330:
547:. These adverse effects are believed to be due to the neurotoxic effects of repeated withdrawal from alcohol on aberrant neuronal plasticity and cortical damage. Repeated periods of acute intoxication followed by acute detoxification has profound effects on the brain and is associated with an increased risk of seizures as well as cognitive deficits. The effects on the brain are similar to those seen in alcoholics who have detoxified repeatedly but not as severe as in alcoholics who have no history of prior detox. Thus, the acute withdrawal syndrome appears to be the most important factor in causing damage or impairment to brain function. The brain regions most sensitive to harm from binge drinking are the
575:(CIWA) protocol in order to assess the level of withdrawal present and therefore the amount of medication needed. When overuse of alcohol is suspected but drinking history is unclear, testing for elevated values of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin or gammaglutamyl transferase can help make the diagnosis of alcohol overuse and dependence more clear. The CIWA has also been shortened (now called the CIWA-Ar), while retaining its validity and reliability, to help assess patients more efficiently due to the life-threatening nature of alcohol withdrawal.
169:
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45:
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to avoid the physical cravings and withdrawal symptoms. About half of people with alcoholism will develop withdrawal symptoms upon reducing their use, with four percent developing severe symptoms. Among those with severe symptoms up to 15% die. Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal have been described at least as early as 400 BC by
562:
show impairments of long-term nonverbal memory. Alcoholics who have had two or more alcohol withdrawals show more frontal lobe cognitive dysfunction than those who have experienced one or no prior withdrawals. Kindling of neurons is the proposed cause of withdrawal-related cognitive damage. Kindling
340:
Six to 12 hours after the ingestion of the last drink, withdrawal symptoms such as shaking, headache, sweating, anxiety, nausea or vomiting may occur. Twelve to 24 hours after cessation, the condition may progress to such major symptoms as confusion, hallucinations (with awareness of reality), while
297:
Withdrawal usually begins 6 to 24 hours after the last drink. Symptoms are worst at 24 to 72 hours, and improve by seven days. To be classified as alcohol withdrawal syndrome, patients must exhibit at least two of the following symptoms: increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea or vomiting, transient
268:
at some point in time. Alcohol depresses the central nervous system, slowing cerebral messaging and altering the way signals are sent and received. Progressively larger amounts of alcohol are needed to achieve the same physical and emotional results. The drinker eventually must consume alcohol just
633:
Although benzodiazepines are very effective at treating alcohol withdrawal, they should be carefully used. Benzodiazepines should only be used for brief periods in alcoholics who are not already dependent on them, as they share cross tolerance with alcohol. There is a risk of replacing an alcohol
629:
The primary debate between use of long-acting benzodiazepines and short-acting is that of ease of use. Longer-acting drugs, such as diazepam, can be administered less frequently. However, evidence does exist that "symptom-triggered regimens" such as those used when treating with lorazepam, are as
511:
with convulsive seizures. Alcoholics who experience seizures during detoxification are more likely to have had previous episodes of alcohol detoxification than patients who did not have seizures during withdrawal. In addition, people with previous withdrawal syndromes are more likely to have more
506:
Kindling is a phenomenon where repeated alcohol detoxifications leads to an increased severity of the withdrawal syndrome. For example, binge drinkers may initially experience no withdrawal symptoms, but with each period of alcohol use followed by cessation, their withdrawal symptoms intensify in
586:
are effective for the management of symptoms as well as the prevention of seizures. Certain vitamins are also an important part of the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In those with severe symptoms inpatient care is often required. In those with lesser symptoms treatment at home may be
638:
and chronic benzodiazepines may prevent full recovery from alcohol induced mental effects. The combination of benzodiazepines and alcohol can amplify the adverse psychological effects of each other causing enhanced depressive effects on mood and increase suicidal actions and are generally
691:
for the treatment of mild or moderate alcohol withdrawal as the sole treatment or as combination therapy with other medications; however, gabapentin does not appear to be effective for treatment of severe alcohol withdrawal and is therefore not recommended for use in this setting. A 2010
613:
Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and are generally safe and effective in suppressing symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. This class of medication is generally effective in symptoms control, but need to be used carefully. Although
356:. This occurs in 5–20% of patients experiencing detoxification and one third of untreated cases, which is characterized by hallucinations that are indistinguishable from reality, severe confusion, seizures, high blood pressure, and fever that can persist anywhere from 4 to 12 days.
443:
receptors. Neurochemical changes occurring during alcohol withdrawal can be minimized with drugs which are used for acute detoxification. With abstinence from alcohol and cross-tolerant drugs these changes in neurochemistry may gradually return towards normal. Adaptations to the
370:
A protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome occurs in many alcoholics when withdrawal symptoms continue beyond the acute withdrawal stage but usually at a subacute level of intensity and gradually decreasing with severity over time. This syndrome is sometimes referred to as the
398:
can help treat the persisting withdrawal symptom of insomnia in recovering alcoholics. Insomnia can be difficult to treat in these individuals because many of the traditional sleep aids (e.g., benzodiazepine receptor agonists and barbiturate receptor agonists) work via a
309:
The severity of symptoms is dictated by a number of factors, the most important of which are degree of alcohol intake, length of time the individual has been using alcohol, and previous history of alcohol withdrawal. Symptoms are also grouped together and classified:
704:
showed superiority over chlordiazepoxide with regard to life-threatening side effects and carbamazepine may have advantages for certain symptoms. Long term anticonvulsant medications are not usually recommended in those who have had prior seizures due to withdrawal.
523:
receptors. The mechanism behind kindling is sensitization of some neuronal systems and desensitization of other neuronal systems which leads to increasingly gross neurochemical imbalances. This in turn leads to more profound withdrawal symptoms including
3065:
3046:
1627:
Le Bon O, Murphy JR, Staner L, Hoffmann G, Kormoss N, Kentos M, et al. (August 2003). "Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of trazodone in alcohol post-withdrawal syndrome: polysomnographic and clinical evaluations".
