al-Hafiz - Knowledge (XXG)

484:. Previously this was the formal title of the Fatimids' designated successor, but in this context is to be understood as regent. It is unclear, however, in whose name this regency was exercised. Most sources report that even the existence of al-Amir's infant son was concealed, and al-Tayyib disappears completely from the record after that. How the existence of a child whose birth had been accompanied by public celebrations and proclamations, was so effectively concealed is unknown. Modern scholars speculate that al-Tayyib may have died in infancy, possibly even before his father; but at least one contemporary anonymous Syrian source maintains that he was murdered on Abd al-Majid's orders. Instead of al-Tayyib, the new regime maintained that al-Amir had left a pregnant concubine, and that the caliph, having dreamed of his impending death, had declared this unborn child to be a son and his designated ( 2573: 42: 1454: 2844:. In May 1148, Ridwan managed to escape from his confinement in the palace, cross the Nile, and rally followers to his banner, including Bedouin, regular soldiers, and Luwata. With this army he marched once more on Cairo, defeated the Caliph's troops and pursued them into the city itself. Al-Hafiz barred the gates of the palace, but pretended to be cooperative, and even sent money when Ridwan asked for it to pay his men. At the same time, the Caliph selected ten Black African members of the caliphal bodyguard to assassinate Ridwan. Shouting "al-Hafiz, the Victorious", they attacked and killed him and his brother near the 1200: 496: 2890:. His survival on the throne through all the threats he had faced was remarkable, and he had managed to restore the caliph's personal control over the administration to an extent unseen for a century. But on his death he left behind a severely shaken regime, which survived mostly thanks to inertia and the vested interest of large sections of society in keeping it running. The Isma'ili mission, which had animated the early Fatimid expansion, had lost its drive, and the dynasty's legitimacy was increasingly challenged. The Fatimid empire during his reign had shrunk to Egypt, and the parts of Yemen and 2565:) on the possibility of deposing al-Hafiz. Their answers were fairly predictable: Ibn Abi Kamil argued that the claim to the imamate by al-Hafiz and his ancestors was false, Ibn Salama supported the Caliph, and Ibn Awf took a more cautious stance and advised that the deposition should be handled in accordance with religious law. Ridwan began arresting and executing members of the Caliph's entourage, while al-Hafiz demonstratively recalled Bahram from exile and allowed him to settle in the palace. Ridwan in turn appeared in public on the 524:, the only surviving son of al-Afdal Shahanshah, as vizier. The palace was invaded, Hazarmard was executed and his severed head carried through the streets of Cairo, and on 21 October, Kutayfat was invested as vizier with the titles of his father and grandfather. Formally, Abd al-Majid retained his position of regent, and coins and decrees were issued jointly in his name and that of Kutayfat. In reality, Abd al-Majid was held a prisoner in one of the palace treasuries, guarded by the military commander (and future vizier) 2389:. Bahram tried to dispose of him by sending him to govern Ascalon in May 1135, but there Ridwan busied himself with blocking Armenian immigration, earning plaudits from the Muslim public opinion in Cairo. As a result, Bahram recalled him in November 1136 and sent him to govern his own former province at Gharbiyya. The move backfired, as Ridwan was now placed in possession of an independent power base. Leading Cairene officials began making contact with him, and Ridwan did not hesitate to preach 5032: 446:, as al-Amir had resumed the personal direction of government affairs, instead of entrusting the administration to a potentially dangerously powerful vizier. Al-Amir's murder put a premature end to his attempts to once again concentrate power in the hands of the caliph instead of over-mighty generals and ministers. Given the fragility of succession, it furthermore endangered the very survival of the Fatimid dynasty. 2330:). The appointment of a Christian to the post of vizier provoked much opposition among the Muslims, as the office was seen as the representative of the imam-caliph, and entailed ritual roles in Islamic ceremonies and precedence over Muslim clerics. Al-Hafiz persisted with his appointment, but gave Bahram a dispensation to absent himself from ritual ceremonies, in which the vizier's role was taken by the chief 690:, leading to a brief civil war and Nizar's execution. While al-Musta'li had been recognized by the Fatimid establishment and the Isma'ili communities dependent on it in Syria and Yemen, the Iranian Isma'ilis had largely adopted Nizar's claims to the imamate and broken off their relations with the Fatimids. The Nizaris remained implacably opposed to the Musta'li regime in Cairo, and their agents (the ' 5046: 2852:, once the mainstay of the early Fatimid dynasty—to attack Alexandria. The rebels scored a victory against the first army sent to confront them, but the rebellion was ended when al-Hafiz bribed the Luwata chieftains to withdraw with money and promises of land grants in the Nile Delta. The pretender's severed head was sent to Cairo. In 1149, the rival military factions, the 2283: 602:. Whether Abd al-Majid had had designs on the caliphate or not, the lack of a direct heir meant that the continuation of the Fatimid dynasty and the Isma'ili imamate required that he succeed as imam and caliph, since according to Isma'ili doctrine, "God does not leave the Moslem Community without an Imam to lead them on the right path". This was done in a decree ( 6938: 2674:). Ibn Masal would be named vizier only after al-Hafiz's death. This was a deliberate attempt to reverse the progressive transformation of the vizierate into a sultanate: unlike the viziers, the secretaries were civilian bureaucrats without ties to the army, and often non-Muslims as well, and hence utterly dependent on the Caliph. 702:'). As Stern emphasizes, in both cases the issue was "not so much the person of the claimant that weighed with his followers; they were not moved by any superior merits of Nizar as a ruler (this is, of course, obvious in the case of the infant al-Tayyib)—it was the divine right personified in the legitimate heir that counted". 5018: 2761:

In foreign affairs, al-Hafiz's final decade was largely peaceful. Both the Fatimids and the Kingdom of Jerusalem were focused on internal troubles, and the Crusaders were preoccupied with Zengi. In April/May 1141, Crusader knights appeared before Ascalon, but were chased away by the Fatimid garrison.

2444:, threatening to turn the country over, not to Twelver Shi'ism like Kutayfat, but to Sunnism". Indeed, when Ridwan took office on 5 February 1137, his titles reflected his dangerously powerful position. The new vizier was, like Bahram, the 'Sword of Islam', and once again, being a Muslim, head of the 1410:

to try and depose his son, but again Hasan's men emerged victorious. In the end, it was Hasan's tyrannical rule that caused his downfall. His brutal treatment of his enemies, the executions of prominent men and the confiscation of property, cost him whatever support he may have had. It was said that

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The Fatimid elites refused to accept these changes. Members of al-Amir's bodyguard assassinated Kutayfat in a counter-coup on 8 December 1131 and released Abd al-Majid from his prison. This restoration of the dynasty was thereafter commemorated annually, up until the end of the Fatimid Caliphate, as

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As a result of this silence in official sources, al-Tayyib's existence was doubted by some early scholars of Isma'ilism in the 20th century. His historicity is now considered as established, based on several points: surviving reports of festivities ordered by al-Amir to celebrate his birth survive,

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Matters came to a head on 8 June, as al-Hafiz, enthroned atop the Golden Gate of the palace, engaged in a heated exchange with Ridwan below. The vizier then ordered the palaces surrounded by troops, and presented one of the Caliph's sons, aiming to place him on the throne. This failed as the palace

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Following the murder of several senior commanders, the army rose in revolt in March 1135. Hasan fled to the caliphal palace, where al-Hafiz placed him under arrest. The troops then assembled at the square before the palace and demanded his execution, otherwise threatening to set fire to the palace.

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The issue was not merely political, but, given the pivotal role of the imam in the Isma'ili faith, also intensely religious. In the words of Stern, "on it depended the continuity of institutional religion as well as the personal salvation of the believer". A similar succession dispute in 1094/5 had

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proclaimed al-Hafiz's right to the imamate, likening it to the sun, which had been briefly eclipsed by al-Amir's death and Kutayfat's usurpation, but had now reappeared in accordance with the divine purpose. No reference to any son of al-Amir was made. Al-Hafiz claimed that he had—secretly—received

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At this time, Abd al-Majid was the oldest surviving male of the dynasty. What happened next appears to have effectively been a coup: two of al-Amir's favourites, Hizar al-Mulk Hazarmard (or Jawarmard) and Barghash, who had influence over the army, allied themselves with Abd al-Majid, to control the

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to the vizierate in 1137. Ridwan not only instituted anti-Christian and anti-Jewish measures, but aimed to overthrow al-Hafiz and replace the Fatimid dynasty with a Sunni regime headed by himself. With the support of the Cairo populace, al-Hafiz thwarted his ambitions and ousted Ridwan in 1139. For

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that recognized its overlordship. While the Fatimid cause flagged, beyond Egypt's borders, Zengi and Nur al-Din were building a militantly Sunni regime in Syria whose ideological zeal was making itself felt across the region. Enfeebled, Egypt would soon become the prize in the conflict between the

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After Ridwan's downfall, al-Hafiz offered to reappoint Bahram as vizier, but the latter refused. He remained al-Hafiz's closest aide, however, and on his death in November 1140, al-Hafiz participated in the funeral cortège in person. For the remainder of his reign, al-Hafiz did not appoint another

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Thus, by 1132 the once unified Isma'ili movement had split into three branches: the Hafizi, which now became the official doctrine of the Fatimid realm, the Tayyibi, which mostly survived in the mountains of Yemen, and the Nizari. Apart from Yemen, Tayyibi supporters existed in Egypt as well as in

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The Muslim population continued to oppose Bahram because he showed favour to Christians of all denominations, permitted the conferment of privileges on churches and the construction of new ones, and encouraged Armenian immigration, which in a short time is said by medieval sources to have reached

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Al-Hafiz continued the practice of appointing viziers to run the government in his name, but the power concentrated into the office's hands since the days of Badr al-Jamali made it a danger even to the caliph, and al-Hafiz paid particular attention to his viziers' activities. Indeed, for the last

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The accession of al-Hafiz signalled the restoration of the Fatimid dynasty and the figure of the caliph, but the preceding events had shaken the regime's foundations. The new caliph enjoyed little authority over the army, and al-Hafiz's reign was marred by chronic instability, having to fend off

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In the meantime, the Muslim backlash against Bahram grew. His post as vizier was already considered an insult, but the favour shown to Christians, the Armenian immigration, and his close relations with Christian powers further inflamed passions. Ridwan ibn Walakhshi, the Caliph's former gaoler,

3179:. Al-Tayyib is held to have died while still in occultation, but to have had descendants, who have provided a series of hidden imams to the present day. The public leadership of the Tayyibi community, up until the present day, was instead assumed by a succession of 'absolute missionaries' ( 2395:

against Bahram from the pulpit of the mosque. Finally, in early 1137 Ridwan raised an army from the local Bedouin and marched on Cairo. Bahram's Muslim soldiers deserted him, and on 3 February he fled Cairo with 2,000 Armenian soldiers, making for Qus. After his departure, an anti-Armenian

2787:" attitude towards Norman expansion since the kings of Sicily, a "trading partner of proven worth", promised "restoration of law and order along the North African coast", which would be of benefit to Egyptian commerce. Johns also points out that even many of the trade networks linking the 2520:) was redefined, and was now required to be paid to a bench set at the height of the head, as a sign of inferiority. Bahram's Armenian troops were disbanded, either settled as peasants or allowed to leave Egypt and return to their homeland. At the same time, Ridwan promoted Sunnism: a 304:. Even in Egypt, his legitimacy was repeatedly challenged, and his reign was troubled by constant uprisings and power struggles. In an effort to bolster his legitimacy, al-Hafiz was particularly active in the construction and restoration of shrines dedicated to members of the wider 3071:), he could not possibly err, especially in a matter as weighty as the selection of his heir and future imam. Appointed heirs predeceasing their fathers was a source of considerable embarrassment, and therefore, while an heir might be clearly favoured during his father's reign, 3208:. The Fatimids mediated between the Zirids and Roger, and the Sicilian court modelled much of its administration and titulature after Fatimid practices. The Fatimids even appear to have considered Roger a vassal monarch, addressing him in a style appropriate to a junior ruler. 2358:

in Upper Egypt, and his government was blamed by contemporaries for being tyrannical towards the local population. In foreign policy, Bahram's tenure inaugurated a period of peace, since the Crusader states of the Levant were occupied with the growing threat of

