887:) was established to assure the dismantling of the Iraqi missile program. They were only allowed to purchase or produce missiles with a range no longer than 150 km. At the end of the war, the Iraqi government declared it had only 61 al-Husayn and other ballistic missiles in its arsenal. These weapons were destroyed under UNSCOM supervision. This process was completed by July 1991. However, the western powers were suspicious that the Iraqi army may have hidden as many as 200 missiles. The Iraqis took advantage of the provisions of the ceasefire by developing two types of short-range ballistic missiles, the
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By 1989, a second army
Brigade was formed, the 223, equipped with 4 locally developed trailer launchers, known as the Al-Nida, which included azimuth identification systems (AzID) for targeting. There were also a second indigenous launcher, the Al-Waleed, but it apparently never became operational.
530:
Only 10 of the 46 al-Husayn launched at Saudi Arabia caused significant damage: two strikes on US military bases (including the army barracks at
Dhahran), one on a Saudi government building, and the remaining seven on civilian facilities. The following is a detailed list of these attacks:
306:, because these are located more than 300 miles from the border. To surmount the Iranian advantage, Iraqi engineers designed a program to upgrade the original Scuds into a series of ballistic missiles whose range would surpass 500 miles. The assembly facility was located near
457:
became the usual targets. Their poor accuracy, while mostly ineffective to conduct a major strategic campaign, made them basically weapons of terror, forcing thousands of refugees out of the main
Iranian cities. This exchange of ballistic missiles was indeed known as
394:
artillery trucks to fit them for the longer local-built missiles. The unit responsible for the maintenance and operation of the new missiles was initially the 224 Brigade, already established since 1976 to deal with the R-17 Scuds imported from the
866:
The threat posed by the al-Husayn and other Scud missiles forced the coalition air forces to divert 40% of their missions to hunt the launchers along with their support vehicles and supplies. The ground war was postponed one week for this reason.
462:. The full-scale campaign lasted from 29 February 1988 until April 20, when a truce was agreed by both sides. Iraq, which had been looking for some kind of compromise gesture from Iran, is largely viewed as the 'winner' by some sources.
317:
had initiated project 1728 for indigenous Scud engine development and production. The range was extended by reducing the original 945 kg warhead to 500 kg and increasing the propellant capacity. The warhead carried
526:
The failure of the
Patriot system in tracking the Iraqi missile over Dhahran was due to a shift in the range gate of the radar, due to the continuous use of the software for more than 100 hours without resetting.
270:
The origins of the al-Husayn could be traced back to the first stages of the war with Iran. Iraq was the first belligerent to use long range artillery rockets during the Iran–Iraq War, firing limited numbers of
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According to
Iranian sources, the fuselage and warhead were prone to break into fragments while re-entering the atmosphere. This phenomenon later was an advantage as a counter-measure against the
1152:
338:
inspectors reports, the Iraqis were able to produce all the major components of the system by 1991. The al-Husayn was 12.46 meters long and had a diameter of 0.88 meters. The guidance was
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area. Although thousands of houses and apartments were damaged by the strikes, only two people died directly as consequence of the impacts. Another 12 died from indirect causes (
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523:, specializing in water-purification, suffered the heaviest toll among US troops deployed in the Persian Gulf, with 81% of its soldiers killed or wounded.
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Besides the
American soldiers, Saudi authorities reported one security guard killed and about 70 civilians injured as result of the missile strikes.
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The first development, called al-Husayn, with a range of 400 miles, allowed the Iraqi army to attack deep inside the
Iranian boundaries. The
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1728:
1053:"The Role and Effect of Special Operations Forces in Theater Ballistic Missile Counterforce Operations during Operation Desert Storm"
1718:
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994:
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Iraq, which also deployed the Scud-B, was conversely unable to strike the main
Iranian industrial centers, including the capital,
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508:, Saudi Arabia, on 25 February 1991, at 8:30 p.m. local time, when 28 soldiers were killed and another 110 injured, mainly
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Thirty-eight of the 42 missiles aimed at Israel landed within the boundaries of that country; the other four fell on the
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342:, without terminal phase. The altitude where the motor burnt out was 31 miles, while the trajectory highest altitude or
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1153:"'There were people laying everywhere': The Iraqi Scud missile attack that killed 13 Pa. soldiers 30 years ago"
132:
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1713:
387:. Each missile loaded 4,500 kg of liquid propellant, composed by a 22% of kerosene and 78% of IRFNA.
