74:
40:
490:
91:
526:
514:
502:
538:
65:
54:
3133:
467:
Human rights concerns over the displacement of locals were reported on during the center's planned expansions in 2001 and 2021, with residents and activists lobbying the government to halt expansions to prevent more communities from being displaced. In 2023, the
Brazilian government issued a public
2559:
549:
As of August 2021, the
Brazilian government established Ordinance No. 698, a regulation that follows the FAA 14 CFR part 450 standard, which deals with launch and re-entry licenses in order to follow the world standard in space activities.
463:
forcibly relocated more than 300 families to inland villages away from the coast to make way for the center. This heavily disrupted their traditional livelihood of fishing and led to multiple cases of malnutrition among the residents.
2973:
2567:
2288:
4239:
705:
747:
558:
In 2019, Brazil and the U.S. signed an agreement, with the objective of preventing unauthorized access or transfer of U.S. technologies related to the launches from Alcântara.
3172:
2891:
2834:
2541:
663:
621:
482:
Companies based in Alcântara as of 2021, with the objective of orbital and sub-orbital launches, for commercial purposes or in partnership with the
Brazilian government:
4023:
3027:[Launch of the VSB-30 rocket is successfully carried out during Operation Santa Branca] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Agência Espacial Brasileira. October 24, 2022.
2414:
2656:
4438:
3024:
2684:
3731:
2820:
2779:
447:
was being overtaxed by growing demand for launch capacity. In 2020, the government of Brazil announced their plan to expand the base by more than 12,000 hectares.
3121:
3705:
2328:
2087:
3816:
420:
rockets, thought these may have later been launched from their home countries in
Ukraine and Israel. In addition there are further plans to launch the Russian
2589:
3401:
2794:
2753:
166:
3578:
3396:
2921:
2447:
2155:
4209:
2512:
3922:
3213:
2473:
2206:
President of
Ukraine signs Decree on measures to ensure realization of Ukrainian-Brazilian project of creating space rocket complex "Cyclone - 4"
4428:
2643:
3561:
3391:
3099:
2300:
2181:
4018:
3529:
3494:
2998:
4360:
4304:
4189:
4146:
3867:
3718:
3641:
3568:
3114:
2491:
412:. As such, there are plans to launch several international rockets from Alcântara. In 2003 contracts were signed to launch Ukrainian
4056:
3710:
3365:
444:
427:
In the beginning of 2018, Brazilian government offered the possibility to use the spaceport to several U.S. companies. The company
2899:
2842:
2529:
4433:
3146:
2865:
2385:
283:
4294:
4263:
3927:
3549:
3539:
3534:
2726:
460:
408:
The facility is in a strong position for launching satellites into geosynchronous orbits, according to
British astrophysicist,
2947:
2660:
3167:
1649:
3107:
2681:
4333:
4257:
2092:
2018:
217:
3070:
3038:
4194:
4120:
3991:
3876:
4051:
3966:
3961:
3573:
3544:
3370:
3094:
443:
Construction of the Alcântara Space Center began in 1982, as the
Brazilian Space Agency's existing rocket range at
402:
2130:
310:
4366:
4199:
3932:
3907:
3862:
3829:
3736:
358:
305:
143:
4402:
4114:
3798:
3756:
3692:
3680:
3646:
3591:
384:
73:
2255:
83:
Left to right from the top: VLS Pad, Control Center, Command Room, Tracking
Antenna, Alcântara area from space
506:
4220:
4204:
3897:
3487:
3439:
3137:
961:
925:
893:
859:
300:
39:
2205:
4397:
4046:
3785:
3780:
3761:
3651:
3386:
2333:
984:
948:
882:
455:
The construction of the space center was controversial, as the site for the center was located on several
354:
225:
2530:
El gobierno regula los lanzamientos de sistemas espaciales privados en Brasil. Date: September, 5, 2021.
