Ramla - Knowledge

127: 1065: 573: 943: 926: 126: 694: 203: 1185: 1150:) towards the end of the 1920s. Economist Basim Faris noted this fact as proof of Ramla's higher standard of living than neighbouring Lydda. In Ramla, he wrote, "economic demands triumph over nationalism" while Lydda, "which is ten minutes' walk from Ramleh, is still averse to such a convenience as electric current, and so is not as yet served; perhaps the low standard of living of the poor population prevents the use of the service at the present rates, which cannot compete with petroleum for lighting". 870:

ornament. They cut the marble here with a toothless saw, which is worked with 'Mekka sand'. They saw the marble in length, as is the case with wood, to form the columns; not in across; they also cut it into slabs. The marbles that I saw here were of all colours, some variegated, some green, red, black and white. There is, too, at Ramla, a particular kind of fig, and this they export to all the countries round. This city Ramla, throughout Syria and the West, is known under the name of Filastin.

1911: 735:). The Sulayman's construction works were financially managed by a Christian from Lydda, Bitrik ibn al-Naka. The remains of the White Mosque, dominated by a minaret added at a later date, are visible in the present day. In the courtyard are underground water cisterns from the Umayyad period. From early on, Ramla developed economically as a market town for the surrounding area's agricultural products, and as a center for dyeing, weaving and pottery. It was also home to many 170: 150: 3037:: "although an atmosphere of what would later be called ethnic cleansing prevailed during critical months, transfer never became a general or declared Zionist policy. Thus, by war's end, even though much of the country had been 'cleansed' of Arabs, other parts of the country—notably central Galilee—were left with substantial Muslim Arab populations, and towns in the heart of the Jewish coastal strip, Haifa and Jaffa, were left with an Arab minority." 1895: 1723: 1533:. The cave sustains an unusual type of ecosystem, based on bacteria that create all the energy they need chemically, from the sulfur compounds they find in the water, with no light or organic food coming in from the surface. A bulldozer working in the Nesher cement quarry on the outskirts of Ramla accidentally broke into the cavern. The finds have been attributed to the cave's isolation, which led to the evolution of a whole 2036: 4831: 1972: 2020: 1298: 1940: 2060: 278: 1924: 2004: 1988: 1956: 1779: 1081: 1073: 627: 210: 177: 1460:, House of the Dyers) near the White Mosque; hydraulic installations such as pools, subterranean reservoirs and cisterns; and abundant ceramic finds that include glass, coins and jar handles stamped with Arabic inscriptions. Excavations in Ramla continued into 2010, led by Eli Haddad, Orit Segal, Vered Eshed, and Ron Toueg, on behalf of the 1269: 961: 1177: 792:

walled towns and hospices. The geographer further noted the city's significant commerce and "excellent markets", lauding the quality of its fruits and bread as the best of their kind. During this period, Ramla was one of the major centers for the production and export of oil extracted from unripe olives, known as

1708:

Nesher Israel Cement Enterprises, Israel's sole producer of cement, maintains its flagship factory in Ramla. Archaeological excavations on the grounds of the Nesher quarry have discovered the remains of a large Second Temple Jewish town and the Christian Byzantine settlement established over it. Over

1704:

4,300, with a real increase of 4.4% over the course of 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of NIS 5,200, with a real increase of 3.3%, compared to NIS 3,300 for women, with a real increase of 6.3%. The average income for self-employed persons was NIS 4,900. A total of 1,100 persons received

815:

Conversely, the city's disadvantages included the severe muddiness of the place during the rainy winter season and its hard, sandy grounds due to its distance from natural water sources. The limited drinking water gathered in the city's cisterns were generally inaccessible to the poorer inhabitants.

869:

of great violence, which threw down a large number of buildings, but that no single person sustained an injury. In the city of Ramla there is marble in plenty, and most of the buildings and private houses are of this material; and, further, the surface thereof they do most beautifully sculpture and

750:

and Jewish inhabitants were moved to the new city. Although the traditional accounts are in agreement that Lydda almost immediately fell into obscurity following the founding of Ramla, narratives vary about the extent of Sulayman's efforts to transfer Lydda's inhabitants to Ramla, some holding that

634:

Sulayman's motives for founding Ramla were personal ambition and practical considerations. The location of Ramla near Lydda, a long-established and prosperous city, was logistically and economically advantageous. The area's economic importance was based on its strategic location at the intersection

775:

The golden age of Ramla under the Umayyads and Abbasids, when the city overtook Jerusalem as a trade center, later gave way to a period of political instability and war beginning in the late 10th century. The Egypt-based Fatimids conquered Ramla in 969 and ten years later the city was destroyed by

852:

Ramla is a great city, with strong walls built of stone, mortared, of great height and thickness, with iron gates opening therein. From the town to the sea-coast is a distance of three leagues. The inhabitants get their water from the rainfall, and in each house is a tank for storing the same, in

840:

secured Ramla for a few months, but the Jarrahids overran the city that year, killing and harassing several inhabitants and seizing much of the population's wealth. They appointed their own governor, Nasr Allah ibn Nizal. In the following year, al-Dizbari drove the Jarrahids out of Ramla, but was

791:

described Ramla as "a fine city, and well built; its water is good and plentiful; it fruits are abundant". He noted that it "combines manifold advantages, situated as it is in the midst of beautiful villages and lordly towns, near to holy places and pleasant hamlets", as well as bountiful fields,

1557:

honouring the researchers who identified it, Israel Naaman and Hanan Dimentman. All ten specimen of the blind scorpion found in the cave had been dead for several years, possibly because recent overpumping of the groundwater has led the underground lake to shrink, and with it the food supply to

819:

By 1011–1012, the Jarrahids controlled all of Palestine, except for the coastal towns, and captured Ramla from its Fatimid garrison, making it their capital. The city and the surrounding places were plundered by the Bedouin, impoverishing much of the population. The Jarrahids brought the

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to Jews, first Holocaust refugees from Europe and then immigrants from Arab and Muslim countries. In February 1949, the Jewish population was over 6,000. Ramla remained economically depressed over the next two decades, although the population steadily mounted, reaching 34,000 by 1972.

3053:: "The facts do not bear out this contention . To be sure, some refugees were forced to flee: fifty thousand were expelled from the strategically located towns of Lydda and Ramle ... But these were the exceptions, not the rule, and ethnic cleansing had nothing to do with it." 1384:

The Ramla Museum is housed in the former municipal headquarters of the British Mandatory authorities. The building, from 1922, incorporates elements of Arab architecture such as arched windows and patterned tiled floors. After 1948, it was the central district office of the

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The Arabs, both Muslims and Christian, increasingly depend on their own private schools and not Israeli governmental schools. There are currently two Christian schools, such as Terra Santa School, the Greek Orthodox School, and there is one Islamic school in preparations.