384:
228:
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Up to 200 missiles were launched against Iran between 1987 and 1988, killing some 2,000 people. Tehran,
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Aftermath of the Al-Hussein strike on US Army barracks at
Dhahran, 25 February 1991
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287:. These missiles can hit a target 185 miles away, therefore key Iraqi cities like
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The greatest tactical achievement of the al-Husayn was the destruction of a
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1034:
Zaloga, Steve (26 November 1988). "Ballistic
Missiles in the Third World".
30:
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The Gulf War Chronicles: A Military History of the First War with Iraq
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The Gulf War Chronicles: A Military History of the First War with Iraq
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Under the terms of the ceasefire of March 1991, corroborated by the
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Its flight time was of about eight minutes for the maximum range.
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of 1,000 meters, and the missile launch weight was 6,400 kg.
284:
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1179:"Casualty management: Scud missile attack, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"
1021:
After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in The Middle East
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The Iraqis also extended the launch rail of 11 Soviet-produced
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raised by the American administration against Saddam Hussein.
450:
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The missile fuel was common to every tactical missile of the
159:
1114:. Jane's Intelligence Review. June 1, 1995. Archived from
895:, which were in an experimental phase at the time of the
35:
al-Husayn missiles displayed in their erector-launchers.
233:
1671:
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1596:
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1434:
Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955–2005
1287:"Information Paper: Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles"
1139:
Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955–2005
1098:
Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955–2005
1083:
Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955–2005
974:
Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955–2005
481:Eighty-eight of these modified Scuds were fired at
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1229:. US Army Quartermaster Foundation. Archived from
519:One of the units involved in this incident, the
346:, was 94 miles. The accuracy for the impact, or
925:Iraqi ballistic missile attacks on Saudi Arabia
1377:Certain Victory: The U.S. Army in the Gulf War
1255:Accuracy and stability of numerical algorithms
1469:
931:Iraqi missiles derived from al-Husayn missile
299:itself came within the range of this weapon.
119:Chemical, biological and nuclear capabilities
8:
1281:
1279:
1112:"Special Report: Strategic Delivery Systems"
283:. Iran responded with Scud-Bs obtained from
1334:History of 1st Tactical Fighter Wing - 1991
1289:. Iraq Watch. July 25, 2000. Archived from
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1023:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 489.
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967:
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963:
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1379:. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books. p. 184.
1313:"Damaged and lost allied planes and helos"
18:
1749:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1987
1194:
899:in 2003. These projects were part of the
1439:Scales, Brigadier General Robert H. Jr:
1354:"Civilian Casualties and Damage: Israel"
572:
491:
957:
489:(42) during January and February 1991.
250:, the al-Husayn was widely used by the
37:Baghdad arms exhibition, April–May 1989
1744:Short-range ballistic missiles of Iraq
1100:. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 36–37.
7:
432:during the first hours of Operation
1724:Tactical ballistic missiles of Iraq
223:
16:Iraqi short-range ballistic missile
976:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 35.
628:Civilian airport struck by debris
14:
1141:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 37.
1085:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 36.
999:Federation of American Scientists
1739:Chemical weapon delivery systems
1673:
1643:
1598:
1563:
1533:
1522:
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982:three Scuds for each Al Hussein.
29:
1227:"14th Quartermaster Detachment"
891:(also called al Fat'h) and the
1177:Humphrey, Joyce C (May 1999).
1019:Cordesman, Anthony H. (1993).