348:
should be anticipated, occurring in 3–5% of cases. Meanwhile, none of the earlier withdrawal symptoms will typically have abated. Seizures carry the risk of major complications and death for individuals with an alcohol use disorder.
281:
Signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal occur primarily in the central nervous system. The severity of withdrawal can vary from mild symptoms such as insomnia, trembling, and anxiety to severe and life-threatening symptoms such as
651:. To help to prevent Wernicke syndrome, these individuals should be administered a multivitamin preparation with sufficient quantities of thiamine and folic acid. During alcohol withdrawal, the prophylactic administration of
784:
Failure to manage the alcohol withdrawal syndrome appropriately can lead to permanent brain damage or death. It has been proposed that brain damage due to alcohol withdrawal may be prevented by the administration of
805:
Continued use of benzodiazepines may impair recovery from psychomotor and cognitive impairments from alcohol. Cigarette smoking may slow down or interfere with recovery of brain pathways in recovering alcoholics.
614:
benzodiazepines have a long history of successfully treating and preventing withdrawal, there is no consensus on the ideal one to use. The most commonly used agents are long-acting benzodiazepines, such as
375:. Some withdrawal symptoms can linger for at least a year after discontinuation of alcohol. Symptoms can include a craving for alcohol, inability to feel pleasure from normally pleasurable things (known as
2107:
Sullivan JT, Sykora K, Schneiderman J, Naranjo CA, Sellers EM (November 1989). "Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar)".
2187:
Qu, L; Ma, XP; Simayi, A; Wang, XL; Xu, GP (1 May 2024). "Comparative efficacy of various pharmacologic treatments for alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis".
626:
may be safer in people with liver problems. Benzodiazepines showed a protective benefit against alcohol withdrawal symptoms, in particular seizure, compared to other common methods of treatment.
1592:
Hornyak M, Haas P, Veit J, Gann H, Riemann D (November 2004). "Magnesium treatment of primary alcohol-dependent patients during subacute withdrawal: an open pilot study with polysomnography".
622:. These are believed to be superior to other benzodiazepines for treatment of delirium and allow for longer periods between doses. However, benzodiazepines with intermediate half-lives like
352:
Although the person's condition usually begins to improve after 48 hours, withdrawal symptoms sometimes continue to increase in severity and advance to the most severe stage of withdrawal,
4841:
750:, are sometimes used in addition to benzodiazepines to control agitation or psychosis. Antipsychotics may potentially worsen alcohol withdrawal as they lower the seizure threshold.
317:
Withdrawal seizures: seizures occur within 48 hours of alcohol cessations and occur either as a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure or as a brief episode of multiple seizures.
4094:
3162:
572:
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system also occur as a result of repeated alcohol intoxication and are involved in the hyper-excitability of the central nervous system during the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
231:
133:
2366:
Toki S, Saito T, Nabeshima A, Hatta S, Watanabe M, Takahata N (February 1996). "Changes in GABAA receptor function and cross-tolerance to ethanol in diazepam-dependent rats".
4765:
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Idemudia SO, Bhadra S, Lal H (June 1989). "The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin".
215:(DTs); which can be fatal in untreated patients. Symptoms start at around 6 hours after last drink. Peak incidence of seizures occurs at 24-36 hours and peak incidence of
2401:
Rassnick S, Krechman J, Koob GF (April 1993). "Chronic ethanol produces a decreased sensitivity to the response-disruptive effects of GABA receptor complex antagonists".
1470:
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study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. This study rated alcohol the most harmful drug overall, and the only drug more
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similarly reported that the evidence to support the role of anticonvulsants over benzodiazepines in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal is not supported.
5355:
4925:
2637:
2590:
Leung JG, Hall-Flavin D, Nelson S, Schmidt KA, Schak KM (August 2015). "The role of gabapentin in the management of alcohol withdrawal and dependence".
1549:
Martinotti G, Di Nicola M, Reina D, Andreoli S, FocĂ F, Cunniff A, et al. (2008). "Alcohol protracted withdrawal syndrome: the role of anhedonia".
320:
Delirium tremens: hyperadrenergic state, disorientation, tremors, diaphoresis, impaired attention/consciousness, and visual and auditory hallucinations.
4907:
4257:
888:
Simpson SA, Wilson MP, Nordstrom K (September 2016). "Psychiatric
Emergencies for Clinicians: Emergency Department Management of Alcohol Withdrawal".
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3155:
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from repeated withdrawals leads to accumulating neuroadaptive changes. Kindling may also be the reason for cognitive damage seen in binge drinkers.
390:
symptom that persists after the acute withdrawal phase of alcohol. Insomnia has also been found to influence relapse rate. Studies have found that
329:
4895:
4414:
1751:"Changes in GABA(A) receptor gene expression associated with selective alterations in receptor function and pharmacology after ethanol withdrawal"
647:
Alcoholics are often deficient in various nutrients, which can cause severe complications during alcohol withdrawal, such as the development of
3985:
736:
may be used in combination with benzodiazepines to help some of the symptoms. No conclusions can be drawn concerning the efficacy or safety of
634:
addiction with benzodiazepine dependence or adding another addiction. Furthermore, disrupted GABA benzodiazepine receptor function is part of
226:. This may occur following a planned or unplanned decrease in alcohol intake. The underlying mechanism involves a decreased responsiveness of
4878:
3509:
2966:
2816:
1049:
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and cognitive deficits. Chronic alcohol misuse and kindling via multiple alcohol withdrawals may lead to permanent alterations in the GABA
2473:
5540:
5112:
5037:
3148:
3131:
1177:
1143:
2832:
Hodges B, Mazur JE (November 2004). "Intravenous ethanol for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients".
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occur during both acute as well as protracted abstinence from alcohol and contribute to both acute and protracted withdrawal symptoms.
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5010:
4836:
4777:
4448:
4110:
4016:
3863:
3312:
2521:
1965:
1671:
Borras L, de Timary P, Constant EL, Huguelet P, Eytan A (November 2006). "Successful treatment of alcohol withdrawal with trazodone".