1746:. The station is located in north east side of the city and originally opened in April 1891, making it the oldest active railway station in Israel. It was most recently reopened on April 12, 2003 after having been rebuilt in a new location closer to the town's center. 985:, or Ramleh, where there are remains of the walls from the days of our ancestors, for thus it was found written upon the stones. About 300 Jews dwell there. It was formerly a very great city; at a distance of two miles (3 km) there is a large Jewish cemetery." 662:

dissuaded him and instead proposed building a new city at a superior, adjacent site. In choosing the site, Sulayman utilized the strategic advantages of Lydda's vicinity while avoiding the physical constraints of an already-established urban center. Historian

1754:

According to CBS, there are 31 schools and 12,000 students in the city. These include 22 elementary schools with a student population of 7,700 and nine high schools with a population of 3,800. In 2001, 47% of Ramla's 12th grade students graduated with a

755:(died 839) noted Sulayman razed the houses of Lydda's inhabitants to force their relocation to Ramla and punished those who resisted. In the words of al-Jahshiyari, Sulayman "founded the town of al-Ramla and its mosque and thus caused the ruin of Lod ". 1064: 647:") and linking Jerusalem with the Mediterranean coast. Sulayman established his city in Lydda's vicinity, avoiding Lydda proper. This was likely due to a lack of available space for wide-scale development and agreements dating to the 853:

order that there may always be a supply. In the middle of the Friday Mosque , also, is a large tank: and from it, when it is filled with water, anyone who wishes may take. The area of the mosque measures two hundred paces (

767:

toppled the Umayyads in 750, confiscating the White Mosque and all other Umayyad properties in Ramla. The Abbasids annually reviewed the high costs of maintaining the Barada canal, though starting under the reign of Caliph

835:

wrested control of Ramla from the Jarrahids, who continued to dominate the surrounding countryside. The following decade was marked by peace, but, in 1024, the Jarrahids renewed their rebellion. The Fatimid general

831:, to act as caliph in defiance of the Fatimids. The development was short-lived, as the Jarrahids abandoned al-Hasan after Fatimid bribes, and the caliphal claimant left the city for Mecca. A Fatimid army led by 1030:

found Ramleh to be a town of about 3000 inhabitants, surrounded by olive-groves and vegetables. It had few streets, and the houses were made of stone and were well-built. There were several mosques in the town.

1426:. Initial archaeological claims seemed to indicate that Ramla was not built on the site of an ancient city, although in recent years the ruins of an older city were uncovered to the south of Ramla. Earlier, 5595: 2995:) from thirst, hunger, and heat exhaustion after being stripped of their valuables on the way out by Israeli soldiers. Morris, "Operation Dani and the Palestinian Exodus from Lydda and Ramle in 1948", 3732: 5615: 772:

it became a regular part of the state's expenditures. In the late 9th century the Muslim inhabitants were composed mainly of Arabs and Persians, while the clients of the Muslims were Samaritans.

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Le Strange adds: "This earthquake is mentioned by the Arab annalists, who state that a third of Ramla was thrown down, the mosque in particular being left a mere heap of ruins. Footnote, p.

1434:, however, considered that to be a different Gath, usually now called Gath-Gittaim. This view is also supported by other scholars, those holding that there was, both, a Gath (believed to be 1770:

in Ramla is a preschool and daycare center for Arab and Jewish children. In the afternoons, Open House runs extracurricular coexistence programs for Jewish, Christian, and Muslim children.

658:(died 1347), a determined local Christian cleric refused Sulayman's requests for plots in the middle of Lydda. Infuriated, he attempted to have the cleric executed, but his local adviser 1038:

noted that the Latin (Catholic) population was reduced to two priests and 50 parishioners. In 1869, the population was given as 3,460; 3000 Muslims, 400 Greek Orthodox and 60 Catholics.

5605: 1318:(in the Early Muslim period) to provide Ramla with a steady supply of water. Use of the cistern was apparently discontinued at the beginning of the tenth century (the beginning of the 925: 3105: 2966:, 24 February 1948: "'Jerusalem (Monday) – The 'High Command' of the Arab military organisation issued a communiqué to the newspapers here to-day claiming full responsibility for the 942: 1479:

bone near the city of Ramla in the open-air Middle Paleolithic site of Nesher Ramla. According to archaeologist Yossi Zaidner, this finding was definitely the oldest in the

2694: 4380:

The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer

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Le Strange adds: "Ramlah was the Arab capital of the province Filastin (Palestine), and as such was often referred to under the name of its province. The same applied to Sham (

4691: 3047:, the 1947 displacement of Palestinians, Rabin had been second in command over Operation Dani, the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian towns of towns of Lydda and Ramle." 1398: 4362:

Vol IV. A journey through Syria and Palestine. By Nasir-i-Khusrau [1047 A.D.]. The pilgrimage of Saewulf to Jerusalem. The pilgrimage of the Russian abbot Daniel

5129: 1374: 3148: 1216: 1215:. Ramla was captured on 12 July 1948, a few days after the capture of Lydda. The Arab resistance surrendered on July 12, and most of the remaining inhabitants were 1171: 544: 3551:"Early evidence for symbolic behavior in the Levantine Middle Paleolithic: A 120 ka old engraved aurochs bone shaft from the open-air site of Nesher Ramla, Israel" 1294:) erected by Caliph Suleiman in the 8th century, of which only remnants are to be seen today. The tower is six stories high, with a spiral staircase of 119 steps. 1197: 4639: 3877: 1669:(CBS), a total of 63,462 people were living in Ramla at the end of 2004. In 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was 80% Jewish, 20% Arab (16% Muslim Arabs and 4% 1019:

occupied Ramla during his unsuccessful bid to conquer Palestine, using the Franciscan hospice as his headquarters. The village appeared as 'Ramleh' on the map of

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Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, "The Population of the Large Towns in Palestine During the First Eighty Years of the Nineteenth Century, According to Western Sources", in

1243:

A 2013 Israeli police report documented that the Central District ranks fourth among Israel's seven districts in terms of drug-related arrests. Today, five of

909:. It was a city of some economic significance and an important way station for pilgrims travelling to Jerusalem. The Crusaders identified it with the biblical 5600: 2514:

86a, where it says that the olives used to produce the oil had not reached one-third of its natural stage of ripeness, and that it was used principally as a

3059:: "The expulsion of some 50,000 Palestinians from their homes ... was one of the most visible atrocities stemming from Israel's policy of ethnic cleansing." 1700:

According to CBS data, there were 21,000 salaried workers and 1,700 self-employed persons in Ramla in 2000. The mean monthly wage for a salaried worker was

1709:

fifty underground hiding complexes were found in the area, some used for storage and others believed to be hiding places for humans with access to water.

3809: 4164: 2731: 678:(died 942), Sulayman sought a lasting reputation as a great builder following the example of his father and al-Walid, the respective founders of the 1310:

The Pool of Arches, also known as St. Helen's Pool and Bīr al-Anezīya, is an underground water cistern built during the reign of the Abbasid caliph

4684: 1196:. However, Ramla's geographic location and its strategic position on the main supply route to Jerusalem made it a point of contention during the 3500: 3457: 2144: 3056: 3040: 1483:. Three-dimensional imaging and microscopic analysis were used to examine the bone. The six lines ranged in length from 38 to 42 millimeters. 1049:

noted that there was a bazaar in the town, "but its prosperity has much decayed, and many of the houses are falling into ruins, including the

1008:

In the early days of the Ottoman period, in 1548, a census was taken recording 528 Muslim families and 82 Christian families living in Ramla.

4615: 4549: 4303: 4213: 4102: 4039: 3974: 3050: 746:, about 10 kilometers (6 mi) to the southeast. Ramla superseded Lydda as the commercial center of Palestine. Many of Lydda's Christian, 3109: 828: 5122: 2874:, pp. 66-67. Also see: Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 71, 74 690:. The construction of Ramla was Sulayman's "way to immortality" and "his personal stamp on the landscape of Palestine", according to Luz. 708:

The first structure Sulayman erected in Ramla was his palatial residence, which dually served as the seat of Palestine's administration (

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Taxel, Itamar (May 2013). "Rural Settlement Processes in Central Palestine, ca. 640–800 C.E.: The Ramla-Yavneh Region as a Case Study".

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Excavation in Marcus Street, Ramala; Reports and studies of the Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies and Excavations, Haifa 2007

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period (10th–11th centuries). Its role as the principal city and district capital came to an end shortly before the arrival of the

3025: 486:, whose inhabitants were relocated to the new city. Not long after its establishment, Ramla developed as the commercial centre of 890: 517: 2611:

or Egypt), and other places. Major Fuller begins his translation (J. R. A. S. vol VI, N.S., p. 142) at this point. Footnote, p.

