002: 1224:

was held at the palace, where he was confronted with several witnesses, including Mazyar. Al-Afshin was accused, among other things, of being a false Muslim, and of being accorded

4384: 1452:. While Mu'tazilism found broad support, it was also passionately opposed by traditionalists, who held that the Quran's authority was absolute and unalterable as the literal 1261:

undisciplined and violent, spoke no Arabic, and were either recent converts to Islam or still pagans. Violent episodes between the populace and the Turks thus became common.

363:, who employed al-Mu'tasim and his Turkish guard to counterbalance other powerful interest groups in the state, as well as employing them in campaigns against rebels and the 1181:. In the event, Ashinas grew suspicious of al-Farhgani and Ibn Hisham, and the plot was soon uncovered. Al-Abbas was imprisoned, and the Turkish leaders Ashinas, Itakh, and 996:

and divided into three columns, with the Caliph, his son al-Abbas, and Abu Ishaq at their head. The Abbasids seized and destroyed several minor forts as well as the town of

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offered the funeral prayer and she was buried in the Friday Mosque. Another concubine was Qurrat al-Ayn. A cultured and refined lady, she was a favourite of al-Mu'tasim.

4486:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIII: Storm and Stress Along the Northern Frontiers of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Muʿtasim, A.D. 833–842/A.H. 218–227

2033:

While not strictly accurate, Borges' quote paraphrases al-Tabari, who notes that he was "born in the eighth month, was the eighth caliph, in the eighth generation from

6753: 1753:

June. Theophilos, who had been caught unaware by the two-pronged Abbasid attack, tried to confront al-Afshin's smaller force first, but suffered a major defeat at the

1460:, in 834, only helped to spread his fame. By the time al-Mutawakkil abandoned Mu'tazilism and returned to traditional orthodoxy in 848, the strict and conservative 1495:

broke out in Khurasan in early 834, but was swiftly defeated and Muhammad brought as a prisoner to the Caliph's court. He managed to escape during the night of 8/9

6883: 2112:

and create a truly Islamic government that would bring justice to the Muslim community. However, it was the Abbasid family, who like the Alids formed part of the

1729:

sack of Zibatra all male prisoners were executed and the rest of the population sold into slavery, and some captive women were raped by Theophilos' Khurramites.

6935: 6763: 1097:) and thus continued to receive a salary from the local revenues. Al-Mu'tasim discontinued the practice, removing the Arab families from the army registers ( 704:

As one of Harun's younger sons, Abu Ishaq was initially of little consequence, and did not figure in the line of succession. Soon after Harun died in 809, a

1185:

undertook to discover and arrest the other conspirators. The affair was the signal for a large-scale purge of the army that Kennedy describes as "of almost

6682: 796:, Abu Ishaq began forming his corps of Turkish troops. The first members of the corps were domestic slaves he bought in Baghdad (the distinguished general 6758: 364: 1233:

in front of the palace gates, burned, and thrown in the Tigris. Once more, the affair enhanced the standing of the Turkish leadership, and particularly

367:. When al-Ma'mun died unexpectedly on campaign in August 833, al-Mu'tasim was thus well placed to succeed him, overriding the claims of al-Ma'mun's son 492:. The Amorium campaign was widely celebrated, and became a cornerstone of caliphal propaganda, cementing al-Mu'tasim's reputation as a warrior-caliph. 6940: 5309: 2120:. In its aftermath, the Abbasids tried to secure Alid support or at least acquiescence through salaries and honours at court, but some, chiefly the 439:, fell afoul of his enemies at court and was overthrown and killed in 840/1. The rise of the Turks would eventually result in the troubles of the ' 6796: 2034: 6304: 6200: 5479: 4953:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248

1003:

Soon after Abu Ishaq's departure from Egypt, the revolt flared up again, this time encompassing both the Arab settlers and the native Christian

688:

comments, this "would have been most improbable for an Abbasid prince", and most likely reflects his lack of interest in intellectual pursuits.

5714: 1607:

ruler of Tabaristan. Tabaristan had been subjected to Abbasid authority in 760, but Muslim presence was limited to the coastal lowlands of the

4298:

The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 35: The Crisis of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphates of al-Mustaʿīn and al-Muʿtazz A.D. 862-869/A.H. 248-255

5679: 5642: 5209: 5151: 5127: 5052: 4961: 4876: 4802: 4776: 4682: 4658: 4568: 4545: 4494: 4470: 4446: 4333: 4305: 4268: 4204: 1633:, peasantry, whom he encouraged to attack the Muslim landowners. Open conflict erupted in 838, when his troops seized the cities of Amul and 1311: 6997: 5892: 636: 4261:

The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 34: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil, and al-Muntaṣir A.D. 841-863/A.H. 227-248

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213

875:, a view reinforced by the fact that they were paid cash salaries. Although members of the corps are collectively called simply "Turks", 4940: 1657:

Near the end of al-Mu'tasim's life there were a series of uprisings in the Syrian provinces, including the revolt by Abu Harb, known as

1015:

Later in the same year, al-Ma'mun repeated his invasion of the Byzantine borderlands, capturing the strategically important fortress of

761: 6945: 5914: 4635: 1708:

Empire, became baptized and enrolled in the Byzantine army under the command of their leader Nasr, better known by his Christian name

1642: 1339: 1169:

grew over time, especially in the aftermath of an abortive plot against him discovered in 838, during the Amorium campaign. Headed by

1000:, while al-Abbas won a minor skirmish against a Byzantine army led by Theophilos in person, before withdrawing to Syria in September. 6018: 4509: 4376: 5707: 5088: 4997: 4852: 4828: 4741: 4718: 5854: 879:, in the sources, prominent early members were neither Turks nor slaves, but rather Iranian vassal princes from Central Asia like 456:

Al-Mu'tasim's reign was marked by continuous warfare. The two major internal campaigns of the reign were against the long-running

7007: 6110: 1112: 970:, Abu Ishaq intervened in person, at the head of his 4,000 Turks. The rebels were soundly defeated and their leaders executed. 4583: 2088:

The relationship between the Abbasids and the Alids was troubled and underwent many changes. The Alids, claiming descent from

741: 5161: 524: 2012: 813:, the main political and military pillar of the early Abbasid state, had been much reduced by the civil war. Along with the 1638: 6925: 6560: 5302: 5169: 1938:. She died on 16 August 842 in Kufa, and was buried in the palace of Abbasid prince, Dawud ibn Isa. Another concubine was 1492: 1354: 949: 973:

In July–September 830, al-Ma'mun, encouraged by perceived Byzantine weakness and suspicious of collusion between Emperor

7012: 5839: 4760: 517: 6930: 666: 5844: 5189: 2192:

and the Iranian elements of the Abbasid elite is conveyed by al-Tabari, who reports two of the leading conspirators,

1980: 202: 2197: 611:

the strife and division that followed in the decades after Harun's death, the Abbasid empire was living through its

6701: 6120: 5438: 5080: 4989: 4710: 4601: 4531: 1503:

festivities, and was never heard of again. In June/July of the same year, Ujayf ibn 'Anbasa was sent to subdue the

1315: 1289: 1135: 756:

Throughout the conflict and its aftermath, Abu Ishaq remained in Baghdad. Al-Tabari records that Abu Ishaq led the

6115: 4518: 4380: 1577:

of Baghdad and Samarra, Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab, to deal with an expansion of the Khurramite rebellion from

1103:) and ordering that the revenues of Egypt be sent to the central government, which would then pay a cash salary ( 842: 368: 6486: 6482: 6360: 5295: 5197: 1876: 1008: 937: 910: 1813:(warrior for the faith), and was celebrated by contemporaries, most notably in a famous ode by the court poet 1170: 7022: 4651:

The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries

4561:

The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries

5617: 5602: 5318: 5265: 1293: 1199:

As the historian Matthew Gordon points out, these events are probably connected to the disappearance of the

696: 4732:

The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E.)

4328:. Harvard Middle Eastern monographs. Center for Middle Eastern Studies of Harvard University. p. 139. 7017: 6439: 6135: 5627: 1822: 1435:

in the western provinces; this continued after his accession. The chief advocate of Mu'tazilism, the head

1143: 818: 648: 505: 1386:

Ideologically, al-Mu'tasim followed the footsteps of al-Ma'mun, continuing his predecessor's support for

6992: 6444: 6434: 5849: 5577: 5524: 1345:, became court physician to al-Mu'tasim, while another prominent Nestorian physician, Salmawayh's rival 599: 6105: 1855: 1769: 65: 917:, north of Baghdad. According to a most likely fanciful story provided by the 10th-century chronicler 341:(r. 786–809), he rose to prominence through his formation of a private army composed predominantly of 5647: 5371: 2193: 1688: 1516: 1277: 1128: 974: 749: 481: 4797:. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–15. 6987: 6982: 6125: 1846:. According to Hunayn ibn Ishaq this worsened the caliph's illness and brought about his death on 5 1597: 1593:

3 January 838, he was paraded before the people seated on an elephant, and then publicly executed.

1441: 1407: 1335: 1060: 395: 56: 2116:

clan and hence were members of the wider "Family of the Prophet", who seized the Caliphate in the

1926:

One of al-Mu'tasim's wives was Badhal. She had been formerly a concubine of his cousin Ja'far bin

1867:

he was a proficient military commander who secured the caliphate both politically and militarily.