1:
786:Automobile workshop destroyed
672:Saudi Department of Interior
521:14th Quartermaster Detachment
240:short-range ballistic missile
1037:International Defense Review
612:Hangar area hit by explosion
115:1,102 lb (500 kg) of payload
1734:Iraq–Saudi Arabia relations
1252:Higham, Nicholas J (1996).
832:US Army barracks destroyed
334:capabilities. According to
234:
1770:
1754:Theatre ballistic missiles
1432:, Ray, Lee, Laurier, Jim:
1375:Scales, Robert H. (1994).
1137:Zaloga, Steven J. (2006).
1096:Zaloga, Steven J. (2006).
1081:Zaloga, Steven J. (2006).
995:"Project 144/Project 1728"
972:Zaloga, Steven J. (2006).
783:King Khalid Military City
762:Islamic University campus
1520:
1394:. iUniverse. p. 13.
1343:, 1st Fighter Association
696:southeast of the capital
445:Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
421:. They were destroyed by
246:. An upgraded version of
123:
28:
1719:Military history of Iraq
1487:missiles and derivatives
1450:. iUniverse, inc., 2003.
1196:10.1093/milmed/164.5.322
1390:Lowry, Richard (2008).
807:Coalition headquarters
669:Coalition headquarters
477:Persian Gulf War (1991)
460:'the war of the cities'
417:, near the border with
348:circular error probable
1189:(5). Bethesda: 322–6.
650:Civilian neighborhood
497:
365:
164:0.9 miles/s (1.5 km/s)
1729:Iraq–Israel relations
1436:, New Vanguard, 2005.
1185:. Vol. 164, Issue 5.
788:Neighborhood damaged
495:
364:Al-Hussein components
363:
350:, was estimated in a
1356:. Human Rights Watch
1233:on February 27, 2011
1059:on November 10, 2001
258:(1980–1988) and the
91:14,110 lb (6,400 kg)
1446:Lowry, Richard S.:
1118:on January 15, 2001
881:UN Security Council
647:Coalition air base
574:
440:Operational history
413:were built west of
190:3 Mobile launchers:
146:400 miles (≈644 km)
1443:. Brassey's, 1994.
1051:Hunter, Thomas B.
871:End of the program
737:North of the city
573:
552:Attacks assessment
498:
423:precision bombings
366:
322:, although it had
154:94 miles (≈151 km)
67:Production history
1701:
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1183:Military Medicine
842:
841:
694:Experimental farm
618:serial nº 83-0026
581:Place & date
232:
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207:-local production
202:-local production
99:41.5 ft (12.46 m)
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1055:. Archived from
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1005:on 11 July 2017.
1001:. Archived from
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978:Initially, Iraq
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920:List of missiles
914:Related articles
897:Invasion of Iraq
883:, a commission (
759:Downtown Riyadh
718:Apartments area
715:Downtown Riyadh
691:Downtown Riyadh
626:launcher damaged
590:Cause of damage
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471:Persian Gulf War
469:during the 1991
275:at the towns of
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1441:Certain Victory
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1293:on May 14, 2011
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262:(1990–1991).