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is the largest of its kind in Israel, holding graves of soldiers fallen during both World Wars and the British Mandate period.

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of Ramla, also known as the El-Omari Mosque, it is in architectural terms Israel's largest and best-preserved Crusader church.

3264: 4975: 4403: 4153: 3960: 1468: 3707: 3549:

Prévost, Marion; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Crater Gershtein, Kathryn M.; Tejero, José-Miguel; Zaidner, Yossi (2021-01-20).

1541:. With several large halls on different levels, it measures 2,700 metres (8,900 ft) long, making it the third-largest 1338:

conquered Ramla in the second half of the 13th century, when they added a round minaret, an entrance from the north, and a

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Ramla became a mixed Jewish–Arab town within the state of Israel. Arab homes of those who left in Ramla were given by the

648: 520:

between the Crusaders and Fatimids in the first years of the 12th century. Later that century, it became the centre of a

5005: 4990: 3482: 3209: 1884: 1688:, have migrated to Israel and have resettled in Ramle, where they have built a synagogue named Magen Shalome, after the 1461: 1386: 832: 576:

Ramla (pictured in 1895) was founded by Sulayman at the start of the 8th century and became the capital of his district.

5313: 5028: 4755: 4660: 1743: 1569:

were discovered in "Noah's Ark Cave", as the cave has been dubbed by journalists, several of them unknown to science.

1147: 906: 897:, a Fatimid-held town along the southern coast of Palestine. As Crusader rule stabilized, Ramla became the seat of a 149: 3677: 3248: 2939: 885:

The armies of the First Crusade took the hastily evacuated town without a fight. In the early years of the Crusader

5091: 5086: 4960: 4535: 4470: 4384: 4233: 4172: 4025: 3984: 2967: 2811:"⁨a באה"ק. המולוניא החדשה רמלה. ⁩ | ⁨המליץ⁩ | 26 נובמבר 1889 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית" 1042: 3993: 1362:

on Ramla's main boulevard, Herzl Street, is easily recognized by its clock-faced, square tower. It belongs to the

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Many of the refugees including a large number of children died (at least 400+ according to the Arab historian '

1689: 1335: 1136: 1117: 1089: 693: 270: 91: 1290:, also known as the White Tower, was built in the 13th century. It served as the minaret of the White Mosque ( 1184: 667:

holds that Lydda was "too Christian in ethos for the taste of the Umayyad rulers", particularly following the

4241:

Luz, Nimrod (April 1997). "The Construction of an Islamic City in Palestine. The Case of Umayyad al-Ramla".

1505: 1323: 1101: 668: 597: 3124:"There's only one women's prison in Israel — and a photographer documented the inmates in harrowing detail" 3106:"Zachary J. Foster, "Are Lod and Ramla the Drug Capitals of Israel and Palestine?" (Palestine Square Blog)" 2664: 5081: 4970: 4839: 4429: 3970: 3550: 2785: 2773: 2747: 2474: 1359: 1193: 1105: 655: 28: 4514: 2925: 716:). The next structure was the Dar al-Sabbaghin (House of the Dyers). At the center of the new city was a 4712: 3123: 2884: 1899: 1849: 1736: 1343: 1334:

The Crusaders built a cathedral in the first half on the 12th century, converted into a mosque when the

1244: 1093: 837: 717: 4502: 4498:

Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838

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Archaeological excavations in Ramla conducted in 1992–1995 unearthed the remains of a dyeing industry (

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in the 630s that, at least formally, precluded him from confiscating desirable property within Lydda.

596:, the Muslims' original provincial capital. Sulayman had been appointed governor by his father Caliph 494:. Its prosperity was lauded by geographers in the 10th–11th centuries, when the city was ruled by the 3461: 3308:

Nimrod Luz (1997). "The Construction of an Islamic City in Palestine. The Case of Umayyad al-Ramla".

3235:, Hadashot Arkheologiyot, Volume 132, Year 2020, Israel Antiquities Authority. Accessed 27 July 2020. 1832: 1367: 1273: 932: 886: 721: 698: 525: 456:

in 715. The city's strategic and economic value derived from its location at the intersection of the

3489:, Survey Permit # A-5947, Survey Permit # A-6029, Survey Permit # A-6052, and Survey Permit # A-6057 2141: 1056:

In 1889, 31 Jewish worker families settled in the town, which had no Jewish population at the time.

611:), whom he succeeded. He died as caliph in 717. Ramla remained the capital of Palestine through the 5454: 4374: 3980:

The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology

2810: 2654:

Adler notes that earlier translations wrote "3" rather than "300", but he considers that incorrect.

1472: 1281: 841:

recalled to Egypt in 1026. In 1029, he returned and routed the Jarrahids and their Bedouin allies.

600:

before the end of his reign in 705 and continued in office through the reign of his brother Caliph

533: 290: 132: 4847: 4425: 3458:"Vincenz : Ramla | The Shelby White – Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications" 5076: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4266: 4258: 4205:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

4141: 4016: 3922: 3871: 3694: 3578: 3439: 3416: 3370: 3325: 3230: 3011: 2760: 2612: 2592: 2576: 1701: 1236: 1016: 978: 949: 487: 3854:

The Land of Israel and Syria as Described by al-Tamimi – Jerusalem Physician of the 10th Century

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matriculation certificate. Many of the Jewish schools are run by Jewish orthodox organisations.

1496:

The city has historically suffered severe damage from several major earthquakes, including the

1162:

The 1945/46 survey gives 'Ramle' a population of 15,160 (11,900 Muslims and 3,260 Christians).

742:

Sulayman built an aqueduct in the city called al-Barada, which transported water to Ramla from

5384: 5096: 4664: 4611: 4545: 4474: 4446: 4399: 4339: 4336:

Kitāb Aḥsan at-taqāsīm fī maʻrifat al-aqālīm (The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions)

4299: 4209: 4149: 4098: 4077: 4035: 4020: 3956: 3914: 3894: 3883: 3857: 3803: 3570: 3389: 3005: 3000: 2980: 2885:"Sheikh Mustafa Yousef Ahmad Abdelrazzaq El-Khairi (El-Khayri) The Mayor of Ramla (1920–1947)" 2636: 2505: 2161: 2044: 2035: 1553: 1431: 1125: 982: 902: 880: 764: 612: 581: 521: 495: 471: 435: 305: 2970:

on Sunday. It was said to be in reprisal for an attack by Irgun at Ramleh several days ago.'"

5404: 4725: 4568: 4250: 4112: 3906: 3615: 3562: 3317: 3186:– via Ramle, The White Mosque: The Excavations. At the IAA Gallery of Sites and Finds. 3034: 1915: 1828: 1824: 1722: 1415: 1311: 1224: 1113: 1050: 1035: 994: 967: 910: 679: 490:, serving as a hub for pottery, dyeing, weaving, and olive oil, and as the home of numerous 4607:

Ramla: City of Muslim Palestine, 715-1917: Studies in History, Archaeology and Architecture

4229:

Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500

3663: 3486: 3279:, vol. II, chapter 11, s.v. ויבנה בארץ פלשתים, (3rd edition) Jerusalem 2007, p. 78 (Hebrew) 4413: 4199: 3252: 2943: 2735: 2148: 1867: 1843: 1796: 1740: 1674: 1670: 1109: 1100:, 1,440 Christians and 35 Jews). The Christians were further noted by denomination: 1,226 845: 805: 529: 408: 396: 39: 4902: 4496: 4378: 4227: 4053: 3978: 3785: 3171: 2954:

Embassy of Israel, London, website. 2002. Quoting Zeez Vilani – 'Ramla past and present'.

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he only demolished a church in Lydda and others that he demolished the city altogether.

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Gordon, Matthew S.; Robinson, Chase F.; Rowson, Everett K.; Fishbein, Michael (2018).