6955: 6251: 5986: 5810: 4914: 4868:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

4522: 2117: 1939: 1889: 1734: 1139: 1080: 959: 830: 572: 440: 268: 175: 6216: 1918:

Family tree of the descendants of al-Mu'tasim. Al-Mu'tasim was the forefather of all subsequent

905:

In 819 Abu Ishaq, accompanied by his Turkish guard and other commanders, was sent to suppress a

1683: 1611:

and their cities. The mountainous areas remained under native rulers—chief among whom were the

6266: 6226: 6193: 5767: 5730: 5672: 5662: 5632: 5269: 5205: 5193: 5177: 5147: 5123: 5106: 5084: 5048: 5026: 5018: 4993: 4975: 4957: 4936: 4906: 4872: 4848: 4824: 4798: 4793:. In Ashtiany, Julia; Johnstone, T. M.; Latham, J. D.; Serjeant, R. B.; Smith, G. Rex (eds.). 4772: 4737: 4714: 4696: 4678: 4654: 4646: 4631: 4623: 4611: 4564: 4556: 4541: 4490: 4466: 4442: 4329: 4301: 4264: 4200: 3542: 2097: 2021: 1754: 1692: 1637:, took the Muslim settlers prisoner, and executed many of them. In return, the Tahirids under 1319: 1314:

throughout his reign. Among the notable scholars active during his reign were the astronomers

1192: 774: 603: 509: 453:-based system inaugurated by al-Mu'tasim would be widely adopted throughout the Muslim world. 334: 184: 88: 5066: 4956:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 4816: 4489:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 4465:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 1717: 1603:

The second major domestic campaign of the reign began in 838, against Mazyar, the autonomous

6860: 6570: 6456: 6375: 6324: 6028: 5652: 5592: 5541: 5499: 5137: 5014: 4971: 4898: 4790: 3532: 3524: 2062: 1851: 1775: 1568: 1457: 1342: 989: 926: 809:

The long civil war shattered the social and political order of the early Abbasid state; the

640: 461: 1444:, was perhaps the dominant influence at the caliphal court throughout al-Mu'tasim's reign. 1111:

quiescent. The post was held throughout al-Mu'tasim's reign by Abdallah ibn Tahir's cousin

1036:

brother, rather than al-Abbas, as his successor, and Abu Ishaq was acclaimed as caliph on 9

768:

and was on his way there. During his stay in Mecca, his troops defeated and captured a pro-

6950: 6246: 6236: 6231: 6023: 5969: 5956: 5882: 5827: 5622: 5607: 5597: 5567: 5360: 5227: 5070: 4979: 4926: 4886: 4862: 4838: 4812: 4786: 4756: 4700: 4692: 1919: 1843: 1839: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1678: 1674: 1573: 1431:. During his brother's reign, al-Mu'tasim played an active role in the enforcement of the 1265: 1254: 1182: 685: 576: 561: 556:

180 (October 796 CE), or in AH 179 (Spring 796 CE or earlier). His parents were the fifth

485: 477: 428: 411: 338: 297: 291: 258: 248: 231: 149: 52: 6451: 5534: 4437:(1994). "The Military Reforms of Caliph al-Mu'tasim: Their Background and Consequences". 1749:

in the east, while the Caliph with the main army crossed the Cilician Gates from 19 to 21

598:

The young prince's early life coincided with what, in the judgment of posterity, was the

31: 4674:

Light from the East: How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World

4441:. Variorum Collected Studies Series. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 1–39. 4263:. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. p. 190. 1821:

a few months later. Following al-Mu'tasim's death, warfare gradually died down, and the

1589:

August 837, extinguishing the rebellion. Babak was brought captive to Samarra, where, on

6840: 6804: 6687: 6610: 6590: 6523: 6256: 6140: 6059: 6049: 6013: 5996: 5919: 5637: 5529: 5469: 5422: 5417: 5402: 5062: 4730: 4596: 4592: 4526: 4514: 4480: 4456: 3537: 3512: 2146: 1946:, and was related to Musa ibn Bugha the Elder. She was the mother of the future caliph 1914: 1387: 1234: 1116: 1071: 1020: 993: 680: 557: 530: 420: 399: 374:

Al-Mu'tasim continued many of his brother's policies, such as the partnership with the

342: 5699: 1850:

January 842, after a reign of eight years, eight months and two days according to the

500: 6976: 6850: 6835: 6743: 6672: 6657: 6600: 6580: 6548: 6370: 6319: 6282: 6241: 6001: 5981: 5494: 5407: 5392: 5173: 5098: 4918: 4768: 4588: 4578: 4504: 2125: 2058: 1974: 1947: 1902: 1738: 1297: 1225: 941: 732: 197: 5009: 612: 6845: 6595: 6419: 6380: 6355: 6314: 6221: 5904: 5667: 5657: 5612: 5509: 5489: 4434: 1872: 1420:, they avoided taking a position on the righteousness of the opposing sides in the 1346: 1264:

This was a major factor in al-Mu'tasim's decision in 836 to found a new capital at

1249: 914: 705: 643:

and engage in vigorous diplomacy, his envoys arriving even at the distant court of

632: 616: 553: 538: 444: 132: 5909: 5377: 5258: 4932:

When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty

1897: 1173:, a long-serving Khurasani who had followed al-Ma'mun since the civil war against 1032: 806:

time, special military uniforms were introduced for this praetorian Turkic guard.

720: 615:. Harun still ruled directly over the bulk of the Islamic world of his time, from 360: 278: 106: 5141: 5074: 5042: 4983: 4951: 4930: 4866: 4842: 4704: 4672: 4484: 4460: 1292:

regiment). The city was dominated by its mosques (most famous among which is the

730:). Al-Amin enjoyed the backing of the traditional Abbasid elites in Baghdad (the 6893: 6261: 6100: 6080: 6054: 5991: 5772: 5587: 5582: 5464: 5459: 5432: 5397: 5249: 4668: 2166: 2113: 1951: 1630: 1608: 1564: 1560: 1500: 1471: 1421: 1269: 1087: 1041: 647:. This wealth also allowed considerable patronage: charitable endowments to the 644: 465: 5202:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VI: Morocco–Ruzzik

5047:. Translated by Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone. London and New York: Routledge. 1795: 849:

slaves, in the Arabic historical sources they are never referred to as slaves (

6855: 6828: 6617: 6424: 6414: 6350: 6329: 6309: 6183: 6095: 6064: 6006: 5815: 5779: 5572: 5514: 5504: 5484: 5454: 5427: 5412: 5076:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs

4985:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs

4764: 4706:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs

3528: 2210: 1814: 1783:

From Ancyra, the Abbasid army turned to Amorium, to which they laid siege on 1

1721: 1709: 1696: 1658: 1634: 1551: 1453: 1399: 1395: 1350: 1221: 1205: 985: 963: 893: 781:

of Baghdad, he supported his half-uncle Ibrahim against al-Ma'mun in 817–819.

