670:, and all their goods were seized and placed in the Egyptian treasury. The Sultan ordered the Venetian sailors and merchants to be placed in prisons. This made the Republic of Venice speak officially with the Sultanate of Egypt, and they sent a high-ranking official delegation with a lot of gifts. The delegation, when it met al-Ashraf Khalil, completely denied any relationship linking them to the pirates who kidnapped the Egyptian sailors, and that they did not know anything about this subject. Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil was very mad and was determined and told them that the Venetian prisoners will not be released except when the Egyptian sailors and merchants return. Later they reached an agreement in the end that the Venetians would pay a very large ransom to release their captives, in addition to that they would hand over the pirates to Egypt and return the kidnapped Egyptians. After that, the Venetians asked the
755:. Mongol messengers were sent to watch the soldiers. Most of the people of Cairo and Egypt went out to see the parade of the soldiers. It was a memorable day. The Sultan rode after the noon call to prayer, wearing a qarqal (an iron plate covered with brocade), and a keffiyeh over his head, and a shattaf in his hand. He entered the field, followed by the princes, one by one, with the latest war machines on them, and each of them carrying a spear on their robes. They fought and fled, displaying their war flags, until the afternoon call to prayer came. This was the third military parade he presented during his sultanate. When their matter was over, he came down, took off his clothes, and made himself ready. He summoned the Mongol messengers and said to them:
2075:
657:, becoming the only Egyptian Sultan who thought about that. It was logical at the time that he would think about invading Venice, as the Egyptian army at that time was considered one of the strongest armies in the world and in less than 3 years, he eliminated the last 8 Crusader states in Palestine and invaded the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. This also does not prevent the difficulty or near impossibility of invading Venice due to its naval power, its impregnable geographical location, the country's support for the Crusades and its location which is close to the
2068:
863:
630:, the treasury of the Kingdom of Makuria has become empty and he will not be able to pay the imposed taxes and royalties. The Egyptian Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil was known for his temper, so he sent a letter full of threats and promises to the Makurian king, a letter that struck terror in Samamoun’s heart to the point that he described his country as being ruled by women. However, these words did not fool Sultan Khalil, who went on to order the movement of the Egyptian army under the leadership of
465:
461:, which controlled the fortress. By 17 June, the Mamluks captured Acre, and a number of its inhabitants fled by sea. Remaining Crusader defenders held out in some of the towers in the city, but after further fighting they surrendered. Al-Ashraf Khalil ordered the execution of the remaining defenders and inhabitants. After abundant amounts of loot were plundered from the city by the Mamluk troops, al-Ashraf Khalil had Acre's fortifications destroyed.
897:
Nation and the
Revitalizer of the Abbasid Caliphate) and al-Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf Salah al-Donya wa al-Din Qasim Amir al-mu'minin (The Sultan King al-Ashraf reform of temporal world and faith sharer of the Emir of the faithful), "Emir of the faithful" being the title of the Abbasid Caliph. His father Qalawun was also mentioned on Al-Ashraf's coins as: Mawlana al-Sultan al-Malik al-Mansur (Our benefactor the Sultan King al-Mansur).
56:
373:(commander in chief). The frequent exchanging of offices between the Mansuri emirs and their frequent imprisonment and release was a phenomenon that marked al-Ashraf Khalil's three-year reign. According to historian Amir Mazor, "Al-Ashraf Khalil's policy toward the Mansuriyya was totally arbitrary, haphazard and lacked long-term political vision", but he nonetheless did not target the Mansuri
396:
533:
820:, a policy which contributed in the intensification of the rivalry among the Mamluks. After his victories against the Franks, arrogance got hold of al-Ashraf Khalil, he treated the Emirs roughly and began to sign messages and documents with the letter "KH" only. In addition, his Vizier Ibn al-Salus was envied by many Emirs and by the vice-Sultan
686:. The Egyptian Sultan al-Ashraf, who was known for his extreme pride and temper, ordered immediately to prepare and build 100 huge warships to invade all of Cyprus. He preferred to oversee the construction of these ships himself, and every now and then he would visit the ports and repeat the same sentence, with anger in his face:
665:
unite against Egypt. The Sultan, in light of his thoughts about invading Venice, gave orders to the
Egyptian Navy to arrest any ship belonging to the Republic of Venice that entered the Egyptian coast, even if for the purpose of trade. In fact, the Egyptian Navy arrested Venetian ships that landed in