1036:
Liu, Grant T.; Volpe, Nicholas J.; Galetta, Steven L. (1 January 2019), Liu, Grant T.; Volpe, Nicholas J.; Galetta, Steven L. (eds.),
3013:
5395:
5375:
4818:
3565:
1212:
1171:
1137:
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845:
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intravenously is recommended before starting any carbohydrate-containing fluids or food. These vitamins are often combined into a
407:
is not cross-tolerant with alcohol. The acute phase of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome can occasionally be protracted. Protracted
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levels, which are elevated during chronic drinking, increase even further during the withdrawal state, and may result in
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leads to changes in brain chemistry especially in the GABAergic system. Various adaptations occur such as changes in
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5301:
5264:
5042:
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4185:
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3283:
3237:
3188:
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314:
Alcohol hallucinosis: patients have transient visual, auditory, or tactile hallucinations, but are otherwise clear.
5200:
4866:
4755:
4308:
4217:
4160:
3879:
3673:
794:
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could theoretically be used, evidence to support this use, at least in those who are very sick, is insufficient.
544:
303:
5329:
3438:
3402:
3336:
3320:
3273:
3246:
4731:
2152:
Amato L, Minozzi S, Vecchi S, Davoli M (March 2010). Amato L (ed.). "Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal".
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is more effective than other treatments in reducing alcohol withdrawal scores and shortening the duration of
5380:
5122:
4995:
4267:
3858:
3490:
3344:
72:
2319:"Efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of the Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome"
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2011:"Review. Cognitive and emotional consequences of binge drinking: role of amygdala and prefrontal cortex"
485:
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abnormalities (including abnormal quantified EEG) may occur during early withdrawal. Dysfunction of the
387:
299:
1272:
Muncie HL, Yasinian Y, Oge' L (November 2013). "Outpatient management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome".
341:
less severe symptoms may persist and develop including tremor, agitation, hyperactivity and insomnia.
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has been reported in the medical literature as a possible but unusual feature of alcohol withdrawal.
391:
254:
997:
683:
may be useful in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Limited evidence supports the use of
435:. During acute alcohol withdrawal, changes also occur such as upregulation of alpha4 containing GABA
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635:
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68:
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1991:
1957:
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1100:
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957:
905:
552:
128:
59:
3128:
1881:"Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked?"
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4719:
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3975:
3459:
2995:
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2761:
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2599:
2562:
2554:
2543:"Anticonvulsants for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and alcohol use disorders"
2503:
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2410:
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1807:
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1002:
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508:
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242:
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177:
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1932:
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3233:
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for alcohol withdrawal syndrome due to the insufficiency and low quality of the evidence.
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693:
583:
428:
424:
258:
238:
144:
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Hypertension is common, and some doctors also prescribe beta blockers during withdrawal.
3123:
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2723:
2015:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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safe and effective, but have decreased treatment duration and medication quantity used.
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2010:
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1605:
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227:
192:
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1811:
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1700:
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688:
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44:
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17:
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697:
529:
461:
270:
204:
173:
96:
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3055:
2235:
1357:
1235:
1129:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of
Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives
937:
5410:
5242:
5190:
5185:
5020:
4990:
4963:
4873:
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Malcolm RJ (2003). "GABA systems, benzodiazepines, and substance dependence".
1562:
1373:
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714:
684:
680:
676:
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660:
656:
265:
159:
76:
64:
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4577:
4532:
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4382:
4353:
4288:
4122:
4117:
3917:
751:
733:
623:
481:
477:
404:
395:
380:
376:
3009:
2902:
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2791:
2661:
2611:
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2517:
2469:
2352:
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2208:
2173:
2093:
2044:
2026:
1995:
1961:
1914:
1857:
1784:
1692:
1649:
1613:
1570:
1527:
1435:
1389:
1329:
1285:
1247:
1014:
961:
909:
344:
At 12 to 48 hours following the last ethanol ingestion, the possibility of
2941:
2893:
2876:
2422:
2387:
2243:
2138:
1819:
1735:
1684:
1104:
953:
273:. It is not believed to have become a widespread problem until the 1700s.
5015:
4945:
4609:
3990:
3831:
3826:
3725:
3707:
3554:
3413:
737:
652:
619:
548:
489:
250:
246:
148:
3038:
1714:
Miller FT (March–April 1994). "Protracted alcohol withdrawal delirium".
1493:
539:
Binge drinking is associated with increased impulsivity, impairments in
123:
Reduction or cessation of alcohol intake after a period of excessive use
5107:
4665:
4224:
3956:
3657:
770:
713:
There are three medications used to help prevent a return to drinking:
525:
515:
Kindling can cause complications and may increase the risk of relapse,
420:
208:
196:
88:
52:
2961:(2nd ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 95–96.
2636:
Minozzi S, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M (March 2010). Minozzi S (ed.).
1192:
938:"Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)"
4034:
3769:
3050:
2075:
2060:"Binge drinking in young adults: Data, definitions, and determinants"
1204:
230:
in the brain. The withdrawal process is typically followed using the
200:
92:
2917:
333:
Acute confusional state caused by alcohol withdrawal, also known as
5405:
5313:
4478:
328:
167:
3000:
2805:
Ebadi M (23 October 2007). "Alphabetical presentation of drugs".
439:
receptors and downregulation of alpha1 and alpha3 containing GABA
403:
receptor mechanism and are cross-tolerant with alcohol. However,
766:) are particularly risky; if used, extreme caution is required.
445:
195:
use after a period of excessive use. Symptoms typically include
4038:
3144:
558:
People in adolescence who experience repeated withdrawals from
191:) is a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in
844:(No. 100 ed.). London: Royal College of Physicians (UK).
465:
457:
2918:"Are binge drinkers more at risk of developing brain damage?"
1463:"Alcohol Withdrawal: Symptoms of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome"
1042:
Liu, Volpe, and
Galetta's Neuro-Ophthalmology (Third Edition)
264:
In the
Western world about 15% of people have problems with
249:. Often the amounts given are based on a person's symptoms.