4064:
3790:
3616:
3057:
4354:
4170:
4085:
3892:
3880:
3749:
3599:
2229:
1440:
1421:
1402:
1307:
1288:
2701:
2362:. 6th Sounding Rocket Conference. Orlando, Fl.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
4423:
4376:
4073:
4042:
3978:
3808:
3685:
3624:
3604:
3203:
2024:
848:
388:
370:
342:
326:
221:
203:
2974:"FAB realiza primeiro teste de voo do motor aeronáutico hipersônico 14-X - Força Aérea Brasileira"
4165:
3480:
3198:
3076:
2513:"Set the Launch Window from December 14 to 21 for the Frist Test Flight of the Suborbital Rocket"
394:
Construction of the base began in 1982. The first launch occurred on
February 21, 1990, when the
2618:
494:
3937:
3723:
3629:
3223:
3218:
2814:
2773:
2422:
518:
409:
4299:
4154:
2363:
207:
90:
3082:
295:
4327:
4284:
4160:
3973:
3942:
3843:
3460:
3061:
2688:
997:
395:
3088:
2329:"Business Interest Grows in Brazil's Alcântara Spaceport as Virgin Orbit Deal Announced"
4309:
4131:
3252:
1720:
3025:"Lançamento do foguete VSB-30 é realizado com sucesso durante a Operação Santa Branca"
17:
4417:
4382:
4184:
3871:
3821:
3664:
3182:
2542:"Bolsonaro promulga acordo de salvaguardas tecnológicas com EUA na base de Alcântara"
2492:"Governo seleciona quatro empresas para lançamento de satélites na base de Alcântara"
1383:
1364:
1345:
1326:
525:
513:
501:
459:, settlements inhabited largely by descendants of escaped slaves in Brazil. In 1980,
421:
4273:
4141:
3803:
3317:
2305:
976:
530:
428:
350:
4391:
3444:
64:
2113:
3697:
537:
432:
366:
147:
53:
2357:
4268:
4093:
3986:
3917:
2922:"Foguete é lançado da Base de Alcântara como parte de treinamento operacional"
1269:
1250:
1231:
1212:
469:
2448:"Brazil apologizes for removal of Afro-Brazilian families to build spaceport"
2426:
763:
749:
721:
707:
679:
665:
637:
623:
181:
168:
4244:
3744:
3676:
3659:
3503:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3344:
3208:
2999:"Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara lança foguete em operação de treinamento"
2066:
1537:
1479:
914:
542:
413:
130:
4338:
4321:
4279:
3272:
2560:"FAB realiza primeiro teste de voo do motor aeronáutico hipersônico 14-X"
1968:
1930:
1911:
1892:
1834:
1816:
1797:
1739:
456:
417:
2367:
2256:"Israeli Shavit rocket delivers malfunctioning spy satellite into orbit"
2088:"Empresas dos EUA e do Canadá vão atuar no Centro Espacial de Alcântara"
4371:
4249:
3835:
1172:
1152:
1132:
1112:
1092:
1072:
398:
380:
237:
2590:"Foguete VSB-30 é lançado com sucesso da Centro Espacial de Alcântara"
2301:"Virgin Orbit Selected to Bring Orbital Launch Capabilities to Brazil"
4343:
4315:
3262:
3132:
2795:"Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara lançará foguete de sondagem VS-30"
2754:"Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara lançará foguete de sondagem VS-30"
2289:
Reuters: U.S. space companies aim to help Brazil rocket base lift off
1987:
1757:
1700:
1680:
1660:
874:
839:
489:
362:
151:
2948:"Operação Águia – CLA realiza lançamento de foguete de treinamento"
2866:"CLA realiza o primeiro lançamento previsto para a Operação MUTITI"
2474:"AS PRIMEIRAS EMPRESAS A FIRMAREM CONTRATO COM A BASE DE ALCÂNTARA"
4348:
4126:
3586:
3557:
3417:
3338:
3322:
3288:
3267:
3257:
2182:"The key to cheaper US rocket launches may sit in Brazil's jungle"
2117:
1949:
1872:
1852:
1777:
1636:
1616:
1596:
1576:
1556:
1517:
1498:
1459:
1192:
940:
383:. This gives the launch site a significant advantage in launching
2156:"Maior acidente do Programa Espacial Brasileiro completa 13 anos"
4068:
3887:
3611:
3177:
2731:
Poder Aéreo - Aviação
Militar, Indústria Aeronáutica e de Defesa
835:
3476:
3103:
2279:
Interfax: Russia & CIS Defense Industry Weekly, 21 May 2010
3472:
3463:(collaboration with the United States and 10 other countries)
3054:
595:): 33x10x13m, 380tons. Used for assembly of the VLS rockets.
