962:
including languages. Other Inter Celtic organizations exist (i.e. Celtic
Congress), also Inter Celtic events (Film and Television Festival. Celtic Congress of Writers etc.) – but we are the only association so far working on a continuous or permanent basis. We need to think about what contribution the Celtic peoples and their cultures can make to the development of European unity, to formulate proposals and suggestions, disseminating them, instead of adopting an aloof sort of attitude. We lack people to do this work. Many European peoples have something like an attachment to Celtic matters. I believe we should appeal to them to help to get recognition and the freedom we need to realize our national aims. Our problem is to bring young people to join in the work. The cosmopolitanization of culture, which now rules supreme, the control of the media by the agents of uniformity, are great obstacles to our progress. (19)
703:, an opponent of Breton nationalism, had taken over civil administration and started a round-up of Breton nationalists. By November 1944, 2,000 Bretons were arrested including priests, women, children and even Bretons who had fought in the Resistance. Some had purportedly done little more than attend a Breton language class; others died of ill treatment in prison. Prisoners from the Rennes Central Gaol reportedly often appeared before the examining magistrate with broken limbs and bruises. By the end of 1946, 3,000 Bretons had been put in special camps; 300 of them had been sentenced to
379:(1902–1987). As it was not politic to do so openly, he found help from a native speaker who offered the use of his address as a post-restante to receive the lessons. In an interview in 2005 with the historian Daniel Leach, his widow, BrĂd Heusaff commented on the effect of his school experience on his life: "I'm fairly certain that if Breton had been taught at school when Alan went there... and if there had been some respect for it, that he would never have become involved in the Breton movement at all. Because his main interest, really, was the language". (4)
721:, not for war crimes, but for the crime of "attacks upon the integrity of the French State".(14) He was to receive an amnesty in 1967, along with other Breton militants. Heusaff took his wife to Brittany for the first time in 1967 but were forbidden to visit Finistère, his home department. This restriction was lifted in the early 1970s. From then on until his death, Heusaff returned to Brittany on many occasions. His family had in no way supported his wartime activities and, indeed, his brother had served in the French Army and become a prisoner of war.(15)
543:, and now saw the opportunity to organise an open, uniformed and armed group – Bezen Perrot. The conditions of this unit was that it would not fight outside the borders of Brittany but remain as "a protective militia" against the French Maquis's attempts to eliminate Breton activists. But as the conflict on the ground intensified and German reprisals became more ferocious, the authorities took the Bezen Perrot and other groups in hand. By 1944, they had provided the unit with uniforms and weapons, and listed them as a unit of the SD,
192:
178:
162:
149:
1134:
27:
867:. However, by 1972, it was decided that conflicts of interest were arising and that the League should elect its own independent president and officials. Such a conflict had arisen in 1969 at the League's annual meeting it Dublin when Gwynfor Evans used his League office to speak of Plaid Cymru policies which conflicted with attitudes in other Celtic countries.