261:
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256:Iran–Iraq War
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242:developed in
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209:Concrete silo
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1501:Soviet Union
1447:
1440:
1433:
1424:Bibliography
1410:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1360:November 19,
1358:. Retrieved
1348:
1329:
1319:November 19,
1317:. Retrieved
1307:
1297:November 19,
1295:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1254:
1247:
1237:November 19,
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1221:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1161:. Retrieved
1159:. 2021-02-25
1156:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1122:November 18,
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1106:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1063:November 18,
1061:. Retrieved
1057:the original
1046:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1003:the original
998:
989:
980:cannibalised
977:
973:
900:
874:
865:
846:
843:
740:Parking lot
623:
594:
551:
529:
525:
518:
514:Pennsylvania
504:barracks in
499:
483:Saudi Arabia
480:
464:
448:
434:Desert Storm
405:
401:
397:Soviet Union
389:
367:
356:
343:
312:
301:
269:
248:Scud missile
215:
214:
204:
199:
192:
107:3 ft (0.9 m)
72:Manufacturer
1680:North Korea
1623:Al-Samoud 2
1514:R-17 Elbrus
1509:R-11 Zemlya
1416:www.fas.org
1315:. DStorm.eu
902:casus belli
853:suffocation
824:February 25
802:February 24
776:February 14
754:February 11
502:US military
378:nitric acid
372:: a mix of
289:Sulaymaniya
266:Development
254:during the
140:Operational
78:(1987–1991)
1708:Categories
1618:Al Hijarah
1588:Ghauri-III
1163:2021-02-26
948:References
942:Al Hijarah
889:Ababil-100
732:February 8
710:February 3
686:January 28
664:January 25
642:January 22
604:January 22
510:reservists
328:biological
252:Iraqi Army
200:Al-Whaleed
129:Propellant
23:al-Husayn
1693:Hwasong-6
1688:Hwasong-5
1633:Al-Tammuz
1613:Al-Husayn
1583:Ghauri-II
1213:217043547
893:Al-Samoud
857:gas-masks
849:West Bank
485:(46) and
399:in 1972.
383:, called
235:al-Ḥusayn
229:romanized
216:al-Husayn
62:1987–1991
1663:Burkan-2
1658:Burkan-1
1628:Al-Abbas
1578:Ghauri-I
1570:Pakistan
1553:Shahab-2
1548:Shahab-1
1337:Archived
1209:ProQuest
1205:10332169
1157:pennlive
937:Al Abbas
909:See also
835:Warhead
826:Dhahran
791:Warhead
765:Warhead
743:Warhead
721:Warhead
675:Warhead
653:Warhead
606:Dhahran
415:Ar Rutba
408:concrete
381:oxidizer
374:kerosene
370:Cold War
340:inertial
324:chemical
238:) was a
186:platform
177:Inertial
170:Guidance
104:Diameter
1040:: 1426.
879:of the
813:Debris
804:Riyadh
756:Riyadh
734:Riyadh
712:Riyadh
699:Debris
688:Riyadh
666:Riyadh
644:Riyadh
624:Patriot
620:damaged
595:Patriot
584:Target
506:Dhahran
455:Isfahan
392:MAZ-543
332:nuclear
297:Baghdad
273:FROG-7s
231::
205:Al-Nida
112:Warhead
1398:
1266:
1211:
1203:
885:UNSCOM
487:Israel
419:Jordan
352:radius
344:apogee
315:Iraqis
304:Tehran
295:, and
293:Kirkuk
277:Dezful
224:الحسین
220:Arabic
184:Launch
172:system
96:Length
1650:Yemen
1414:From:
953:Notes
615:F-15C
512:from
430:F-15s
411:silos
406:Some
385:IRFNA
285:Libya
281:Ahvaz
142:range
1605:Iraq
1540:Iran
1485:Scud
1396:ISBN
1362:2017
1321:2017
1299:2017
1264:ISBN
1239:2017
1201:PMID
1124:2017
1065:2017
859:and
816:Yes
768:Yes
746:Yes
724:Yes
702:Yes
678:Yes
656:Yes
634:Yes
578:No.
453:and
427:USAF
330:and
308:Taji
279:and
88:Mass
76:Iraq
48:SRBM
43:Type
1260:506
1191:doi
1187:164
863:).
838:No
821:10
794:No
451:Qom
194:MAZ
1710::
1278:^
1262:.
1207:.
1199:.
1181:.
1155:.
1073:^
1011:^
997:.
960:^
799:9
773:8
751:7
729:6
707:5
683:4
661:3
639:2
622:1
601:1
516:.
473:.
436:.
336:UN
326:,
320:HE
310:.
291:,
226:,
222::
1477:e
1470:t
1463:v
1404:.
1364:.
1323:.
1301:.
1272:.
1241:.
1215:.
1193::
1166:.
1126:.
1067:.
218:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