628: 550: 473: 457: 70: 5181: 5110: 5030: 4910: 4902: 4615: 1807:

The sack of Amorium brought al-Mu'tasim much acclaim as a warrior-caliph and

1196:, about seventy commanders and soldiers were executed, including some Turks. 1127:

in origin, with a large proportion of newly converted Muslims and even a few

6823: 6605: 6585: 6575: 6528: 6365: 5976: 5887: 5834: 5822: 5387: 5345: 5340: 5279: 5103:

Introduction to the History of Science, Volume I. From Homer to Omar Khayyam

5038: 2213:: Harun al-Wathiq, Ja'far al-Mutawakkil, Muhammad, Ahmad, Ali, and Abdallah. 2150: 2026: 2017: 1967: 1935: 1789: 1713: 1612: 1535: 1358: 1281: 1147: 1124: 918: 906: 884: 880: 760:

pilgrimage in 816, accompanied by many troops and officials, among whom was

740:. Al-Ma'mun emerged victorious in 813 with the surrender of Baghdad after a 584: 546: 436: 432: 192: 116: 5176:. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales. 944:

in place of Abdallah ibn Tahir, who departed to assume the governorship of

4844:

The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State

3546: 2096:, had been the focal point of several failed revolts directed against the 17: 6818: 6722: 6543: 6518: 6429: 6188: 6085: 6033: 5872: 5519: 5474: 5444: 5350: 2154: 2089: 2003: 1943: 1687:

Map of the Byzantine and Abbasid campaigns in the years 837–838, showing

1512: 1327: 1323: 1007:

under the leadership of Ibn Ubaydus, a descendant of one of the original

945: 826: 745: 607: 379: 375: 1773:

Byzantine envoys before al-Mu'tasim (seated, right), miniature from the

431:. Another prominent member of al-Mu'tasim's inner circle, the prince of 6748: 6677: 6345: 6178: 6090: 5899: 5877: 5449: 5365: 5355: 5330: 1973:

Abu al-Fadl Ja'far ibn Muhammad al-Mu'tasim, better known by his laqab

1931: 1927: 1742: 1725: 1700: 1662: 1604: 1582: 1461: 1391: 1174: 954: 922: 872: 867: 834: 822: 817:, the old Arab families settled in the provinces since the time of the 802: 709: 624: 592: 542: 513: 489: 416: 383: 348: 243: 171: 136: 74: 4300:. Bibliotheca Persica. State University of New York Press. p. 2. 1390:, a theological doctrine that attempted to tread a middle way between 1372: 6878: 6727: 6696: 6130: 5553: 5326: 2109: 1893: 1763: 1746: 1646: 1546: 1416:

to interpret according to the changing circumstances. While revering

1230: 1209: 1186: 1066: 1016: 967: 861: 851: 838: 656: 469: 84: 2104:) would have the divine guidance necessary to rule according to the 2010:

The name al-Mu'tasim is used for a fictional character in the story

5168:. Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.: 5120:

Arab Dress, A Short History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times

4439:

Islam and the Abode of War: Military Slaves and Islamic Adversaries

1559:

The first major campaign of the new reign was directed against the

1086:

Already under al-Ma'mun, old-established Arab families such as the

508:

during the 7th and 8th centuries and of the Muslim world under the

6808: 6717: 6691: 6667: 6662: 6622: 6565: 6553: 6538: 6533: 6156: 5923: 5692:

indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only

5557: 5287: 2162: 2158: 2121: 2105: 1964: 1950:. She died on 19 June 861 in al-Ja'fariyyah. Her grandson, caliph 1913: 1825:

in 844 was the last major Arab–Byzantine engagement for a decade.

1768: 1682: 1578: 1540: 1531: 1527: 1519:. The Zutt had been in rebellion against caliphal authority since 1508: 1427: 1403: 1378: 1371: 1273: 1248: 1178: 1120: 1099: 1059: 1004: 997: 797: 765: 744:

and the death of al-Amin. Choosing to remain in his stronghold in

695: 660: 652: 499: 424: 405: 386:

on behalf of the Abbasids. With the support of the powerful chief

337:, ruling from 833 until his death in 842. A younger son of Caliph 305: 281: 4821:

The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

2065:) on his accession, and 46 years and ten months old when he died. 1661:

or "the Veiled One", which brought to the fore the lingering pro-

1134:

On his accession, al-Mu'tasim appointed as his chief minister or

6813: 2001:

Al-Mu'tasim is featured in the medieval Arabic and Turkish epic

1621: 1504: 1466: 1437: 1412: 1093: 825:" who commanded their own military retinues. These included the 769: 757: 620: 588: 398:, he continued to implement the rationalist Islamic doctrine of 389: 6914: 6784: 6639: 6507: 5745: 5703: 5291: 1963:

Abu Jaʿfar Harun ibn Muhammad al-Mu'tasim, better known by his

1934:, a Greek, and the mother of his eldest son, the future caliph 1724:, ravaged and plundered the countryside, extracted ransom from 1357:

was listed as being present in al-Mu'tasim's court, along with

595:, and she is usually considered to have been of Turkic origin. 5166:

Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La dynastie d'Amorium (820–867)

4230: 4228: 4197:

The Slave Girls of Baghdad: The Qiyan in the Early Abbasid Era

3513:"Pharmacy in medieval islam and the history of drug addiction" 2560: 2558: 2093: 1417: 402:

and the persecution of its opponents through the inquisition (

4351:

Arab Women in the Middle Ages: Private Lives and Public Roles

2677: 2675: 4889:(2004b). "The Decline and Fall of the First Muslim Empire". 2776: 2774: 1538:

on the Byzantine frontier, to fight against the Byzantines.

1208:, where he allegedly encouraged the local autonomous ruler, 545:, but the exact date is unclear: according to the historian 468:, which was suppressed by al-Afshin in 835–837, and against 4653:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 269–304. 4563:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 506–540. 3782: 3780: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3582: 3580: 1620:

ruler of all Tabaristan, even capturing the Muslim city of

1464:

school had emerged as the leading school of jurisprudence (

1326:, and the distinguished Arab mathematician and philosopher 5118:

Stillman, Yedida Kalfon (2003). Norman A. Stillman (ed.).

4645:

El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). "The empire in Iraq, 763–861". In

3347: 3345: 3343: 3058: 3056: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2626: 2624: 2611: 2609: 2446: 2444: 2442: 736:), while al-Ma'mun was supported by other sections of the 4823:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85. 3234: 3232: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 1237:, who now received al-Afshin's revenues and possessions. 764:, who had just been appointed to the governorship of the 549:(839–923), his birth was placed by authorities either in 4736:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 3434: 3432: 1398:

approach espoused by the Alids and the various sects of

887:, who were followed by their personal retinues (Persian 4817:"Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868" 4753:

Consorts of the Caliphs: Women and the Court of Baghdad

3183: 3181: 3179: 2839: 2837: 2461: 2459: 2061:, he was 38 years and two months old (according to the 1645:

invaded Tabaristan. Mazyar was betrayed by his brother

443:' and lead to the collapse of Abbasid power in the mid- 5122:(Revised Second ed.). Leiden and Boston: Brill. 1766:, which had been left defenceless and was plundered. 936:

In 828, al-Ma'mun appointed Abu Ishaq as governor of

1879:

that ruled Egypt and Syria in the late Middle Ages.

1410:

and hence fell within the authority of a God-guided

448: 403: 387: 354: 346: 304:; October 796 – 5 January 842), better known by his 34:, the last Abbasid caliph in Baghdad (r. 1242–1258). 6871: 6795: 6736: 6710: 6650: 6471: 6407: 6393: 6338: 6297: 6279: 6209: 6171: 6153: 6073: 6042: 5955: 5938: 5865: 5803: 5788: 5756: 5552: 5325: 5146:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 4791:"The ʿAbbasid Caliphate: A Historical Introduction" 1334:to his patron al-Mu'tasim. The Nestorian physician 700:

A gold dinar of al-Ma'mun, minted in Egypt in 830/1

274: 264: 254: 242: 224: 183: 165: 155: 142: 126: 122: 112: 102: 94: 82: 41: 5008: 4729: 4582: 4508: 537:Muhammad, the future al-Mu'tasim, was born in the 359:). This proved useful to his half-brother, Caliph 5105:. Baltimore: Carnegie Institution of Washington. 2057:According to the 10th-century Baghdadi historian 1338:, a patron of the fellow Nestorian physician and 678:As an adult, Muhammad was commonly called by his 4630:. Makers of the Muslim world. Oxford: Oneworld. 1833:Al-Tabari states that al-Mu'tasim fell ill on 21 1131:, who came from landowner or merchant families. 777:, but, like most members of the dynasty and the 2149:were awarded rule over cities in Central Asia ( 1737:, or even larger according to other writers—at 1507:. These were people who had been brought from 5715: 5303: 4319: 4317: 8: 1526:, and had frequently raided the environs of 312: 4935:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. 4283: 3687: 1992:Aisha bint Muhammad al-Mu'tasim, a poetess. 627:in the west. Lively trade networks linking 318: 6911: 6792: 6781: 6647: 6636: 6504: 6404: 6294: 6168: 5952: 5800: 5753: 5742: 5722: 5708: 5700: 5310: 5296: 5288: 5218: 5194:"al-Muʿtaṣim bi 'llāh, Abū Isḥāḳ Muḥammad" 4602:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4532:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4077:, pp. 175–176, 192–193, 198–204, 284. 3846: 3810: 3723: 1695:and al-Mu'tasim's retaliatory invasion of 708:broke out between his elder half-brothers 38: 7003:Abbasid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 4610:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 233–239. 4324:al-Zubayr, A.R.I.; Qaddūmī, G.Ḥ. (1996). 4038: 4002: 3966: 3942: 3918: 3906: 3536: 3011: 2939: 2915: 2903: 2879: 2855: 4417: 4405: 4296:al-Ṭabarī, A.J.M.J.; Saliba, G. (1985). 4182: 4170: 4134: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4026: 4014: 3990: 3978: 3954: 3930: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3834: 3822: 3798: 3786: 3771: 3735: 3711: 3699: 3675: 3663: 3639: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3571: 3559: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3310: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3062: 3047: 3035: 3023: 2987: 2963: 2951: 2927: 2867: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2729: 2710: 2666: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2615: 2588: 2564: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2450: 2421: 2397: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2260: 2248: 1794: 1402:. Mu'tazilis espoused the view that the 4771:. New York: New York University Press. 4219: 4146: 4122: 4110: 3747: 3651: 3411: 3399: 3334: 3322: 3286: 3238: 3170: 3110: 2999: 2975: 2891: 2828: 2816: 2681: 2385: 2368: 2296: 2226: 2050: 1970:. He was the eldest son of al-Mu'tasim. 4976:"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran" 4363: 4246: 4234: 4199:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 245. 4158: 3759: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3423: 3298: 3187: 3158: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2693: 2600: 2576: 2465: 2433: 2409: 2284: 2272: 2188:The sullen and rebellious mood of the 1376:Map of the events associated with the 1165:Al-Mu'tasim's reliance on his Turkish 606:. The abrupt downfall of the powerful 221: 2843: 1499:October 834, taking advantage of the 7: 4871:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 4677:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. 4540:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 776. 2549: 1364: 1115:, who, according to the Orientalist 4555:Brett, Michael (2010). "Egypt". In 1716:. The Byzantines took the towns of 1665:sentiment of several Syrian Arabs. 1545:Babak parlays with al-Afshin, from 871:("pages"), implying that they were 841:and Iraq) in the hands of his son, 762:Hamdawayh ibn Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan 580: 313: 301: 6946:Graeco-Arabic translation movement 5915:Graeco-Arabic translation movement 4847:. London and New York: Routledge. 4349:Guthrie, Shirley (1 August 2013). 2504:, pp. 130–131, 136, 139, 141. 2074:The collection today known as the 1989:Al-Abbas bin Muhammad al-Mu'tasim. 519:Allgemeiner historischer Handatlas 25: 5044:The Meadows of Gold: The Abbasids 4387:from the original on 2 March 2016 2024:, which appears in his anthology 1996: 1699:, culminating in the conquest of 1639:al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn ibn Mus'ab 1212:, to reject Tahirid control (see 5845:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul 5067:"The ʿAbbāsid Caliphate in Iran" 5017:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 64: 1986:Ahmad bin Muhammad al-Mu'tasim. 1741:. He declared his target to be 1643:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab 1353:from the caliph. The physician 1152: 979: 725: 714: 566: 27:8th Abbasid caliph (r. 833–842) 5204:. Leiden: Brill. p. 785. 5143:The Byzantine Revival, 780–842 5025:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 4950:Kraemer, Joel L., ed. (1989). 4379:. Translated and published by 2198:Ahmad ibn al-Khalil ibn Hisham 785:Formation of the Turkish guard 302:أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الرشيد 1: 6651:Palace and central government 5274:9 August 833 – 5 January 842 4420:, p. 209, esp. note 621. 4377:"The Approach to al-Mu'tasim" 4366:, pp. 233–239, esp. 236. 2990:, pp. 1–2 (esp. note 2). 2139: 1520: 1056:New elites and administration 865:("clients" or "freedmen") or 790: 692:Activity during the civil war 591:, but her family hailed from 6111:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat 5855:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance 4761:Library of Arabic Literature 3897:, pp. 194–196, 203–206. 3873:, pp. 162–172, 179–180. 3511:Hamarneh, Sami (July 1972). 2209:Only six sons are listed by 1669:Confrontation with Byzantium 1515:emperors and settled in the 1272:to the relationship between 1138:his old personal secretary, 1113:Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab 962:, tried to raise taxes, the 98:9 August 833 – 5 January 842 6998:9th-century Abbasid caliphs 4819:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 4728:Gordon, Matthew S. (2001). 2013:The Approach to al-Mu'tasim 1213: 667:One Thousand and One Nights 449: 404: 388: 355: 347: 7039: 5081:Cambridge University Press 4990:Cambridge University Press 4711:Cambridge University Press 4326:Book of Gifts and Rarities 1672: 1316:Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi 1070:of al-Mu'tasim, minted at 472:, the autonomous ruler of 328:He who seeks refuge in God 73:of al-Mu'tasim, minted in 29: 6921: 6910: 6791: 6780: 6646: 6635: 6514: 6503: 6116:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah 5752: 5741: 5690: 5276: 5263: 5255: 5248: 5221: 5198:Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor 5007:Marzolph, Ulrich (2007). 4381:Norman Thomas di Giovanni 3529:10.1017/s0025727300017725 3214:, p. 178 (note 504). 2768:, pp. 26, 30–34, 45. 1997:al-Mu'tasim in literature 1859:al-Zayyat; and the chief 1330:, who dedicated his work 911:Mahdi ibn Alwan al-Haruri 539:Khuld ("Eternity") Palace 229: 220: 63: 57:Commander of the Faithful 50: 6711:Financial administration 6483:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo 4903:10.1515/islm.2004.81.1.3 4408:, p. 209, note 620. 3921:, pp. 286, 292–294. 3738:, pp. 14–24, 36–93. 3161:, pp. 48–49, 76–77. 2954:, pp. 222–223, 225. 2858:, pp. 268, 272–273. 2795:, p. 98 (note 281). 1981:Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim 1799:Miniature depicting the 1312:major centre of learning 1044:of al-Mu'tasim (in full 30:Not to be confused with 7008:Sons of Harun al-Rashid 6641:Government and military 5439:Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz 4795:ʿAbbasid Belles Lettres 4759:and the Editors of the 3149:, pp. xv, 121–134. 2102:al-riḍā min Āl Muḥammad 2076:Thousand and One Nights 1854:. He was buried in the 1488:wars against infidels. 1294:Great Mosque of Samarra 952:and the frontier zone ( 901:Service under al-Ma'mun 290:Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn 230:Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn 146:5 January 842 (aged 45) 6136:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi 5162:Vasiliev, Alexander A. 5023:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4259:Kraemer, J.L. (2015). 4195:Caswell, F.M. (2011). 4185:, pp. 4–5, 10–16. 2041:("the man of eight"). 