1358:"Inpatient Management of Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome"
261:
should also be treated. Early treatment improves outcomes.
1492:
McKeon, A.; Frye, M. A.; Delanty, Norman (1 August 2008).
2717:"Acamprosate: A New Medication for Alcohol Use Disorders"
4842:
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States
1312:
Bayard M, McIntyre J, Hill KR, Woodside J (March 2004).
587:
possible with daily visits with a health care provider.
1163:
The
Biology of Alcoholism: Volume 3: Clinical Pathology
1132:. SAGE Publications. p. Alcohol Withdrawal Scale.
1836:
Hughes JR (June 2009). "Alcohol withdrawal seizures".
1166:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 192.
222:
Alcohol withdrawal may occur in those who are alcohol
5444:
2541:
Hammond CJ, Niciu MJ, Drew S, Arias AJ (April 2015).
1879:
Heilig M, Egli M, Crabbe JC, Becker HC (April 2010).
1071:
Helmus, Christian; Spahn, James G. (September 1974).
207:, and a mild fever. More severe symptoms may include
4095:
Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States
3028:
573:
Clinical
Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol
237:
The typical treatment of alcohol withdrawal is with
232:
Clinical
Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol
134:
Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol
5368:
5322:
5292:
5216:
5100:
4944:
4916:
4809:
4800:
4766:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
4689:
4618:
4370:
4281:
4250:
4200:
4146:
4083:
4072:
4001:
3955:
3916:
3825:
3768:
3724:
3695:
3656:
3601:
3553:
3527:
3500:
3422:
3391:
3372:
3335:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3261:
3181:
3095:
3032:
1498:
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
512:medically complicated alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
383:, disorientation, nausea and vomiting or headache.
154:
140:
127:
119:
111:
103:
82:
58:
37:
2274:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
4771:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
4176:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism
1926:
1924:
507:severity and may eventually result in full-blown
3708:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
5153:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
2631:
2629:
1242:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
725:. They are used after withdrawal has occurred.
639:contraindicated except for alcohol withdrawal.
2536:
2534:
2368:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
1831:
1829:
1594:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
298:hallucinations (auditory, visual or tactile),
4050:
3156:
2811:(2nd ed.). USA: CRC Press. p. 512.
8:
4715:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
2268:McKeon A, Frye MA, Delanty N (August 2008).
3713:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
2754:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2691:"American Epilepsy Society Choosing Wisely"
2642:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2323:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2154:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1073:"Delirium Tremens in Head and Neck Surgery"
836:National Clinical Guideline Centre (2010).
5356:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
4926:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
4806:
4080:
4057:
4043:
4035:
3308:
3301:
3163:
3149:
3141:
3029:
2958:Substance Use Disorders: A Practical Guide
2748:Liu, Jia; Wang, Lu-Ning (20 August 2017).
1409:
1407:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1038:"12 - Visual Hallucinations and Illusions"
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
883:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
593:have demonstrated that the combination of
43:
34:
4258:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
2999:
2892:
2781:
2566:
2507:
2342:
2285:
2263:
2261:
2189:International Clinical Psychopharmacology
2120:
2083:
2034:
1951:
1904:
1774:
1509:
1155:
1153:
996:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
484:symptoms, which can persist as part of a
2808:Desk Reference for Clinical Pharmacology
2638:"Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal"
2403:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
1457:
1455:
1453:
5451:
4896:Legal drinking age in the United States
3843:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
815:
502:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
5521:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
3986:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
2527:from the original on 24 December 2010.
2058:Courtney KE, Polich J (January 2009).
1971:from the original on 15 December 2010.
1630:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
5546:Adverse effects of psychoactive drugs
4879:List of dry communities by U.S. state
3510:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
2982:Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ (May 2007).
1356:Perry, Elizabeth C. (30 April 2014).
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1336:from the original on 16 October 2008.
1199:, New York: CRC Press, pp. 6–7,
1180:from the original on 22 October 2016.
1146:from the original on 22 October 2016.
675:Very limited evidence indicates that
7:
4392:List of methanol poisoning incidents
2875:Hanwella R, de Silva V (June 2009).
2009:Stephens DN, Duka T (October 2008).
1716:Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
848:from the original on 31 January 2014
5113:Alcohol consumption recommendations
5038:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
2496:Alcohol Health & Research World
1940:Alcohol Health & Research World
1234:Rahman, Abdul; Paul, Manju (2022),
942:The New England Journal of Medicine
470:hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
4837:Alcohol packaging warning messages
4449:Alcohol use among college students
4111:Drunk driving in the United States
4017:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
3646:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
2916:Hunt WA (November–December 1993).
2476:from the original on 12 June 2011.
2450:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2380:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01726.x
2131:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00737.x
1984:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1767:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-37-11711.2003
1642:10.1097/01.jcp.0000085411.08426.d3
1606:10.1097/01.ALC.0000145695.52747.BE
107:Six hours following the last drink
25:
5396:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
5376:Index of alcohol-related articles
4819:Administrative License Suspension
3566:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
3016:from the original on 25 May 2011.
2877:"Treatment of alcohol dependence"
2750:"Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal"
2489:"Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal"
2270:"The alcohol withdrawal syndrome"
1494:"The alcohol withdrawal syndrome"
1473:from the original on 4 March 2016
1191:Theisler, Charles (17 May 2022),
890:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
346:generalized tonic–clonic seizures
304:generalized tonic–clonic seizures
5478:
5466:
5454:
5429:
5428:
4830:Alcoholic beverage control state
4626:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
3619:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
3129:Alcohol Detox Guidelines Example
2456:(8): 1270, author reply 1270–1.
1933:"Kindling in Alcohol Withdrawal"
1897:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00194.x
1089:10.1288/00005537-197409000-00004
667:for intravenous administration.