481:
The news of the conquest of Acre reached
Damascus and Cairo. Al-Ashraf Khalil entered the decorated city of Damascus with Franks chained at the feet and the captured crusader standards which were carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. After celebrating his victory in Damascus, Khalil left for
947:
Before the arrest of
Baydara he was asked by Baibars, Emir of Jandar, whether other Emirs knew about his plan to kill Al-Ashraf. He answered: "Yes, I killed him according to their advice and under their eyes" then he added the reasons for killing him which included: "He did not respect the Emirs and
937:
in 1266. During the reign of
Baibars' son Solmish he was the deputy of the Sultan in Damascus. During the reign of Qalawun he proclaimed himself a Sultan while in Damascus, taking the royal name al-Malik al-Kamil. He fought a few battles against Qalawun's Emirs but was pardoned later after he joined
879:
and heir so that when I go to fight the enemy he replaces me ". As soon as everything was under control the death of Al-Ahraf Khalil was revealed to the public in Egypt and Syria. He was buried in a mausoleum attached to a madrasa that he commissioned and built in 1288 (prior to his accession to the
824:
in particular. Ibn al-Salus who, originally, was neither a Mamluk nor an Emir but a merchant from
Damascus, became the most influential official during the reign of Khalil. While Al-Ashraf was rough on the Emirs, he was very generous towards Ibn al-Salus who did not treat the Emirs with respect. Ibn
874:
as the new Sultan with
Kitbugha as vice-Sultan and al-Shuja‘i as the new Vizier. But the death of Al-Ashraf Khalil was concealed for some time. While Al-Ashraf was dead, his brother Al-Nasir Muhammad was proclaimed Vice-Sultan and heir. A message from Egypt to the Syrian Emirs said: "I appointed my
807:
Militarily, Al-Ashraf Khalil possessed the vigor and capability of two of his predecessors, Baibars and his father
Qalawun. But many Emirs disliked him. He started his reign by executing and imprisoning a few prominent Emirs of his father, among them the vice-Sultan Turuntay. During the battle for
289:
Qalawun had proclaimed as-Salih Ali as his heir apparent in 1280. From that point on, as-Salih Ali's name was added next to
Qalawun's name in treaties. Khalil's name also began to be added to treaties in the regal style of "al-Malik al-Ashraf" starting in 1285 in the treaty between Qalawun and the
285:
emir of
Qalawun. As-Salih Ali, al-Ashraf Khalil's brother, married Ardukin's sister, and both wives were chosen by Qalawun's second wife because of their Mongol ethnicity, which was considered prestigious by the Mamluks. Khalil had two daughters with Ardukin, who are unnamed in the Mamluk sources.
1914:
1441:
896:
Coins of al-Ashraf Khalil were unique in Mamluk coinage history. New kinds of titles were inscribed on his coins, including: al-Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf Salah al-Din Nasir al-Milah al-Muhamadiyah Muhyyi al-Dawalah al-Abasiyah (The Sultan King al-Ashraf Salah al-Din the Promoter of the Muhammadan
845:
and called Lajin, Qara Sunqur and other Emirs and together they decided to kill the Sultan. On 14 December, while the Sultan was walking with his friend Emir Shihab ad-Din Ahmad he was attacked and assassinated by Baydara and his followers. The Emirs who struck the Sultan after Baydara were Hosam
528:
by more than 30 catapults and was captured after 30 days by Khalil, who renamed it Qal'at al-Muslimin (Castle of the Muslims). Khalil left Emir al-Shuja‘i at the castle and returned to Damascus with prisoners. The population of Damascus bid farewell to the victorious Sultan on his way to Cairo at
858:
and his head was sent to Cairo. Ibn al-Salus was arrested in Alexandria and was sent to Cairo where he was mistreated and at last beaten to death. The Emirs who were involved in the assassination of Al-Ashraf Khalil were severely punished and executed. Lajin and Qara Sunqur fled and disappeared.
426:, but died outside of Cairo shortly after. With the siege plans having already been prepared by Qalawun and his lieutenants, al-Ashraf Khalil resumed his father's offensive on 2 March 1291. As he led the Mamluk army of Egypt, he sent orders to the Mamluk emirs of Syria, including the sultanate's
322:
Al-Ashraf Khalil succeeded Qalawun following the latter's death on 9 November 1290. He prevented Qalawun's burial for two months, either as a precaution to ensure his smooth succession or to wait until Qalawun's mausoleum was completed. With his ascendancy, al-Ashraf Khalil absorbed his father's
742:
from my brother, so if he does not allow that, I rode and conquered it with my troops, ravaged his country, killed his men, took it by force and appointed a representative there. Baghdad is the house of Islam and I wish to return it back to Islam but let him know we will see who enters whose
948:
the Mamluks of his father. He made Ibn Al-Salus a Vizier. He arrested Izz ad-Din al-Afram and executed Sunqur al-Ashqar and others. He promoted his Mamluks to the rank of Emir". When he was asked whether Kitbugha knew about his plan, he replied: "Yes, he was the first one to suggest it."