1923: 1823:Battle of Mauropotamos 1804: 1780: 1704: 1556: 1491:An Alid revolt led by 1383: 1257: 1144:Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat 1075: 701: 674:Career under al-Ma'mun 534: 160:Jawsaq Palace, Samarra 6445:Mustansiriya Madrasah 5850:Round city of Baghdad 4510:"al-Muʿtaṣim Bi'llāh" 2016:, written in 1936 by 1917: 1863:Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad. 1798: 1772: 1686: 1598:Minkajur al-Ushrusani 1544: 1375: 1252: 1245:Foundation of Samarra 1063: 699: 659:and the welcoming of 587:. Marida was born in 516:caliphates, from the 503: 6941:Science and learning 5840:Conquest of Ifriqiya 5372:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 4992:. pp. 198–249. 4751:Ibn al-Sāʿī (2017). 4713:. pp. 136–161. 4237:, pp. 238, 258. 3414:, pp. 215, 244. 3038:, pp. 155, 156. 2669:, pp. 288, 290. 2299:, pp. 173, 213. 2275:, pp. 222, 231. 1517:Mesopotamian Marshes 1365:Mu'tazilism and the 1349:, received apes for 1305:Science and learning 1129:Nestorian Christians 198:Ja'far al-Mutawakkil 7013:People from Baghdad 6916:Culture and society 6019:Kharijite Rebellion 4173:, pp. 157–158. 4089:, pp. 207–209. 4065:, pp. 118–119. 4053:, pp. 172–173. 4029:, pp. 107–117. 4017:, pp. 160–172. 4005:, pp. 302–303. 3981:, pp. 144–160. 3969:, pp. 297–302. 3957:, pp. 141–143. 3945:, pp. 293–295. 3933:, pp. 137–141. 3909:, pp. 280–283. 3885:, pp. 205–206. 3837:, pp. 137–138. 3801:, pp. 198–202. 3774:, pp. 175–178. 3750:, pp. 131–133. 3702:, pp. 164–165. 3625:, pp. 293–295. 3613:, pp. 162–163. 3574:, pp. 291–292. 3562:, pp. 161–162. 3489:, pp. 573–574. 3402:, pp. 219–220. 3390:, pp. 163–164. 3378:, pp. 297–298. 3366:, pp. 296–297. 3337:, pp. 218–219. 3325:, pp. 230–231. 3313:, pp. 212–215. 3289:, pp. 227–229. 3277:, pp. 185–193. 3253:, pp. 180–185. 3173:, pp. 224–227. 3113:, pp. 216–217. 3089:, pp. 160–161. 3077:, pp. 159–160. 3050:, pp. 158–159. 3002:, pp. 215–216. 2978:, pp. 213–215. 2942:, pp. 279–281. 2930:, pp. 198–199. 2906:, pp. 278–279. 2882:, pp. 275–276. 2870:, pp. 186–188. 2684:, pp. 121–122. 2657:, pp. 286–288. 2645:, pp. 153–155. 2567:, pp. 156–157. 2492:, pp. 269–271. 2480:, pp. 123–127. 2424:, pp. 151–153. 2400:, pp. 147–151. 2335:, pp. 280–284. 2323:, pp. 145–146. 2263:, pp. 208–209. 2145:, the four sons of 1900:to the position of 1779:(12th/13th century) 1442:Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad 1336:Salmawayh ibn Bunan 1332:On First Philosophy 1046:al-Muʿtaṣim bi’llāh 837:(the region of the 623:in the east to the 396:Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad 309:al-Muʿtaṣim biʾllāh 234:al-Muʿtaṣim biʾLlāh 6956:Islamic philosophy 6252:Musharrif al-Dawla 6121:Qarmatian invasion 6106:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar 5987:Anarchy at Samarra 5943:the Abbasid empire 5811:Abbasid Revolution 5250:Sunni Islam titles 5190:Zetterstéen, K. V. 5083:. pp. 57–90. 5013:. In Fleet, Kate; 4763:. Introduction by 4757:Shawkat M. Toorawa 4647:Robinson, Chase F. 4624:Cooperson, Michael 4557:Robinson, Chase F. 3993:, pp. 97–107. 3714:, pp. 2–3, 7. 2552:, pp. 136ff.. 2118:Abbasid Revolution 1924: 1890:Anarchy at Samarra 1805: 1781: 1735:Michael the Syrian 1705: 1557: 1493:Muhammad ibn Qasim 1478:Domestic campaigns 1384: 1258: 1140:al-Fadl ibn Marwan 1081:Abbasid Revolution 1076: 960:Umayr ibn al-Walid 831:Abdallah ibn Tahir 702: 661:religious scholars 649:Muslim holy cities 573:Marida bint Shabib 535: 441:Anarchy at Samarra 333:), was the eighth 269:Marida bint Shabib 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6631: 6630: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6467: 6466: 6399:(1157–1258) 6389: 6388: 6289:(1055–1157) 6275: 6274: 6267:al-Malik al-Rahim 6194:Baghdad Manifesto 6149: 6148: 5934: 5933: 5768:Umayyad Caliphate 5731:Abbasid Caliphate 5697: 5696: 5673:al-Mutawakkil III 5663:al-Mutawakkil III 5286: 5285: 5277:Succeeded by 5270:Abbasid Caliphate 5211:978-90-04-08265-6 5153:978-0-8047-1462-4 5138:Treadgold, Warren 5129:978-90-04-11373-2 5054:978-0-7103-0246-5 4963:978-0-88706-874-4 4878:978-0-582-40525-7 4804:978-0-521-24016-1 4778:978-1-4798-0477-1 4684:978-1-78453-138-6 4660:978-0-521-83823-8 4570:978-0-521-83823-8 4547:978-90-04-09419-2 4496:978-0-7914-0493-5 4472:978-0-88706-058-8 4448:978-0-86078-430-2 4335:978-0-932885-13-5 4307:978-0-87395-883-7 4270:978-1-4384-0962-7 4206:978-1-78672-959-0 4137:, p. 210ff.. 3813:, pp. 75–76. 3465:, pp. 48–51. 3301:, pp. 77–78. 3101:, pp. 28–35. 2831:, pp. 82–83. 2819:, pp. 81–82. 2783:, pp. 67–68. 2756:, pp. 25–26. 2528:, pp. 37–39. 2436:, pp. 28–29. 2412:, pp. 27–28. 2022:Jorge Luis Borges 1856:Jawsaq al-Khaqani 1755:Battle of Dazimon 1693:Upper Mesopotamia 1394:monarchy and the 1320:Ahmad al-Farghani 1161:Rise of the Turks 1040:August, with the 900: 859:), but rather as 775:al-Hasan ibn Sahl 706:vicious civil war 673: 604:Abbasid Caliphate 287: 286: 238: 237: 89:Abbasid Caliphate 46: 16:(Redirected from 7030: 6912: 6889:Jews and Judaism 6793: 6786:Religion and law 6782: 6648: 6637: 6505: 6487:Mamluk Sultanate 6405: 6400: 6295: 6290: 6169: 6164: 6163:(946–1055) 5953: 5948: 5941:Fragmentation of 5893:Sack of Heraclea 5801: 5796: 5754: 5743: 5736: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5701: 5680:Ottoman conquest 5653:al-Mutawakkil II 5312: 5305: 5298: 5289: 5256:Preceded by 5244: 5237: 5219: 5215: 5185: 5157: 5133: 5114: 5094: 5071:Frye, Richard N. 5058: 5034: 5012: 5010:"Arabian Nights" 5003: 4980:Frye, Richard N. 4967: 4946: 4922: 4882: 4858: 4834: 4808: 4782: 4755:. Translated by 4747: 4735: 4724: 4701:Frye, Richard N. 4688: 4664: 4641: 4619: 4586: 4584:"D̲h̲u 'l-Himma" 4574: 4551: 4523:Heinrichs, W. P. 4512: 4500: 4476: 4452: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4293: 4287: 4284:Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017 4281: 4275: 4274: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3688:Zetterstéen 1987 3685: 3679: 3678:, pp. 7–12. 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3540: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2714: 2708: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2619: 2613: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2454: 2448: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2214: 2207: 2201: 2186: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2130: 2086: 2080: 2072: 2066: 2063:Islamic calendar 2055: 1877:Mamluk dynasties 1852:Islamic calendar 1849: 1836: 1829:Death and legacy 1786: 1776:Madrid Skylitzes 1760: 1752: 1720:(Sozopetra) and 1652: 1592: 1588: 1525: 1522: 1498: 1458:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 1343:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 1296:built by Caliph 1171:Ujayf ibn Anbasa 1156: 1154: 1051: 1039: 990:Babak Khorramdin 983: 981: 819:Muslim conquests 795: 792: 729: 727: 718: 716: 641:Byzantine Empire 637:huge expeditions 582: 570: 568: 528: 506:Muslim expansion 462:Babak Khorramdin 452: 409: 393: 365:Byzantine Empire 358: 352: 345:slave-soldiers ( 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 316: 315: 303: 222: 68: 44: 39: 21: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7027: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6962: 6951:House of Wisdom 6917: 6898: 6867: 6787: 6768: 6732: 6706: 6642: 6627: 6510: 6491: 6476: 6463: 6457:Sack of Baghdad 6401: 6398: 6385: 6334: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6271: 6247:Sultan al-Dawla 6237:Sharaf al-Dawla 6232:Samsam al-Dawla 6217:Mu'izz al-Dawla 6205: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6145: 6069: 6043:Abbasid revival 6038: 5970:Sack of Amorium 5949: 5947:(833–946) 5946: 5945: 5942: 5930: 5883:Harun al-Rashid 5861: 5828:Battle of Talas 5797: 5795:(750–833) 5794: 5793: 5784: 5761: 5748: 5737: 5734: 5728: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5623:al-Mutawakkil I 5608:al-Mutawakkil I 5598:al-Mutawakkil I 5568:al-Mustansir II 5560: 5548: 5542:Mongol conquest 5361:Harun al-Rashid 5333: 5321: 5319:Abbasid Caliphs 5316: 5282: 5273: 5261: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5228:Abbasid dynasty 5224: 5212: 5188: 5160: 5154: 5136: 5130: 5117: 5097: 5091: 5063:Mottahedeh, Roy 5061: 5055: 5037: 5019:Rowson, Everett 5006: 5000: 4970: 4964: 4949: 4943: 4942:978-0-306814808 4925: 4885: 4879: 4861: 4855: 4837: 4831: 4811: 4805: 4785: 4779: 4750: 4744: 4727: 4721: 4691: 4685: 4667: 4661: 4644: 4638: 4622: 4577: 4571: 4554: 4548: 4515:Bosworth, C. E. 4505:Bosworth, C. E. 4503: 4497: 4481:Bosworth, C. E. 4479: 4473: 4457:Bosworth, C. E. 4455: 4449: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4226: 4222:, pp. 3–4. 4218: 4214: 4207: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4149:, pp. 2–5. 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3847:Mottahedeh 1975 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3811:Mottahedeh 1975 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3724:Mottahedeh 1975 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3666:, pp. 5–7. 