2657:"CLA dá início à Operação FogTrein I - Tribuna do Maranhão"
2727:"Operação Falcão II. Mais um foguete lançado em Alcântara"
792:
The list of flights conducted and planned from Alcântara:
2044:
249:
2230:"Ukraine's little-known space feats – DW – 03/04/2022"
2644:
Xinhua: Brazil launches rocket to test launching base
4229:
4106:
4084:
4034:
3953:
3854:
3772:
3517:
3510:
3453:
3410:
3379:
3358:
3331:
3310:
3301:
3281:
3245:
3236:
3191:
3160:
3153:
262:
244:
231:
213:
197:
160:
136:
126:
108:
100:
2566:(in Portuguese). December 16, 2021. Archived from
744:A newly built pad to support Innospace's launches
2114:Brazil, Ukraine to launch rocket together in 2010
435:rocket from Alcântara in the first half of 2023.
3039:Astronautix: Alcantara Chronology and Launch Log
583:Preparação de Carregamento de Propelentes - PCPL
379:). The CEA is the closest launching base to the
374:
618:VLS Pad (with Mobile Integration Tower - TMI)
3488:
3115:
8:
2954:(in Brazilian Portuguese). November 24, 2021
2507:
2505:
2216:"Launchers" by Tim Furniss, 26 August 2003,
401:XV-53 was launched. On August 22, 2003, the
365:'s northern Atlantic coast, in the state of
32:
3402:Aerospace Technology and Science Department
2819:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2778:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2596:(in Brazilian Portuguese). October 25, 2022
3514:
3495:
3481:
3473:
3307:
3242:
3157:
3122:
3108:
3100:
3083:Space Today - Brazil's Atlantic Spaceports
1014:
702:"Universal" pad for rockets up to 10 tons
31:
3071:Encyclopedia Astronautica about Alcantara
2892:"Operação Águia é realizada no CLA - CLA"
2835:"Operação Raposa é iniciada no CLA - CLA"
2733:(in Brazilian Portuguese). August 9, 2013
2928:(in Brazilian Portuguese). June 26, 2020
2415:"Brazil's Spaceport Displaces Villagers"
799:
3073:, with maps, chronology and launch log.
2036:
1548:10 km (Destroyed by range safety)
992:
989:VLM-1 Maiden Flight (fully operational)
956:
2812:
2771:
660:MRL Pad (general sounding rocket pad)
600:Prédio de Controle Avançado - CASAMATA
95:Location of the Alcântara Space Center
3392:National Institute for Space Research
2613:
2611:
2408:
2406:
2379:
2377:
554:Agreement between Brazil and the U.S.
7:
4439:Buildings and structures in Maranhão
3397:Aeronautics Institute of Technology
3341:("Cruzeiro do Sul" launcher family)
3089:Brazil spaceport threat to villages
2413:Faiola, Anthony (October 6, 2001).
1047:Failure in flight, apogee of 10 km
1011:Alcântara Launch Center (1982-2022)
614:The Alcântara launch pads include:
2702:"BRAZILIAN SPACE|Operação Iguaíba"
2519:(Press release). December 9, 2022.
2356:Melo, Ajax B. (October 26, 1982).
2180:Sheetz, Michael (March 19, 2018).
919:Astrolábio Operation (test flight)
796:Alcântara Space Center (from 2021)
25:
3366:Barreira do Inferno Launch Center
3077:About the Alcantara Launch Center
2691:FoxNews. Retrieved on 2010-12-15.
2646:Xinhua. Retrieved on 2009-05-30.