492:) successor, thus effectively bypassing al-Tayyib. What came of this pregnancy is likewise unclear, as different sources report that the concubine either bore a daughter or that the foetus could not be found, or that al-Hafiz killed the baby soon after. 3028:, who reports that Abd al-Majid took office as regent for al-Tayyib. Imad al-Din's account is in line with Tayyibi tradition, which blames Kutayfat for the infant's ousting, and is explicitly rejected by all other, particularly contemporary, sources. 1334:(1142)—to protect the Jaffa–Jerusalem road and provide security for Western settlers. These fortresses shifted the balance in the Crusaders' favour, as they forced the Fatimid garrison of Ascalon into a defensive stance. With the fortification of 1217:

His first vizier was the Armenian Yanis, a former military slave of al-Afdal and thus a prominent member of the same army factions that had raised Kutayfat to power. Yanis had already occupied high offices under al-Amir, including chamberlain

1354:, as vizier. A move designed to further strengthen the dynasty, it backfired disastrously when Sulayman died two months later, thereby once more throwing doubt on the supposed infallibility of the caliph-imam. Sulayman's younger brother 2783:(1147–1150) may have played a role in maintaining friendly relations until both monarchs died. The historian Jeremy Johns points out that while the Fatimids had long lost the ability to intervene directly in Ifriqiya, they adopted a " 411:) of Abu'l-Maymun. His early life, before he was thrust to the forefront of politics, is almost unknown. As an adult, he is reported to have had a strong mind and mild nature, fond of hoarding things, and to be strongly interested in 2623:, gave him a force of Turks, with whom he returned to Egypt. Rallying the Bedouin around him, he marched on Cairo, but was repulsed in front of the city gates on 28 August 1139. A month later, al-Hafiz led his army, comprising the 2511:

and regulations were introduced for Christians and Jews, such as requiring them to wear specific clothes and to dismount when passing by a mosque, or prohibiting them from riding horses, but only donkeys and mules. The poll tax

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as leading minister. This period was plagued by uprisings and natural disasters, but al-Hafiz persevered until his death in October 1149. His successors would be reduced to puppets at the hands of powerful viziers, until the

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of the Sword', in effect plenipotentiary viceroys with complete control over all aspects of the government: the vizier was now commander-in-chief of the army as well as supreme head of the civilian, judicial and religious

2485:), signalling his status as a monarch effectively independent of the imam–caliph. Ridwan's appointment thus marks the culmination of a process that made the Fatimid viziers into sultans, similar to the relationship of the 2950:

is also attributed to the early reign of al-Hafiz on stylistic grounds, the decoration of its mihrab bearing close similarities with the work commissioned by al-Hafiz at the al-Azhar and the Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya.

616:('Keeper of God's Religion'). For the first time in the Fatimid dynasty, power was not passed from father to son, creating a radical departure from established practice that had to be addressed and justified. Thus the 2703:

and appropriate the surplus income for himself. As a result, in 1145 he was arrested and executed at the Caliph's orders along with his father and brother. Muslim writers denigrated Abu Zakari as 'the Slit-Nosed One'

1393:, forcing Haydara to flee to the palace, which was now besieged by Hasan's troops. Faced with this unprecedented situation, al-Hafiz backed down and on 19 July, he appointed Hasan as vizier and heir. As the historian 2823:

The last years of al-Hafiz's reign were dominated by domestic challenges that laid bare the unstable foundations of his authority. In 1144/5, one of al-Hafiz's uncles, Abu'l-Husayn, tried to gain the support of the

694:') were blamed for the murder of al-Afdal in 1121, and of al-Amir. Al-Hafiz's accession in turn produced a major schism in the Musta'li branch of Isma'ilism, between the adherents of the imamate of al-Tayyib (the ' 595:

Given his lack of legitimation, as he was not in the line of succession to al-Amir, Abd al-Majid initially continued ruling as a regent. The first coins of his reign were struck with him still bearing the title of

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Whatever the ambitions and intentions of the leaders of the new regime were, they were cut short within a fortnight of al-Amir's death. At the ceremony of the new vizier's investiture, the army, assembled at the

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in 1171, but it disappeared quickly after, unlike its two rivals, which survive to the present day. The last holdout of Hafizi Isma'ilism was Yemen, where significant communities survived into the 13th century.

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decoration seen in the courtyard today, as well as the dome at the central entrance of the prayer hall. In the same year he also ordered the restoration of the dome over the dome, and a marble lining for the

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rebellions and challenges to his legitimacy from ambitious warlords, and even from within his own family. To bolster his legitimacy, al-Hafiz resorted, among other things, to converting the Shi'a festival of

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upon him. This impasse allowed al-Hafiz to regain the initiative. The turncoat son and his followers were killed, and on 12 June a group of twenty men of the caliphal bodyguard entered the city through the

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forced him to name him vizier in 1134, ousting another of the Caliph's sons from the post. Hasan's reign proved tyrannical and he was overthrown by the army in March 1135. The appointment of the Christian

2812:. Another embassy to Yemen is recorded in 1144, most likely again heading to Aden. In September 1147, a Fatimid embassy arrived in Damascus, apparently in an attempt to make common cause with its ruler, 2774:

there. Despite the possible danger posed by the Christian expansion into North Africa, and incidents where Norman warships captured Egyptian merchant vessels, relations remained cordial. The chronicler

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At Qus, Bahram found his brother killed and defiled by the local townfolk. In revenge, Bahram plundered the city, but resisted calls to torch it so as not to fully alienate the caliph. He then made for

3175:, and that the infant had been hidden by Ibn Madyan and his helpers when Kutayfat came to power. Ibn Madyan was killed by Kutayfat, but his brother-in-law escaped with al-Tayyib, who now went into 1371:, a regiment of apparently Armenian origin established by Badr and al-Afdal that had been the pillar of their power and that had also supported Kutayfat. The Caliph and Haydara were backed by the 2602:). They were quickly joined by the populace and the bulk of the army, which rose in revolt against Ridwan. It was only with the assistance of his brother and nephew, and some loyal troops of the 2507:

Now vizier, Ridwan launched an anti-Christian persecution. Christian officials were replaced with Muslims, their properties confiscated, and some were executed. Restrictive and discriminatory

292:). Al-Hafiz was largely accepted in the Fatimid-ruled territories, but many Isma'ili followers abroad refused to recognize him and regarded the vanished al-Tayyib as their imam, causing the 1281:

upon his father's execution, left his exile to return to Egypt. He gathered an army, but al-Hafiz successfully bribed one of his officers to assassinate him before he reached the country.

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On 23 January 1132, al-Hafiz proclaimed himself as the legitimate Isma'ili imam and caliph. While necessary in view of the lack of another heir, the succession was highly irregular, as the

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to Egypt and the Mediterranean appear to have been in the hands of Sicilian and Ifriqiyan merchants at this time, which may further explain Cairo's interest in the Norman venture.

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to the vizierate after that caused a severe reaction among the Muslim population due to Bahram's pro-Christian policies. This led to another uprising and the appointment of the

1381:. This dissension appears to have had religious motivation as well, as Hasan and his followers are said to have backed Sunnism and attacked Isma'ili preachers. On 28 June, the 339:, with mixed success. He was repeatedly forced to give way to the demands of various military factions, and was ultimately unable to halt the evolution of the vizierate into a 569:

points out that this is nowhere explicitly attested in Kutayfat's own proclamations. Rather, Kutayfat's claim was a convenient political device which not only sidestepped the

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in 1124, the Fatimids resumed their attacks on the Crusader territories from their stronghold at Ascalon. As a result, Fulk was forced to construct a series of new castles—

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gradually developed the notion of the imam as a singular, divinely invested and guided successor of Muhammad, a figure endowed with unique qualities and the living proof (

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were particularly low in 1139, while famine and pestilence ravaged Egypt in 1142. In 1148, the Nile flood was too high, with the water reaching to the gates of Cairo.

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Arriving in Cairo soon after the murder of Hasan, Bahram al-Armani, although a Christian, was named vizier on 4 April 1135 and received the title of 'Sword of Islam' (

277:'s all-powerful vicegerent. Kutayfat's regime was toppled when he was murdered by Fatimid loyalists in December 1131, and al-Hafiz was freed and restored as regent. 2635:

regiments and his own bodyguard, to defeat Ridwan's forces. Ridwan fled to Upper Egypt, but soon had to surrender himself to the Caliph's forces in exchange for an

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The close contacts between Norman Sicily and Fatimid Egypt were founded on trade and Roger's imperial ambitions, which extended from the former Fatimid domains in

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saints were especially prominent among them, in an apparent effort to channel popular devotion to the Alids to bolster the Fatimid dynasty's weakened legitimacy.

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the Levant, but they were apparently heavily persecuted by the Fatimids. The Hafizi branch, inextricably bound to the Fatimid regime, survived in Egypt until the

2836:, Khumartash, informed al-Hafiz, who had his uncle thrown into prison. In 1146, the commander Bakhtiyar rebelled in Upper Egypt, but was defeated by a force of 1233:

After Yanis' death, the powerful position of vizier was deliberately left vacant. Al-Hafiz also dismissed Yuhanna ibn Abi'l-Layth, the long-serving head of the

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Al-Hafiz's highly irregular accession and claims to the imamate were largely accepted by the Isma'ili faithful in the Fatimid domains in Egypt, Nubia, and the

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emerged as the movement's leader. Ridwan was a Sunni who had risen to be one of the leading military commanders under al-Amir, and now held the position of

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At the same time, the Caliph sought to bolster Fatimid credentials in the eyes of the Muslim world by once again taking up the mantle of champions of the

6465: 1230:. His growing power alarmed the Caliph. When Yanis died in late 1132, after nine months in office, it was rumoured that the Caliph had had him poisoned. 577:, "as a dictator responsible to no one either in theory or practice". Halm also considers that it was Kutayfat who at this point eliminated al-Tayyib. 5788: 6728: 2016: 1224:), a post almost as powerful as the vizierate. To enforce his own authority, he executed half of al-Amir's bodyguard and formed a private army, the 6042: 6036: 2693:) by Bahram and been dismissed and exiled by Ridwan. Al-Hafiz restored him to his position, and awarded him the title 'Protege of the Caliphate' ( 1239:('bureau of verification'), responsible for overseeing the financial administration. The Caliph used the opportunity to enlist the support of the 7962: 5899: 3077:

was often withheld until shortly before the ruling imam's death, proclaimed in the latter's testament, or left as a bequest with a third party.

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The Caliph's leniency towards Bahram is not surprising, as the Christian vizier was not nearly as threatening to his own position as the Sunni

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on the southern border of the Fatimid realm—some sources claim that he had intended to found a new realm allied with the Christian kingdoms of

2126: 2966:. From literary sources it is known that al-Hafiz also ordered restoration or construction for the shrines of the heads of other Alid saints: 7942: 6906: 5673: 5369: 5333: 5274: 5140: 5113: 2779:

even records the conclusion of a commercial treaty between Egypt and Sicily in 1143. According to Halm, Roger's decision to abstain from the

1159: 720: 261:. Al-Tayyib was apparently sidelined and possibly killed by the new regime, which was in turn overthrown within a few days by the army under 6733: 2585:

remained closed to him, and due to the resistance of Ibn Salama, who insisted that only the imam could sanction his successor by conferring

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into a festival celebrating the Fatimids. Despite his weak position, al-Hafiz succeeded in remaining on the throne for almost two decades.