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3517:Medical History 3510: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2744:, pp. 7–8. 2740: 2736: 2728: 2717: 2709: 2700: 2696:, pp. 6–8. 2692: 2688: 2680: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2457: 2449: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2347:, p. xiii. 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2208: 2204: 2194:Amr al-Farghani 2187: 2183: 2177: 2173: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2069: 2056: 2052: 2047: 1999: 1942:. She was from 1920:Abbasid caliphs 1912: 1847: 1834: 1831: 1819:Cape Chelidonia 1801:sack of Amorium 1784: 1758: 1750: 1681: 1679:Battle of Anzen 1675:Sack of Amorium 1673:Main articles: 1671: 1650: 1596:Shortly after, 1590: 1586: 1574:ṣāḥib al-shurṭa 1523: 1496: 1480: 1382:from 833 to 852 1370: 1322:, the polymath 1307: 1255:Abbasid Samarra 1247: 1183:Bugha the Elder 1163: 1151: 1058: 1049: 1037: 1030: 1009:Arab conquerors 978: 909:uprising under 903: 793: 787: 724: 713: 694: 676: 585:slave concubine 581:ماريدا بنت شبيب 565: 562:Harun al-Rashid 522: 498: 378:, who governed 339:Harun al-Rashid 330: 327: 324: 321: 259:Harun al-Rashid 216: 193:Harun al-Wathiq 178: 174: 170: 161: 148:Jawsaq Palace, 147: 131: 78: 55: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7036: 7034: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6975: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6838: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6811: 6801: 6799: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6688:Robe of honour 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6611:Jund Qinnasrin 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6591:Jund al-Urdunn 6588: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6402: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6339:Seljuk sultans 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6292: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6257:Jalal al-Dawla 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6227:'Adud al-Dawla 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6166: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6141:Nasir al-Dawla 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6014:Zanj Rebellion 6011: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5961: 5959: 5957:Samarra period 5950: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5917: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5807: 5805: 5798: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5764: 5762: 5757: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5739: 5738: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5638:al-Mustakfi II 5635: 5633:al-Mu'tadid II 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5537: 5532: 5530:al-Mustansir I 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5292: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5275: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5186: 5170:Henri Grégoire 5158: 5152: 5134: 5128: 5115: 5099:Sarton, George 5095: 5089: 5059: 5053: 5035: 5015:Krämer, Gudrun 5004: 4998: 4968: 4962: 4947: 4941: 4923: 4883: 4877: 4859: 4853: 4835: 4829: 4809: 4803: 4783: 4777: 4767:, Foreword by 4748: 4742: 4725: 4719: 4697:"The Sāmānids" 4689: 4683: 4665: 4659: 4642: 4637:978-1851683864 4636: 4620: 4579:Canard, Marius 4575: 4569: 4552: 4546: 4519:van Donzel, E. 4501: 4495: 4483:, ed. (1991). 4477: 4471: 4459:, ed. (1987). 4453: 4447: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4368: 4356: 4353:. p. 130. 4341: 4334: 4313: 4306: 4288: 4276: 4269: 4251: 4239: 4224: 4212: 4205: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4125:, p. 231. 4115: 4113:, p. 147. 4103: 4101:, p. 208. 4091: 4079: 4067: 4055: 4043: 4041:, p. 303. 4039:Treadgold 1988 4031: 4019: 4007: 4003:Treadgold 1988 3995: 3983: 3971: 3967:Treadgold 1988 3959: 3947: 3943:Treadgold 1988 3935: 3923: 3919:Treadgold 1988 3911: 3907:Treadgold 1988 3899: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3861:, p. 205. 3851: 3839: 3827: 3825:, p. 204. 3815: 3803: 3791: 3789:, p. 165. 3776: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3690:, p. 785. 3680: 3668: 3656: 3654:, p. 220. 3644: 3642:, p. 164. 3627: 3615: 3603: 3601:, p. 162. 3591: 3589:, p. xvi. 3576: 3564: 3552: 3523:(3): 226–237. 3503: 3501:, p. 574. 3491: 3479: 3477:, p. 559. 3467: 3455: 3443: 3428: 3426:, p. 565. 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3354:, p. 163. 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3265:, p. 179. 3255: 3243: 3241:, p. 227. 3228: 3226:, p. 201. 3216: 3204: 3202:, p. 178. 3192: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3137:, p. 112. 3127: 3125:, p. 161. 3115: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3067: 3065:, p. 159. 3052: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3014:, p. 281. 3012:Treadgold 1988 3004: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2940:Treadgold 1988 2932: 2920: 2918:, p. 121. 2916:Cooperson 2005 2908: 2904:Treadgold 1988 2896: 2884: 2880:Treadgold 1988 2872: 2860: 2856:Treadgold 1988 2848: 2846:, p. 553. 2833: 2821: 2809: 2807:, p. 178. 2797: 2785: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2732:, p. 296. 2715: 2713:, p. 157. 2698: 2686: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2633:, p. 155. 2620: 2618:, p. 290. 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2554: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2516:, p. 272. 2506: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2455: 2453:, p. 156. 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2388:, p. 213. 2373: 2371:, p. 215. 2361: 2359:, p. 209. 2349: 2337: 2325: 2313: 2301: 2289: 2287:, p. 222. 2277: 2265: 2253: 2251:, p. 776. 2225: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2202: 2181: 2171: 2147:Asad ibn Saman 2131: 2092:'s son-in-law 2081: 2067: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2043: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1971: 1960: 1959: 1911: 1908: 1903:amīr al-umarāʾ 1830: 1827: 1670: 1667: 1555:, 14th century 1479: 1476: 1369: 1363: 1306: 1303: 1246: 1243: 1193:Kitab al-'Uyun 1162: 1159: 1155: 842–847 1117:C. E. Bosworth 1072:al-Muhammadiya 1057: 1054: 1029: 1026: 1021:Constantinople 994:Cilician Gates 982: 829–842 902: 899: 811:abnāʾ al-dawla 786: 783: 733:abnāʾ al-dawla 728: 813–833 717: 809–813 693: 690: 675: 672: 569: 786–809 558:Abbasid caliph 531:Gustav Droysen 497: 494: 335:Abbasid caliph 285: 284: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 246: 240: 239: 236: 235: 227: 226: 218: 217: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 200: 195: 189: 187: 181: 180: 167: 163: 162: 159: 157: 153: 152: 144: 140: 139: 128: 124: 123: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 80: 79: 69: 61: 60: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7035: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7018:City founders 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6913: 6909: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6861:Shi'a Century 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6836:Sunni Revival 6834: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6779: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6744:Abna al-dawla 6742: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6658:Amir al-umara 6656: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6601:Jund Filastin 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6506: 6502: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6470: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6397: 6392: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6371:Malik-Shah II 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6320:al-Mustarshid 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6286: 6284: 6278: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6242:Baha al-Dawla 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Sack of Mecca 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:al-Mutawakkil 5980: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804:Establishment 5802: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593:al-Mu'tadid I 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5578:al-Mustakfi I 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495:al-Mustarshid 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5393:al-Mutawakkil 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5301: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5243:5 January 842 5242: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5174:Marius Canard 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5090:0-521-20093-8 5086: 5082: 5079:. Cambridge: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5005: 5001: 4999:0-521-20093-8 4995: 4991: 4988:. Cambridge: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4927:Kennedy, Hugh 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887:Kennedy, Hugh 4884: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4863:Kennedy, Hugh 4860: 4856: 4854:0-415-25093-5 4850: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4839:Kennedy, Hugh 4836: 4832: 4830:0-521-47137-0 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4813:Kennedy, Hugh 4810: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4787:Kennedy, Hugh 4784: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4769:Marina Warner 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4743:0-7914-4795-2 4739: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4722: 4720:0-521-20093-8 4716: 4712: 4709:. Cambridge: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4435:Ayalon, David 4432: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4418:Bosworth 1991 4414: 4411: 4407: 4406:Bosworth 1991 4402: 4399: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4289: 4286:, p. 34. 