953:Qualification of VLM-1 subsystems
445:Barreira do Inferno Launch Center
347:Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara
3147:Science and technology in Brazil
3131:
2682:Brazil launches mid-sized rocket
2386:"A story of slavery — and space"
2005:Source: Astronautix (Until 2010)
1769:242 km (payload recovered)
911:Single-stage suborbital launcher
581:Liquid-fuel loading facilities (
574:Payload preparation facilities (
536:
524:
512:
500:
488:
89:
72:
63:
52:
38:
2337:(Press release). April 28, 2021
2309:(Press release). April 28, 2021
1426:Guará H.Alt Spread F Ionosphere
593:TMI - Torre Móvel de Integração
576:Preparação de Carga Útil - PPCU
569:Preparação de Propulsores - PPP
567:Engine preparation facilities (
2254:Gough, Evan; Today, Universe.
353:and launching facility of the
1:
4429:Rocket launch sites in Brazil
2864:Aeroflap (December 1, 2018).
2793:MA, Do G1 (August 29, 2014).
2752:MA, Do G1 (August 29, 2014).
2025:Rocket Launch Sites Worldwide
945:Two-stage suborbital launcher
879:Two-stage suborbital launcher
387:, an attribute shared by the
3347:(collaboration with Ukraine)
2019:Aerospace Operations Command
981:Three-stage orbital launcher
461:Brazil's military government
431:, was selected to fly their
403:explosion of the third VLS-1
331:Centro Espacial de Alcântara
218:Aerospace Operations Command
3658:Japanese private launches:
2706:brazilianspace.blogspot.com
2619:"Lançamento ainda distante"
1650:2003 Alcântara VLS accident
311:GPX (secondary coordinates)
114:; 42 years ago
4455:
3556:Chinese private launches:
2687:December 15, 2010, at the
2345:– via Parabolic Arc.
591:Mobile Integration Tower (
478:Public-private partnership
405:(XV-03) killed 21 people.
3144:
3005:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
2872:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
2801:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
2760:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
2625:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
2623:revistapesquisa.fapesp.br
2003:
1158:Ponta de Areia Ionosphere
385:geosynchronous satellites
306:GPX (primary coordinates)
281:Map all coordinates using
272:
88:
46:
37:
1864:L-5 liquid engine test
1490:Destroyed during launch
845:Hypersonic glide vehicle
472:and offered reparations.
369:. It is operated by the
289:Download coordinates as:
240:Marcello Correa De Souza
4434:Space program of Brazil
4365:Soviet Union / Russia:
3371:Alcântara Launch Center
3138:Brazilian space program
3095:Alcântara Cyclone Space
2952:Tecnologia & Defesa
2021:Brazilian space command
1274:MALTED/CADRE Ionosphere
1255:MALTED/CADRE Ionosphere
1236:MALTED/CADRE Ionosphere
1217:MALTED/CADRE Ionosphere
507:Hyperion Rocket Systems
339:Alcântara Launch Center
268:Alcântara Launch Center
3454:International programs
3387:Brazilian Space Agency
3079:at globalsecurity.org.
3060:July 18, 2013, at the
2359:Alcântara Space Center
1973:Operação Falcon I/2022
1916:Operação Falcão I/2020
1118:Aguas Belas Ionosphere
887:Santa Branca Operation
588:Universal launch tower
376:Comando da Aeronáutica
375:
355:Brazilian Space Agency
346:
330:
323:Alcântara Space Center
226:Brazilian Space Agency
33:Alcântara Space Center
27:Brazilian Space Center
18:Alcantara Space Center
3617:Shahroud Space Center
3461:Artemis Space Program
3003:br.noticias.yahoo.com
2047:. Brazilian Air Force
1993:Operação Santa Branca
1897:Operação Águia I/2019
764:02.31698°S 44.36873°W
722:02.31599°S 44.36782°W
680:02.31608°S 44.36730°W
638:02.31770°S 44.36779°W
301:GPX (all coordinates)
4086:International waters
2570:on December 16, 2021
2218:Flight International
1648:Exploded on ground (
1602:Piraperna Ionosphere
1078:Alcântara Ionosphere
853:Qualification flight
769:-02.31698; -44.36873
727:-02.31599; -44.36782
685:-02.31608; -44.36730
643:-02.31770; -44.36779
182:2.33944°S 44.41750°W
4057:Barreira do Inferno
3762:Dombarovsky / Yasny
3562:Wenchang Commercial
3204:Flora Hiperspectral
2564:Brazilian Air Force
2548:. February 6, 2020.