135:
368:) where he trained as a primary-school teacher. He continued to be acutely aware of the state's policy on Breton. Most native speakers, under these conditions, were made illiterate in their own language by the state. Yet Breton was an old literary language with the first manuscripts in it surviving from a century earlier than such manuscripts in French.(3)
660:. According to some reports, Hielscher had been involved in a resistance circle to the Nazis since the 1930s, helping Jews and others in danger from the regime. Indeed, Hielsher had contacts with members of oppressed "peuples de culture" since 1927 and some members of his group were arrested as early as 1933. (11)
707:
for varying terms and 60 sentenced to death. Others had been sentenced to terms of "civil degradation", a loss of all civil rights as citizens and removal of qualifications. Of those involved in the Breton movement, 38 had been killed and 9 executed by firing squad, according to contemporary sources
437:
group of PNB, which believed in direct action. He became convinced that only separation from France would save both the language and the cultural identity, which he believed was dependent on its survival. Like many other Breton nationalists, he was greatly influenced by the Irish example of the 1916
425:
Heusaff stated in 1970: "From 1938 onwards I shared the conviction that
Brittany could never regain her freedom "by consent"; the French state would use all its strength to prevent that ever happening. I agreed that we should seek external support, wherever it came from, because we were too weak to
772:
Alan spent his entire working life in aviation meteorology... In addition to his operational duties, he made brave efforts over a period of 15 years to bring the ancient climate of our island into focus, delving into historical documents to identify and record whatever mention might be made of the
492:
position, imitating that of neutral
Ireland. But others, including militant activist Célestin Lainé (later known as Neven Henaff), continued to make overtures to the Nazis, hoping for their support for an independent Brittany with ties to Germany. The more supportive nationalists were of Germany,
764:. He worked at Dublin Airport for the rest of his career. Interested in ecological matters, he also spent time researching the history of weather patterns as recorded in Irish annals and documents from earliest times. After his death, Brendan McWilliams, director of the service, and a well-known
347:
and his parents, SĂ©bastien and Mari
Heusaff, were native Breton speakers. Heusaff spoke only Breton at the time he was sent to school.(1) When Heusaff was growing up it was estimated there were well over a million native speakers of this Celtic language. In 1925 the French Minister of Education,
961:
The Celtic League has a role to play in stimulating Inter Celtic contacts, Inter Celtic solidarity, which could express itself in contributing to pressure on politicians and international/European institutions to steer developments in Europe towards full recognition of the rights of our nations
802:, in North Wales in 1961.(18) The principal aims were then: (1) to foster co-operation between the national movements in the Celtic countries, particularly in efforts to obtain international recognition and to share the experiences of their struggles and exchange constructive ideas. (2)
547:. Lainé made clear that Bezen Perrot's war was against France and was on behalf of Brittany not Germany. But although he was reported as concerned that the unit should not operate on behalf of the SD it was used by them and mounted guard on the SD interrogation centre in
469:. Many Breton militants soon realised that Germany was of little support. Rather than help the Bretons achieve their freedom, the German Occupation allowed the French collaborationist government of Vichy to remove a large section of Brittany, the department of
359:
Arriving in a French-speaking school in these circumstances profoundly affected the boy. His community's language was openly vilified and children were punished if caught speaking it. Nevertheless, Heusaff had a good ear for languages and eventually joined the
525:, was shot dead on the steps of his church. Perrot had been decorated for his services in World War I, but was a native speaker and leading cultural Breton nationalist, playwright and writer, involved in devising a standard orthography for the language.
901:
and causing the loss of boats and lives. Ensuing publicity over the years to these incidents brought the League into the mainstream. Another success was the League's spearheading of a campaign to transfer the ownership of the bird island sanctuary, the
773:
weather. He found many such references, and unearthed nearly 1,000 useful records extending over 1,400 years from AD 490 to 1829 which, collectively, have added significantly to knowledge of the Irish climate in the centuries gone by.
811:
was offered as a means of propagating the League. By the second annual meeting on 30 September 1962, the League had branches in all six Celtic countries, as well as in London. The League then launched its own quarterly journal
1111:
in 1995, cited
Heusaff as a major contributor. This provoked some protest given renewed controversies in Brittany over his and others' wartime background. Heusaff also published a dictionary of his own dialect of Sant Ivi as
676:. With Hielscher's help, he entered the university to study Physics and Maths. He remained there until 1950. Then he decided to follow other Breton militants who had sought asylum in Ireland. The Allies had swept through
667:
and spent time there. Other Bezen Perrot members were living there under assumed identities. Heusaff joined them and adopted the name
Bernhard Heubacher, receiving papers with Hielscher's help. Until 1947, he worked in
620:
commando unit. He was seriously wounded in the shoulder and lung. Two others members of his unit were killed. Locals took
Heusaff to hospital where he remained for a few weeks before evacuated to a German hospital in
933:
The burgeoning of the Celtic idea came from
Heusaff's original vision. Although he resigned office around 1985, he continued to work for the League. As a tribute to his work, The Celtic League published that year a
994:, an organisation for Irish speaking families. BrĂd became a member of the Executive of Conradh na Gaeilge and was very active in Irish language activities. Heusaff took part in Irish language campaigns such as
886:), and in November 1965, the League delivered a 62-page memorandum, arguing the case for self-government for the Celtic countries to the United Nations Organization and distributed it in 1966 to members of the
422:, arbitrarily abolished it in 1790. This caused a complicated situation in Brittany as many Bretons had spearheaded the Revolution as a means of overthrowing the centralist politics of the French monarchy.(5)
777:
McWilliams adds: "He was a meticulous and conscientious meteorologist, and I personally remember him as always cheerful, courteous and eager to help to solve whatever operational problems might arise." (17)
442:. From the experience of their fellow Celts of Ireland during World War I, many young Bretons came to believe that if war were to break out again, then France's difficulty would be Brittany's opportunity.