3178:. Vol. 4. Jerusalem: Carta for the Israel Exploration Society. pp. 1267–1269 5574: 5559: 5459: 5444: 5424: 5206: 5033: 4795: 4588: 4526: 4460: 4352: 4270: 3946: 3596:

D. H. K. Amiran (1996). "Location Index for Earthquakes in Israel since 100 B.C.E.".

3582: 3329: 2064: 1894: 1855: 1818: 1800: 1782: 1538: 1248: 1220: 824: 752: 675: 616: 585: 506: 499: 449: 445: 35: 4132:

Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine

1188:

Arab Palestinian residents of Ramleh being expelled by the Israeli army in July 1948

5544: 5539: 5374: 5369: 5293: 5232: 5054: 4932: 4897: 4810: 4730: 4510: 4331: 4313: 4289: 3265:

In Israel and Palestinian Territories, British Still Tend Memory of 16,000 War Dead

3149:"Police study: Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Haifa, Ramle and Eilat Israel's most violent cities" 3071: 2992: 2485: 1861: 1436: 788: 664: 556: 428: 4830: 3935: 3641: 1537:

of specially developed organisms, including several previously unknown species of

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went off in the Ramla market on 18 February, killing 7 residents and injuring 45.

4605: 4464: 4440: 4417: 4293: 4203: 4116: 4092: 4071: 3950: 3566: 3501:"Scientists: Bone carving found in Israel could be earliest human use of symbols" 1788:

Alphabetical list by surname where extant. Traditional, pre-modern Arab names by

5474: 5353: 5348: 5333: 5201: 4877: 4867: 4800: 4780: 4770: 4436: 4281:

Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas

4126: 4049: 3711: 3091:

A. Golan, Lydda and Ramle: "From Palestinian-Arab to Israeli Towns", 1948–1967,

2008: 1517: 1423: 1419: 1129: 998: 4360: 4317: 4146:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VI: Morocco–Ruzzīk

3526:"120,000-Year-Old Cattle Bone Carvings May Be World's Oldest Surviving Symbols" 1430:

had proposed that ancient Gath lay at the site of Ras Abu Hamid east of Ramla.

5449: 5439: 5409: 5328: 5303: 5298: 4857: 4852: 4760: 4735: 4254: 3910: 3849: 3321: 2515: 2497: 1976: 1944: 1837: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1534: 1530: 1363: 1315: 601: 136: 4669: 4343: 3918: 3681: 3574: 3244: 2684:

From the sources listed above: no Jews in 1525, 1538, 1548, 1592; two in 1852

253: 240: 5519: 5494: 5489: 5419: 5283: 5252: 5247: 5186: 5181: 5152: 4912: 4892: 4872: 4775: 4745: 4740: 4492: 4067: 2024: 1809: 1805: 1542: 1370:

used the hospice as his headquarters during his Palestine campaign in 1799.

1355: 1192:

Ramla was part of the territory allotted to a proposed Arab state under the

1139:

recorded 10,347 people (8,157 Muslims, 2,194 Christians, five Jews, and two

914: 898: 781: 777: 747: 743: 683: 644: 479: 458: 453: 3897:(1996). "Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage". 1778: 1080: 1072: 701:

in Ramla (pictured in 2014) built by Sulayman and his cousin and successor

626: 505:

It lost its role as a provincial capital shortly before the arrival of the

3887: 1418:(1280–1355) and other early Jewish writers is that Ramla was the biblical 1389:. In 2001, the building became a museum documenting the history of Ramla. 5534: 5484: 5399: 5323: 5318: 5237: 5222: 5160: 5049: 4927: 4887: 4862: 4720: 3952:

Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century

3031:

On whether what occurred in Lydda and Ramle constituted ethnic cleansing:

2936: 2604: 2040: 1980: 1971: 1903: 1685: 1211:

After a number of unsuccessful raids on Ramla, the Israeli army launched

1159:

The 1938 village statistics list the population ("Ramle, Er") as 11,950.

894: 862: 467: 46: 4262: 3733:"The True History of Ancient Jewish Underground Hiding Places in Israel" 3443: 3374: 1146:

Ramla was connected to wired electricity (supplied by the Zionist-owned

17: 5509: 5469: 5414: 5257: 5227: 5196: 5020: 4790: 4765: 4466:

The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre)

3926: 2510: 2364:, article "al-Ramla"; Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, The first century of Ramla, 2028: 2019: 1932: 1923: 1681: 1591: 1476: 1319: 1153: 1135:

Less than a decade later, the population had increased nearly 25%; the

725: 702: 105: 4121:(in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. 3420: 2870:

Faris, A. Basim (1936) Electric Power in Syria and Palestine. Beirut:

889:

though, control over this strategic location led to three consecutive

724:. It was not completed until the reign of Sulayman's successor Caliph 5529: 5514: 5479: 5464: 5394: 5288: 5176: 4922: 4917: 4882: 4805: 4704: 4076:. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2012: 2003: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1939: 1910: 1527: 1480: 1339: 1097: 1002: 438: 424: 283: 4118:

Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine

4094:

The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation

1268: 3176:

The New Encyclopedia Of Archaeological Excavations In The Holy Land

1522:

In May 2006, a naturally sealed-off underground space now known as

1227:. By November 1949, there were about 2,000 Arabs in Ramla and Lod. 1176: 5549: 5524: 5504: 5338: 5278: 5273: 5242: 5191: 4937: 4815: 2608: 1928: 1871: 1870:(1935–1988), a.k.a. Abu Jihad; Palestinian Arab co-founder of the 1777: 1721: 1296: 1267: 1205: 1183: 1175: 1140: 1079: 1071: 1063: 960: 821: 801: 736: 711: 692: 636: 625: 571: 540: 491: 475: 463: 348: 5107: 3436:

Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies

1545: 552: 5111: 4673: 3756: 3434:

Rainey, Anson (1975). "The Identification of Philistine Gath".

5308: 4750: 3616:"Underground world found at quarry – Israel Culture, Ynetnews" 3024:

For the use of the term "ethnic cleansing", see, for example,

1705:

unemployment benefits, and 5,600 received income supplements.

1475:

announced the discovery of six engravings on 120,000-year-old

865:, of the year 425 (=10th of December, 1033 CE), there came an 593: 483: 3937:

Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922

3642:"One year later, 'Noah's Ark' cave is no longer a safe haven" 592:, founded Ramla as the seat of his administration, replacing 4644: 4422:. Vol. 2. London: Printed for the author, by W. Bowyer. 2413: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2120: 1586: 4631: 4567:(369). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 157–199. 3824:"Tennis – 2002 – WIMBLEDON – July 1 – Aisam-Ul-Haq Qureshi" 4208:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. 1255:. In 2015, Ramla had one of Israel's highest crime rates. 2190: 2188: 2186: 1551:

One of the finds was an eyeless scorpion, given the name

2173: 2171: 2169: 1846:(1927–2001), Tajik vocalist, immigrated to Ramla in 1991 1053:." Expansion began only at the end of the 19th century. 981:, who also mistook it for a more ancient city, visited " 434:

The city was founded in the early 8th century CE by the

380: 3076:

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949

2257: 2255: 5596:

Castles and fortifications of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

4295:

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited

3361:

Mazar (Maisler), Benjamin (1954). "Gath and Gittaim".

3199:, Zeev Vilnai, Hamakor Press, Jerusalem, 1972, p. 208. 787:

Nonetheless, the 10th-century Jerusalemite geographer

4561:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

1247:

are located in Ramla, including the maximum-security

1001:

visited Ramla and described (among other things) the

4135:. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre. 3407:

Rainey, Anson (1998). "Review by: Anson F. Rainey".

3232:

Ramla, Pool of the Arches: Final Report (09/07/2020)

2834:

Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p.