759:"Inform my brother Gaykhatu that whoever has such soldiers with him does not stop entering your country or the country of others. I swear on my father's grave, I will enter his place and destroy the homes of all the Mongols and make it an Islamic country until the
621:
agreement. The Makurian king Samamoun thought that the new Egyptian Sultan was weak and young, and this was a great misconception on his part, and after a letter that was completely deceptive to al-Ashraf Khalil in which he said that due to the attacks of the
306:(diploma of investiture) confirming al-Ashraf Khalil's appointment. The reason for Qalawun's apparent hesitance is not clear, but he may have considered al-Ashraf Khalil unsuitable for the sultanate or was wary of the enmity between al-Ashraf Khalil and the
583:
tried to act but he died in 1292, and the European kings, who became involved in internal conflicts and struggles, became unable to organize new effective crusades. As for the Templars, they were accused of heresy in Europe and badly persecuted by King
836:
to bring materials and to collect the taxes. Arriving at Alexandria, Ibn Al-Salus found out that the deputies of Baydara had already taken everything. On receiving a message from Ibn Al-Salus with this news, Al-Ashraf summoned Baydara to his
887:
Al-Ashraf Khalil ruled about three years and two months. He had two daughters. Besides being remembered as the conqueror of Acre, he was remembered by Muslim historians as an intelligent Sultan who was fond of reading and learning.
344:
In the royal procession following al-Ashraf Khalil's accession to the throne, Turuntay launched an assassination attempt against al-Ashraf Khalil, but it failed. Instead, al-Ashraf Khalil had Turuntay imprisoned in the
509:
south of Acre, was taken and on 7 August, al-Ashraf Khalil returned to Cairo in triumph as the "final victor in the long struggle with the Crusaders", according to historian Peter Malcolm Holt.
529:
night with thousands of lighted candles. The Sultan entered Cairo through the Victory Gate (Bab al-Nasr) and was greeted by the celebrating population, also with thousands of lighted candles .
925:
Shams ad-Din Sunqur al-Ashqar, was a prominent Emir and one of the most devoted Bahri Emirs since days of Sultan Baibars. He was taken prisoner by the Armenians and was freed in exchange for
2074:
485:
Following Acre's capture, al-Ashraf Khalil and his generals proceeded to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquered
454:(led by Baibars al-Dawadar). There are no reliable figures for the size of the Mamluk army, but it was likely a significantly larger force than that of the Crusader defenders of Acre.
1243:
Pope Nicholas IV was a promoter of the crusaders. After Qalawun recaptured Tripoli in 1289, Nicholas sent twenty galleys, which were armed in Venice, to the aid of the city of Acre.
579:
against Egypt ended in a complete failure, but the crusaders tried to keep their strongholds on the Syrian coast intact, hoping to be able one day to recapture what they had lost.
825:
al-Salus was involved in the unjustly persecution of the supreme judge of Egypt Ibn Bint al-A'az, as he was involved in provoking the Sultan against Baydara on several occasions.
674:
to mediate with them in Egypt, and a peace treaty was concluded between the Sultanate of Egypt and the Republic of Venice through the mediation of the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon.
2067:
747:
He took them out to where he had dropped them off and immediately wrote to the deputies of the Levant to prepare the accommodation and to get the soldiers ready to cross the
257:
in 1291. While walking with a friend, Khalil was attacked and assassinated by Baydara (his commander in chief) and his followers, who was then killed under the orders of
2017:
699:
349:. After being heavily tortured for three days, Turuntay was put to death in November. He was briefly replaced by Emir ‘Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Shuja‘i al-Mansuri (
1816:
482:
Cairo which was also decorated and celebrating. Arriving at Cairo, he ordered the release of Philip Mainebeuf and the men who accompanied him to Cairo earlier.
294:. When as-Salih Ali died in 1288, Qalawun appointed al-Ashraf Khalil as his co-sultan. While al-Ashraf Khalil's name was read alongside Qalawun's name in the
1919:
1194:
The gate of the San Andreas Church was transported from Acre to Cairo to be used in the Al-Ashraf's Mosque which the Sultan was building. Asili, p. 123
1617:
Also the chronicler Ludolph of Suchem described Al-Ashrafe Khalil as "an exceedingly wise man".Ludolphi, Rectoris Ecclesiæ Parochialis in suchem, p.42
850:
and proclaimed Baydara the new Sultan. But Baydara was soon arrested by the Sultani Mamluks and Emirs. Baydara was killed by the Sultani Emirs led by
2436:
846:
ad-Din Lajin and Bahadir Ras Nubah followed by other Emirs. After the assassination of Al-Ashraf Khalil, Baydara and his followers went to the
795:; Constantinople), and Iraq, and we will possess the countries from the setting of the sun to the rising of the sun, and God will support me."
2010:
1696:
2441:
1737:
From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678-689 A.H./1279-1290 A.D.)
560:
were given to the Sultan in order to maintain peace. The Armenian kingdom had thus began to diminish much like its allied Crusader states.
2211:
694:
This means that Cyprus will be buried, but unfortunately, the Sultan died later and the dream of invading Cyprus died until the era of
2344:
2223:
1902:
1836:
1796:
1775:
1745:
1724:
1659:
1602:
1466:
997:
957:
Lajin appeared sometime after the assassination of Al-Ashraf Khalil. He was pardoned by al-Nasir Muhammad who became the new Sultan.