6723: 5534:(1951). "The Succession to the Fatimid Imam al-Āmir, the Claims of the Later Fatimids to the Imamate, and the Rise of Ṭayyibī Ismailism". 1419:. Before Bahram could arrive in the capital, the Caliph bowed to the soldiers' demands and had his son poisoned by his Jewish physician. 7808: 7545: 2662:

was appointed as leading minister, but the title of vizier was deliberately avoided, and he was instead titled 'supervisor of affairs' (

2311: 6693: 6109: 6085: 6030: 5665: 2338:. He also did not receive those customary titles of the Fatimid viziers that implied control over the Muslim religious establishment ( 1942: 1277:, as well as an unexpected danger: al-Husayn, one of the sons of Nizar (the eponymous cause of the Nizari schism) who had fled to the 528:. Soon, however—possibly after the expected birth of a male heir did not occur—Kutayfat proclaimed the dynasty deposed, and abandoned 7873: 2898:

Al-Hafiz was succeeded by the youngest and only surviving of his five sons, the 16-year-old Abu Mansur Isma'il, with the regnal name

2547:, for a common front against the Crusaders, but also possibly with the aim of using the Sunni Syrians to unseat the Fatimid dynasty. 6081: 5892: 5306: 3155: 662:, upheld the rights of al-Tayyib, whose birth had been announced to her in a letter by al-Amir, while the regional dynasties of the 363:

the next ten years, the Caliph ruled without a vizier, instead entrusting the administration to a succession of secretaries, with

5325: 1915: 727: 2959: 2809: 6718: 2929:, Muhammad's daughter—after she reportedly visited him in a dream. In 1138 the caliph undertook a major refurbishment of the 2820:. Given the continuing troubles in Egypt, however, any thought of a Fatimid intervention in Syria remained an impossibility. 2416:. There a letter from al-Hafiz reached him, offering lenient terms: he could choose either a governorship at Qus, Akhmim, or 1860: 7753: 7707: 7490: 7444: 7361: 7315: 7184: 7138: 6098: 5962: 5838: 2172: 2420:, but could keep only a fraction of his followers, or he could enter a monastery near Akhmim, with a letter of protection ( 7947: 7674: 7411: 7282: 7105: 7012: 6875: 6703: 6698: 6253: 6127: 5781: 2903: 2902:. Al-Hafiz was the last Fatimid caliph who rose to the throne as an adult. The next three Fatimid imam-caliphs, until the 2799: 2735: 2036: 1890: 1820: 707: 369: 7858: 7728: 7465: 7336: 7159: 6688: 6020: 5937: 5813: 2808:

for Yemen. By the time the Fatimid envoy arrived, Ali had died, so the investiture passed to his brother and successor,

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government. Abd al-Majid was to become regent, while Hazarmard (winning out over Barghash) would become vizier, and the

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through a continuous sequence of both public and hidden imams, including the Fatimid imam-caliphs, to the present day.

3060: 1815: 1627: 1555: 1483: 760: 570: 281: 239: 7878: 7848: 6303: 629:) as successor by al-Amir, and that Caliph al-Mustansir had foreseen this event, and had called al-Hafiz's father as 7868: 2550:

In 1138 Ridwan attempted to remove al-Hafiz from power altogether by consulting a Sunni (the head of the Alexandria

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Aided by the Bedouin in his employ, Ridwan fled to Ascalon and thence to the Burid domains. The Burid governor of

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Williams, Caroline (1985). "The Cult of ʿAlid Saints in the Fatimid Monuments of Cairo, Part II: The Mausolea".

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the commander-in-chief and chamberlain to the regent. Hazarmard evidently hoped to establish himself as a quasi-

301: 7773: 7723: 7604: 7510: 7460: 7331: 6981: 6965: 6425: 5774: 5037: 2947: 2943: 2142: 1394: 316:, both powers were preoccupied elsewhere for the most part. The Fatimid court also maintained contact with the 7689: 7426: 7381: 7297: 7120: 6683: 2200: 2108: 2011: 1036: 495: 439: 254: 2540: 7733: 7694: 7470: 7431: 7341: 7302: 7164: 7125: 6799: 6738: 5924: 5797: 3205: 2718:('the Most Noble One'). This anti-Christian animus perhaps explains why his two successors were both Muslim 2562: 2304: 2152: 2113: 1850: 1825: 1358:

was immediately appointed as heir and vizier, but this provoked the jealousy of another of al-Hafiz's sons,

650:, but rebuffed by some communities. Most notably, this was the case in the only other major Isma'ili realm, 231: 63: 7843: 7833: 7828: 2375:

in 1102. The vizier appears to have entertained good relations, and possibly formed an alliance, with King

7798: 7763: 7535: 7500: 6441: 6313: 6258: 6138: 6075: 5977: 5853: 5726: 5488: 5434: 5217: 3038:

scattered references to him in 12th-century historians, and a surviving example, sent to the Yemeni queen

2841: 2817: 2372: 2182: 1773: 1565: 1550: 1355: 960: 897: 687: 428: 250: 143: 85: 7619: 308:

family. Al-Hafiz's reign was mostly quiet on the external front. Despite continuing hostilities with the

7957: 7932: 7788: 7768: 7748: 7624: 7525: 7505: 7485: 7356: 7179: 6846: 6498: 6308: 6132: 6114: 5957: 5833: 3147: 2899: 2167: 2071: 1351: 517: 138: 7239: 6641: 6179: 2848:. In 1149, another pretender, a supposed son of Nizar, gathered Berber supporters—Luwata and even some 1647: 756: 695: 683: 3110:

as successors of Muhammad and attached few conditions to leadership positions. On the other hand, the

7937: 7909: 7803: 7793: 7540: 7530: 7062: 6901: 6786: 6708: 6646: 6624: 6323: 6318: 6298: 6233: 6197: 6175: 6147: 5756: 3159: 3063:, but it also produced practical complications: as the imam was held to possess God's infallibility ( 2813: 2437: 2219: 1996: 1830: 1793: 1723: 1713: 1535: 1315: 1296: 1108: 752: 748: 699: 679: 525: 479: 359: 309: 243: 5031: 2535:, where Sunnism was more widespread than the capital. Ridwan also continued correspondence with the 532:

as the state religion. He instead proclaimed himself as the vicegerent of a shadowy 'Expected One' (

7897: 7783: 7758: 7594: 7520: 7495: 7366: 7189: 6958: 6916: 6836: 6388: 6278: 5967: 5843: 5531: 3176: 3151: 2906:

in 1171, were little more than puppet rulers, with real power lying in the hands of their viziers.

2864:, once again clashed in the streets of Cairo, so that people were afraid to enter the capital. The 2609: 2577: 2231: 2177: 1895: 1880: 782: 574: 466: 454: 393: 225: 186: 2998:

Called to Cairo in 1073 to save the tottering dynasty that was being threatened with overthrow by

1187:

decade of his reign, he did not appoint any viziers, but instead relied on high-ranking clerks as

7229: 6921: 6811: 6629: 6397: 6383: 6288: 5648: 5580: 5551: 5408: 5086: 3123: 2412:

to the south—but the local governor barred his gates to him, and Bahram was forced to retreat to

2376: 2297: 2257: 2057: 2052: 1739: 1686: 1679: 1433: 1359: 691: 635:. Earlier examples of breaks in the direct succession of the imamate, chiefly the designation by 504: 347: 321: 148: 7684: 7421: 7292: 7115: 7022: 3172: 3139: 2678: 2103: 558: 270: 7614: 5349:

Kalifen und Assassinen: Ägypten und der vordere Orient zur Zeit der ersten Kreuzzüge, 1074–1171

2713: 1415:

Al-Hafiz called to his rescue the governor of the Gharbiyya province (the western Nile Delta),

7902: 7679: 7564: 7416: 7287: 7260: 7224: 7110: 7083: 7052: 7037: 7017: 6761: 6445: 6417: 5915: 5669: 5619: 5603: 5519: 5465: 5375: 5365: 5329: 5302: 5270: 5248: 5191: 5136: 5109: 3182: 3127: 3025: 2971: 2763: 2360: 2248: 2238: 2098: 2047: 2001: 1788: 1768: 1304: 1155: 1138: 663: 640: 500: 325: 130: 67: 7609: 6483: 6413: 6403: 6373: 6293: 6192: 6160: 6103: 5942: 5818: 5640: 5611: 5599: 5572: 5543: 5511: 5457: 5420: 5400: 5357: 5294: 5240: 5183: 5128: 5101: 5074: 5060: 5023: 3131: 2975: 2266: 2031: 1778: 1523: 1416: 1339: 1300: 655: 388:

467 (1074/5 CE) or 468 (1075/6). His father was Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad, a son of the reigning

352: 257:, as a possible successor, so al-Hafiz—as the oldest surviving member of the dynasty—became 5354:

Caliphs and Assassins: Egypt and the Near East at the Time of the First Crusades, 1074–1171

7778: 7589: 7047: 6821: 6003: 5691: 5070: 3039: 2930: 2659: 2490: 1984: 1952: 1875: 1694: 1406:, with which he terrorized the elites. Al-Hafiz instigated the Black African garrison of 1327: 1262: 659: 513: 469:

while Abd al-Majid may have supported him with the aim of gaining the throne for himself.

216: 175: 2748:, and given quasi-vizieral prerogatives: he was allowed to wear the tail of his turban ( 7743: 7669: 7584: 7515: 7480: 7406: 7371: 7351: 7277: 7194: 7174: 7100: 7007: 6851: 6273: 5972: 5952: 5848: 5828: 5733: 5496: 5492: 5442: 5438: 5260: 5225: 5221: 5168: 5164: 5127:. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 5078: 2780: 2776: 2186: 2162: 2088: 1977: 1962: 1885: 1668: 1498: 1319: 1145: 879: 554: 549: 462: 406: 389: 5479: 5425: 5208: 5155: 5065: 7926: 7715: 7699: 7599: 7574: 7452: 7436: 7323: 7307: 7272: 7146: 7130: 7095: 7027: 7002: 6668: 6617: 6589: 6585: 6555: 6508: 6369: 6363: 6155: 5594: 5515: 5484: 5461: 5430: 5412: 5317: 5244: 5213: 5203: 5187: 5160: 5150: 5105: 3143: 3135: 2767: 2755: 2508: 2486: 2253: 2134: 2093: 2083: 1967: 1947: 1865: 1805: 1654: 1560: 1493: 1488: 1444: 1372: 529: 332:, and adopted many of the practices of the Fatimid court for his own administration. 266: 196: 17: 5615: 2895:

Nur al-Din and the Crusaders, leading to the final collapse of the Fatimid dynasty.

7639: 7569: 6911: 6831: 6826: 6541: 6524: 6248: 5284: 5051: 3158:

is still awaited. The various Isma'ili branches follow the line of succession from

3054: 2979: 2845: 2788: 2612:(Victory Gate). The vizier's palace was once more plundered by the mob behind him. 2423: 2287: 1900: 1673: 1545: 1508: 1331: 1180: 487: 385: 287: 2026: 2006: 5347: 5288: 5264: 2762:

In 1142/3, Fatimid envoys visited the court of Roger II of Sicily. Roger pursued

1397:

comments, al-Hafiz had effectively appointed his son "in opposition to himself".

1149: 7644: 7634: 7579: 7042: 7032: 6841: 6804: 6782: 6756: 6673: 6503: 3103: 2875: 2830:

for his own bid to the caliphate, promising to make him vizier as a reward. The

2700: 2699:). He appears to have used his position as head of the fiscal administration to 2620: 2593: 2566: 2262: 2244: 2226: 1810: 1704: 1699: 1407: 1323: 562: 274: 265:. The latter imprisoned al-Hafiz, and moved to depose the Fatimids and replace 7838: 7629: 6607: 6493: 5404: 5343: 5013: 2532: 2521: 1972: 1835: 1734: 1274: 566: 50: 46: 5623: 5523: 5469: 5379: 5361: 5252: 5195: 2734:), and held the post for two years, until September 1147. He was replaced by 1411:

as many as 15,000 people were killed in the turmoils caused by Hasan's rule.