2368:10.2514/6.1982-1751
1562:Lençóis Maranhenses
1523:Operação San Marcos
759: /
717: /
675: /
633: /
389:Guiana Space Centre
371:Brazilian Air Force
337:), former known as
222:Brazilian Air Force
187:-2.33944; -44.41750
178: /
34:
4236:Algeria / France:
3868:Cape Canaveral SFS
3844:Spaceport Cornwall
2120:(December 3, 2009)
2067:"CEA Airport Info"
1935:Operação Águia III
1686:VSB-30 Flight Test
1098:Manival Ionosphere
610:List of launchpads
199:Official language
4411:
4410:
4121:Kulasekharapatnam
4102:
4101:
3938:Spaceport America
3470:
3469:
3440:Missão Centenário
3354:
3353:
3297:
3296:
3232:
3231:
2902:on April 11, 2021
2845:on April 11, 2021
2663:on April 27, 2014
2498:. April 28, 2021.
2480:. April 28, 2021.
2010:
2009:
2006:
1954:Operação Cruzeiro
1946:14 December 2021
1869:12 September 2018
1839:Operação Águia II
1380:24 September 1994
1361:24 September 1994
1342:23 September 1994
1323:23 September 1994
1304:21 September 1994
1178:Maruda Ionosphere
1008:
1007:
410:Jonathan McDowell
276:
275:
16:(Redirected from
4446:
4390:
4355:Broglio, Malindi
4300:Greifswalder Oie
4292:
4219:
4180:
4159:United Kingdom:
4155:Spaceport Sweden
4024:Reagan Test Site
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3840:United Kingdom:
3834:
3674:
3639:
3527:
3515:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3474:
3308:
3243:
3158:
3136:
3135:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3101:
3066:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2898:. Archived from
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2841:. Archived from
2831:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2698:
2692:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2659:. Archived from
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2454:. April 27, 2023
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2384:Barros, Ingrid.
2381:
2372:
2371:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2127:
2121:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2096:, April 28, 2021
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2041:
2004:
1927:23 November 2021
1849:1 September 2014
1821:Operação Águia I
1754:12 December 2010
1593:23 November 2002
1534:11 December 1999
1285:9 September 1994
1089:26 November 1990
1069:21 February 1990
1015:
994:
958:
832:14 December 2021
800:
783:
782:
780:
779:
778:
776:
771:
770:
765:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
741:
740:
738:
737:
736:
734:
729:
728:
723:
718:
715:
714:
713:
710:
699:
698:
696:
695:
694:
692:
687:
686:
681:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
657:
656:
654:
653:
652:
650:
645:
644:
639:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
598:Control center (
541:
540:
529:
528:
517:
516:
505:
504:
493:
492:
378:
258:
255:
253:
251:
193:
192:
190:
189:
188:
183:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
122:
120:
115:
93:
76:
67:
56:
42:
35:
21:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4388:
4353:Kenya / Italy:
4328:Salto di Quirra
4290:
4225:
4217:
4190:Clinton-Sherman
4178:
4098:
4080:
4074:Guiana / Kourou
4030:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:Mahia Peninsula
3974:Southern Launch
3949:
3943:SpaceX Starbase
3850:
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3065:(in Portuguese)
3064:
3062:Wayback Machine
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2896:www2.fab.mil.br
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2015:
1984:23 October 2022
1878:Operação MUTITI
1858:Operação Raposa
1802:Operação Falcão
1774:8 December 2012
1677:23 October 2004
1657:23 October 2004
1613:1 December 2002
1553:6 February 2000
1476:2 November 1997
1437:15 October 1994
1418:14 October 1994
1149:31 October 1992
1109:9 December 1991
1058:VLS test launch
1041:VLS test launch
1035:1 December 1985
1013:
937:NET August 2023
871:23 October 2022
798:
790:
774:
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768:
766:
762:
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733:"Universal" Pad
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468:apology to the
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396:sounding rocket
357:in the city of
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3877:Vandenberg SFB
3874:
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3311:In development
3305:
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3192:In development
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3091:(BBC article).