2451:
2175:
2003:
623:
1212:
Abu Al-Fida, p.386/ vol.13. According to Al-Maqrizi, al-Ashraf besieged Qal'at ar-Rum with 20 catapults. Al-Maqrizi, p.233/vol.2
2169:
245:. He served from 12 November 1290 until his assassination in December 1293. He was well known for conquering the last of the
1574:
According to Al-Maqrizi this letter was sent according to the instruction given by Emir al-Shuja‘i. Al-Maqrizi, p.249/vol.2
637:, who moved from Cairo and arrived in Makuria and won a decisive victory over the Makurian forces. He entered the capital,
2374:
2332:
617:
as ordered by Qalawun, and it annually sent the taxes and royalties imposed on it by Egypt in accordance with the ancient
600:
After the death of the Sultan of Egypt, Qalawun, and the ascension of his son, Sultan Khalil, to the throne of Egypt, the
767:
Then he sent them back, and wrote urging the deputies, but his death was soon before he reached his hope following that.
934:
545:
2456:
2320:
791:"I am the king of the world and the sultan of the earth. God willing, we will conquer the East (Persia), the Rums (
641:, and plundered it completely. King Samamoun fled from Makuria as he had fled before in the campaigns of Qalawun.
2398:
930:
862:
2308:
2030:
1941:
881:
614:
114:
1876:. Translated by Aubrey Stewart. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, 1895. Reprinted in James Brundage,
926:
751:
and invade Baghdad. He presented to the princes and soldiers of Egypt to put on the war machine and come to
281:
and Ahmad, and two sisters. In 1284, Khalil married Ardukin, the daughter of Sayf ad-Din Nukih ibn Bayan, a
2446:
2350:
2284:
2272:
2026:
1977:
760:
435:
357:
66:
634:
2426:
610:
2290:
1716:
The Rise and Fall of a Muslim Regiment: The Mansuriyya in the First Mamluk Sultanate, 678/1279–741/1341
1668:
Ludolphi, Rectoris Ecclesiæ Parochialis in suchem, de itinere Terræ Sanctæ, University of Michigan 1851
738:
my brother the Khan agreed to what was in my mind and I talked about it with my princes that I request
506:
469:
457:
In May 1291, al-Ashraf Khalil's army launched the assault against Acre. Heavy fighting ensued with the
653:. This act angered al-Ashraf Khalil’s to the point that he began to actually think about invading the
520:(Castle of the Romans) and was known as Hromgla in Armenian. Qal'at ar-Rum, which was the seat of the
2431:
2217:
549:
521:
423:
400:
390:
254:
314:
of Egypt), Emir Husam ad-Din Turuntay, who had been a strong advocate for as-Salih Ali's accession.
277:(r. 1279–1290) and his mother was a woman named Qutqutiya. Khalil had three brothers, as-Salih Ali,
2380:
2181:
1266:
1251:
752:
585:
127:
1767:
The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy During the Reigns of Hetʻum II (1289-1307)
2386:
2356:
2326:
2157:
1506:
828:
In December 1293, Al-Ashraf Khalil, accompanied by Ibn al-Salus, Baydara and other Emirs went to
654:
572:
250:
829:
698:
when the Cypriots attacked the ship of the Egyptian merchant Ahmad bin al-Hameem, and Egypt was
1788:
State Formation and the Structure of Politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648-741 A.H./1250-1340 C.E.
1265:
One of these conflicts was the war that broke out between England and France in 1293. see also
1054:
841:
and insulted and threatened him in the presence of other Emirs. The distressed Baydar left the
2302:
2296:
2187:
2151:
2139:
2121:
1987:
1970:
1898:
1832:
1792:
1786:
1771:
1741:
1735:
1720:
1692:
1655:
1649:
1598:
1462:
993:
871:
683:
671:
650:
464:
407:
278:
197:
175:
142:
94:
84:
1765:
1714:
981:
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of Cairo, is partly ruined today, though the domed structure over his tomb remains standing.
2338:
2127:
1542:
1498:
851:
809:
792:
580:
525:
517:
513:
447:
258:
238:
17:
832:
in northern Egypt on a bird-hunting expedition. He sent Ibn Al-Salus to the nearby city of
2163:
2097:
1892:
1688:
1246:
576:
458:
427:
269:
Khalil's exact year of birth is not known, although according to the Mamluk-era historian
246:
227:
870:
After the death of Al-Ashraf Khalil, the Emirs decided to install his 9-year-old brother
55:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2229:
2205:
2199:
2193:
1422:
Al-Maqrizi, pp.221–222 and 251/vol.2. Ibn Taghri, p.45/vol.8. Abu Al-Fida, p.395/vol.13
813:
776:
589:
415:
291:
2420:
2240:
2083:
2050:
1933:
1510:
808:
Acre he arrested Hosam ad-Din Lajin and later after he returned to Cairo he executed
735:
486:
346:
299:
235:
187:
31:
714:
sent his messengers with a threatening letter to the Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil saying:
2404:
658:
541:
419:
1458:
The Islamic World from Classical to Modern Times: Essays in Honor of Bernard Lewis
1887:
Translated by Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954
1682:
1456:
2392:
1812:
817:
723:
662:
442:
and head toward Acre. The other Syrian Mamluk armies were from Damascus (led by
330:
2362:
2145:
1862:
1824:
1554:
1502:
876:
855:
833:
667:
395:
302:
sermon) and the emirs swore their allegiance to him, Qalawun did not sign the
361:ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī) until the latter was dispatched to
748:
411:
270:
516:
arrived in Damascus and then travelled via Aleppo to besiege the castle of
472:, the last Crusader outpost in Syria conquered by al-Ashraf Khalil's forces
1995:
1821:. (The historian Abu al-Fida took part in the sieges of Tripoli and Acre.)