4439:Alcohol in association football
3576:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
3468:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
474:corticotropin-releasing hormone
4651:List of deaths through alcohol
4469:Epidemiology of binge drinking
4273:Subjective response to alcohol
3970:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
3625:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
3219:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
3124:CIWA-Ar for Alcohol Withdrawal
2766:10.1002/14651858.CD008502.pub5
2654:10.1002/14651858.CD005064.pub3
2462:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020291
2335:10.1002/14651858.CD008537.pub2
2166:10.1002/14651858.CD005063.pub3
1160:Kissin B, Begleiter H (2013).
1044:, Elsevier, pp. 395–413,
902:10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.03.027
709:Prevention of further drinking
460:(in particular an increase in
373:post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
366:Protracted withdrawal syndrome
1:
5136:Sweat alcohol content monitor
4171:Alcoholism in rural Australia
3797:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
2846:10.1592/phco.24.16.1578.50945
2592:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
2224:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
1314:"Alcohol withdrawal syndrome"
1193:"Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome"
1007:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6
936:Schuckit MA (November 2014).
801:Substances impairing recovery
306:, and autonomic instability.
180:than to the users themselves.
5059:Adult Children of Alcoholics
4847:Drunk driving law by country
4263:Long-term effects of alcohol
4181:Disease theory of alcoholism
4166:Alcoholism in family systems
4156:Alcohol and Native Americans
4010:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
3537:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
3479:Positional alcohol nystagmus
3444:Alcohol-related brain damage
2934:10.1016/0741-8329(93)90083-Z
2415:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90029-S
2201:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000526
2109:British Journal of Addiction
1812:10.1016/0893-133X(89)90014-6
1728:10.1016/0740-5472(94)90029-9
1428:10.1097/smj.0b013e31826efb2d
838:"2 Acute Alcohol Withdrawal"
517:alcohol-related brain damage
4786:International whisk(e)y day
4100:Driving under the influence
3874:Benzodiazepine use disorder
3803:Opioid-induced constipation
3791:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
3485:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
3449:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
3238:Substance-related disorders
3203:Substance-induced psychosis
3175:substance-related disorders
2955:Gitlow S (1 October 2006).
2487:Myrick H, Anton RF (1998).
1850:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.037
1755:The Journal of Neuroscience
185:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
38:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
5564:
5541:Disorders causing seizures
5302:Christian views on alcohol
4908:List of alcohol laws of US
4186:High-functioning alcoholic
3571:Caffeine-induced psychosis
3502:Respiratory tract diseases
3487:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
3284:Combined drug intoxication
2881:The Ceylon Medical Journal
2444:Ziegler PP (August 2007).
2236:10.1177/106002809402800114
1551:Substance Use & Misuse
795:glucocorticoid antagonists
499:
363:
253:is recommended routinely.
5506:Health effects of alcohol
5424:
5201:Alcoholic spirits measure
5186:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
4867:Ignition interlock device
4756:Drunken monkey hypothesis
4589:Routes of administration
4218:Alcohol congener analysis
4161:Alcoholism in adolescence
3880:Benzodiazepine dependence
3864:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
3674:Prenatal cocaine exposure
3337:Gastrointestinal diseases
2559:10.1007/s40263-015-0240-4
2446:"Alcohol use and anxiety"
1563:10.1080/10826080701202429
1374:10.1007/s40263-014-0163-5
1318:American Family Physician
1274:American Family Physician
472:and increased release of
51:
42:
3439:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
3403:Alcohol-related dementia
3321:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
3274:Polysubstance dependence
3247:Psychological dependence
2604:10.1177/1060028015585849
2287:10.1136/jnnp.2007.128322
1511:10.1136/jnnp.2007.128322
1416:Southern Medical Journal
5381:Alcohol and spaceflight
5123:Alcohol server training
4996:Managed alcohol program
4574:Binge drinking devices
4268:Pharmacology of ethanol
3859:Benzodiazepine overdose
3491:Wernicke encephalopathy
3345:Alcoholic liver disease
3313:Cardiovascular diseases
2988:Frontiers in Bioscience
1838:Epilepsy & Behavior
1800:Neuropsychopharmacology
571:Many hospitals use the
427:and down regulation of
73:intensive care medicine
5516:Neurological disorders
4986:Alcohol rehabilitation
4954:Alcohol detoxification
4857:Field sobriety testing
4742:Health effects of wine
4710:International Beer Day
4474:Holiday heart syndrome
3945:Amphetamine dependence
3906:Barbiturate dependence
3737:Green Tobacco Sickness
3635:Amotivational syndrome
3515:Alcoholic lung disease
3455:Alcoholic hallucinosis
3434:Alcoholic hallucinosis
3382:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
3326:Alcohol flush reaction
3194:Substance intoxication
3134:19 August 2019 at the
2722:. 2005. Archived from
2695:www.choosingwisely.org
2064:Psychological Bulletin
2027:10.1098/rstb.2008.0097
541:spatial working memory
337:
284:alcoholic hallucinosis
203:, sweating, vomiting,
181:
95:, sweating, vomiting,
5238:Disulfiram-like drugs
4778:Ritual use of alcohol
4747:Wine and food pairing
4732:Apéritif and digestif
4383:Adulterated moonshine
4230:Blood alcohol content
4192:Seeing pink elephants
3640:Cannabis use disorder
3363:Auto-brewery syndrome
2894:10.4038/cmj.v54i2.877
1685:10.1055/s-2006-951385
1197:Adjuvant Medical Care
954:10.1056/NEJMra1407298
486:protracted withdrawal
388:protracted withdrawal
386:Insomnia is a common
360:Protracted withdrawal
332:
300:psychomotor agitation
292:autonomic instability
171:
5531:Addiction psychiatry
5526:Withdrawal syndromes
5307:Alcohol in the Bible
5294:Religion and alcohol
5260:General anaesthetics
5053:Alcoholics Anonymous
5011:List of mixed drinks
4464:Alcohol intoxication
4379:Adulterated alcohol
3896:Barbiturate overdose
3669:Cocaine intoxication
3409:Alcohol intoxication
3251:Substance dependence
2374:(1 Suppl): 40A–44A.