1267:(10) "The Breton Movement and the German Occupation 1940–44 – Alan Heusaff and Bezen Perrot: A Case Study", Klask: online, University of Rennes (George Broderick); also "Irish Post-War Asylum, Dan Leach,
477:) the capital and seat of the Dukes of Brittany. The transformation of ancient Breton borders was something post-war governments were happy to inherit. With German approval, Vichy suppressed the
1438:
426:
attain our aims alone. Why should we not do what all free countries do when their freedom is threatened; seek alliances? By doing so we were affirming that we were already free".(6)
493:
they reasoned, the more likely Berlin would be to abandon Vichy and create a Breton state.(7) The war divide within
Brittany as a whole deepened at the same time and members of the
749:. In 1953, the couple married and had six children. He had learned to speak Irish fluently. The couple's two sons and four daughters were raised as an Irish speaking family.(16)
566:) and between 1941 and 1942 he began to write articles about the problems of Brittany under the pseudonym "Mab Ivi" (Son of Ivi, his home village). Others articles appeared in
1041:
and the struggle of his native country for independence. He taught Breton language classes in his spare time in Dublin and became a prolific journalist in Breton, editing
760:
for eighteen months before being transferred to
Shannon Airport. He became a naturalised citizen under his own name in 1955. In 1958, the Heusaff family moved back to
926:
launched their permanent "Project for the Study and Promotion of Celtic Cultures". Conferences, book fairs, television programmes, and an International Federation of
601:
after the war to some Bretons and other foreign militants who had collaborated with Axis forces. Controversies on these issues are also elucidated in Leach's article
1398:
1388:
594:
957:
work, kept up a voluminous correspondence with his Celtic contacts, and remained involved in the League. In July 1990, Heusaff wrote of the future of the League:
1321:, Peter Berresford Ellis, Constable, London, 1993 (chapter 8 – The Celtic League & seq.) revised edition in paperback from Y Lolfa, Wales, 2002. See also
878:
in 1963 concerning the persecution of the Breton language. This aroused media attention. The League sent an official delegation to the 14th Congress of the
585:"We were prepared to co-operate with the devil himself, if that would get rid of the French. The French were the greatest enemies of the Breton people".(9)
1413:
1156:
790:, of co-operation between the six modern Celtic nations (the Irish, Manx, Scots, Welsh, Cornish and Bretons) had first been given published form by
879:
843:
Gwynfor Evans MP continued as president until 1972, while Vice-Presidents consisted of leaders of the main political national parties, such as Dr
403:
1433:
1353:
246:
at a court martial by the post-World War II French government, but eventually amnestied in 1967. After studying mathematics and physics at the
226:
1284:
Der Herr des Feuers: Friedrich Hielscher und sein Kreis zwischen Heidentum, neuem Nationalismus und Widerstrand gegen den Nationalsozialismus
680:
in August 1944, and as the Germans retreated, many of the Bezen Perrot had fled to Germany as well. On 19 September 1944, the Germans on the
1239:
836:, was launched in the Spring of 1973, with Frank Thomson, a Scottish writer and journalist, as its first editor. Still published quarterly,
1428:
1418:
489:
465:, however, still gave it legal authority not only in the "unoccupied south" but also in northern and western France occupied by the German
875:
1383:
1144:
848:
1002:'s (RTÉ) neglect of Irish language programmes. This campaign ultimately resulted in the establishment of TeilifĂs na Gaeilge (later
110:
1378:
1393:
637:
999:
356:". Now banned by law was the teaching of language, literature, history, folklore and anything interpreted as "nationalist". (2)
1423:
1408:
1403:
593:(Four Courts Press, 2009). Among controversies, Leach deals with some later accusations depicting Heusaff as a member of the
48:
741:, to finish his degree. To finance himself, he taught German classes. One of his students was BrĂd NĂ Dhochartaigh from the
91:
44:
63:
1325:, ed. Cathal Ó Luain, Celtic League, 1983. See also "Alan Heusaff: Fondateur animateur la Liga celtique", Hervé Person,
852:
753:
311:. He married BrĂd NĂ Dhochartaigh in 1953 (died 2 February 2008); the couple had six children, four girls and two boys.