284:

had previously only been passed from father to son, by explicit designation (

6431: 6393: 6122: 6055: 3171:

The Tayyibis hold that al-Tayyib had been entrusted by al-Amir to a certain

2967: 2641:. Al-Hafiz had Ridwan interned in the palace, in the room next to Bahram's. 1759: 1473: 1335: 1293: 507:, showing the approximate layout of the city and the location of the palaces 451: 416: 364: 5884: 6937: 5298: 5290:

The Fatimid Armenians: Cultural and Political Interaction in the Near East

5132: 3006:

military dictatorship. Contemporaries defined Badr and his successors as '

7264: 7209: 7087: 6421: 6377: 6283: 6243: 6166: 6092: 5987: 5863: 5743: 5718: 3197: 3111: 3099: 2754:) in a style reserved for palace eunuchs, and attended the caliph at the 2556:, Ibn Awf), a Twelver (Ibn Abi Kamil), and an Isma'ili jurist (the chief 2479: 1905: 1783: 1744: 1299:, as had been the case under al-Afdal. Taking advantage of the revolt of 667: 636: 541: 521: 381: 329: 313: 262: 153: 111: 95: 5584: 682:

schism: after the death of al-Mustansir, al-Afdal Shahanshah had raised

7219: 6534: 6359: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6228: 5997: 5873: 5652: 5555: 3107: 3021: 2926: 2891: 2792: 2616: 2544: 2526: 2494: 2459: 2371:. Bahram even presided over the release of 300 captives held since the 2235: 2043: 1957: 1937: 1870: 1763: 1729: 1585: 1518: 1503: 1278: 1154:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 508. 1105: 412: 297: 170: 159: 5563:

Walker, Paul E. (1995). "Succession to Rule in the Shiite Caliphate".

2400:

broke out in the capital, and even the vizieral palace was plundered.

249:

Al-Hafiz first rose to power as regent after the death of his cousin,

6794: 6529: 6488: 6407: 6328: 5576: 3201: 2939: 2934: 2849: 2837: 2771: 2536: 2413: 2397: 2364: 2021: 1540: 1242: 1204: 1117: 1093: 647: 605: 458: 343: 317: 293: 258: 5644: 5547: 2608:, that Ridwan was able to break through and escape the city via the 2569:

on 31 May wearing a robe in a style normally reserved for monarchs.

1273:'). Al-Hafiz also had to confront a revolt of troops in the eastern 2925:, a shrine dedicated to a daughter of Ali ibn Abi Talib—but not by 2658:) to lead the administration. At some point in 1139/40, the Berber 6816: 6658: 6612: 6575: 6435: 6263: 5766: 3117: 3093: 3066: 2887: 2653: 2571: 2515: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2368: 1932: 1910: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1528: 1513: 1468: 1437: 1338:

in 1150, Ascalon was entirely cut off by land, paving the way for

1287: 1247:

families (those claiming descent from Muhammad) by appointing the

1198: 698:') pitted against supporters of al-Hafiz and his successors (the ' 651: 356: 305: 235: 208: 123: 2770:, and his fleet had recently captured the old Fatimid capital of 2766:

against the former Fatimid domains in Ifriqiya, now ruled by the

3090:

is a spiritual leader of the Islamic community of the faithful (

3087: 2915: 2871: 2870:

emerged victorious and drove their opponents out of the city to

2333: 1610: 1605: 6954: 5888: 5770: 3042:, of the letters sent to friendly rulers to announce the event. 3002:, Badr established a regime that modern scholars have termed a 2798:

In 1139/40, al-Hafiz sent envoys to the Zurayid ruler of Aden,

1400:

To secure his position, Hasan organized a private militia, the

7664: 7401: 7247: 7070: 6997: 3059:

is central to the early Shi'a, and particularly the Isma'ili,

2954:

During the last years of his reign, al-Hafiz commissioned the

2355: 2078: 419:; he is known to have kept several astronomers in his employ. 6950: 2354:

30,000 people. His brother, Vasak, was appointed governor of

1350:

In 1134, al-Hafiz appointed his own son and designated heir,

610:) on 23 January 1132, whereby Abd al-Majid assumed the title 2539:, a Turkish dynasty that ruled southern Syria, particularly 3146:

as their seventh imam and end the line of their imams with

2958:, a cenotaph for two sons of al-Qasim Abu Tayyib, a son of 5322:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 15 (Hades – Hanefî Mehmed)

5269:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4911: 4909: 2914:

Al-Hafiz erected numerous shrines and mosques. Shrines to

2677:

The first of these secretaries was the Egyptian Christian

2428:) for himself and his relatives. Bahram chose the latter. 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 3905: 3903: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3361: 3359: 2886:

Al-Hafiz died on 10 October 1149, of a severe intestinal

2681:, who had been appointed as 'supervisor of the bureaus' ( 573:, but allowed him to rule, in the words of the historian 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3122:) of God. The position was reserved for a member of the 253:, in October 1130. Al-Amir had only left an infant son, 205:

Abūʾl-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Mustanṣir

4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4805: 4803: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4663: 4661: 4569: 4567: 4523: 4521: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3579: 3577: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3102:. After the civil wars of the early Muslim period, the 2874:. These years were also ones of natural disasters. The 1195:

Vizierate of Yanis and first personal regime, 1132–1134

442:, to succeed him, with no designated regent or serving 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4400: 4398: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4297: 4295: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4094: 4092: 3760: 3758: 3564: 3562: 3441: 3439: 3346: 3344: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3306: 3304: 3291: 3289: 3287: 2933:, which established the keel-shaped arches and carved 438:) was assassinated. He left only a six-month-old son, 230:'Keeper of God's Religion'), was the eleventh 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3180: 3115: 3091: 3072: 3064: 3052: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2831: 2825: 2803: 2749: 2739: 2729: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2669: 2663: 2651: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2603: 2597: 2586: 2557: 2551: 2524: 2513: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2421: 2390: 2384: 2345: 2339: 2331: 2325: 1401: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1366: 1285: 1268: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1240: 1234: 1225: 1219: 630: 624: 617: 611: 603: 597: 587: 547: 539: 533: 485: 477: 404: 403:). In later life he was also called by the epithet ( 335:

As ruler, al-Hafiz tried to rein in his over-mighty

285: 7653: 7390: 7238: 7061: 6988: 6889: 6781: 6774: 6747: 6657: 6600: 6563: 6554: 6517: 6455: 6352: 6217: 6208: 6013: 5923: 346:independent of the caliph. Thus al-Hafiz's own son 192: 181: 169: 129: 117: 105: 101: 91: 81: 73: 58: 34: 5593: 5478: 5424: 5391:: The Norman Kingdom of Africa and the Fāṭimids". 5207: 5154: 5064: 557:. The medieval sources explain this as a turn to 520:, rose in revolt and demanded the appointment of 461:in the style of the all-powerful Armenian vizier 7968:Prisoners and detainees of the Fatimid Caliphate 5565:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 5328:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 108–110. 2744:). Al-Tarabulusi was also appointed head of the 2470:). Instead of 'Most Mighty and Excellent Lord' ( 581:Rise to the throne and the Hafizi–Tayyibi schism 380:The future al-Hafiz was born as Abd al-Majid at 5662:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide 686:to the caliphate instead of his older brother, 2728:, received the title of 'the Successful One' ( 476:head of state, Abd al-Majid used the title of 6966: 5900: 5782: 5717:Temporary abolition of the Fatimid regime by 2305: 728: 546:) imam, who was given no name other than the 238:from 1132 to his death in 1149, and the 21st 8: 5266:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 1151:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 5456:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1163–1169. 3150:, the twelfth and final imam who went into 2668:) or 'supervisor of the public interests' ( 654:, where the hitherto staunchly pro-Fatimid 6973: 6959: 6951: 6778: 6560: 6214: 5907: 5893: 5885: 5789: 5775: 5767: 5682: 5502:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5448:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5231:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5174:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5092:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2724:s who had served under Ridwan. The first, 2596:gate shouting "al-Hafiz, the Victorious" ( 2312: 2298: 1426: 759:schisms in the lines of succession of the 735: 721: 713: 269:with a personal regime, possibly based on 40: 31: 6474:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi 5182:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 850–862. 5100:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 382–383. 643:, were brought up to buttress his claim. 5664:(Seventh ed.). Cairo and New York: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4888: 3643: 3619: 3595: 2816:, against the ambitions of Zengi's son, 1346:Vizierates of al-Hafiz's sons, 1134–1135 494: 29:Fatimid Dynasty caliph from 1132 to 1149 5510:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 54–55. 5356:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. 4900: 4763: 4215: 4122: 4110: 4062: 4017: 4005: 3969: 3933: 3909: 3882: 3870: 3841: 3812: 3732: 3667: 3655: 3631: 3607: 3517: 3418: 3278: 3228: 3221: 3130:considered as the first such imam. The 3020:The sole exception is the 15th-century 2991: 2531:was established on the Syrian model in 1429: 7570:Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III) 4652: 4234: 4158: 3541: 3406: 3295: 3259: 2650:vizier, but rather chose secretaries ( 6907:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi 5293:. Leiden, New York, and Köln: Brill. 4876: 4864: 4852: 4751: 4628: 4597: 4546: 4512: 4488: 4471: 4440: 4389: 4377: 4348: 4274: 4182: 4134: 4083: 4050: 4029: 3957: 3921: 3894: 3858: 3824: 3788: 3776: 3749: 3691: 3679: 3583: 3553: 3529: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3430: 3394: 3377: 3350: 3335: 3310: 2476:), he was now 'Most Excellent King' ( 1314:), after a long hiatus caused by the 1116: 1114: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 999: 997: 995: 993: 987: 977: 975: 973: 959: 957: 955: 941: 935: 929: 927: 925: 923: 917: 915: 913: 911: 905: 896: 894: 892: 878: 876: 874: 871: 839: 809: 803: 801: 799: 797: 795: 781: 779: 777: 775: 773: 771: 7: 5239:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 868. 4840: 4821: 4809: 4794: 4782: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4640: 4609: 4585: 4573: 4558: 4527: 4500: 4459: 4428: 4416: 4404: 4365: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4286: 4253: 4194: 4170: 4146: 4098: 3993: 3981: 3945: 3800: 3764: 3715: 3703: 3568: 3457: 3445: 3365: 2736:Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Tarabulusi 2687:, likely indicating the head of the 158:Yusuf (father of al-Hafiz' grandson 2970:(now occupied by the reconstructed 2580:gate in Cairo, photographed in 1867 2197:ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh 328:into the former Fatimid domains of 220: 5761:23 January 1132 – 10 October 1149 5738:23 January 1132 – 10 October 1149 5666:American University in Cairo Press 3138:branches split after the death of 2645:Return to personal rule, 1139–1149 25: 7560:Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II) 3670:, pp. 89–98, 99–100, 507ff.. 2964:Mausoleum of Muhammad al-Hasawati 1253:Mu'tamid al-Dawla as head of the 1191:directors of government affairs. 77:23 January 1132 – 10 October 1149 7585:Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali) 6936: 5602:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 5516:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2612 5462:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0369 5245:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3288 5188:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0218 5106:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8067 5044: 5030: 5016: 2281: 2173:ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh 1452: 503:-era Cairo, as reconstructed by 7521:Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 6734:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 5616:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30176 2499: 2440:, who "promised to be a second 2114:Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir 1345: 1309: 966: 948: 885: 788: 565:is a core tenet. The historian 433: 398: 6724:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub 6719:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi 5610:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 3142:in 765. The Twelvers followed 2921:In 1133, al-Hafiz erected the 2192:Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh 2183:Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh 1423:Vizierate of Bahram, 1135–1137 674:already led to the disastrous 670:recognized al-Hafiz's claims. 658:broke up. The Sulayhid queen, 1: 7963:Muslims of the Second Crusade 7013:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 6876:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque 6128:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya 6088:Qarmatian invasions (971–974) 6021:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya 3421:, pp. 194–195, 211, 241. 3126:, with Muhammad's son-in-law 2738:, surnamed 'the Chosen One' ( 2109:Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak 1365:Hasan won the backing of the 1267:('head representative of the 1208: 708:fall of the Fatimid Caliphate 571:Fatimid claims to the imamate 324:, who at this time began his 7943:12th-century Fatimid caliphs 6689:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi 6193:End of the Fatimid Caliphate 4185:, pp. 278–279, 281–282. 2960:Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq 2802:, to formally invest him as 2800:Ali ibn Saba ibn Abu'l-Su'ud 2168:Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh 2158:Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh 2143:ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh 370:end of the Fatimid Caliphate 121:10 October 1149 (aged 72-75) 6679:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani 6188:Crusader invasions of Egypt 5963:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah 5660:Williams, Caroline (2018). 3433:, pp. 207–208, 228ff.. 3181: 3116: 3092: 3073: 3065: 3053: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2832: 2826: 2804: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2670: 2664: 2652: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2604: 2598: 2587: 2558: 2552: 2525: 2514: 2478: 2473:al-sayyid al-ajall al-afḍal 2472: 2466: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2432:Regime of Ridwan, 1137–1139 2422: 2391: 2385: 2346: 2340: 2332: 2326: 2178:Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh 1402: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1367: 1286: 1269: 1261: 1255: 1249: 1241: 1235: 1226: 1220: 631: 625: 618: 612: 604: 598: 588: 561:, where expectation of the 548: 540: 534: 486: 478: 405: 286: 7994: 6857:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya 6704:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman 6479:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi 6254:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i 5326:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation 2956:Mashhad of Yahya al-Shabih 2923:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya 2710:), twisting his honorific 2187:Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh 1891:Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam 1342:by the Crusaders in 1153. 427:On 7 October 1130, Caliph 7892: 6934: 6897:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi 6269:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan 6115:Bedouin alliance uprising 5804: 5750: 5740: 5731: 5712: 5685: 5405:10.1017/S0263718900006865 5066:"al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ Allāh" 3061:conception of the imamate 3000:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan 2948:Mausoleum of Ikhwat Yusuf 2701:contract for tax revenues 1921:Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai 1084: 1082: 1072: 1070: 1060: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1027: 1025: 1015: 1013: 1003: 1001: 991: 989: 981: 979: 933: 931: 921: 919: 909: 907: 865: 863: 861: 859: 853: 851: 849: 847: 837: 833: 831: 829: 827: 821: 819: 817: 815: 185:Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn 39: 5592:Walker, Paul E. (2017). 5362:10.17104/9783406661648-1 5324:(in Turkish). Istanbul: 5038:Fatimid Caliphate portal 3972:, pp. 241–243, 248. 3924:, pp. 233–234, 261. 3231:, pp. 250–251, 508. 3106:mainstream followed the 2944:al-Sayyida Nafisa Mosque 586:the 'Feast of Victory' ( 538:) and 'Rightly-Guided' ( 423:Regency and imprisonment 7799:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 7774:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 7556:Muhammad ibn Islam Shah 7536:Ala al-Din Muhammad III 7511:Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi 6890:Literature and learning 6881:Shrine of Husayn's Head 6800:Great Mosque of Mahdiya 6739:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 6714:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 6068:Conquest of Egypt (969) 5595:"al-Ḥāfiẓ li-Dīn Allāh" 5387:Johns, Jeremy (1987). " 5123:Brett, Michael (2017). 3472:, p. 203 (note 1). 3206:Principality of Antioch 2541:Shams al-Dawla Muhammad 2163:Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh, 1816:ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani 49:of al-Hafiz, minted at 7814:Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah 7794:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 7789:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 7531:Jalal al-Din Hasan III 7526:Nur al-Din Muhammad II 6869:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque 6601:Branches and offshoots 6314:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh 6259:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri 5993:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah 5978:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 5948:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 5727:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 5608:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5477:Magued, A. M. (1971). 2726:Abu'l-Karam al-Tinnisi 2581: 1214: 961:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 508: 429:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 273:, with himself as the 251:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 207:, better known by his 86:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 7849:Sadr al-Din Miuhammad 7809:Shams al-Din Muhammad 7625:Shah Khalil Allah III 7546:Shams al-Din Muhammad 7382:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 7205:Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz 7053:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 6847:Fatimid Great Palaces 6684:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i 6499:Anushtakin al-Dizbari 6309:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar 6304:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi 6133:Mustansirite Hardship 6072:Expansion into Syria 6043:2nd invasion of Egypt 6037:1st invasion of Egypt 5988:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah 5983:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah 5958:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 5938:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah 5744:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah 5316:Güner, Ahmet (1997). 