255:Electrolyte problems
172:Table from the 2010
158:~50% of people with
5511:Drug rehabilitation
5386:Gateway drug effect
5172:Low-alcohol drinks
5001:Non-alcoholic drink
4936:Temperance movement
4918:Alcohol prohibition
4641:Gilbert Paul Jordan
4631:Dionysian Mysteries
4415:on college campuses
4410:Alcohol advertising
4128:Public intoxication
3929:Stimulant psychosis
3814:Opioid use disorder
3758:Nicotine dependence
3748:Nicotine withdrawal
3591:Caffeine dependence
3351:Alcoholic hepatitis
3243:Physical dependence
3214:Neonatal withdrawal
2729:on 6 September 2015
991:(9752): 1558–1565.
791:calcium antagonists
603:intensive care unit
219:is at 48-72 hours.
5536:Psychopharmacology
5218:Addiction medicine
5161:Get Your Sexy Back
5101:Alcohol limitation
5077:Sober living house
5043:Twelve-step groups
4976:Brief intervention
4969:Open-container law
4931:Neo-prohibitionism
4891:Legal drinking age
4697:Alcoholic beverage
4598:Alcohol inhalation
4513:Drinking in public
4491:Blackout Wednesday
4349:Beverage-specific
4066:Alcohol and health
3743:Nicotine poisoning
3685:Cocaine dependence
3614:Cannabis arteritis
3474:Korsakoff syndrome
3374:Endocrine diseases
3096:External resources
2994:(8–12): 4079–100.
1990:(Suppl 3): 36–40.
1931:Becker HC (1998).
1673:Pharmacopsychiatry
1236:"Delirium Tremens"
1126:Martin SC (2014).
769:While intravenous
636:alcohol dependence
545:emotional learning
338:
277:Signs and symptoms
182:
69:addiction medicine
18:Alcohol withdrawal
5442:
5441:
5364:
5363:
5314:Islam and alcohol
5248:Calcium carbimide
5118:Alcohol education
5006:List of cocktails
4981:Designated driver
4959:Alcohol-free zone
4862:Hip flask defence
4796:
4795:
4737:Hangover remedies
4681:Whiskey Rebellion
4671:Six o'clock swill
4459:Austrian syndrome
4398:Surrogate alcohol
4388:Denatured alcohol
4360:Red wine headache
4032:
4031:
3786:Opioid withdrawal
3549:
3548:
3523:
3522:
3119:
3118:
2968:978-0-7817-6998-3
2818:978-1-4200-4743-1
2671:on 5 January 2013
2021:(1507): 3169–79.
1885:Addiction Biology
1051:978-0-323-34044-1
758:, or low-potency
649:Wernicke syndrome
553:prefrontal cortex
456:. Alterations in
234:scale (CIWA-Ar).
178:harmful to others
166:
165:
162:upon reducing use
129:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5553:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5432:
5431:
5231:Chlordiazepoxide
5181:Low-alcohol beer
4825:Alcohol monopoly
4807:
4727:Drinking culture
4720:Women in brewing
4603:Vodka eyeballing
4570:Passive drinking
4081:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4036:
3976:Toluene toxicity
3460:Delirium tremens
3356:Zieve's syndrome
3309:
3302:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3142:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3003:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2697:. 14 August 2018
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2664:. Archived from
2633:
2624:
2623:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2289:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2076:10.1037/a0014414
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1761:(37): 11711–24.
1746:
1740:
1739:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1513:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1353:
1338:
1337:
1309:
1290:
1289:
1269:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1205:10.1201/b22898-7
1188:
1182:
1181:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1083:(9): 1479–1488.
1077:The Laryngoscope
1068:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1000:
980:
974:
973:
933:
914:
913:
885:
858:
857:
855:
853:
833:
787:NMDA antagonists
616:chlordiazepoxide
509:delirium tremens
488:, may be due to
409:delirium tremens
354:delirium tremens
335:delirium tremens
288:delirium tremens
243:chlordiazepoxide
217:delirium tremens
213:delirium tremens
47:
35:
21:
5563:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5467:
5465:
5453:
5445:
5443:
5438:
5420:
5401:Self-medication
5360:
5318:
5288:
5226:Benzodiazepines
5212:
5096:
5082:Sobering center
5067:Sober companion
5048:Al-Anon/Alateen
4940:
4912:
4802:
4792:
4685:
4614:
4554:In vino veritas
4548:Hair of the dog
4366:
4282:Adverse effects
4277:
4246:
4196:
4142:
4086:
4085:Alcohol-related
4076:
4068:
4063:
4033:
4028:
3997:
3958:
3951:
3912:
3830:
3821:
3781:Opioid overdose
3764:
3720:
3691:
3652:
3597:
3545:
3519:
3496:
3425:
3418:
3395:system diseases
3394:
3387:
3368:
3331:
3291:
3263:
3257:
3234:Substance abuse
3177:
3169:
3136:Wayback Machine
3120:
3115:
3114:
3091:
3090:
3041:
3027:
3022:
3021:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2840:(11): 1578–85.
2834:Pharmacotherapy
2831:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2760:(8): CD008502.
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2648:(3): CD005064.
2635:
2634:
2627:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2329:(6): CD008537.
2316:
2315:
2311:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2160:(3): CD005063.
2151:
2150:
2146:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1557:(3–4): 271–84.
1548:
1547:
1543:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1355:
1354:
1341:
1311:
1310:
1293:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1140:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1035:
1034:
1030:
998:10.1.1.690.1283
982:
981:
977:
948:(22): 2109–13.
935:
934:
917:
887:
886:
861:
851:
849:
835:
834:
817:
812:
803:
782:
731:
711:
702:chloral hydrate
694:Cochrane review
673:
671:Anticonvulsants
645:
611:
609:Benzodiazepines
599:benzodiazepines
595:anticonvulsants
584:Benzodiazepines
581:
569:
522:
504:
498:
492:underactivity.