4285: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4252: 4249:, p. 80. 4248: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4183:Kennedy 2004b 4179: 4176: 4172: 4171:Kennedy 2004a 4167: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4135:Bosworth 1991 4131: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4099:Bosworth 1991 4095: 4092: 4088: 4087:Bosworth 1991 4083: 4080: 4076: 4075:Vasiliev 1935 4071: 4068: 4064: 4063:Bosworth 1991 4059: 4056: 4052: 4051:Vasiliev 1935 4047: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4027:Bosworth 1991 4023: 4020: 4016: 4015:Vasiliev 1935 4011: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3991:Bosworth 1991 3987: 3984: 3980: 3979:Vasiliev 1935 3975: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3955:Vasiliev 1935 3951: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3931:Vasiliev 1935 3927: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3895:Bosworth 1991 3891: 3888: 3884: 3883:Madelung 1975 3879: 3876: 3872: 3871:Bosworth 1991 3867: 3864: 3860: 3859:Madelung 1975 3855: 3852: 3849:, p. 76. 3848: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3835:Bosworth 1991 3831: 3828: 3824: 3823:Madelung 1975 3819: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3799:Madelung 1975 3795: 3792: 3788: 3787:Kennedy 2004a 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772:Bosworth 1991 3768: 3765: 3762:, p. 78. 3761: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3736:Bosworth 1991 3732: 3729: 3726:, p. 75. 3725: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3712:Bosworth 1991 3708: 3705: 3701: 3700:Kennedy 2004a 3696: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3676:Bosworth 1991 3672: 3669: 3665: 3664:Bosworth 1991 3660: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3640:Kennedy 2004a 3636: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3623:El-Hibri 2010 3619: 3616: 3612: 3611:Kennedy 2004a 3607: 3604: 3600: 3599:Kennedy 2004a 3595: 3592: 3588: 3587:Bosworth 1991 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572:El-Hibri 2010 3568: 3565: 3561: 3560:Kennedy 2004a 3556: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3453:, p. 52. 3452: 3447: 3444: 3441:, p. 31. 3440: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3388:Kennedy 2004a 3384: 3381: 3377: 3376:El-Hibri 2010 3372: 3369: 3365: 3364:El-Hibri 2010 3360: 3357: 3353: 3352:Kennedy 2004a 3348: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3311:Bosworth 1991 3307: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3275:Bosworth 1991 3271: 3268: 3264: 3263:Bosworth 1991 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251:Bosworth 1991 3247: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224:Bosworth 1991 3220: 3217: 3213: 3212:Bosworth 1991 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200:Bosworth 1991 3196: 3193: 3190:, p. 77. 3189: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147:Bosworth 1991 3143: 3140: 3136: 3135:Bosworth 1991 3131: 3128: 3124: 3123:Kennedy 2004a 3119: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3099:Bosworth 1991 3095: 3092: 3088: 3087:Kennedy 2004a 3083: 3080: 3076: 3075:Kennedy 2004a 3071: 3068: 3064: 3063:Kennedy 2004a 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048:Kennedy 2004a 3044: 3041: 3037: 3036:Kennedy 2004a 3032: 3029: 3025: 3024:Bosworth 1991 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2988:Bosworth 1991 2984: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2964:Bosworth 1991 2960: 2957: 2953: 2952:Bosworth 1987 2948: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2928:Bosworth 1987 2924: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2894:, p. 83. 2893: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2868:Bosworth 1987 2864: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2805:Bosworth 1987 2801: 2798: 2794: 2793:Bosworth 1991 2789: 2786: 2782: 2781:Bosworth 1987 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2730:El-Hibri 2010 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711:Kennedy 2004a 2707: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667:El-Hibri 2010 2663: 2660: 2656: 2655:El-Hibri 2010 2651: 2648: 2644: 2643:Kennedy 2004a 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631:Kennedy 2004a 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616:El-Hibri 2010 2612: 2610: 2606: 2603:, p. 28. 2602: 2597: 2594: 2591:, p. 62. 2590: 2589:Stillman 2003 2585: 2582: 2579:, p. 27. 2578: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2565:Kennedy 2004a 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2540:, p. 45. 2539: 2538:Bosworth 1987 2534: 2531: 2527: 2526:Bosworth 1987 2522: 2519: 2515: 2514:El-Hibri 2010 2510: 2507: 2503: 2502:Kennedy 2004a 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490:El-Hibri 2010 2486: 2483: 2479: 2478:Kennedy 2004a 2474: 2471: 2468:, p. 25. 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451:Kennedy 2004a 2447: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2422:Kennedy 2004a 2418: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398:Kennedy 2004a 2394: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2357:Bosworth 1991 2353: 2350: 2346: 2345:Kennedy 2004a 2341: 2338: 2334: 2333:El-Hibri 2010 2329: 2326: 2322: 2321:Kennedy 2004a 2317: 2314: 2310: 2309:Marzolph 2007 2305: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2261:Bosworth 1991 2257: 2254: 2250: 2249:Bosworth 1993 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2005: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975:al-Mutawakkil 1972: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1948:al-Mutawakkil 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691:'s raid into 1690: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355:Ali al-Tabari 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298:al-Mutawakkil 1295: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1226:divine status 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1158: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 956: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 931:ashinas ma-ra 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 898: 896: 895: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 869: 864: 863: 858: 854: 853: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 804: 799: 784: 782: 780: 776: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 734: 722: 711: 707: 698: 691: 689: 687: 683: 682: 671: 669: 668: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 605: 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 578: 574: 563: 559: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 532: 526: 521: 520: 515: 511: 507: 502: 495: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 451: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 408: 407: 401: 397: 392: 391: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 362: 357: 351: 350: 344: 340: 336: 314:المعتصم بالله 310: 307: 299: 295: 293: 283: 280: 277: 273: 270: 267: 263: 260: 257: 253: 250: 247: 245: 241: 233: 228: 223: 219: 212: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 188: 186: 182: 177: 173: 168: 164: 158: 154: 151: 145: 141: 138: 134: 129: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 86: 81: 76: 72: 67: 62: 59: 58: 54: 49: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6993:Arab Muslims 6926:Architecture 6884:Christianity 6846:Twelve Imams 6596:Jund Dimashq 6473: 6452:al-Musta'sim 6440:al-Mustansir 6420:al-Mustanjid 6396:Final period 6395: 6381:Ahmad Sanjar 6356:Malik-Shah I 6315:al-Mustazhir 6281: 6222:Izz al-Dawla 6155: 5964: 5940: 5905:Fourth Fitna 5791:Early period 5790: 5758: 5677: 5668:al-Mustamsik 5658:al-Mustamsik 5648:al-Mustanjid 5618:al-Musta'sim 5613:al-Wathiq II 5603:al-Musta'sim 5539: 5535:al-Musta'sim 5510:al-Mustanjid 5490:al-Mustazhir 5437: 5382: 5370: 5264: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5201: 5165: 5142: 5119: 5102: 5075: 5043: 5022: 4984: 4972:Madelung, W. 4952: 4931: 4894: 4890: 4867: 4843: 4820: 4794: 4752: 4731: 4705: 4673: 4669:Freely, John 4650: 4627: 4607: 4600: 4560: 4537: 4530: 4485: 4461: 4438: 4428:Bibliography 4413: 4401: 4391:20 September 4389:. Retrieved 4371: 4359: 4350: 4344: 4325: 4297: 4291: 4279: 4260: 4254: 4242: 4220:Kraemer 1989 4215: 4196: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4161:, p. 1. 