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3049:External links
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2990:
2978:www.fab.mil.br
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2496:Gazeta do Povo
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4383:El Arenosillo
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4359:North Korea:
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3822:El Arenosillo
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3574:Satish Dhawan
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3055:Official site
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2199:
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2062:
2059:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1999:227 km
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:01 June 2022
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:~60 km
1940:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:2 launchers
1902:
1899:
1896:
1894:
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1794:9 August 2013
1793:
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1536:
1533:
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1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:15 March 1999
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:21 March 1998
1494:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:28 April 1997
1455:
1454:
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1447:
1444:
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1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
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1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1384:Nike Tomahawk
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Nike Tomahawk
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Nike Tomahawk
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Nike Tomahawk
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
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1279:
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1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1169:22 March 1993
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
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1143:
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1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
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1050:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
991:
988:
986:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:NET June 2025
972:
971:
968:
965:
963:
960:
955:
952:
950:
947:
944:
942:
939:
936:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
921:
918:
916:
913:
910:
907:
905:19 March 2023
904:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
889:
886:
884:
881:
878:
876:
873:
870:
869:
866:
863:
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850:
847:
844:
841:
837:
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
795:
793:
787:
781:
775:Innospace Pad
743:
739:
701:
697:
659:
655:
617:
616:
615:
609:
604:
601:
597:
594:
590:
587:
584:
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503:
498:
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486:
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483:
477:
475:
474:
471:
465:
462:
458:
451:Controversies
450:
448:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
425:
423:
422:Proton rocket
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
377:
372:
368:
364:
361:, located on
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
290:
285:
284:OpenStreetMap
282:
271:
267:
261:
257:
247:
243:
239:
236:
230:
227:
223:
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
196:
191:
163:
159:
153:
149:
145:
142:
141:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
111:
107:
103:
99:
92:
87:
75:
66:
55:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4274:Resolute Bay
3861:Government:
3804:Kapustin Yar
3640:government:
3528:government:
3380:Organisation
3359:Launch sites
3033:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
3002:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2977:
2968:
2958:November 24,
2956:. Retrieved
2951:
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2925:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2900:the original
2895:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2869:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2843:the original
2838:
2829:
2803:. Retrieved
2798:
2788:
2762:. Retrieved
2757:
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2730:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2705:
2696:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:the original
2651:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2622:
2598:. Retrieved
2593:
2584:
2574:December 16,
2572:. Retrieved
2568:the original
2563:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2525:
2516:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2451:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2418:
2393:. Retrieved
2389:
2358:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2332:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2306:Virgin Orbit
2304:
2295:
2284:
2275:
2265:December 16,
2263:. Retrieved
2259:
2249:
2239:December 16,
2237:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2201:
2191:December 16,
2189:. Retrieved
2185:
2175:
2165:November 20,
2163:. Retrieved
2159:
2150:
2140:November 20,
2138:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2109:
2098:, retrieved
2091:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2039:
1922:30 km
1908:25 June 2020
1884:120 km
1808:32 km
1789:52 km
1712:242 km
1697:19 July 2007
1692:259 km
1672:100 km
1666:Cajuana Test
1628:145 km
1608:434 km
1588:315 km
1568:148 km
1529:128 km
1509:900 km
1471:128 km
1451:250 km
1432:956 km
1413:250 km
1394:270 km
1375:270 km
1356:270 km
1337:270 km
1318:250 km
1299:250 km
1280:140 km
1261:140 km
1242:140 km
1223:140 km
1204:950 km
1189:2 April 1993
1184:102 km
1144:282 km
1084:101 km
791:
613:
605:2600m runway
599:
592:
582:
575:
568:
557:
548:
531:Virgin Orbit
481:
473:
466:
454:
442:
439:Construction
429:Virgin Orbit
426:
416:and Israeli
407:
393:
351:space center
338:
334:
322:
320:
288:
287:
280:
101:Abbreviation
29:
4256:Australia:
4125:Indonesia:
3960:Australia:
3698:Sary Shagan
3647:Tanegashima
3592:Pameungpeuk
3585:Indonesia:
2600:October 25,
2458:November 2,
2432:November 2,
2395:November 2,
1889:22 May 2019
1778:VS-30/Orion
1731:93 km
1717:29 May 2009
1597:VS-30/Orion
1577:VS-30/Orion
1441:Black Brant
1422:Black Brant
1403:Black Brant
1308:Black Brant
1289:Black Brant
1164:32 km
1129:1 June 1992
1124:88 km
1104:91 km
1052:18 May 1989
788:Launch list
767: /
725: /
683: /
641: /
470:quilombolas
433:LauncherOne
185: /
161:Coordinates
4424:Spaceports
4418:Categories
4305:Peenemünde
4269:Hall Beach
4230:Historical
4171:Sutherland
4094:Sea Launch
4067:/ France:
3987:Rocket Lab
3918:Corn Ranch
3908:Poker Flat
3904:Academic:
3730:Pakistan:
3675:/ Russia:
3671:Kazakhstan
3504:Spaceports
3154:Satellites
2370:. 82-1751.
2131:"SONDA II"
2031:References
1813:9 May 2014
1763:Maracati 2
1744:FogTrein I
1725:Maracati 1
1503:VS-40 Test
1465:VS-30 Test
1445:Ionosphere
1407:Ionosphere
1388:Ionosphere
1369:Ionosphere
1350:Ionosphere
1331:Ionosphere
1312:Ionosphere
1293:Ionosphere
1270:Nike Orion
1251:Nike Orion
1232:Nike Orion
1213:Nike Orion
1198:VS-40 Test
962:Suborbital
926:Suborbital
908:HANBIT-TLV
894:Suborbital
860:Suborbital
840:VSB-30 V32
773: (
754:44°22′07″W
731: (
712:44°22′04″W
689: (
670:44°22′02″W
647: (
628:44°22′04″W
562:Structures
343:Portuguese
327:Portuguese