726:
by his sword, if you do not allow that, then he will cross to the Levant."
649:
In 1292, Venetian pirates kidnapped Egyptian sailors and merchants in the
532:
2103:
1231:
906:
711:
505:. In August, the last Crusader outpost in Syria, the Templar fortress of
451:
439:
362:
1651:
The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517
1489:
Holt, P. M. (1973). "The sultanate of al-Mansūr Lāchīn (696–8/1296–9)".
377:
as a faction and did not replace Mansuri officeholders with his Ashrafi
2368:
2314:
2109:
2091:
1371:
821:
739:
730:
Al-Ashraf Khalil immediately responded to them, while smiling and said:
695:
638:
627:
601:
568:
564:
557:
311:
295:
282:
274:
242:
182:
170:
1553:
Baibars al-Jashnikir (Baibars II) became Sultan of Egypt in 1308. See
341:
regiment in the sultanate and al-Ashraf Khalil sought to co-opt them.
2260:
2248:
1367:
812:, and a few Emirs. Khalil continued his father's policy of replacing
719:
553:
548:, but an Armenian embassy in Damascus had made terms with him first.
502:
494:
325:
273:, he died "in his thirties or less". He was the second son of Sultan
1920:
A letter from Egyptian Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil to William of Beaujeu
1897:, Published by Crawford, P., Ashgate Publishing. Ltd, Cyprus 2003.
2133:
2056:
2044:
1283:
861:
563:
The crusaders' kingdom of Jerusalem had already been destroyed by
531:
498:
490:
463:
443:
394:
215:
110:
1719:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Unipress and Bonn University Press.
1334:الألطاف الخفية من السيرة الشريفة السلطانية الأشرفية الجزء الثالث
1314:الألطاف الخفية من السيرة الشريفة السلطانية الأشرفية الجزء الثالث
784:
780:
618:
606:
540:
The Sultan returned to Damascus and assembled an army to invade
431:
1999:
1595:
Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
337:
corps, the Ashrafiyya. The Mansuriyya were the most powerful
1785:
Clifford, Winslow William (2013). Conermann, Stephan (ed.).
1597:. The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 142–143.
982:"A Mamluk Amir's Mamluk History: Baybars al-Mansuri and the
722:
and reside in it, it belongs to the conquests of his father
365:
and replaced by Emir Baydara. Al-Ashraf Khalil made Baydara
352:عَلَمُ الدِّينِ سَنْجَرُ الشُّجَاعِيُّ المَنْصُورِيُّ
775:
Al-Ashraf Khalil once stated that he has plans of invading
1234:
moved to Sis after al-Ashraf Khalil captured Qal'at ar-Rum
682:
In late 1292, Cypriots kidnapped Egyptian sailors in the
1829:
Al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi Dhikr al-Khitat wa al-'athar
1674:
Mamalik Misr wa Alsham (Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant)
1491:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
866:
Mausoleum of al-Ashraf Khalil in Cairo, built in 1288
234:; c. 1260s – 14 December 1293) was the eighth Turkic
512:
In 1292, Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his vizier
410:
in 1289 and made clear his determination to end the
2239:
2082:
2037:
1874:
Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither
1857:
Description Topographique et Historique de l'Egypte
1565:
Ibn Taghri, p.40/ vol.8. Al-Maqrizi, p.255/ vol.2 .
211:
203:
193:
181:
169:
155:
141:
133:
120:
104:
100:
90:
80:
72:
65:
41:
1394:. General Egyptian Book Organisation. p. 239.
990:The Historiography of Islamic Egypt: (c. 950–1800)
613:, Izz al-Din Aidmar and Sanjar al-Masrouri in the
224:Al-Malik Al-Ashraf Salāh ad-Dīn Khalil ibn Qalawūn
161:Al-Malik al-Ashraf Salah ad-Din Khalil ibn Qalawun
799:But unfortunately he dies before achieving them.
1880:, Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press 1962
1867:al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah
1641:Al-Zahir Baibars and the End of the Old Crusades
645:Threatening the Republic of Venice with invasion
626:on his kingdom during the reign of Qalawun and
1852:, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
1404:Al-Maqrizi, p.51, 121, 127, 131–133, 145/vol.2
1137:
1135:
880:throne). His funerary complex, located in the
418:. In November 1290, he began his march toward
2011:
1541:Kitbugha became Sultan of Egypt in 1295. See
1301:. Anglo-Egyptian Bookshop. pp. 154, 155.