5299:10.1163/9789004492646 5133:10.1515/9781474421515 4990:, pp. 41, 50–51. 3658:, pp. 38, 88–89. 3646:, pp. 1166–1167. 3622:, pp. 1163–1164. 3136:Isma'ili (or Sevener) 3024:leader and historian 2900:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah 2575: 2489:rulers vis-à-vis the 2201:Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib 1876:Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi 1811:ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab 1259:, and his brother as 1203:Political map of the 1202: 943:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah 632:walī ʿahd al-muslimīn 613:al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh 599:walī ʿahd al-muslimīn 498: 480:walī ʿahd al-muslimīn 440:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 213:al-Ḥāfiẓ li-Dīn Allāh 96:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah 35:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah 18:Al-Hafiz li-Din Allah 7948:12th-century regents 7804:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 7695:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 7541:Rukn al-Din Khurshah 7432:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 7303:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 7230:Sulayman Badr al-Din 7126:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 6299:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi 6198:Battle of the Blacks 5998:al-Adid li-Din Allah 4867:, pp. 277, 280. 4718:, pp. 198, 218. 4137:, pp. 238, 267. 4032:, pp. 267, 277. 3948:, pp. 184, 185. 3634:, pp. 1, 39–86. 3520:, pp. 246, 261. 3460:, pp. 179, 182. 2438:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi 2137:(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh) 1997:Palace of Queen Arwa 1831:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi 1826:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi 1794:Nizari Ismaili state 1297:Kingdom of Jerusalem 872:Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad 783:al-Mustansir bi'llah 526:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi 360:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi 310:Kingdom of Jerusalem 7595:Khalil Allah II Ali 6917:al-Azhar University 6279:al-Afdal Shahanshah 6110:Muffarij b. Daghfal 6062:Conquest of Morocco 6049:2nd Sicilian revolt 6031:1st Sicilian revolt 5968:al-Mustansir Billah 4903:, pp. 249–250. 4855:, pp. 279–280. 4824:, pp. 221–222. 4797:, pp. 220–221. 4742:, pp. 219–220. 4706:, pp. 217–218. 4643:, pp. 216–217. 4612:, pp. 197–198. 4600:, pp. 275–276. 4588:, pp. 196–197. 4515:, pp. 274–275. 4503:, pp. 194–195. 4474:, pp. 273–274. 4443:, pp. 272–273. 4431:, pp. 193–194. 4419:, pp. 192–193. 4392:, pp. 270–271. 4380:, pp. 270–272. 4316:, pp. 188–190. 4289:, pp. 187–188. 4197:, pp. 229–232. 4173:, pp. 199–200. 4161:, pp. 255–256. 4149:, pp. 186–187. 4125:, pp. 248–249. 4113:, pp. 143–144. 4020:, pp. 255–260. 3885:, pp. 242–243. 3873:, pp. 241–242. 3827:, pp. 265–266. 3815:, pp. 247–248. 3803:, pp. 182–183. 3791:, pp. 207–209. 3779:, pp. 207–208. 3706:, pp. 180–181. 3694:, pp. 263–264. 3682:, pp. 204–206. 3556:, pp. 203–204. 3544:, pp. 240–242. 3532:, pp. 262–263. 3496:, pp. 196–198. 3409:, pp. 857–858. 3380:, pp. 202–203. 3368:, pp. 177–178. 1896:Rashid ad-Din Sinan 1821:ibn Mansur al-Yaman 1141:(with regnal dates) 880:al-Musta'li bi'llah 575:Samuel Miklos Stern 516:square between the 467:al-Afdal Shahanshah 302:Musta'li Isma'ilism 187:al-Mustansir Billah 7779:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 7759:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 7690:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 7516:Hasan (I) al-Qahir 7496:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 7427:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 7367:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 7298:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 7190:Ma'ad al-Mustansir 7121:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 6922:House of Knowledge 6289:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz 5973:al-Musta'li Billah 5723:Title last held by 5598:. In Fleet, Kate; 5318:"Hâfız-Lidînillâh" 5125:The Fatimid Empire 3936:, pp. 261ff.. 3204:, to the Crusader 3200:, now held by the 3124:family of Muhammad 3098:) as successor of 2904:end of the dynasty 2777:Romuald of Salerno 2764:expansionist plans 2696:ṣanīʿat al-khilāfa 2684:nāẓir fi'l-dawāwīn 2671:nāẓir fi'l-maṣāliḥ 2599:al-Ḥāfiz yā manṣūr 2582: 2563:Isma'il ibn Salama 2493:since the time of 2377:Roger II of Sicily 2258:Mufaddal Saifuddin 2129:(al-Taqī Muhammad) 2053:House of Knowledge 1943:Nizārī strongholds 1674:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 1215: 684:al-Musta'li Billah 639:of his son-in-law 509: 505:Stanley Lane-Poole 322:Roger II of Sicily 320:in Syria and King 7953:Egyptian Ismailis 7918: 7917: 7734:Isma'il al-Mansur 7724:Abdallah al-Mahdi 7680:Muhammad al-Baqir 7565:Abd al-Salam Shah 7471:Isma'il al-Mansur 7461:Abdallah al-Mahdi 7417:Muhammad al-Baqir 7372:Ahmad al-Musta'li 7342:Isma'il al-Mansur 7337:Muhammad al-Qa'im 7332:Abdallah al-Mahdi 7288:Muhammad al-Baqir 7195:Ahmad al-Musta'li 7165:Isma'il al-Mansur 7160:Muhammad al-Qa'im 7155:Abdallah al-Mahdi 7111:Muhammad al-Baqir 7038:Muhammad al-Jawad 7018:Muhammad al-Baqir 6948: 6947: 6930: 6929: 6902:al-Qadi al-Nu'man 6770: 6769: 6762:Baghdad Manifesto 6709:al-Qadi al-Nu'man 6694:Abu Hatim al-Razi 6550: 6549: 6389:Sharifs of Medina 6324:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i 6319:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik 6234:Ya'qub ibn Killis 6169:and accession of 5916:Fatimid Caliphate 5882: 5881: 5765: 5764: 5757:Hafizi Isma'ilism 5741:Succeeded by 5675:978-977-416-855-0 5371:978-3-406-66163-1 5335:978-975-389-442-5 5276:978-0-521-61636-2 5142:978-0-7486-4076-8 5115:978-90-04-12756-2 5061:Bianquis, Thierry 5002:, pp. 51–52. 4978:, pp. 48–49. 3610:, pp. 36–38. 3160:Isma'il ibn Jafar 3154:in 874 and whose 3128:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3026:Idris Imad al-Din 2972:Al-Hussein Mosque 2962:, as well as the 2840:Berbers from the 2322: 2321: 2249:Haatim Zakiyuddin 2213:Incumbent leaders 2048:Baghdad Manifesto 2002:Queen Arwa Mosque 1769:Fatimid Caliphate 1305:Fulk of Jerusalem 1171: 1170: 1166: 1161:978-0-521-61636-2 1128: 1127: 641:Ali ibn Abi Talib 623:the designation ( 244:Hafizi Isma'ilism 229: 202: 201: 68:Fatimid Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 7985: 7978:Schisms in Islam 7973:Regents of Egypt 7884:Amir Muhammad II 7718:(Radhi Abdallah) 7610:Sayyid Hasan Ali 7455:(Radhi Abdallah) 7326:(Radhi Abdallah) 7220:Abdallah al-Adid 7210:Isma'il al-Zafir 7149:(Radhi Abdallah) 6975: 6968: 6961: 6952: 6940: 6779: 6561: 6384:Sharifs of Mecca 6353:Vassal dynasties 6294:Bahram al-Armani 6215: 6161:Siege of Ascalon 5943:al-Mansur Billah 5909: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5768: 5708: 5701: 5700:1074/5 or 1075/6 5683: 5679: 5656: 5627: 5597: 5588: 5577:10.2307/40000841 5559: 5527: 5482: 5473: 5428: 5416: 5383: 5339: 5312: 5285:Dedoyan, Seta B. 5280: 5256: 5211: 5199: 5158: 5146: 5119: 5087:Heinrichs, W. P. 5068: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5035: 5034: 5026: 5024:Biography portal 5021: 5020: 5019: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4531: 4525: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4352: 4346: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4257: 4251: 4238: 4232: 4219: 4213: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4087: 4081: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3736: 3730: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3572: 3566: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3354: 3348: 3339: 3333: 3314: 3308: 3299: 3293: 3282: 3276: 3263: 3257: 3232: 3226: 3209: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3169: 3163: 3156:messianic return 3121: 3097: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3058: 3049: 3043: 3035: 3029: 3018: 3012: 3011:administrations. 2996: 2882:Death and legacy 2869: 2863: 2857: 2835: 2829: 2807: 2753: 2743: 2733: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2673: 2667: 2657: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2607: 2601: 2590: 2561: 2555: 2530: 2519: 2503: 2502: 1037–1063 2501: 2484: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2455: 2449: 2427: 2394: 2388: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2329: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2288:Islam portal 2286: 2285: 2284: 2267:Taher Fakhruddin 2232:Musta'li Ismaili 1881:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa 1789:Hamdanid dynasty 1779:Sulayhid dynasty 1456: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1427: 1417:Bahram al-Armani 1405: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1375:regiment of the 1370: 1313: 1312: 1131–1143 1311: 1301:Hugh II of Jaffa 1291: 1272: 1266: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1238: 1229: 1223: 1213: 1210: 1165: 1136: 1134: 1130: 970: 969: 1101–1130 968: 952: 951: 1132–1149 950: 898:Abu Mansur Nizar 889: 888: 1094–1101 887: 792: 791: 1036–1094 790: 769: 768: 761:Isma'ili imamate 737: 730: 723: 714: 656:Sulayhid dynasty 634: 628: 621: 615: 609: 601: 591: 553: 545: 537: 518:caliphal palaces 491: 483: 455:Abu'l-Fath Yanis 437: 436: 1101–1130 435: 410: 402: 401: 1036–1094 400: 353:Bahram al-Armani 291: 282:Isma'ili imamate 224: 222: 221:الحافظ لدين الله 109:1074/5 or 1075/6 44: 32: 21: 7993: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7914: 7888: 7869:Mu'in al-Din II 7749:Mansur al-Hakim 7739:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 7710:(Taqi Muhammad) 7685:Ja'far al-Sadiq 7657: 7649: 7620:Abu'l-Hasan Ali 7590:Nur al-Dahr Ali 7486:Mansur al-Hakim 7476:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 7447:(Taqi Muhammad) 7422:Ja'far al-Sadiq 7394: 7386: 7357:Mansur al-Hakim 7347:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 7318:(Taqi Muhammad) 7293:Ja'far al-Sadiq 7234: 7180:Mansur al-Hakim 7170:Ma'ad al-Mu'izz 7141:(Taqi Muhammad) 7116:Ja'far al-Sadiq 7057: 7048:Hasan al-Askari 7023:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6984: 6979: 6949: 6944: 6926: 6885: 6862:Portable mihrab 6822:Al-Hakim Mosque 6766: 6749: 6743: 6662:and theologians 6661: 6653: 6596: 6546: 6513: 6463: 6451: 6348: 6221: 6210: 6204: 6009: 5933:al-Mahdi Billah 5919: 5913: 5883: 5878: 5800: 5798:Fatimid Caliphs 5795: 5760: 5746: 5737: 5724: 5721: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5692:Fatimid dynasty 5688: 5676: 5659: 5645:10.2307/1523083 5630: 5604:Rowson, Everett 5591: 5562: 5548:10.2307/1579511 5530: 5476: 5419: 5386: 5372: 5342: 5336: 5315: 5309: 5283: 5277: 5261:Daftary, Farhad 5259: 5202: 5149: 5143: 5122: 5116: 5079:Bosworth, C. E. 5059: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4534: 4526: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4355: 4347: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4260: 4252: 4241: 4233: 4222: 4214: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3848: 3840: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3739: 3731: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3598:, p. 1163. 