204:Portuguese
173:44°25′03″W
170:02°20′22″S
4392:Kronogård
4293:Germany:
4264:Churchill
4258:Carnarvon
4245:Hammaguir
4221:El Hierro
4200:Ellington
4052:Alcântara
3914:Private:
3750:Vostochny
3745:Roscosmos
3677:Roscosmos
3660:Space One
3652:Uchinoura
3630:Palmachim
3445:Garatéa-L
3345:Tsyklon-4
3209:SABIA-Mar
2983:April 15,
2926:Canaltech
2667:April 26,
2629:April 29,
2517:Innospace
2427:0190-8286
2341:April 29,
2313:April 29,
2100:April 30,
2072:April 30,
2051:April 30,
2045:"FAB CEA"
1538:VLS-1 V02
1480:VLS-1 V01
1030:Altitude
998:Low Earth
915:Innospace
751:2°19′01″S
709:2°18′58″S
667:2°18′58″S
625:2°19′04″S
543:Innospace
495:C6 Launch
457:quilombos
414:Tsyklon-4
359:Alcântara
144:Alcântara
131:Spaceport
109:Formation
4377:Svobodny
4339:Nii-jima
4322:Balasore
4314:Greece:
4262:Canada:
4195:Colorado
4181:States:
4166:SaxaVord
4153:Sweden:
4147:Hokkaido
4113:Canada:
4107:Proposed
4063:Europe:
4041:Brazil:
3998:Marshall
3979:Koonibba
3828:Sweden:
3809:Plesetsk
3797:Russia:
3779:Norway:
3743:Russia:
3737:Sonmiani
3686:Baikonur
3636:Japanese
3623:Israel:
3545:Wenchang
3411:Missions
3332:Canceled
3304:vehicles
3282:Canceled
3273:Fogtrein
3237:Sounding
3183:Amazônia
3161:Programs
3058:Archived
3009:June 11,
2870:AEROFLAP
2815:cite web
2799:Maranhão
2774:cite web
2758:Maranhão
2685:Archived
2260:phys.org
2013:See also
1976:Success
1960:280 km
1957:Success
1582:Baronesa
1138:Aeronomy
812:Operator
519:OrionAST
367:Maranhão
349:,) is a
233:Director
148:Maranhão
137:Location
4398:Edwards
4387:Sweden:
4381:Spain:
4372:Okhotsk
4361:Tonghae
4332:Japan:
4326:Italy:
4320:India:
4280:Guangde
4278:China:
4250:Reggane
4210:Midland
4138:Japan:
4119:India:
4014:States:
4002:Islands
3967:Woomera
3954:Oceania
3923:Pacific
3898:Wallops
3893:Kennedy
3836:Esrange
3815:Spain:
3791:SvalRak
3732:SUPARCO
3567:India:
3550:Xichang
3540:Taiyuan
3535:Jiuquan
3524:Chinese
3239:rockets
2932:May 15,
2906:May 15,
2876:May 15,
2849:May 15,
2805:May 15,
2764:May 15,
2737:May 15,
2711:May 15,
2452:Reuters
1996:Success
1979:30 km
1938:Success
1919:Success
1900:Success
1881:Success
1861:Success
1842:Success
1824:Success
1805:Success
1786:Success
1783:Iguaiba
1766:Success
1747:Success
1728:Success
1709:Success
1706:Cumã II
1689:Success
1669:Success
1645:Failure
1625:Failure
1605:Success
1585:Success
1565:Success
1545:Failure
1526:Success
1506:Success
1487:Failure
1468:Success
1448:Success
1429:Success
1410:Failure
1391:Success
1372:Success
1353:Success
1334:Success
1315:Success
1296:Success
1277:Success
1258:Success
1239:Success
1220:Success
1201:Success
1181:Success
1173:Sonda 2
1161:Success
1153:Sonda 2
1141:Success
1133:Sonda 3
1121:Success
1113:Sonda 2
1101:Success
1093:Sonda 2
1081:Success
1073:Sonda 2
1061:Success
1044:Failure
1024:Mission
1021:Vehicle
1002:Planned
966:Planned
930:Success
898:Success
864:Success
818:Payload
815:Mission
806:Vehicle
691:MRL Pad
649:VLS Pad
399:Sonda 2
381:equator
245:Website
208:English
117: (
4389:
4367:Kheysa
4344:Obachi
4316:Koroni
4295:Blizna
4291:
4285:Nanhui
4218:
4216:Spain:
4179:
4177:United
4016:
4012:
4010:United
4008:
4004:
4000:
3933:Mojave
3833:
3786:Andøya
3773:Europe
3673:
3638:
3605:Semnan
3598:Iran:
3579:Thumba
3526:
3511:Active
3302:Launch
3263:VSB-30
3246:Active
3224:GEOMET
3219:LATTES
2425:
2234:dw.com
1988:VSB-30
1758:VSB-30
1701:VSB-30
1681:VSB-30
1661:VSB-30
1542:SACI-2
1064:50 km
1055:VLS-R2
1038:VLS-R1
1027:Result
922:SISNAV
875:VSB-30
824:Result
418:Shavit
363:Brazil
152:Brazil
4396:USA:
4349:Ryori
4334:Akita
4240:CIEES
4205:Maine
4185:Cecil
4127:LAPAN
4115:Canso
3711:Sohae
3587:LAPAN
3558:HICAL
3418:VLS-1
3339:VLS-1
3323:VS-50
3289:VS-15
3268:VS-40
3258:VS-30
3253:Sonda
3199:ASTER
3173:CBERS
2546:Valor
2478:Época
2118:UNIAN
1950:14-XS
1873:VS-30
1853:VS-30
1721:Orion
1663:XV-01
1642:SATEC
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