255:
1207:(3) Oldest surviving mss is Leiden MS, Vossianus Latin fo.96A ; see also entries on Breton language and literature in
966:
Before he died, it was arranged that all Heusaff's papers connected with the Celtic League should be deposited in the
823:
581:, which, in December 1943, became Bezen Perrot and which Heusaff saw as the nucleus of a Breton independence army.(8)
265:, he devoted his spare time and retirement to peaceful activism, promoting the languages, culture and autonomy of the
995:
949:
Upon his retirement from the Meteorological Service in 1986, Alan and BrĂd moved to Seanadh Gharráin, near SpidĂ©al,
70:
738:
251:
1029:, as "Gwenerzh" (Muse) as having made a distinguished contribution to the Welsh nation, language and culture.(20)
871:
became the first "chairman" replacing Gwynfor Evans. Later the officer of "chairman" was replaced by "convenor".
967:
478:
791:
415:
376:
1271:, May/June 2007"; "Distortions, Fabrications and Lies – The Scholarship of George Broderick", Cathal O Luann,
77:
991:
648:
and had been on a research trip to Brittany in 1943. It is suspected that he took this trip on behalf of the
856:
717:
Heusaff could not return to Brittany. Like others who went to Ireland for asylum, he was sentenced to death
710:
700:
532:
488:
From 1941, as resistance to the occupiers grew, Breton nationalism became more divided. Moderates adopted a
37:
518:
907:
893:
The League also took a leading part in other campaigns, for example, monitoring submarine activity in the
399:
271:
616:, Morbihan, with members of the Bezen Perrot, when they became involved in a firefight with members of a
535:(white and black, named after the Breton national flag) from 1930, had organised militant groups such as
59:
1103:
919:
868:
786:
The formation of The Celtic league is regarded as Heusaff's major achievement. The modern philosophy of
494:
383:
336:
247:
221:, linguist, dictionary compiler, prolific journalist and lifetime campaigner for solidarity between the
1067:
1037:
While working for the language and culture of his adopted country, Heusaff never ceased to promote the
365:
1061:
927:
742:
1373:
1368:
860:
528:
1085:
943:
819:
578:
540:
430:
911:
633:
482:
407:
387:
177:
148:
807:
514:
506:
191:
161:
1236:
1053:, which he founded in 1959. He also contributed to Breton language magazines in Brittany such as
987:
795:
617:
218:
729:
On 20 May 1950, Heusaff left Marburg under the alias "Bernard Heubacher", and travelled through
454:
236:
speaker, he trained as a primary school teacher but in his early twenties joined the separatist
536:
481:(Comité national Breton, CNB, which had been declared by nationalists in 1940) and its journal
434:
372:
1264:(9) Interview on Welsh language current affairs programme "Y Byd ar Bedwar", S4C (ITV) 1989/I.