442:
438:
432:
425:gene expression
419:Chronic use of
417:
415:Pathophysiology
402:
379:), clouding of
368:
362:
327:
279:
259:low blood sugar
239:benzodiazepines
205:fast heart rate
145:Benzodiazepines
97:fast heart rate
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5475:
5463:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5416:French paradox
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5298:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5272:Sulfonic acids
5269:
5268:
5267:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5222:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5206:Standard drink
5203:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5170:
5168:Liquor license
5165:
5164:
5163:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5040:
5035:
5033:Temperance bar
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4822:
4815:
4813:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4454:Binge drinking
4451:
4446:
4444:Alcohol powder
4441:
4436:
4434:Alcohol myopia
4431:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4385:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4347:
4342:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4242:Wine chemistry
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4208:Beer chemistry
4204:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4078:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3991:Inhalant abuse
3988:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3851:benzodiazepine
3847:
3846:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3541:Binge drinking
3538:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3240:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3205:
3200:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3077:
3062:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:Classification
3026:
3025:External links
3023:
3020:
3019:
2974:
2967:
2947:
2908:
2867:
2824:
2817:
2797:
2740:
2708:
2682:
2625:
2598:(8): 897–906.
2582:
2553:(4): 293–311.
2530:
2479:
2436:
2393:
2358:
2309:
2257:
2214:
2195:(3): 148–162.
2179:
2144:
2122:10.1.1.489.341
2115:(11): 1353–7.
2099:
2050:
2001:
1974:
1920:
1871:
1825:
1790:
1741:
1706:
1663:
1619:
1600:(11): 1702–9.
1584:
1541:
1504:(8): 854–862.
1484:
1469:. WebMD, LLC.
1449:
1422:(11): 607–12.
1403:
1368:(5): 401–410.
1339:
1324:(6): 1443–50.
1291:
1259:
1226:
1213:
1183:
1172:
1149:
1138:
1118:
1063:
1050:
1028:
975:
915:
859:
814:
813:
811:
808:
802:
799:
781:
778:
764:chlorpromazine
760:phenothiazines
744:Antipsychotics
730:
727:
710:
707:
700:combined with
672:
669:
644:
641:
610:
607:
591:Cohort studies
580:
577:
568:
565:
560:binge drinking
520:
497:
494:
454:excitotoxicity
440:
436:
430:
416:
413:
400:
361:
358:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
315:
278:
275:
228:GABA receptors
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
142:
138:
137:
131:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
86:
80:
79:
62:
56:
55:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5559:
5558:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5501:Alcohol abuse
5499:
5498:
5496:
5486:
5476:
5474:
5464:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5435:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:Mood disorder
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5265:Nitrous oxide
5263:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:Fermented tea
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:Sober curious
5070:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4799:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:Ladies' night
4759:
4757:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4661:Rum Rebellion
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Alcohol enema
4591:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:Flaming drink
4541:
4539:
4538:Dutch courage
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Drunk walking
4521:
4519:
4518:Drunk dialing
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4496:Drinking game
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4405:Alcohol abuse
4403:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4372:Social issues
4369:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4309:breast cancer
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Fusel alcohol
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:Drunk driving
4104:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:substance use
3260:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Drug overdose
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2928:(6): 559–61.
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:(4): 943–50.
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2280:(8): 854–62.
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:(1): 142–56.
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:(2): 169–84.
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:(2): 115–22.
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1722:(2): 127–30.
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:(4): 377–83.
1635:
1631:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1280:(9): 589–95.
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1214:9781003291381
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1173:9781468429374
1169:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1139:9781483374383
1135:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:(3): 269–73.
895:
891:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
860:
847:
843:
839:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
816:
809:
807:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
779:
777:
774:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
739:
735:
728:
726:
724:
720:
716:
708:
706:
703:
699:
695:
690:
689:carbamazepine
686:
682:
678:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
640:
637:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
578:
576:
574:
566:
564:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
543:and impaired
542:
537:
535:
534:neurotoxicity
531:
527:
518:
513:
510:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
434:
426:
422:
414:
412:
410:
406:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
367:
359:
357:
355:
350:
347:
342:
336:
331:
324:
319:
316:
313:
312:
311:
307:
305:
301:
295:
293:
289:
285:
276:
274:
272:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
179:
175:
170:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5351:Gin Act 1751
5341:Bratt System
5334:
5330:
5197:Measurement
5131:Breathalyzer
4901:Shoulder tap
4553:
4427:Beer goggles
4008:
3935:
3886:
3849:
3697:Hallucinogen
3448:
3424:Neurological
3172:Psychoactive
3103:
3079:
3064:
3045:
3001:10.2741/2373
2991:
2987:
2977:
2957:
2950:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2807:
2800:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2724:the original
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2694:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2645:
2641:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2550:
2546:
2502:(1): 38–43.
2499:
2495:
2482:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2277:
2273:
2230:(1): 67–71.
2227:
2223:
2217:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1946:(1): 25–33.
1943:
1939:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1841:
1837:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1466:
1419:
1415:
1365:
1361:
1321:
1317:
1277:
1273:
1251:, retrieved
1239:
1229:
1220:28 September
1218:, retrieved
1196:
1186:
1162:
1128:
1121:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1055:, retrieved
1041:
1031:
988:
984:
978:
945:
941:
893:
889:
850:. Retrieved
841:
804:
783:
775:
768:
742:
732:
712:
674:
646:
632:
628:
612:
589:
582:
570:
557:
538:
514:
505:
450:Homocysteine
418:
385:
369:
351:
343:
339:
308:
296:
280:
263:
236:
221:
188:
184:
183:
115:Up to a week
99:, mild fever
29:
5331:Beer Street
5282:Homotaurine
5277:Acamprosate
5148:Dry January
5127:Monitoring
5028:Teetotalism
5021:Malt drinks
4811:Alcohol law
4583:Yard of ale
4528:Drunkorexia
4340:intolerance
4133:Rum-running
3937:amphetamine
3888:barbiturate
3105:MedlinePlus
3060:F10.23(0-9)
2887:(2): 63–5.
1844:(2): 92–7.