4154: 4147:Kennedy 1990 4142: 4130: 4123:Kennedy 2006 4118: 4111:Kennedy 2006 4106: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3767: 3755: 3748:Kennedy 2001 3743: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3652:Kennedy 2006 3647: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3567: 3555: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3419: 3412:Kennedy 2006 3407: 3400:Kennedy 2006 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3335:Kennedy 2006 3330: 3323:Kennedy 2006 3318: 3306: 3294: 3287:Kennedy 2006 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3239:Kennedy 2006 3219: 3207: 3195: 3171:Kennedy 2006 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3111:Kennedy 2006 3106: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3043: 3031: 3026:, p. 2. 3019: 3007: 3000:Kennedy 2006 2995: 2983: 2976:Kennedy 2006 2971: 2966:, p. 1. 2959: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2892:Kennedy 1998 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2829:Kennedy 1998 2824: 2817:Kennedy 1998 2812: 2800: 2788: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2689: 2682:Kennedy 2001 2662: 2650: 2638: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2386:Kennedy 2006 2369:Kennedy 2006 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2297:Kennedy 2006 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2205: 2189: 2184: 2174: 2134: 2101: 2084: 2075: 2070: 2053: 2039:al-Muthamman 2038: 2032: 2025: 2011: 2009: 2002: 2000: 1925: 1901: 1884: 1881: 1873:David Ayalon 1869: 1865: 1860: 1832: 1808: 1806: 1782: 1774: 1731: 1706: 1656: 1627: 1617: 1602: 1595: 1572: 1558: 1550: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1465: 1449: 1446: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1411: 1385: 1377: 1366: 1359:Ibn Masawayh 1347:Ibn Masawayh 1331: 1308: 1286: 1263: 1259: 1239: 1217: 1200: 1198: 1191: 1166: 1164: 1157:), as well. 1133: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1085: 1077: 1065: 1045: 1031: 1014: 1002: 972: 953: 948:, while the 935: 930: 915:Buzurj-Sabur 904: 892: 888: 883:, prince of 876: 866: 860: 856: 850: 847: 814: 810: 808: 794: 814/5 788: 778: 755: 737: 731: 703: 686:Hugh Kennedy 679: 677: 665: 639:against the 633:Indian Ocean 617:Central Asia 613:halcyon days 597: 536: 518: 488:the city of 460:uprising of 455: 445:10th century 373: 308: 289: 288: 179:Qurut al-Ayn 133:Khuld Palace 51: 36: 32:al-Musta'sim 7023:Mu'tazilism 6894:Khurramites 6841:Shi'a Islam 6805:Mu'tazilism 6262:Abu Kalijar 6210:Buyid emirs 6101:al-Mustakfi 6081:al-Muqtadir 6060:al-Mu'tadid 6055:al-Muwaffaq 6050:al-Mu'tamid 5997:al-Musta'in 5992:al-Muntasir 5965:al-Mu'tasim 5920:Mu'tazilism 5773:Third Fitna 5628:al-Musta'in 5588:al-Hakim II 5583:al-Wathiq I 5561:(1261–1517) 5460:al-Mustakfi 5433:al-Muqtadir 5423:al-Mu'tadid 5418:al-Mu'tamid 5403:al-Musta'in 5398:al-Muntasir 5383:al-Mu'tasim 5223:al-Mu'tasim 4693:Frye, R. N. 4597:Schacht, J. 4593:Pellat, Ch. 4536:Volume VII: 4527:Pellat, Ch. 4364:Canard 1965 4247:Gordon 2001 4235:Masudi 2010 4159:Ayalon 1994 3760:Gordon 2001 3499:Sarton 1927 3487:Sarton 1927 3475:Sarton 1927 3463:Freely 2015 3451:Freely 2015 3439:Freely 2015 3424:Sarton 1927 3299:Gordon 2001 3188:Gordon 2001 3159:Gordon 2001 2766:Gordon 2001 2754:Gordon 2001 2742:Gordon 2001 2694:Gordon 2001 2601:Gordon 2001 2577:Gordon 2001 2466:Gordon 2001 2434:Gordon 2001 2410:Gordon 2001 2285:Masudi 2010 2273:Masudi 2010 2167:Transoxiana 2129:supporters. 2114:Banu Hashim 1952:al-Muntasir 1631:Zoroastrian 1609:Caspian Sea 1565:Adharbayjan 1561:Khurramites 1501:Eid al-Fitr 1472:Sunni Islam 1454:word of God 1388:Mu'tazilism 1270:Oleg Grabar 1187:Stalinesque 1088:Muhallabids 1052:September. 1042:regnal name 645:Charlemagne 523: [ 504:Map of the 466:Adharbayjan 400:Mu'tazilism 306:regnal name 294:al-Muʿtaṣim 130:October 796 103:Predecessor 42:al-Mu'tasim 6988:842 deaths 6983:796 births 6977:Categories 6931:Literature 6856:Qarmatians 6851:Isma'ilism 6759:Commanders 6618:Tabaristan 6485:under the 6425:al-Mustadi 6415:al-Muqtafi 6376:Muhammad I 6351:Alp Arslan 6330:al-Muqtafi 6310:al-Muqtadi 6096:al-Muttaqi 6065:al-Muktafi 6007:al-Muhtadi 6002:al-Mu'tazz 5816:Abu Muslim 5780:Hashimiyya 5759:Background 5735:(750–1258) 5573:al-Hakim I 5515:al-Mustadi 5505:al-Muqtafi 5485:al-Muqtadi 5455:al-Muttaqi 5428:al-Muktafi 5413:al-Muhtadi 5408:al-Mu'tazz 5334:(749–1258) 4765:Julia Bray 4606:Volume II: 2844:Brett 2010 2221:References 2143: 819 2059:al-Mas'udi 1815:Abu Tammam 1722:Arsamosata 1710:Theophobos 1697:Asia Minor 1689:Theophilos 1659:al-Mubarqa 1552:Tārīkhnāma 1524: 820 1396:theocratic 1351:dissection 1340:translator 1278:Versailles 1222:show trial 1206:Tabaristan 988:rebels of 986:Khurramite 984:) and the 975:Theophilos 964:Nile Delta 894:shākiriyya 873:manumitted 742:long siege 629:Tang China 600:golden age 512:and early 496:Early life 482:Theophilos 474:Tabaristan 458:Khurramite 447:, but the 71:Gold dinar 18:Al-Mutasim 6936:Musicians 6829:Shafi'ism 6824:Hanbalism 6683:Officials 6606:Jund Hims 6509:Geography 6474:Aftermath 6366:Berkyaruq 6325:al-Rashid 6029:Saffarids 5977:al-Wathiq 5910:al-Ma'mun 5888:Barmakids 5835:al-Mansur 5823:al-Saffah 5500:al-Rashid 5388:al-Wathiq 5378:al-Ma'mun 5346:al-Mansur 5341:al-Saffah 5280:al-Wathiq 5259:al-Ma'mun 5182:181731396 5111:874972552 5041:(2010) . 5031:1873-9830 4919:163373996 4911:0021-1818 4891:Der Islam 4628:Al Ma'mun 4616:495469475 4589:Lewis, B. 2550:Frye 1975 2151:Samarkand 2027:Ficciones 2018:Argentine 1968:al-Wathiq 1936:al-Wathiq 1898:Ibn Ra'iq 1790:Dorylaion 1714:Euphrates 1613:Bavandids 1536:Ayn Zarba 1290:Maghariba 1282:Louis XIV 1220:), and a 1148:al-Wathiq 1033:Al-Ma'mun 1028:Caliphate 919:al-Tabari 907:Kharijite 891:, Arabic 885:Usrushana 881:al-Afshin 829:, led by 721:al-Ma'mun 547:al-Tabari 437:al-Afshin 433:Ushrusana 361:al-Ma'mun 279:Mu'tazili 117:al-Wathiq 113:Successor 107:al-Ma'mun 6819:Hanafism 6737:Military 6571:Khurasan 6544:Ifriqiya 6519:Arminiya 6435:al-Zahir 6430:al-Nasir 6361:Mahmud I 6305:al-Qa'im 6201:al-Qa'im 6189:al-Qadir 6086:al-Qahir 6074:Collapse 6034:Tulunids 6024:Tahirids 5873:al-Mahdi 5643:al-Qa'im 5525:al-Zahir 5520:al-Nasir 5480:al-Qa'im 5475:al-Qadir 5470:al-Ta'i' 5465:al-Muti' 5445:al-Qahir 5351:al-Mahdi 5192:(1987). 5164:(1935). 5140:(1988). 5101:(1927). 5065:(1975). 5021:(eds.). 4974:(1975). 4929:(2006). 4897:: 3–30. 4865:(2004). 4841:(2001). 4815:(1998). 4789:(1990). 4695:(1975). 4671:(2015). 4626:(2005). 4599:(eds.). 4581:(1965). 4529:(eds.). 4507:(1993). 4385:Archived 2179:orders". 2155:Farghana 2108:and the 2098:Umayyads 2090:Muhammad 2035:al-Abbas 2004:Delhemma 1958:Children 1944:Khwarazm 1896:officer 1618:de facto 1513:Sassanid 1485:de facto 1422:conflict 1328:al-Kindi 1324:al-Jahiz 1231:gibbeted 1218:al-ḥaras 1074:in 836/7 946:Khurasan 843:al-Abbas 827:Tahirids 746:Khurasan 631:and the 608:Barmakid 480:Emperor 478:defeated 380:Khurasan 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514:Abbasid 510:Umayyad 490:Amorium 417:Ashinas 412:Samarra 384:Baghdad 349:ghilmān 322: 249:Abbasid 244:Dynasty 172:Qaratis 150:Samarra 137:Baghdad 87:of the 75:Baghdad 45:المعتصم 6879:Dhimmi 6728:Kharaj 6702:Vizier 6697:Shurta 6586:Awasim 6561:Jazira 6285:period 6283:Seljuk 6159:period 6131:Bajkam 5866:Apogee 5266:Caliph 5239: 5208: 5180: 5150: 5126: 5109: 5087: 5051: 5039:Masudi 5029: 4996: 4960: 4939: 4917: 4909: 4875: 4851: 4827: 4801: 4775: 4740: 4717: 4681: 4657: 4634: 4614: 4595:& 4567: 4544: 4525:& 4493: 4469: 4445: 4332: 4304: 4267: 4203: 3545: 3535: 2161:, and 2110:Sunnah 2079:ruler. 1910:Family 1894:Khazar 1848: 1835: 1803:in 838 1785: 1764:Ancyra 1759: 1751: 1747:Hadath 1739:Tarsus 1651: 1647:Quhyar 1591: 1587: 1547:Balami 1497: 1280:after 1210:Mazyar 1136:vizier 1067:dirham 1050: 1038: 1017:Loulon 968:Fustat 950:Jazira 889:chakar 862:mawālī 852:mamlūk 839:Levant 719:) and 657:Medina 577:Arabic 533:(1886) 486:sacked 470:Mazyar 450:ghulām 427:, and 356:ghulām 343:Turkic 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