2297: 2295: 709: 619:

in 1099. It received its name, the singular form of

5616:

8th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate

5362: 5266: 5215: 5169: 5145: 5042: 5019: 4946: 4838: 4711: 4419:

A description of the East, and some other countries

2107:

Also Ramlah, Remle and historically sometimes Rama.

2081: 2079: 1219:. A disputed claim, advanced by scholars including 431:, with significant numbers of both Jews and Arabs. 376: 368: 360: 355: 343: 338: 330: 325: 311: 301: 289: 269: 114: 103: 98: 59: 2652:. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 26–27. 1005:there; "built in a wonderous and clever fashion". 351:(9.993 km or 3.858 sq mi) 4650:Israel Service Corps: Ramla Community Involvement 34:"Ramleh" redirects here. For the music band, see 4428:; cited in Robinson and Smith, vol. 3, 1841, p. 4055:Felix Fabri (circa 1480–1483 A.D.) vol I, part I 1504:, smaller earthquakes in 1070 and 1546, and the 1375:St. Nicodemus and St. Joseph of Arimathea Church 1322:period), possibly due to the fact that the main 861:) is an inscription stating that on the 15th of 5606:Populated places established in the 8th century 4640:"A Dangerous Tour at Ramle", by Eitan Bronstein 3487:Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010 2800:, ed. Moshe Ma'oz (Jerusalem, 1975), pp. 49–69. 1172:1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle 893:between the Crusaders and Egyptian armies from 482:. It rapidly overshadowed the adjacent city of 4604:Petersen, Andrew; Pringle, Deny, eds. (2021). 2798:Studies on Palestine during the Ottoman Period 1251:and the country's only women's prison, called 5123: 4685: 3396:. Vol. 7 (second ed.). p. 395. 857:) by three hundred. Over one of its porches ( 630:Ramla's Pool of Arches, a tourist destination 623:(sand), from the sandy area in which it sat. 559:, with a population 76% Jewish and 24% Arab. 8: 3087: 3085: 1577: 1096:, 'Ramleh' had a population of 7,312 (5,837 555:immigrants. Today, Ramla is one of Israel's 77: 67: 4385:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund 4165:"An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" 3985:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund 551:. The town was subsequently repopulated by 5130: 5116: 5108: 4692: 4678: 4670: 4536:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4026:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3876:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3078:. Cambridge University Press. p. 434. 1576: 1326:to the city went out of use at that time. 56: 4544:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 798–803. 4319:Description of Syria, including Palestine 4034:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 821–822. 2349: 2246: 2194: 1467:In January 2021, archaeologists from the 654:In a tradition recorded by the historian 27:For other places with similar names, see 4395:The Towns of Palestine Under Muslim Rule 4365:. Translated by Guy Le Strange. London: 4180:(3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from 3438:. Nelson Glueck Memorial Volume: 63–76. 3409:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2449: 1821:(born 1962), army general and politician 2784:Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 2772:Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 2539: 2177: 2075: 375: 354: 337: 324: 310: 268: 233: 161: 143: 123: 113: 102: 97: 4348:(3rd edition printed by Brill in 1967) 4144:. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.). 3869: 3808:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3801: 3708:"Nesher Israel Cement Enterprises Ltd" 2999:, 40 (1986) 82–109; Morris, 2004, pp. 2425: 2313: 1156:was mayor of Ramla from 1920 to 1947. 848:visited the city in 1047, remarking: 516:), after which it became the scene of 4659:Survey of Western Palestine, Map 13: 4284:. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. 4148:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 1115–1117. 3289:B. Mazar (1954). "Gath and Gittaim". 3212:. Iaa-conservation.org.il. 2005-12-27 2746:Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, pp. 2273:Le Strange, 1890, page ? ; 2218: 2089:. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 1204:. A bomb by the Jewish militia group 977:Around 1163, the rabbi and traveller 812:), and used in cuisine and medicine. 367: 359: 342: 329: 300: 288: 7: 5591:Arab Christian communities in Israel 4243:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3695:Pakistan Jewish Virtual History Tour 3680:. Ramla Tourism Site. Archived from 3344:"Volume 121 Year 2009 Ramla (South)" 3310:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2115: 2113: 1852:, 17th-century Islamic legal scholar 1200:, followed by the internationalised 669:Arabization and Islamization reforms 5601:Cities in Central District (Israel) 2924:Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 2872:American University of Beirut Press 2707:"INS Scholarship 1998: Jaffa, 1799" 2650:The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela 2563: 2551: 2527: 2437: 2401: 2389: 2377: 2337: 2325: 2301: 2286: 2261: 2206: 1667:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 1526:was discovered near Ramla, outside 809: 412: 400: 78: 68: 4398:. British Archaeological Reports. 3108:. 30 December 2015. Archived from 2675:Cohen and Lewis, 1978, pp. 135-144 1814:Israel at the 2016 Summer Olympics 1739:provides an hourly service on the 1498:1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake 25: 4581:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.369.0157 4573:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.369.0157 3992:Department of Statistics (1945). 3460:. Fas.harvard.edu. Archived from 1726:Original Ramla station building, 1393:British Commonwealth War Cemetery 901:in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the 543:-majority population before most 38:. For the location in Egypt, see 4829: 4367:Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society 4324:Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society 4073:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 4060:Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society 2058: 2034: 2018: 2002: 1986: 1970: 1954: 1938: 1922: 1909: 1893: 959: 941: 924: 276: 208: 201: 175: 168: 148: 125: 4338:(in Arabic). Leiden: Brill Co. 3995:Village Statistics, April, 1945 1858:(born 1951), actor and comedian 1558:dwindle. Seven more species of 1143:), in a total of 2,339 houses. 1023:compiled during this campaign. 730: 635:of the two major roads linking 606: 4298:. Cambridge University Press. 3955:. Princeton University Press. 3710:. Nesher.co.il. Archived from 2968:explosion in Ben Yehuda Street 1469:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 470:, and the road connecting the 448:, the district he governed in 135:with the eastern hills around 1: 4334:(1906). M.J. de Goeje (ed.). 3622:. Ynetnews.com. June 20, 1995 3057:Golani and Manna 2011, p. 107 3003:–430, who quotes the orders; 2230:Le Strange, 1890, page ? 1727: 1350:Franciscan church and hospice 510: 315: 209: 176: 3666:. Kansas City Sister Cities. 3567:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.002 3483:Israel Antiquities Authority 2846:Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. 2648:Marcus Nathan Adler (1907). 2566:, pp. 388–391, 396–397. 2368:, vol 43, 1996, pp. 250–263. 2121:"עיריית רמלה – אתר האינטרנט" 1462:Israel Antiquities Authority 671:instituted by Abd al-Malik. 