1039:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
8:
1850:The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings
1455:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1 January 1989).
975:
973:
933:who was captured during the invasion of the
350:
536:The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199–1375.
124:14 December 1293 (age early 30s or younger)
2018:
2004:
1996:
1924:
1392:عقد الجمان في تاريخ أهل الزمان الجزء الأول
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
661:, which will make the entire European and
54:
38:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1075:
875:brother al-Malik al-Nasir Muhammad as my
1374:: دار الغرب الإسلامي. pp. 803, 804.
27:Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1290–1293)
969:
918:
1843:Al-Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk
232:الملك الأشرف صلاح الدين خليل بن قلاوون
152:
1676:(in Arabic). Beirut: Aldar Alarabiya.
1385:
1383:
1381:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1327:
1325:
1323:
7:
803:Domestic conflicts and assassination
477:Capture of other Crusader fortresses
1878:The Crusades: A Documentary History
1757:A History of the Crusades, Volume 3
1278:Abdel Fattah Ashour, Saeed (1972).
938:Qalawun's army against the Mongols.
690:"Cyprus... Cyprus... to the grave"
468:Remains of the Templar fortress of
351:
231:
76:12 November 1290 – 14 December 1293
1654:. Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
329:into his own 1,200-strong, mostly
25:
1413:In Arabic "Kh" is one letter (خ).
1297:Muhammad Musaad, Mostafa (1960).
2146:Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir
2073:
2066:
1895:, Chronicle (Getes des Chiprois)
1593:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
1299:الإسلام والنوبة في العصور الوسطى
1286:: Dar al-Nahda. pp. 94, 95.
604:which had been conquered by the
1885:History of Egypt, 1382–1469 AD.
1831:, Matabat Aladab, Cairo, 1996,
1818:The Concise History of Humanity
399:An 1840 painting depicting the
2437:13th-century murdered monarchs
2176:Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il
1982:November 1290 – December 1293
1855:(In French) Bouriant, Urbain,
241:sultan, succeeding his father
1:
1764:Stewart, Angus Donal (2001).
1461:. Darwin Press. p. 143.
1390:al-Ayni, Badr al-Din (1992).
1280:العصر المماليكي في مصر والشام
988:. In Kennedy, Hugh N. (ed.).
1869:, Dar al-Kotob, Beirut, 1992
1684:Syria & Lebanon Handbook
1648:Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986).
1583:Al-Maqrizi, pp.249–250/vol.2
1282:(in Arabic) (2nd ed.).
1055:"The Qalawunids: A Pedigree"
980:Richards, Donald S. (2001).
18:Al-Ashraf Khalil ibn Qalawun
2442:13th-century Mamluk sultans
1332:بن عبد الظاهر, محيي الدين.
1312:بن عبد الظاهر, محيي الدين.
1150:Northrup 1998, pp. 157–158.
935:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
546:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
60:Coinage of al-Ashraf Khalil
2473:
2321:Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf
1364:المقفي الكبير الجزء الثالث
718:"The Khan wishes to enter
678:Incomplete Cyprus invasion
406:Qalawun had conquered the
388:
29:
2064:
1984:
1978:Sultan of Egypt and Syria
1975:
1967:
1962:
1927:
1755:Runciman, Steven (1987).
1523:Ibn Taghri, p. 18/ vol.8.
1503:10.1017/S0041977X00119834
1362:al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din.
323:roughly 6,000 Mansuriyya
160:
151:
67:Sultan of Egypt and Syria
53:
46:
2309:Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad
1740:. Franz Steiner Verlag.
1734:Northrup, Linda (1998).
1532:Al-Maqrizi, p.247/ vol2.
1221:al-Maqrizi, p.234/ vol.2
763:, unless my time comes!"
615:Fourth battle of Dongola
30:Not to be confused with
2452:Muslims of the Crusades
1883:William Popper, Yusef,
1791:Bonn University Press.
1689:Footprint Travel Guides
1681:Mannheim, Ivan (2001).
1643:. Beirut: Dar Alnafaes.
1060:. University of Chicago
2351:Sayf al-Din Khushqadam
2273:Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz
1672:Mahdi, Shafik (2008).
1203:Ibn Taghri, p.9/ vol.8
1141:Northrup 1998, p. 157.
1120:Mazor 2015, pp. 75–76.
1043:Northrup 1998, p. 117.
1031:Northrup 1998, p. 158.
1019:Northrup 1998, p. 143.
867:
797:
765:
745:
728:
710:In 1293, Mongol ruler
692:
537:
473:
436:al-Muzaffar III Mahmud
403:
2212:Salah al-Din Muhammad
2152:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
2140:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
2122:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
1845:, Dar al-Kotob, 1997.