3594: 3590: 3582: 3575: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3317: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3285: 3277: 3266: 3258: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3195: 3191: 3170: 3166: 3140:Ja'far al-Sadiq 3085: 3081: 3051:The concept of 3050: 3046: 3040:Arwa al-Sulayhi 3036: 3032: 3019: 3015: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2931:al-Azhar Mosque 2912: 2884: 2690:dīwān al-taḥqīq 2665:nāẓir fi'l-umūr 2660:Salim ibn Masal 2647: 2498: 2491:Abbasid caliphs 2434: 2373:Battle of Ramla 2318: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2239:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs 2220:Nizārī Ismā'īlī 2214: 2206: 2205: 2121:(al-Wāfī Ahmad) 2104:Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 2074: 2063: 2062: 1985:Qalaat al-Madiq 1916:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs 1784:Zurayid dynasty 1751: 1695:Sulaymani Bohra 1630: 1616: 1615: 1581: 1571: 1570: 1464: 1443: 1442: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1403:ṣibyān al-zarad 1348: 1308: 1263:naqīb al-ashrāf 1256:dīwān al-taḥqīq 1236:dīwān al-taḥqīq 1211: 1197: 1176: 1167: 1162: 1146:Daftary, Farhad 1144: 1142: 1139:Fatimid caliphs 1137:denotes ruling 1132: 1131: 965: 963: 947: 945: 884: 882: 787: 785: 763: 741: 583: 559:Twelver Shi'ism 514:Bayn al-Qasrayn 432: 425: 397: 378: 271:Twelver Shi'ism 165: 122: 110: 54: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7991: 7989: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7925: 7924: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7854:Mu'in al-Din I 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7834:Radi al-Din II 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7713: 7705: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7670:Husayn ibn Ali 7667: 7661: 7659: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7450: 7442: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7407:Husayn ibn Ali 7404: 7398: 7396: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7377:Mansur al-Amir 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7321: 7313: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7244: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7225:Dawud al-Hamid 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7200:Mansur al-Amir 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7144: 7136: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7067: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7008:Husayn ibn Ali 7005: 7000: 6994: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6955: 6946: 6945: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6854: 6852:Juyushi Mosque 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6791: 6789: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6470: 6468: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6439: 6429: 6411: 6401: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6367: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6274:Badr al-Jamali 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6190: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091:Struggle with 6089: 6079: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5953:al-Aziz Billah 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5929: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5763: 5762: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5739: 5734:Fatimid Caliph 5730: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707:8 October 1149 5689: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5674: 5657: 5628: 5600:Krämer, Gudrun 5589: 5560: 5542:(2): 193–255. 5528: 5474: 5417: 5393:Libyan Studies 5389:Malik Ifrīqiya 5384: 5370: 5340: 5334: 5313: 5307: 5281: 5275: 5257: 5204:Canard, Marius 5200: 5151:Canard, Marius 5147: 5141: 5120: 5114: 5083:van Donzel, E. 5071:Bearman, P. J. 5056: 5055: 5041: 5027: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4954:, p. 204. 4944: 4932: 4920: 4905: 4893: 4891:, p. 382. 4881: 4879:, p. 280. 4869: 4857: 4845: 4843:, p. 222. 4826: 4814: 4812:, p. 221. 4799: 4787: 4785:, p. 220. 4768: 4766:, p. 257. 4756: 4744: 4732: 4730:, p. 200. 4720: 4708: 4696: 4694:, p. 217. 4684: 4682:, p. 218. 4672: 4670:, p. 223. 4657: 4655:, p. 868. 4645: 4633: 4631:, p. 276. 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4576:, p. 196. 4563: 4561:, p. 195. 4551: 4549:, p. 275. 4532: 4530:, p. 198. 4517: 4505: 4493: 4491:, p. 274. 4476: 4464: 4462:, p. 194. 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4407:, p. 192. 4394: 4382: 4370: 4368:, p. 191. 4353: 4351:, p. 272. 4330: 4328:, p. 190. 4318: 4306: 4304:, p. 188. 4291: 4279: 4277:, p. 268. 4258: 4256:, p. 187. 4239: 4220: 4218:, p. 249. 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4101:, p. 186. 4088: 4086:, p. 267. 4067: 4065:, p. 143. 4055: 4053:, p. 277. 4034: 4022: 4010: 4008:, p. 253. 3998: 3996:, p. 184. 3986: 3984:, p. 183. 3974: 3962: 3960:, p. 266. 3950: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3912:, p. 244. 3899: 3897:, p. 252. 3887: 3875: 3863: 3861:, p. 194. 3846: 3844:, p. 248. 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3767:, p. 182. 3754: 3752:, p. 265. 3737: 3735:, p. 247. 3720: 3718:, p. 180. 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3586:, p. 263. 3573: 3571:, p. 179. 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3508:, p. 204. 3498: 3486: 3484:, p. 196. 3474: 3462: 3450: 3448:, p. 178. 3435: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3397:, p. 262. 3382: 3370: 3355: 3353:, p. 261. 3340: 3338:, p. 109. 3315: 3313:, p. 108. 3300: 3283: 3281:, p. 246. 3264: 3233: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3189: 3183:Dāʿī al-Muṭlaq 3164: 3079: 3044: 3030: 3013: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2911: 2908: 2883: 2880: 2842:Western Desert 2781:Second Crusade 2646: 2643: 2509:sumptuary laws 2467:'dāʿī al-duʿāt 2442:Nasir al-Dawla 2433: 2430: 2363:, the Turkish 2320: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2229: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2194: 2189: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2132: 2124: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2004: 1999: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1935: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1886:Hasan-i Sabbah 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1671: 1669:Hebtiahs Bohra 1666: 1665: 1664: 1635: 1633:Branches/sects 1631: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1449: 1448: 1424: 1421: 1347: 1344: 1320:Chastel Arnoul 1196: 1193: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 985: 983: 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 958: 956: 954: 939: 937: 936: 934: 932: 930: 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 903: 901: 900: 895: 893: 891: 877: 875: 873: 869: 868: 866: 864: 862: 860: 858: 856: 854: 852: 850: 848: 846: 844: 841: 840: 838: 836: 834: 832: 830: 828: 826: 824: 822: 820: 818: 816: 814: 812: 810: 807: 805: 804: 802: 800: 798: 796: 794: 780: 778: 776: 774: 772: 765: 764: 742: 740: 739: 732: 725: 717: 582: 579: 463:Badr al-Jamali 424: 421: 390:Fatimid caliph 377: 374: 234:, ruling over 232:Fatimid caliph 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 183: 179: 178: 173: 167: 166: 164: 163: 156: 151: 146: 141: 135: 133: 127: 126: 119: 115: 114: 107: 103: 102: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 56: 55: 45: 37: 36: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7990: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7921: 7911: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7874:Amir Muhammad 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859:Atiyyat Allah 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7824:Radi al-Din I 7822: 7820: 7819:Muhammad Shah 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7744:Nizar al-Aziz 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7675:Ali al-Sajjad 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7600:Shah Nizar II 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7575:Abu Dharr Ali 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7481:Nizar al-Aziz 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7412:Ali al-Sajjad 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395:(Qasim-Shahi) 7393: 7389: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7352:Nizar al-Aziz 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7283:Ali al-Sajjad 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7175:Nizar al-Aziz 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7106:Ali al-Sajjad 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028:Musa al-Kazim 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7003:Hasan ibn Ali 7001: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6969: 6964: 6962: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6669:Hamdan Qarmat 6667: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6618:Hamza ibn Ali 6616: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6509:Qadi al-Fadil 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6207: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156:First Crusade 6154: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108:Uprisings of 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054:Rebellion of 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6026:Establishment 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5780: 5778: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5684: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5489:Ménage, V. L. 5486: 5481: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5435:Ménage, V. L. 5432: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5308:90-04-10816-5 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5218:Ménage, V. L. 5215: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075:Bianquis, Th. 5072: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5042: 5039: 5033: 5028: 5025: 5014: 5009: 5001: 5000:Williams 1985 4996: 4993: 4989: 4988:Williams 1985 4984: 4981: 4977: 4976:Williams 1985 4972: 4969: 4966:, p. 48. 4965: 4964:Williams 1985 4960: 4957: 4953: 4952:Williams 2018 4948: 4945: 4942:, p. 44. 4941: 4940:Williams 1985 4936: 4933: 4930:, p. 57. 4929: 4928:Williams 1985 4924: 4921: 4918:, p. 53. 4917: 4916:Williams 1985 4912: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4889:Bianquis 2002 4885: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4754:, p. 99. 4753: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4237:, p. 55. 4236: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3644:Madelung 1971 3640: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3620:Madelung 1971 3616: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3596:Madelung 1971 3592: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3298:, p. 54. 3297: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3144:Musa al-Kazim 3141: 3137: 3133: 3132:Twelver Shi'a 3129: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785:laissez-faire 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2768:Zirid dynasty 2765: 2759: 2757: 2756:Friday prayer 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2453:qāḍī al-quḍāt 2448: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2347:dāʿī al-duʿāt 2342: 2341:qāḍī al-quḍāt 2336: 2335: 2328: 2327:Sayf al-Islām 2315: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2279: 2278: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2254:Dawoodi Bohra 2252: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2032:Jama'at Khana 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1866:Nasir Khusraw 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1806:Hamdan Qarmat 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1655:Dawoodi Bohra 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579:Seven Pillars 1575: 1574: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1561:Reincarnation 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1398: 1396: 1395:Michael Brett 1391: 1387:defeated the 1385: 1379: 1374: 1373:Black African 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1306: 1303:against King 1302: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1206: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1184: 1182: 1173: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1140: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1110: 1107: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1055: 1053: 1038: 1022: 1020: 986: 984: 962: 944: 940: 938: 904: 902: 899: 881: 870: 867: 857: 855: 845: 843: 842: 835: 825: 823: 813: 811: 808: 806: 784: 770: 767: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 719: 718: 716: 715: 712: 709: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 633: 627: 620: 614: 608: 607: 600: 593: 590: 580: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 551: 544: 543: 536: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 506: 502: 497: 493: 490: 489: 482: 481: 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 453: 447: 445: 441: 430: 422: 420: 418: 414: 409: 408: 395: 391: 387: 383: 375: 373: 371: 366: 361: 358: 354: 349: 345: 342: 338: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 289: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 227: 218: 214: 210: 206: 198: 195: 191: 188: 184: 180: 177: 174: 172: 168: 161: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 136: 134: 132: 128: 125: 120: 116: 113: 108: 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 65: 61: 57: 52: 48: 43: 38: 33: 27: 19: 7958:Hafizi imams 7933:1070s births 7920: 7754:Ali al-Zahir 7717: 7709: 7702:(Wafi Ahmad) 7701: 7640:Aga Khan III 7491:Ali al-Zahir 7454: 7446: 7439:(Wafi Ahmad) 7438: 7362:Ali al-Zahir 7325: 7317: 7310:(Wafi Ahmad) 7309: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7215:Isa al-Fa'iz 7204: 7185:Ali al-Zahir 7148: 7140: 7133:(Wafi Ahmad) 7132: 7082: 7078: 7074: 6912:al-Musabbihi 6832:Bab al-Futuh 6827:Aqmar Mosque 6787:architecture 6748:Anti-Fatimid 6659:Missionaries 6542:Fatimid navy 6525:Fatimid army 6249:Sitt al-Mulk 6211:and military 6170: 6076:Alexandretta 6002: 5982: 5925:Imam-Caliphs 5858: 5844:al-Mustansir 5751: 5732: 5725: 5713: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5661: 5636: 5632: 5607: 5568: 5564: 5539: 5535: 5532:Stern, S. M. 5507: 5500: 5453: 5446: 5421:Madelung, W. 5396: 5392: 5388: 5353: 5348: 5321: 5289: 5265: 5236: 5229: 5179: 5172: 5124: 5097: 5090: 