1200:), Plaid Cymru, c. 1946; "The Sons of the Ermine: A History of Brittany", Jean-Pierre Le Mat,
1091:
1055:
887:
883:
844:
805:
Heusaff was elected general secretary, a position he held until 1984–85. An existing magazine
597:, showing them to be unfounded. The main focus of the book is an analysis of why Ireland gave
544:
498:
451:
419:
349:
344:
291:. He was fluent in all the six modern Celtic languages as well as English, French and German.
242:
1293:, Jacqueline Gibson and Gwyn Griffiths, Francis Boutle Publishers, London, 2006. p. 183.
1108:
1043:
681:
502:
470:
395:
361:
266:
1079:
794:(1837–1880), a Breton language poet. The League was born in a meeting at the Eisteddfod at
589:
A fuller account of the Bezen Perrot, including Heusaff's role, is given in Daniel Leach's
569:
406:
in 1488. Following the death of Charles VIII in 1498, Anne was forced to marry his cousin,
1306:(17) "An Altered Ego with a Celtic Passion: Alan Heusaff Remembered", Brendan McWilliams,
1243:
1120:
between 1962 and 1973. A revised version of the work was issued in book form in 1996.(21)
1038:
1010:
954:
915:
826:. From 1963 until 1971, an annual volume was also published constituting up to 180 pages.
704:
626:
598:
276:
233:
84:
998:
and was the first person to refuse, on principle, to pay a television licence because of
914:. The League soon made the idea of Pan-Celticism a public issue and forced the academic
1018:
757:
746:
641:
552:
505:. They allegedly began a policy of assassination of leading Bretons in September 1943.
222:
1362:
1230:
Fugitive Ireland: European Minority nationalists and Irish political asylum 1937–2008
1197:
950:
864:
787:
696:
689:
439:
300:
262:
462:
371:
To teach himself literacy in Breton, Heusaff sent for a correspondence course from
237:
1133:
340:
840:
carries articles in all six Celtic languages, as well as in English and French.
555:
in June 1944, atrocities were reported on all sides of the conflict in Brittany.
1049:
971:
903:
898:
814:
685:
673:
613:
332:
26:
830:
continued under various editors until a more professionally produced journal,
799:
664:
280:
1336:, 1983–2002: Máire Nà Murchú & Diarmuid Breathnach (An Clóchomhar, 2003).
1259:
Bretons against France: ethnic minority nationalism in the Twentieth Century
894:
653:
622:
466:
458:
324:
320:
304:
210:
155:
1214:(4) Daniel Leach, interview with BrĂd Heusaff, 19 June 2005 – copy of mss.
134:
1097:
918:
into actions such as adopting a "Charter of Cultural Rights". In 1979, a
677:
669:
563:
522:
391:
1252:
Le Bezen Perrot 1944: des nationalistes Bretons sous l'uniforme allemand
603:"Irish Post-War Asylum: Nazi sympathy, Pan Celticism or raisons d'etat?"
410:, to ensure the French crown's continued control of Brittany. Under the
1073:
1026:
730:
414:, 18 September 1532, the Breton Parliament remained in being until the
288:
1310:, 1999; see also "Breton Who Enriched Our Climate", Brendan Williams,
1250:, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Vol. 4, ISSN 1540-4889. See also
250:, Germany, he arrived in Ireland in 1950. He continued his studies at
923:
761:
649:
645:
559:
548:
474:
328:
308:
214:
185:
636:, the poet, philosopher and journalist. He had connections with the
663:
On leaving hospital in late 1944, Heusaff found Breton contacts in
734:
402:, as a condition following the defeat of the Breton armies at the
1022:
832:
672:, It was a frugal existence, sometimes he was forced to live on
510:
284:
573:. In 1942, he resigned his teaching post. Heusaff had become a
354:
For the linguistic unity of France, Breton must be exterminated
1127:
1003:
20:
1237:"Bezen Perrot: The Breton Nationalist unit of the SS 1943–45"
275:(annual Pearse award) presented by the President of Ireland,
1232:, Daniel Leach (Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2009); chapter 5.