992:. Brill. p. 37.
865:
789:
757:
732:
716:
688:
611:Izz al-Din al-Kawrani
544:, the capital of the
535:
467:
422:, the capital of the
398:
2393:Sayf al-Din Tumanbay
2369:Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay
2158:Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr
2128:Zayn al-Din Kitbugha
2104:Badr al-Din Salamish
2098:Nasir al-Din Barakah
1939:Cadet branch of the
1713:Mazor, Amir (2015).
856:Baibars al-Jashnikir
522:Patriarch of Armenia
450:(led by Bilban) and
438:, to assemble their
424:Kingdom of Jerusalem
391:Siege of Acre (1291)
2345:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
2333:Fakhr al-Din Uthman
2315:Sayf al-Din Barsbay
2218:Zayn al-Din Sha'ban
2182:Sayf al-Din Sha'ban
2170:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
2116:Salah al-Din Khalil
2110:Sayf al-Din Qalawun
2092:Rukn al-Din Baybars
1872:Ludolph of Suchem,
1267:Philip IV of France
1252:Gestes des Chiprois
761:Day of Resurrection
753:Salah al-Din Square
635:Izz al-Din al-Afram
586:Philip IV of France
2387:Al-Ashraf Janbalat
2357:Sayf al-Din Bilbay
2327:Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq
2291:Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
2285:Al-Musta'in Billah
2279:Nasir al-Din Faraj
2267:Nasir al-Din Faraj
2261:Sayf al-Din Barquq
2249:Sayf al-Din Barquq
2230:Salah al-Din Hajji
2200:Salah al-Din Salih
2164:Ala'a al-Din Kujuk
2134:Husam al-Din Lajin
1639:Asili, B. (1992).
1176:Holt 1986, p. 104.
1129:Mazor 2015, p. 78.
1104:Holt 1986, p. 106.
1095:Mazor 2015, p. 75.
1081:Holt 1986, p. 103.
1053:Bauden, Frédéric.
868:
700:fed up with Cyprus
655:Republic of Venice
602:Kingdom of Makuria
538:
474:
404:
401:1291 Siege of Acre
48:Al-Malik al-Ashraf
2457:Qalawunid dynasty
2414:
2413:
2375:An-Nasir Muhammad
2303:Sayf al-Din Tatar
2297:Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
2206:Badr al-Din Hasan
2194:Badr al-Din Hasan
2188:Sayf al-Din Hajji
2057:Sayf al-Din Qutuz
1994:
1993:
1988:An-Nasir Muhammad
1985:Succeeded by
1971:Al-Mansur Qalawun
1929:Al-Ashraf Khalil
1915:Map of Kom Turuga
1698:978-1-900949-90-3
882:Southern Cemetery
872:Al-Nasir Muhammad
743:country's first."
696:al-Ashraf Barsbay
684:Mediterranean Sea
672:Kingdom of Aragon
651:Mediterranean Sea
571:and Qalawun, and
408:County of Tripoli
360:
279:an-Nasir Muhammad
221:
220:
198:Al-Mansur Qalawun
176:Qalawunid dynasty
165:
164:
95:An-Nasir Muhammad
85:Al-Mansur Qalawun
16:(Redirected from
2464:
2399:Qansuh al-Ghawri
2381:Abu Sa'id Qansuh
2339:Sayf al-Din Inal
2224:Ala'a al-Din Ali
2077:
2070:
2045:Izz al-Din Aybak
2020:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1968:Preceded by
1958:
1957:14 December 1293
1951:
1942:Mamluk Sultanate
1925:
1848:Bohn, Henry G.,
1802:
1781:
1760:
1759:. Penguin Books.
1751:
1730:
1709:
1707:
1705:
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1608:
1590:
1584:
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1543:al-Adil Kitbugha
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1032:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1004:
1003:
977:
958:
955:
949:
945:
939:
929:the son of King
923:
810:Sunqur al-Ashqar
771:Future ambitions
581:Pope Nicholas IV
385:Conquest of Acre
371:atabeg al-asakir
367:na'ib as-saltana
356:
354:
353:
308:na'ib as-saltana
233:
153:
115:Mamluk Sultanate
58:
39:
21:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2235:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2033:
2024:
1990:
1981:
1973:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1911:
1893:Templar of Tyre
1809:
1807:Primary sources
1799:
1784:
1778:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1733:
1727:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1680:
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1471:
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1311:
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1306:
1296:
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1272:
1264:
1260:
1255:, P.101/ part 3
1247:Templar of Tyre
1244:
1242:
1238:
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1207:
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1080:
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1057:
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1035:
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1018:
1007:
1000:
984:Zubdat al-Fikra
979:
978:
971:
967:
962:
961:
956:
952:
946:
942:
924:
920:
915:
903:
894:
805:
773:
749:Euphrates River
708:
680:
663:Christian world
647:
598:
596:Sack of Dongola
577:Seventh Crusade
479:
459:Knights Templar
393:
387:
320:
267:
247:Crusader states
125:
109:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
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2270:
2264:
2258:
2255:As-Salih Hajji
2252:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
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2167:
2161:
2155:
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2107:
2101:
2095:
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2079:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2051:Nur al-Din Ali
2048:
2041:
2039:
2038:Salihi Mamluks
2035:
2034:
2027:Mamluk sultans
2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:Regnal titles
1960:
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1910:
1909:External links
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2001:
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1989:
1980:
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1966:
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1934:Bahri dynasty
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1900:
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1837:977-241-175-X
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1442:"Google Maps"
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1336:. p. 40.