1477:28 February
748:haloperidol
719:acamprosate
698:Paraldehyde
530:convulsions
462:QT interval
325:Progression
302:, anxiety,
271:Hippocrates
174:DrugScience
104:Usual onset
5495:Categories
5473:Psychology
5461:Psychiatry
5411:Town drunk
5243:Disulfiram
5191:Small beer
5157:Campaigns
4991:Drunk tank
4964:Dry campus
4874:Dry county
4656:Rum ration
4636:Dipsomania
4565:Pantsdrunk
4358:Red wine:
4148:Alcoholism
4138:Wine fraud
3918:Stimulants
3581:Caffeinism
3535:Alcoholism
3208:Withdrawal
3081:DiseasesDB
2594:(Review).
1679:(6): 232.
1253:9 February
1240:StatPearls
852:21 October
810:References
756:olanzapine
746:, such as
723:disulfiram
715:naltrexone
685:gabapentin
681:pregabalin
677:topiramate
665:banana bag
661:pyridoxine
657:folic acid
500:See also:
364:See also:
266:alcoholism
160:alcoholism
77:psychiatry
65:Toxicology
5346:Dry state
5253:Cyanamide
5087:Sobrietol
4886:Last call
4852:DWI court
4705:Beer mile
4676:Speakeasy
4646:Gin Craze
4578:Beer bong
4533:Dry drunk
4506:Pregaming
4354:Potomania
4336:Tolerance
4326:Pregnancy
4201:Chemistry
4123:Nip joint
4118:Moonshine
4024:Chocolate
3426:disorders
2774:1469-493X
2733:8 January
2701:30 August
2547:CNS Drugs
2117:CiteSeerX
1701:260250503
1520:0022-3050
1382:1172-7047
1362:CNS Drugs
1097:0023-852X
993:CiteSeerX
970:205116954
780:Prognosis
762:(such as
752:Clozapine
734:Clonidine
624:lorazepam
579:Treatment
567:Diagnosis
482:dysphoria
478:Anhedonia
433:receptors
405:trazodone
396:trazodone
392:magnesium
381:sensorium
377:anhedonia
224:dependent
201:shakiness
155:Frequency
141:Treatment
136:(CIWA-Ar)
93:shakiness
60:Specialty
5485:Medicine
5434:Category
5335:Gin Lane
5092:Quit lit
5016:Spritzer
4946:Sobriety
4801:Alcohol
4782:Whiskey
4610:Sconcing
4560:Nightcap
4486:Blackout
4316:Cortisol
4213:Congener
3957:Volatile
3832:hypnotic
3827:Sedative
3726:Nicotine
3603:Cannabis
3555:Caffeine
3414:Hangover
3262:Combined
3132:Archived
3014:Archived
3010:17485360
2903:19670554
2862:19242952
2854:15537562
2792:28822350
2675:22 April
2662:20238337
2620:19857498
2612:25969570
2577:25895020
2522:Archived
2518:15706731
2474:Archived
2470:17671296
2353:21678378
2296:17986499
2252:24312761
2209:38170803
2174:20238336
2094:19210057
2045:18640918
1996:12662132
1966:Archived
1962:15706729
1915:20148778
1866:20197292
1858:19249388
1785:14684873
1693:17124647
1658:33686593
1650:12920414
1614:15547457
1579:25872623
1571:18365930
1528:17986499
1471:Archived
1444:25769989
1436:23128805
1398:42958201
1390:24781751
1334:Archived
1330:15053409
1286:24364635
1248:29489272
1178:Archived
1144:Archived
1113:28374619
1015:21036393
962:25427113
910:27319379
846:Archived
738:baclofen
653:thiamine
643:Vitamins
620:diazepam
549:amygdala
496:Kindling
490:dopamine
251:Thiamine
247:diazepam
241:such as
209:seizures
149:thiamine
112:Duration
84:Symptoms
5447:Portals
5369:Related
5323:History
5108:0-0-1-3
4803:control
4690:General
4666:Shebeen
4619:History
4289:Anxiety
4251:Effects
4225:Ethanol
4074:Alcohol
4002:Related
3959:solvent
3770:Opioids
3658:Cocaine
3451:(AWS):
3393:Nervous
3347:(ALD):
3297:Alcohol
3182:General
2942:8123218
2922:Alcohol
2783:6483686
2568:5759952
2509:6761817
2431:5909253
2423:8385785
2388:8659687
2344:7173734
2304:2139796
2244:8123967
2139:2597811
2085:2748736
2036:2607328
1953:6761822
1906:3268458
1820:2742726
1776:6740939
1736:8040915
1536:2139796
1105:4412722
1057:12 June
1023:5667719
771:ethanol
605:stays.
526:anxiety
421:alcohol
197:anxiety
193:alcohol
89:Anxiety
53:Ethanol
5143:FRAMES
4352:Beer:
4345:Weight
4321:Memory
4304:Cancer
4087:crimes
4013:: SUD
3972:(SSDS)
3715:(HPPD)
3470:(FASD)
3221:(PAWS)
3110:000764
3075:291.81
3056:F10.23
3008:
2965:
2940:
2901:
2860:
2852:
2815:
2790:
2780:
2772:
2660:
2618:
2610:
2575:
2565:
2516:
2506:
2468:
2429:
2421:
2386:
2351:
2341:
2302:
2294:
2250:
2242:
2207:
2172:
2137:
2119:
2092:
2082:
2043:
2033:
1994:
1960:
1950:
1913:
1903:
1864:
1856:
1818:
1783:
1773:
1734:
1699:
1691:
1656:
1648:
1612:
1577:
1569:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1442:
1434:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1328:
1284:
1246:
1211:
1170:
1136:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1048:
1021:
1013:
995:
985:Lancet
968:
960:
908:
793:, and
721:, and
659:, and
464:) and
290:, and
211:, and
120:Causes
5406:Spins
5061:(ACA)
5055:(AA):
4821:(ALS)
4701:Beer
4479:Zapoy
4331:Sleep
4299:Brain
4294:Aging
4188:(HFA)
4102:(DUI)
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