1275:
115, Autumn, 2001; Alan Heusaff – The Truth! BrĂd Heusaff,
1047:, a Breton language news bulletin, with an English edition
657:
509:, a PNB official in Kemper and manager of the PNB magazine
1261:, Jack E. Reece, University of North Carolina Press, 1977.
269:. Among the honours he received for his work was the 1986
1291:
The Turn of the Ermine: An anthology of Breton Literature
229:
in 1961, he was its first general secretary until 1984.
1152:
240:
militia (1943–44), for which he was sentenced to death
942:, of essays by many leading Celticists, and edited by
558:
Heusaff had been working as a primary school teach at
501:, began to view all Breton nationalists as potential
513:, was shot dead in his office. Another nationalist,
1303:(15–16) BrĂd Heusaff interview with Leach. op. cit.
1211:, ed. John C. Koch, 5 Volumes, ABC Clio, USA, 2006.
756:in 1952, still as Bernard Heubacher, and worked at
170:
141:
125:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1181:, 13 November 1999; Carn #108), Winter, 1999–200;
612:In June 1944, shortly after D-Day, Heusaff was at
299:Heusaff died on 3 November 1999, at his home near
394:and France had become unified by the marriage of
531:had led an underground physical force movement,
461:. The establishment in July of Marshal PĂ©tain's
258:, becoming a naturalised Irish citizen in 1955.
874:Under Heusaff, the League gave evidence to the
429:Heusaff joined the PNB's uniformed but unarmed
1439:Nazis sentenced to death in absentia by France
1192:, M.J.C. O'Callaghan, Dyllansow Truran, 1983.
517:, was also assassinated. On 12 December 1943,
450:In 1940, German forces overwhelmed France and
8:
1308:Magazine of the Irish Meteorological Service
849:Mouvement Pour l'Organisation de la Bretagne
737:, and then to Ireland, where he enrolled in
1319:The Celtic Dawn; A History of Pan Celticism
1248:Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
1226:Les nationalistes Bretons sous l'Occupation
638:Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂĽr keltische studien
463:French collaborationist government in Vichy
382:In 1938, as a teenager, Heusaff joined the
1209:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopaedia
818:, initially edited by Welsh historian Dr.
629:, where he remained until September 1944.
190:
176:
160:
147:
133:
122:
1343:, edited by Alan Heusaff, Hor Yezh, 1996.
1017:annual award for promoting the ideals of
946:, who had become convenor of the League.
863:, the president of the Cornish movement,
859:(and its first Member of Parliament) and
412:Traité d'Union de la Bretagne à la France
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1021:. Later that year, he was elected as a
897:where they refused to surface, snaring
880:Federal Union of European Nationalities
1399:French collaborators with Nazi Germany
1389:Breton collaborators with Nazi Germany
1354:Celtic League (political organisation)
1254:, Kristian Hamon, Yoran Embanner 2004.
473:, in 1941. This area included Naoned (
1286:, Ina Schmidt, SA Verlag, Koln, 2004.
986:Heusaff and his wife were members of
632:While in hospital, he was visited by
551:. In the months before and after the
352:, made clear the Government policy: "
7:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1101:. The first all-Breton dictionary,
920:Celtic Film and Television Festival
876:European Commission of Human Rights
692:did not surrender until May 1945.
521:, the 66-year-old parish priest of
343:). His family originated in nearby
14:
1228:, Kristian Hamon, An Here, 2001.
279:. In the same year, at the Welsh
254:, and, on graduation, joined the
213:, Finistère – 3 November 1999 in
1132:
404:Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier
386:(PNB) which sought to re-assert
25:
1414:Naturalised citizens of Ireland
1185:, December/January 1999 – 2000.