372:7,900/km (21,000/sq mi) 99:Hebrew transcription(s) 4005:"Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik" 3934:Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). 3826:. ASAP Sports. July 1, 2002 3174:. In Stern, Ephraim (ed.). 2587:Nasir-i-Khusrau, 1997, pp. 1387:Israeli Ministry of Finance 1276:, built in the 13th century 1094:British Mandate authorities 1047:Survey of Western Palestine 907:County of Jaffa and Ascalon 710: 427:. Ramle is one of Israel's 5632: 4471:Cambridge University Press 4424:(Pococke, 1745, vol 2, p. 4234:Palestine Exploration Fund 4173:Israel Exploration Journal 3998:. Government of Palestine. 3940:. Government of Palestine. 3598:Israel Exploration Journal 3363:Israel Exploration Journal 3291:Israel Exploration Journal 3151:. Ha'aretz. 9 October 2011 1864:(born 2000), tennis player 1840:(born 1978), tennis player 1673:). Ramla is the center of 1515: 1372: 1279: 1169: 1148:Palestine Electric Company 1068:Ramla from the air in 1932 1043:Palestine Exploration Fund 993:In the 1480s, in the late 878: 192:Show map of Central Israel 44: 33: 26: 5611:Mixed Israeli communities 5581:Central District (Israel) 5063: 4827: 4610:. Oxford: Archaeo Press. 4392:Petersen, Andrew (2005). 4255:10.1017/S1356186300008300 3911:10.1163/22118993-90000355 3322:10.1017/S1356186300008300 3095:39,4 (2003), pp. 121–139. 2887:. Palestineremembered.com 1604:— 1502:1068 Near East earthquake 1399:Commonwealth War Cemetery 833:Ali ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah 737:Muslim religious scholars 590:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik 442:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik 234: 162: 144: 124: 115: • Also spelled 89: 69: 4655:The Tower of Ramla, 1877 3856:(in Hebrew). Ramat-Gan. 3697:, Jewish Virtual Library 3555:Quaternary International 3247:at the official website 3051:Schwartzwald 2012, p. 63 2340:, pp. 37–38, 41–43. 1879:Twin towns—sister cities 1812:athlete who represented 1690:Magain Shalome Synagogue 1414:A tradition reported by 1223:, characterizes this as 1090:1922 census of Palestine 688:Great Mosque of Damascus 45:Not to be confused with 4501:. Vol. 3. Boston: 4278:Mills, E., ed. (1932). 4140:Honigmann, E. (1987) . 3983:. Vol. 2. London: 3852:; Serri, Yaron (2004). 3644:. Haaretz. 19 July 2007 3348:www.hadashot-esi.org.il 2997:The Middle East Journal 1744:Tel Aviv–Jerusalem line 1506:1927 Jericho earthquake 800:: ὀμφάκιον, ὀμφάχινον; 584:prince and governor of 139:in the background, 2013 5314:Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut 5082:Judea and Samaria Area 5029:Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut 4756:Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut 4503:Crocker & Brewster 3210:"Ramla Pool of Arches" 3170:Kaplan, Jacob (1993). 3093:Middle Eastern Studies 1785: 1733: 1360:St Joseph of Arimathea 1302: 1301:Ramla's Pool of Arches 1277: 1194:1947 UN Partition Plan 1189: 1181: 1085: 1077: 1069: 1060:British Mandate period 872: 705: 656:Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari 631: 577: 189:Location within Israel 29:Ramla (disambiguation) 3758:Jaffa Station History 3505:www.timesofisrael.com 3041:Spangler 2015, p. 156 2709:. Napoleon-series.org 2626:, article "al-Ramla". 2624:Encyclopedia of Islam 2473:Le Strange, 1890, p. 2362:Encyclopedia of Islam 2352:, pp. 27, 35–36. 2328:, pp. 47, 53–54. 2277:, article "al-Ramla". 2275:Encyclopedia of Islam 2087:"Regional Statistics" 1850:Khayr al-Din al-Ramli 1781: 1737:Ramla Railway Station 1725: 1578:Historical population 1373:Further information: 1300: 1271: 1202:1948 Arab–Israeli War 1187: 1180:Ramleh from air, 1948 1179: 1154:Sheikh Mustafa Khairi 1083: 1075: 1067: 850: 838:Anushtakin al-Dizbari 720:, later known as the 718:congregational mosque 696: 629: 575: 549:1948 Arab–Israeli War 381:https://ramle.org.il/ 254:31.92750°N 34.86250°E 4003:Eisener, R. (1997). 3530:Smithsonian Magazine 3464:on September 6, 2008 3394:Encyclopedia Judaica 3112:on 30 December 2015. 2461:Mukaddasi, 1886, p. 1833:Youth Congress Party 1448:(in or near Ramla). 1084:Ramla 1945 1:250,000 989:Late medieval period 887:Kingdom of Jerusalem 526:Kingdom of Jerusalem 369: • Density 131:Ramla seen from the 5068:Other sub-divisions 4232:. Committee of the 4163:Karmon, Y. (1960). 3524:Davis-Marks, Isis. 3388:Michael Avi-Yonah. 3245:Ramla Tourism Sites 3197:The Guide to Israel 3035:Morris 2008, p. 408 3015:, 23 October 1979). 3009:(censored section, 2914:. 1938. p. 60. 2693:Petersen, 2005, p. 2530:, pp. 381–382. 2518:and to flavor meat. 2504:(2004), p. 78. Cf. 2452:, pp. 345–346. 2142:University of Haifa 1579: 1512:Rare cave ecosystem 1282:White Mosque, Ramla 1198:1947–1948 civil war 1076:Ramla 1941 1:20,000 952:, published in 1698 844:Persian geographer 829:al-Hasan ibn Ja'far 534:Godfrey of Bouillon 419:) is a city in the 250: / 120:Ramleh (unofficial) 5077:Jerusalem District 3895:Bacharach, Jere L. 3275:Ishtori Haparchi, 3251:2015-02-07 at the 3012:The New York Times 2942:2009-01-24 at the 2908:Village Statistics 2759:Guérin, 1868, pp. 2734:2019-12-22 at the 2635:Pringle, 1998, p. 2414:Gordon et al. 2018 2147:2016-03-03 at the 1786: 1734: 1452:Excavation history 1354:The Hospice of St 1303: 1292:al-Masjid al-Abyad 1278: 1237:Israeli government 1190: 1182: 1086: 1078: 1070: 1017:Napoleon Bonaparte 979:Benjamin of Tudela 950:Cornelis de Bruijn 780:, a branch of the 706: 632: 578: 444:as the capital of 361: • Total 344: • Total 331: • Mayor 259:31.92750; 34.86250 225:Show map of Israel 5568: 5567: 5385:Baqa al-Gharbiyye 5157: 5105: 5104: 5097:Tel Aviv District 5092:Southern District 5087:Northern District 4948:Regional councils 4665:Wikimedia commons 4617:978-1-78969-776-6 4551:978-90-04-07819-2 4442:Freedom Next Time 4305:978-0-521-00967-6 4215:978-1-138-78761-2 4104:978-90-04-35621-4 4097:. Leiden: Brill. 4041:978-90-04-10422-8 3006:The Rabin Memoirs 2979:Morris, 2004, p. 2727:Karmon, 1960, p. 2607:or Syria), Misr ( 2506:Babylonian Talmud 2404:, pp. 42–43. 2392:, pp. 38–39. 2380:, pp. 43–45. 2264:, pp. 52–53. 2160:Pilger, 2011, p. 2065:Israel portal 1665:According to the 1663: 1662: 1554:Akrav israchanani 1126:Abyssinian Church 1114:Melkite Catholics 1108:(Jacobites), 150 1092:conducted by the 933:Conrad Grünenberg 903:Lordship of Ramla 881:Lordship of Ramla 386: 385: 306:Ramla Subdistrict 16:(Redirected from 5623: 5455:Ma'alot-Tarshiha 5155: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5109: 4833: 4701:Central District 4694: 4687: 4680: 4671: 4636: 4621: 4592: 4555: 4506: 4484: 4469:. Vol. II. 4456: 4445:. Random House. 4423: 4409: 4388: 4370: 4347: 4327: 4309: 4285: 4274: 4237: 4219: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4169: 4159: 4136: 4122: 4108: 4087: 4063: 4045: 4017:Heinrichs, W. P. 3999: 3988: 3975:Kitchener, H. H. 3966: 3941: 3930: 3881: 3875: 3867: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3784:. Archived from 3783: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3678:"Karaite Center" 3674: 3668: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3499:staff, T. O. I. 3496: 3490: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3312:. Third Series. 3305: 3299: 3298: 3286: 3280: 3277:Kaphtor u'ferach 3273: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3128:Business Insider 3120: 3114: 3113: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3068: 3062: 3022: 3016: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2946: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2881: 2875: 2868: 2862: 2858:Mills, 1932, p. 