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1316:. p. 44.
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2427:1260s births
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1976:
1954:
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1626:Mahdi, p. 97
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36:
2432:1293 deaths
2407:(1516–1517)
2405:Tumanbay II
2401:(1501–1516)
2389:(1500–1501)
2383:(1498–1500)
2377:(1496–1498)
2371:(1468–1496)
2365:(1467–1468)
2353:(1461–1467)
2341:(1453–1461)
2329:(1438–1453)
2317:(1422–1438)
2311:(1421–1422)
2293:(1412–1421)
2281:(1405–1412)
2269:(1399–1405)
2263:(1390–1399)
2257:(1389–1390)
2251:(1382–1389)
2232:(1381–1382)
2226:(1377–1381)
2220:(1363–1377)
2214:(1361–1363)
2208:(1354–1361)
2202:(1351–1354)
2196:(1347–1351)
2190:(1346–1347)
2184:(1345–1346)
2178:(1342–1345)
2166:(1341–1342)
2154:(1310–1341)
2148:(1309–1310)
2142:(1299–1309)
2136:(1296–1299)
2130:(1294–1296)
2124:(1293–1294)
2118:(1290–1293)
2112:(1279–1290)
2100:(1277–1279)
2094:(1260–1277)
2059:(1259–1260)
2053:(1257–1259)
2047:(1250–1257)
1813:Abu al-Fida
1474:15 December
1064:25 February
818:Circassians
724:Hulagu Khan
430:vassals in
81:Predecessor
2421:Categories
2363:Timurbugha
1863:Ibn Taghri
1825:Al-Maqrizi
1555:Baibars II
1497:(3): 521.
965:References
877:Vicegerent
834:Alexandria
793:Byzantines
668:Alexandria
550:Til Hemdun
358:romanised:
331:Circassian
265:Early life
253:after the
1770:. Brill.
1511:162537370
440:mangonels
271:al-Safadi
251:Palestine
207:Qutqutiya
91:Successor
1704:17 March
1232:Holy See
931:Hethum I
907:Kipchaks
901:See also
852:Kitbugha
712:Gaykhatu
573:Louis IX
452:al-Karak
412:Crusader
363:Damascus
290:king of
259:Kitbugha
212:Religion
126:Turuja,
108:c. 1260s
1372:Lebanon
892:Coinage
822:Baydara
814:Turkish
740:Baghdad
659:Vatican
639:Dongola
628:Baybars
569:Baibars
565:Saladin
558:Behesni
448:Tripoli
428:Ayyubid
379:mamluks
375:mamluks
326:mamluks
312:viceroy
296:khutbah
275:Qalawun
243:Qalawun
183:Dynasty
137:Ardukin
134:Consort
128:Buhayra
2395:(1501)
2359:(1467)
2347:(1461)
2335:(1453)
2323:(1438)
2305:(1421)
2299:(1421)
2287:(1412)
2275:(1405)
2172:(1342)
2160:(1341)
2106:(1279)
1953:
1950:c.1260
1901:
1835:
1795:
1774:
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1723:
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1658:
1601:
1509:
1465:
1368:Beirut
1245:— the
996:
848:Dihliz
843:Dihlis
839:Dihlis
781:Persia
720:Aleppo
554:Marash
503:Tartus
495:Beirut
434:under
339:mamluk
335:mamluk
283:Mongol
239:Mamluk
228:Arabic
204:Mother
194:Father
42:Khalil
2031:Cairo
1955:Died:
1948:Born:
1507:S2CID
1284:Cairo
1058:(PDF)
913:Notes
830:Turug
607:emirs
507:Atlit
499:Haifa
491:Sidon
470:Atlit
444:Lajin
416:Syria
318:Reign
236:Bahri
216:Islam
188:Bahri
171:House
156:Names
143:Issue
111:Cairo
73:Reign
1899:ISBN
1891:The
1833:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1706:2008
1693:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1476:2017
1463:ISBN
1230:The
1066:2016
994:ISBN
854:and
785:Iraq
783:and
632:emir
619:Baqt
588:and
556:and
501:and
487:Tyre
432:Hama
420:Acre
369:and
121:Died
105:Born
2029:of
1499:doi
927:Leo
575:'s
542:Sis
446:),
304:ahd
249:in
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1865:,
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1493:.
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1155:^
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1501::
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1002:.
986:"
787::
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310:(
298:(
226:(
34:.
20:)
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