5052:Egypt portal 4995: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4901:Daftary 2007 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4817: 4790: 4764:Daftary 2007 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4648: 4636: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4554: 4508: 4496: 4467: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4385: 4373: 4321: 4309: 4282: 4216:Daftary 2007 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4123:Daftary 2007 4118: 4111:Dedoyan 1997 4106: 4063:Dedoyan 1997 4058: 4025: 4018:Daftary 2007 4013: 4006:Daftary 2007 4001: 3989: 3977: 3970:Daftary 2007 3965: 3953: 3941: 3934:Daftary 2007 3929: 3917: 3910:Daftary 2007 3890: 3883:Daftary 2007 3878: 3871:Daftary 2007 3866: 3842:Daftary 2007 3820: 3813:Daftary 2007 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3733:Daftary 2007 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3668:Daftary 2007 3663: 3656:Daftary 2007 3651: 3639: 3632:Daftary 2007 3627: 3615: 3608:Daftary 2007 3603: 3591: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3518:Daftary 2007 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3426: 3419:Daftary 2007 3414: 3402: 3373: 3279:Daftary 2007 3229:Daftary 2007 3224: 3192: 3167: 3082: 3047: 3033: 3016: 3003: 2994: 2980:Zayd ibn Ali 2953: 2920: 2913: 2897: 2885: 2846:Aqmar Mosque 2833:ṣāḥib al-bāb 2827:ṣāḥib al-bāb 2822: 2797: 2789:Indian Ocean 2784: 2760: 2676: 2648: 2614: 2583: 2549: 2506: 2435: 2402: 2386:ṣāḥib al-bāb 2381: 2352: 2323: 2196: 2136: 2128: 2120: 2119:ʿAbad Allāh 2012:Constitution 1990: 1989: 1926: 1925: 1901:Pir Sadardin 1861:al-Naysaburi 1846:al-Sijistani 1799: 1798: 1753: 1752: 1722: 1712: 1711: 1685: 1678: 1659: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1632: 1413: 1399: 1364: 1349: 1332:Blanchegarde 1330:(1141), and 1324:Beth Gibelin 1316:loss of Tyre 1292:against the 1283: 1232: 1221:ṣāḥib al-bāb 1216: 1188: 1185: 1181:Ghadir Khumm 1177: 1150: 1109:hidden imams 1097:imam-caliphs 942: 704: 672: 645: 594: 584: 510: 473: 471: 465:and his son 448: 426: 394:al-Mustansir 379: 340: 334: 279: 248: 212: 204: 203: 26: 7938:1149 deaths 7910:concealment 7898:occultation 7769:Ali al-Hadi 7645:Aga Khan IV 7635:Aga Khan II 7580:Murad Mirza 7506:Ali al-Hadi 7043:Ali al-Hadi 7033:Ali al-Rida 6842:Bab Zuweila 6837:Bab al-Nasr 6805:Skifa Kahla 6757:Akhu Muhsin 6674:Ibn Hawshab 6581:Esotericism 6504:al-Basasiri 6222:and regents 5849:al-Musta'li 5571:: 239–264. 5506:Volume III: 5497:Schacht, J. 5493:Pellat, Ch. 5452:Volume III: 5443:Schacht, J. 5439:Pellat, Ch. 5344:Halm, Heinz 5235:Volume III: 5226:Schacht, J. 5222:Pellat, Ch. 5209:"Ibn Maṣāl" 5169:Schacht, J. 5165:Pellat, Ch. 4653:Canard 1971 4235:Magued 1971 4159:Walker 1995 3542:Walker 1995 3407:Canard 1965 3296:Magued 1971 3260:Walker 2017 3177:occultation 3152:occultation 2876:Nile floods 2731:al-Muwaffaq 2621:Kumushtakin 2610:Bab al-Nasr 2594:Bab Zuwayla 2578:Bab al-Nasr 2567:Eid al-Fitr 2263:Qutbi Bohra 2245:Alavi Bohra 2227:Aga Khan IV 1705:Qutbi Bohra 1700:Alavi Bohra 1661:Progressive 1408:Upper Egypt 1340:its capture 1212: 1140 589:ʿĪd al-Naṣr 563:Hidden Imam 555:Abu'l-Qasim 535:al-Muntaẓar 275:Hidden Imam 209:regnal name 82:Predecessor 7927:Categories 7839:Shah Tahir 7630:Aga Khan I 7605:Sayyid Ali 7553:Islam Shah 7550:Qasim Shah 6982:Shia Imams 6699:Abu Tammam 6608:Qarmatians 6556:Isma'ilism 6494:Manjutakin 6209:Government 6165:Regime of 6137:Revolt of 6121:Revolt of 5480:"al-Ḥāfiẓ" 5399:: 89–101. 5178:Volume II: 5156:"Fāṭimids" 5096:Volume XI: 4877:Brett 2017 4865:Brett 2017 4853:Brett 2017 4752:Johns 1987 4629:Brett 2017 4598:Brett 2017 4547:Brett 2017 4513:Brett 2017 4489:Brett 2017 4472:Brett 2017 4441:Brett 2017 4390:Brett 2017 4378:Brett 2017 4349:Brett 2017 4275:Brett 2017 4183:Brett 2017 4135:Brett 2017 4084:Brett 2017 4051:Brett 2017 4030:Brett 2017 3958:Brett 2017 3922:Brett 2017 3895:Brett 2017 3859:Stern 1951 3825:Brett 2017 3789:Stern 1951 3777:Stern 1951 3750:Brett 2017 3692:Brett 2017 3680:Stern 1951 3584:Brett 2017 3554:Stern 1951 3530:Brett 2017 3506:Stern 1951 3494:Stern 1951 3482:Stern 1951 3470:Stern 1951 3431:Brett 2017 3395:Brett 2017 3378:Stern 1951 3351:Brett 2017 3336:Güner 1997 3311:Güner 1997 3216:References 3173:Ibn Madyan 2867:Juyūshiyya 2861:Rayḥaniyya 2855:Juyūshiyya 2818:Nur al-Din 2772:al-Mahdiya 2741:al-Murtaḍā 2679:Abu Zakari 2605:Rayḥaniyya 2533:Alexandria 2456:) and the 2017:Delegation 1973:Maymun-Diz 1856:al-Shirazi 1851:al-Kirmani 1836:Qadi Numan 1735:Qarmatians 1624:Musta'lism 1611:Pilgrimage 1551:Numerology 1445:Isma'ilism 1390:Rayḥaniyya 1384:Juyūshiyya 1378:Rayḥaniyya 1368:Juyūshiyya 1275:Nile Delta 567:Heinz Halm 530:Isma'ilism 499:A plan of 300:schism in 267:Isma'ilism 197:Isma'ilism 51:Alexandria 47:Gold dinar 7879:Haydar II 7864:Aziz Shah 7700:Abdallah 7658:(Mu'mini) 7615:Qasim Ali 7437:Abdallah 7308:Abdallah 7131:Abdallah 6812:Mansuriya 6630:Assassins 6564:Doctrines 6461:governors 6457:Officials 6432:Banu Kanz 6418:Hamdanids 6414:Sulayhids 6404:Mirdasids 6398:Palestine 6394:Jarrahids 6374:Hammadids 6239:Ibn Ammar 6123:Abu Rakwa 6095:(974–978) 6064:(958–960) 6058:(943–947) 6056:Abu Yazid 6051:(937–941) 6045:(919–921) 6039:(914–915) 6033:(913–917) 5824:al-Mu'izz 5819:al-Mansur 5639:: 39–60. 5624:1873-9830 5524:495469525 5485:Lewis, B. 5470:495469525 5431:Lewis, B. 5413:163054015 5380:870587158 5253:495469525 5214:Lewis, B. 5196:495469475 5161:Lewis, B. 4841:Halm 2014 4822:Halm 2014 4810:Halm 2014 4795:Halm 2014 4783:Halm 2014 4740:Halm 2014 4728:Halm 2014 4716:Halm 2014 4704:Halm 2014 4692:Halm 2014 4680:Halm 2014 4668:Halm 2014 4641:Halm 2014 4610:Halm 2014 4586:Halm 2014 4574:Halm 2014 4559:Halm 2014 4528:Halm 2014 4501:Halm 2014 4460:Halm 2014 4429:Halm 2014 4417:Halm 2014 4405:Halm 2014 4366:Halm 2014 4326:Halm 2014 4314:Halm 2014 4302:Halm 2014 4287:Halm 2014 4254:Halm 2014 4195:Halm 2014 4171:Halm 2014 4147:Halm 2014 4099:Halm 2014 3994:Halm 2014 3982:Halm 2014 3946:Halm 2014 3801:Halm 2014 3765:Halm 2014 3716:Halm 2014 3704:Halm 2014 3569:Halm 2014 3458:Halm 2014 3446:Halm 2014 3366:Halm 2014 2986:Footnotes 2978:, and of 2968:al-Husayn 2942:, of the 2910:Buildings 2707:al-akhram 2626:Ḥāfiziyya 2153:al-Manṣūr 2094:al-Sajjad 2027:Holy Du'a 1906:Aga Khans 1841:al-Nasafi 1762:state of 1760:Qarmatian 1740:Assassins 1474:Batiniyya 1227:Yānisiyya 1037:al-Tayyib 692:Assassins 664:Hamdanids 417:astronomy 372:in 1171. 365:Ibn Masal 344:sultanate 326:expansion 255:al-Tayyib 92:Successor 7844:Haydar I 7784:Hasan II 7729:al-Qa'im 7466:al-Qa'im 7265:Muhammad 7088:Muhammad 6750:movement 6729:Abdallah 6637:Musta'li 6518:Military 6466:generals 6422:Zurayids 6378:Ifriqiya 6284:Kutayfat 6244:Barjawan 6171:al-Hafiz 6167:Kutayfat 6144:Musta'li 6093:Alptakin 5869:al-Fa'iz 5864:al-Zafir 5859:al-Hafiz 5839:al-Zahir 5834:al-Hakim 5814:al-Qa'im 5809:al-Mahdi 5719:Kutayfat 5687:al-Hafiz 5633:Muqarnas 5606:(eds.). 5585:40000841 5499:(eds.). 5445:(eds.). 5423:(1971). 5346:(2014). 5287:(1997). 5263:(2007). 5228:(eds.). 5206:(1971). 5171:(eds.). 5153:(1965). 5089:(eds.). 5063:(2002). 3198:Ifriqiya 3148:al-Mahdi 3100:Muhammad 3004:de facto 2858:and the 2810:Muhammad 2746:chancery 2714:al-akram 2632:Āmiriyya 2482:al-afḍal 2480:al-malik 2148:al-Qāʾim 2099:al-Baqir 1953:Atashgah 1745:Satpanth 1730:Seveners 1640:Musta'li 1628:Nizarism 1556:Theology 1463:Concepts 1434:a series 1432:Part of 1352:Sulayman 1326:(1137), 1322:(1133), 1294:Crusader 1148:(2007). 1143:Source: 745:Musta'li 696:Tayyibis 676:Musta'li 668:Zurayids 666:and the 637:Muhammad 542:al-Mahdī 522:Kutayfat 474:de facto 452:Armenian 341:de facto 330:Ifriqiya 263:Kutayfat 193:Religion 139:Sulayman 7905:caliphs 7903:Fatimid 7716:Husayn 7453:Husayn 7324:Husayn 7256:"Wāsih" 7240:Tayyibi 7147:Husayn 7079:"Wāsih" 6990:Twelver 6795:Mahdiya 6775:Culture 6642:Tayyibi 6571:Imamate 6535:Ghilman 6360:Kalbids 6344:Saladin 6339:Shirkuh 6334:Dirgham 6229:Jawdhar 6219:Viziers 6180:Tayyibi 6014:History 6004:Dynasty 5874:al-Adid 5854:al-Amir 5829:al-Aziz 5653:1523083 5556:1579511 5426:"Imāma" 5010:Sources 3108:caliphs 3022:Tayyibi 3008:Viziers 2976:Abraham 2927:Fatimah 2892:Makuria 2793:Red Sea 2617:Salkhad 2553:madrasa 2545:Baalbek 2527:madrasa 2522:Shafi'i 2495:Tughril 2236:Taiyabi 2135:Ḥusayn 2072:leaders 2044:Abbasid 1978:Rudkhan 1963:Lambsar 1958:Gerdkuh 1948:Alamut 1938:Anjudan 1927:Centers 1871:Pamiris 1764:Bahrayn 1648:Tayyibi 1606:Fasting 1601:Charity 1586:Walayah 1484:Imamate 1356:Haydara 1279:Maghreb 1106:Tayyibi 757:Tayyibi 700:Hafizis 501:Fatimid 413:alchemy 382:Ascalon 337:viziers 314:Ascalon 312:around 298:Tayyibi 228: 176:Fatimid 171:Dynasty 160:al-Adid 154:Isma'il 144:Haydara 112:Ascalon 66:of the 53:in 1149 7708:Ahmad 7655:Nizari 7445:Ahmad 7392:Nizari 7316:Ahmad 7278:Husayn 7252:"Asās" 7139:Ahmad 7101:Husayn 7075:"Asās" 7063:Hafizi 6647:Hafizi 6625:Nizari 6530:Kutama 6489:Bakjur 6484:Jawhar 6446:Multan 6420:, and 6408:Aleppo 6370:Zirids 6364:Sicily 6329:Shawar 6182:schism 6176:Hafizi 6150:schism 6148:Nizari 6104:Apamea 6099:Aleppo 5918:topics 5714:Vacant 5703: 5672: 5651: 5622: 5583: 5554: 5536:Oriens 5522: 5508:H–Iram 5495:& 5468: 5454:H–Iram 5441:& 5411: 5378: 5368: 5332: 5305: 5273: 5251: 5237:H–Iram 5224:& 5194: 5167:& 5139: 5112: 5085:& 3202:Zirids 2974:), of 2946:. The 2940:mihrab 2935:stucco 2850:Kutama 2838:Luwata 2537:Burids 2487:Seljuk 2414:Akhmim 2398:pogrom 2365:atabeg 2127:Ahmad 2089:Husayn 2070:Early 2037:Qiyama 2022:Ginans 2007:Nizārī 1968:Masyaf 1911:Khojas 1800:People 1774:Multan 1754:States 1724:Nizari 1714:Hafizi 1596:Prayer 1591:Purity 1566:Titles 1541:Taqiya 1479:Ta'wil 1328:Ibelin 1270:ashrāf 1250:sharīf 1243:ashrāf 1205:Levant 1189:ad hoc 1158: 1135: 1133: 1118:Nizari 1094:Hafizi 753:Hafizi 749:Nizari 680:Nizari 648:Levant 619:sijill 606:sijill 459:sultan 444:vizier 376:Origin 318:Burids 294:Hafizi 259:regent 217:Arabic 182:Father 64:Caliph 7829:Tahir 7764:Nizar 7501:Nizar 7273:Hasan 7096:Hasan 6942:Media 6817:Cairo 6613:Druze 6590:Zahir 6586:Batin 6576:Hujja 6436:Nubia 6426:Yemen 6264:Rasad 6139:Nizar 6078:(971) 5705:Died: 5698:Born: 5649:JSTOR 5581:JSTOR 5552:JSTOR 5483:. In 5429:. In 5409:S2CID 5352:[ 5212:. In 5159:. In 5069:. In 3118:ḥujja 3112:Shi'a 3104:Sunni 3094:ummah 3067:ʿiṣma 2888:colic 2751:ḥanak 2654:kātib 2516:jizya 2418:Asyut 2410:Nubia 2406:Aswan 2392:jihād 2369:Mosul 2361:Zengi 2084:Hasan 2058:Women 1991:Other 1933:Cairo 1687:Vakil 1680:Badar 1529:Hujja 1514:Daʿwa 1494:Bātin 1489:Ẓāhir 1469:Quran 1438:Islam 1360:Hasan 1288:jihād 1174:Reign 1121:imams 688:Nizar 652:Yemen 550:kunya 407:kunya 357:Sunni 348:Hasan 236:Egypt 149:Hasan 131:Issue 124:Cairo 74:Reign 7261:Nabi 7084:Nabi 6785:and 6588:and 6464:and 6442:Lodi 6372:and 6084:and 5753:Imam 5670:ISBN 5620:ISSN 5520:OCLC 5466:OCLC 5376:OCLC 5366:ISBN 5330:ISBN 5303:ISBN 5271:ISBN 5249:OCLC 5192:OCLC 5137:ISBN 5110:ISBN 3134:and 3088:imam 3074:naṣṣ 3055:naṣṣ 2916:Alid 2872:Giza 2814:Unur 2805:dāʿī 2791:and 2721:qāḍī 2638:amān 2629:and 2588:naṣṣ 2576:The 2559:dāʿī 2460:dāʿī 2447:qāḍī 2424:amān 2344:and 2334:qāḍī 2223:Imām 1626:and 1536:Satr 1519:Dāʿī 1509:ʿIlm 1504:'Aql 1336:Gaza 1156:ISBN 751:and 743:The 660:Arwa 626:naṣṣ 488:naṣṣ 415:and 306:Alid 288:naṣṣ 240:imam 226:lit. 118:Died 106:Born 60:Imam 7908:in 7896:in 7665:Ali 7402:Ali 7258:of 7254:or 7248:Ali 7081:of 7077:or 7071:Ali 6998:Ali 6783:Art 6086:2nd 6082:1st 5755:of 5641:doi 5612:doi 5573:doi 5544:doi 5512:doi 5458:doi 5401:doi 5358:doi 5295:doi 5241:doi 5184:doi 5180:C–G 5129:doi 5102:doi 5098:W–Z 3086:An 2543:of 2504:). 2464:s ( 2450:s ( 2367:of 2356:Qus 2350:). 2079:Ali 1546:Pīr 1524:Bāb 1499:Nūr 1436:on 1207:in 592:). 472:As 384:in 242:of 211:as 7929:: 6459:, 6416:, 5668:. 5647:. 5635:. 5618:. 5579:. 5569:32 5567:. 5550:. 5538:. 5518:. 5504:. 5491:; 5487:; 5464:. 5450:. 5437:; 5433:; 5407:. 5397:18 5395:. 5374:. 5364:. 5320:. 5301:. 5247:. 5233:. 5220:; 5216:; 5190:. 5176:. 5163:; 5135:. 5108:. 5094:. 5081:; 5077:; 5073:; 4908:^ 4829:^ 4802:^ 4771:^ 4660:^ 4617:^ 4566:^ 4535:^ 4520:^ 4479:^ 4448:^ 4397:^ 4356:^ 4333:^ 4294:^ 4261:^ 4242:^ 4223:^ 4202:^ 4091:^ 4070:^ 4037:^ 3902:^ 3849:^ 3832:^ 3757:^ 3740:^ 3723:^ 3576:^ 3561:^ 3438:^ 3385:^ 3358:^ 3343:^ 3318:^ 3303:^ 3286:^ 3267:^ 3236:^ 3187:). 2982:. 2758:. 2619:, 2500:r. 2379:. 2265:: 2256:: 2247:: 2241:: 2225:: 2199:/ 2185:/ 1362:. 1310:r. 1209:c. 967:r. 949:r. 886:r. 789:r. 434:r. 399:r. 392:, 386:AH 246:. 223:, 219:: 7267:) 7250:( 7090:) 7073:( 6974:e 6967:t 6960:v 6448:) 6444:( 6438:) 6434:( 6428:) 6424:( 6410:) 6406:( 6400:) 6396:( 6380:) 6376:( 6366:) 6362:( 6178:– 6146:– 5908:e 5901:t 5894:v 5790:e 5783:t 5776:v 5678:. 5655:. 5643:: 5637:3 5626:. 5614:: 5587:. 5575:: 5558:. 5546:: 5540:4 5526:. 5514:: 5472:. 5460:: 5415:. 5403:: 5382:. 5360:: 5338:. 5311:. 5297:: 5279:. 5255:. 5243:: 5198:. 5186:: 5145:. 5131:: 5118:. 5104:: 3262:. 2704:( 2512:( 2497:( 2313:e 2306:t 2299:v 2234:- 2046:- 1307:( 1218:( 1164:. 971:) 964:( 953:) 946:( 890:) 883:( 793:) 786:( 755:– 747:– 736:e 729:t 722:v 678:– 431:( 396:( 296:– 215:( 162:) 62:– 20:)

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