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2807: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2663:Fabri, 1896, p. 2661: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2601: 2595: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2250: 2244: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2181: 2175: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2117: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2083: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2039: 2038: 2023: 2022: 2007: 2006: 1991: 1990: 1975: 1974: 1959: 1958: 1943: 1942: 1927: 1926: 1916:Vaughan, Ontario 1914: 1913: 1898: 1897: 1829:Arab nationalist 1825:Yaqub al-Ghusayn 1732: 1729: 1593: 1588: 1580: 1473:Haifa University 1458:Dar al-Sabbaghin 1416:Ishtori Haparchi 1312:Haroun al-Rashid 1245:Israel's prisons 1225:ethnic cleansing 963: 948:"Rama" scene by 945: 931:Ramla, 1487, by 928: 811: 734: 732: 715: 680:Dome of the Rock 643:(the so-called " 610: 608: 515: 512: 452:before becoming 421:Central District 414: 402: 320: 317: 282: 280: 279: 265: 264: 262: 261: 260: 255: 251: 248: 247: 246: 243: 226: 212: 211: 205: 193: 179: 178: 172: 152: 129: 81: 80: 74: 73: 71: 57: 21: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5358: 5262: 5216:100,000–199,999 5211: 5170:200,000–299,999 5165: 5141: 5136: 5106: 5101: 5059: 5038: 5015: 4942: 4834: 4825: 4707: 4698: 4634: 4628: 4618: 4603: 4600: 4598:Further reading 4595: 4558: 4552: 4519:Bosworth, C. E. 4509: 4487: 4481: 4459: 4453: 4435: 4412: 4406: 4391: 4373: 4357:Le Strange, Guy 4353:Nasir-i-Khusrau 4351: 4330: 4312: 4306: 4288: 4277: 4240: 4222: 4216: 4198: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4139: 4125: 4111: 4105: 4090: 4084: 4066: 4048: 4042: 4009:Bosworth, C. E. 4002: 3991: 3969: 3963: 3944: 3933: 3899:Muqarnas Online 3893: 3868: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3779:"Archived copy" 3777: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3664:"Ramla, Israel" 3662: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3604:(1/2): 120–130. 3595: 3594: 3590: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3297:(3/4): 227–235. 3288: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3253:Wayback Machine 3243: 3239: 3228: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3090: 3083: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3023: 3019: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2944:Wayback Machine 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2736:Wayback Machine 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2602: 2598: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2416:, p. 1005. 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2253: 2249:, p. 1116. 2245: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2184: 2176: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2149:Wayback Machine 2140: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2123:. Ramla.muni.il 2119: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2073: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2033: 2017: 2001: 1985: 1969: 1953: 1937: 1921: 1908: 1892: 1881: 1868:Khalil al-Wazir 1844:Barno Itzhakova 1797:Elias Abuelazam 1776: 1752: 1741:Israel Railways 1730: 1720: 1715: 1698: 1680:Most Jews from 1675:Karaite Judaism 1671:Christian Arabs 1575: 1520: 1514: 1494: 1489: 1454: 1412: 1407: 1395: 1382: 1377: 1352: 1332: 1308: 1284: 1266: 1261: 1233: 1231:State of Israel 1174: 1168: 1110:Roman Catholics 1106:Syriac Orthodox 1062: 1028:Edward Robinson 991: 975: 974: 973: 972: 971: 964: 955: 954: 953: 946: 937: 936: 935: 929: 883: 877: 875:Crusader period 846:Nasir-i-Khusrau 761: 729: 697:Remains of the 649:Muslim conquest 617:First Crusaders 605: 570: 565: 532:established by 518:various battles 513: 507:First Crusaders 492:Muslim scholars 318: 277: 275: 258: 256: 252: 249: 244: 241: 239: 237: 236: 230: 229: 228: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 218: 217: 213: 196: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 185: 184: 180: 158: 157: 156: 155: 154:Emblem of Ramla 140: 119: 94: 85: 84: 62: 55: 50: 43: 40:Mahatet El Raml 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5629: 5627: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5555:Yehud-Monosson 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5500:Ramat HaSharon 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5435:Kiryat Motzkin 5432: 5430:Kiryat Malakhi 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5139:Israeli cities 5137: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5072:Haifa District 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4908:Mazkeret Batya 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4840:Local councils 4836: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4821:Yehud-Monosson 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4627: 4626:External links 4624: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4556: 4550: 4523:van Donzel, E. 4507: 4485: 4479: 4457: 4452:978-1407083865 4451: 4433: 4410: 4404: 4389: 4371: 4349: 4328: 4310: 4304: 4286: 4275: 4238: 4224:Le Strange, G. 4220: 4214: 4196: 4160: 4154: 4137: 4123: 4109: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4064: 4046: 4040: 4013:van Donzel, E. 4000: 3989: 3967: 3961: 3945:Cohen, Amnon; 3942: 3931: 3891: 3862: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3815: 3770: 3748: 3724: 3699: 3687: 3684:on 2015-02-07. 3669: 3655: 3633: 3607: 3588: 3541: 3516: 3491: 3475: 3449: 3426: 3399: 3380: 3353: 3335: 3300: 3281: 3268: 3257: 3237: 3222: 3201: 3189: 3162: 3140: 3115: 3097: 3081: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3043:: "During the 3038: 3032: 3017: 2984: 2972: 2956: 2947: 2929: 2917: 2898: 2876: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815:www.nli.org.il 2802: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2752: 2739: 2720: 2698: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2656: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2596: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2554:, p. 384. 2544: 2542:, p. 286. 2532: 2520: 2490: 2488:(1906), p. 181 2478: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2428:, p. 800. 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2354: 2350:Bacharach 1996 2342: 2330: 2318: 2316:, p. 799. 2306: 2291: 2279: 2266: 2251: 2247:Honigmann 1987 2232: 2223: 2221:, p. 161. 2211: 2199: 2195:Bacharach 1996 2182: 2180:, p. 821. 2165: 2153: 2134: 2109: 2100: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2031: 2015: 1999: 1983: 1967: 1951: 1935: 1919: 1906: 1889: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1831:leader of the 1822: 1816: 1803: 1792:(given name). 1775: 1774:Notable people 1772: 1751: 1748: 1719: 1718:Transportation 1716: 1714: 1713:Infrastructure 1711: 1697: 1694: 1692:from Karachi. 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1574: 1571: 1516:Main article: 1513: 1510: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1453: 1450: 1428:Benjamin Mazar 1411: 1410:Identification 1408: 1406: 1403: 1394: 1391: 1381: 1378: 1351: 1348: 1331: 1328: 1307: 1306:Pool of Arches 1304: 1288:Tower of Ramla 1280:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1232: 1229: 1213:Operation Dani 1170:Main article: 1167: 1164: 1061: 1058: 1021:Pierre Jacotin 990: 987: 965: 958: 957: 956: 947: 940: 939: 938: 930: 923: 922: 921: 920: 919: 913:and called it 879:Main article: 876: 873: 760: 759:Abbasid period 757: 733: 717–720 660:Raja ibn Haywa 609: 705–715 569: 568:Umayyad period 566: 564: 561: 530:Crusader state 384: 383: 378: 374: 373: 370: 366: 365: 362: 358: 357: 353: 352: 345: 341: 340: 336: 335: 332: 328: 327: 323: 322: 313: 309: 308: 303: 299: 298: 293: 287: 286: 273: 267: 266: 232: 231: 222:Ramla (Israel) 221: 215: 214: 207: 206: 200: 199: 198: 197: 188: 182: 181: 174: 173: 167: 166: 165: 164: 163: 160: 159: 153: 147: 146: 145: 142: 141: 130: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 108: 101: 100: 96: 95: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 75: 64: 63: 60: 54:City in Israel 53: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5628: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5561: 5560:Yokneam Illit 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460:Migdal HaEmek 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5445:Kiryat Shmona 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5425:Kiryat Bialik 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5405:Giv'at Shmuel 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363:15,000–49,999 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267:50,000–99,999 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5207:Rishon LeZion 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5034:Neve Monosson 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4986:Hevel Modi'in 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976:Drom HaSharon 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4848:Be'er Ya'akov 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796:Rishon LeZion 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4726:Giv'at Shmuel 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4632:Official site 4630: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4480:0-521-39037-0 4476: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4375:Palmer, E. H. 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4200:Kennedy, Hugh 4197: 4187:on 2019-12-22 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4083:0-521-59984-9 4079: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3865: 3863:965-226-252-8 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3791:on 2007-09-26 3787: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3714:on 2014-02-22 3713: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3542: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3517: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3072:Morris, Benny 3067: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 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2289:, p. 48. 2288: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2209:, p. 52. 2208: 2203: 2200: 2197:, p. 35. 2196: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1856:Moni Moshonov 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1827:(1899–1948), 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819:Orna Barbivai 1817: 1815: 1811: 1808:(born 1995), 1807: 1804: 1802: 1801:serial killer 1799:(born 1976), 1798: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1784: 1783:Moni Moshonov 1780: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1749: 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London: 4290:Morris, B. 4191:2017-09-09 4155:9004082654 4142:"al-Ramla" 4127:Hadawi, S. 4113:Guérin, V. 4068:Gil, Moshe 4030:Volume IX: 3962:0783793227 3795:2007-09-05 3742:2024-02-21 3718:2014-02-04 3535:2021-07-08 3510:2021-07-08 3369:(3): 233. 3216:2014-02-04 3155:1 February 3026:Pappé 2006 2820:1 November 2516:depilatory 2219:Taxel 2013 2071:References 1945:Daugavpils 1838:Amir Hadad 1560:troglobite 1535:food chain 1531:Yad Rambam 1364:Franciscan 1253:Neve Tirza 1221:Ilan Pappé 970:, pre-1885 867:earthquake 794:anfa kinon 753:Al-Ya'qubi 602:al-Walid I 356:Population 326:Government 319: 705 245:34°51′45″E 242:31°55′39″N 5520:Shefa-Amr 5495:Qalansawe 5490:Or Yehuda 5420:Kfar Yona 5284:Givatayim 5253:Ramat Gan 5248:Kfar Saba 5187:Bnei Brak 5182:Beersheba 5153:Jerusalem 4961:Gan Raveh 4913:Pardesiya 4893:Kafr Bara 4873:Gan Yavne 4776:Qalansawe 4746:Kfar Yona 4741:Kfar Saba 4589:163507411 4540:Volume V: 4527:Lewis, B. 4493:Smith, E. 4344:313566614 4332:Mukaddasi 4314:Mukaddasi 4271:163178178 4070:(1997) . 4050:Fabri, F. 3947:Lewis, B. 3919:2211-8993 3905:: 27–44. 3888:607157392 3872:cite book 3583:234236699 3575:1040-6182 3561:: 80–93. 3415:(1): 73. 3330:163178178 3182:23 August 2486:Muqaddasi 2025:Feodosiya 1883:Ramla is 1810:taekwondo 1806:Ron Atias 1750:Education 1543:limestone 1432:Avi-Yonah 1356:Nicodemus 1259:Landmarks 1130:Anglicans 1034:In 1863, 1026:In 1838, 915:Arimathea 911:Ramathaim 899:seigneury 778:Jarrahids 748:Samaritan 744:Tel Gezer 684:Jerusalem 645:Via Maris 586:Palestine 488:Palestine 480:Jerusalem 459:Via Maris 417:ar-Ramleh 5535:Tiberias 5485:Or Akiva 5334:Ra'anana 5324:Nazareth 5319:Nahariya 5238:Herzliya 5223:Ashkelon 5161:Tel Aviv 5146:300,000+ 5050:Gush Dan 5043:See also 5021:Boroughs 5011:Sdot Dan 4928:Tel Mond 4888:Jaljulia 4863:Elyakhin 4781:Ra'anana 4542:Khe–Mahi 4533:(eds.). 4513:(1986). 4495:(1841). 4463:(1998). 4439:(2011). 4416:(1745). 4377:(1881). 4355:(1897). 4316:(1886). 4292:(2004). 4263:25183294 4226:(1890). 4202:(2016). 4129:(1970). 4115:(1868). 4052:(1896). 4023:(eds.). 3977:(1882). 3949:(1978). 3850:Amar, Z. 3804:cite web 3620:Ynetnews 3444:23619091 3375:27924579 3249:Archived 3074:(2004). 2964:Scotsman 2940:Archived 2732:Archived 2605:Damascus 2564:Gil 1997 2552:Gil 1997 2528:Gil 1997 2438:Luz 1997 2402:Luz 1997 2390:Luz 1997 2378:Luz 1997 2338:Luz 1997 2326:Luz 1997 2302:Luz 1997 2287:Luz 1997 2262:Luz 1997 2207:Luz 1997 2145:Archived 2093:21 March 2052:See also 2041:Khashuri 1981:Ethiopia 1918:, Canada 1904:Missouri 1686:Pakistan 1368:Napoleon 1366:church. 1324:aqueduct 1217:expelled 1122:Armenian 1118:Maronite 1102:Orthodox 863:Muharram 765:Abbasids 686:and the 522:lordship 496:Fatimids 474:port of 468:Damascus 291:District 47:Ramallah 18:Al-Ramla 5510:Sakhnin 5470:Netivot 5415:Karmiel 5258:Rehovot 5228:Bat Yam 5197:Netanya 4966:Gederot 4956:Brenner 4791:Rehovot 4766:Netanya 4359:(ed.). 4032:San–Sze 3927:1523250 3737:Haaretz 3172:"Ramla" 3133:17 June 2511:Menahot 2366:Arabica 2045:Georgia 2029:Ukraine 1977:Mek'ele 1933:Germany 1885:twinned 1696:Economy 1682:Karachi 1592:±% p.a. 1487:Geology 1477:aurochs 1464:(IAA). 1446:Gittaim 1422:of the 1336:Mamluks 1320:Fatimid 1314:in 789 1128:and 36 1098:Muslims 1088:In the 895:Ascalon 891:battles 784:tribe. 726:Umar II 703:Umar II 613:Fatimid 582:Umayyad 563:History 524:in the 500:Seljuks 436:Umayyad 401:רַמְלָה 377:Website 312:Founded 296:Central 271:Country 137:Modi'in 106:ISO 259 72:‎ 5530:Tayibe 5515:Sderot 5480:Ofakim 5465:Nesher 5395:Dimona 5380:Arraba 5289:Hadera 5177:Ashdod 4923:Shoham 4918:Savyon 4883:Gedera 4806:Tayibe 4713:Cities 4705:Israel 4614: 4587: 4579: 4548: 4529:& 4515:"Ludd" 4477: 4449: 4402: 4342: 4302: 4269: 4261: 4212: 4152: 4101: 4080: 4038: 4019:& 3959: 3925: 3917: 3886: 3860: 3830:May 6, 3648:May 6, 3626:May 6, 3581: 3573: 3468:May 6, 3442: 3421:606301 3419: 3390:"Gath" 3373: 3328: 2937:UN map 2502:et al. 2127:May 6, 2013:Russia 1997:Russia 1993:Vyborg 1965:Poland 1961:Kielce 1949:Latvia 1887:with: 1757:bagrut 1659:+1.90% 1656:72,293 1648:+0.73% 1645:65,800 1637:+0.78% 1634:63,462 1626:+2.09% 1623:62,000 1615:+3.00% 1612:34,000 1601:15,300 1528:Moshav 1481:Levant 1440:) and 1342:. 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