953:, where he concentrated on his
684:had surrendered but pockets in
36:needs additional citations for
996:Cearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta
1:
1434:French expatriates in Germany
1116:, initially in the magazine
922:was inaugurated and in 1981
754:Irish Meteorological Service
708:such as the Welsh newspaper
319:Heusaff was born in 1921 in
256:Irish Meteorological Service
1429:20th-century lexicographers
1419:French emigrants to Ireland
824:University College, Cardiff
433:and then gravitated to the
1455:
1246:, Daniel Leach, E-Keltoi,
976:681, Celtic League Archive
739:University College, Galway
252:University College, Galway
1384:Politicians from Brittany
1013:, presented him with the
1009:In 1986 Irish President,
968:National Library of Wales
479:Breton National Committee
132:
1242:11 December 2010 at the
974:, and are classified as
416:French National Assembly
1394:Celtic studies scholars
1033:Breton language scholar
1000:RaidiĂł TeilifĂs Éireann
992:Na Teaghlaigh Ghaelacha
982:Irish language activist
857:Scottish National Party
656:, which came under the
609:, May/June 2007). (10)
568:L'Heure Bretonne" and "
1424:20th-century linguists
1300:. op. cit. p. 39.
964:
908:English National Trust
775:
711:Baner Ac Amserau Cymru
587:
400:Charles VIII of France
283:, he was elected as a
225:. A co-founder of the
1409:French lexicographers
1404:Linguists from France
1379:People from Finistère
1329:, No 340, April 1992.
959:
770:
583:
519:Abbé Yann Vari Perrot
384:Parti National Breton
377:Marc'harid Gourlaouen
248:University of Marburg
174:3 November 1999
1147:for the books listed
1015:Gradam an Phiarsaigh
695:The former Mayor of
640:(German Society for
272:Gradam an Phiarsaigh
45:improve this article
1323:For A Celtic Future
940:For A Celtic Future
912:Manx National Trust
752:Heusaff joined the
634:Friedrich Hielscher
408:Louis XII of France
388:Breton independence
375:founded in 1932 by
1341:Geriaoueg Sant Ivi
1314:, 6 December 1999.
1194:Breton Nationalism
1114:Geriaoueg Sant Ivi
1104:Geriadur Brezhoneg
988:Conradh na Gaeilge
869:Pádraig Ó Conchúir
366:Quimper, Finistère
219:Breton nationalist
145:23 July 1921
16:Breton nationalist
1279:115, Autumn 2001.
1190:Breton Separatism
1174:
1173:
888:Council of Europe
884:ethnic minorities
792:Charles de Gaulle
782:The Celtic League
768:columnist, wrote:
545:Sicherheitsdienst
499:French Resistance
452:Marshal of France
446:German occupation
420:French Revolution
350:Anatole de Monzie
315:Youth in Brittany
209:(23 July 1921 in
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1374:1999 deaths
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1179:Irish Times
1155:or run the
1050:Breton News
972:Aberystwyth
936:festschrift
906:, from the
904:Calf of Man
845:Yann Fouéré
828:Celtic News
815:Celtic News
766:Irish Times
725:Meteorology
719:in absentia
674:nettle soup
618:Free French
533:Gwenn-ha-Du
364:in Kemper (
333:Cornouaille
243:in absentia
1363:Categories
1221:, op. cit.
1202:An Clochán
1124:References
800:Llangollen
665:Strasbourg
539:, renamed
490:neutralist
457:signed an
337:Department
301:An Spidéal
281:Eisteddfod
71:newspapers
895:Irish Sea
654:Ahnenerbe
652:, or the
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575:kerrenour
537:Lu Brezon
467:Wehrmacht
459:Armistice
435:Kadervenn
373:Skol-Ober
341:Finistère
327:, now in
325:Rosporden
305:Connemara
232:A native
211:Saint-Yvi
182:(aged 78)
156:Saint-Yvi
1348:See also
1317:(18–19)
1240:Archived
1118:Hor Yezh
1098:Al Liamm
1092:An Amzer
1056:Hor Yezh
686:L'Orient
678:Brittany
670:forestry
614:Ploërdut
564:Querrien
523:Scrignac
392:Brittany
345:Toulgoat
321:Sant Ivi
217:) was a
1109:An Here
1074:Gwalarn
1027:Gorsedd
910:to the
855:of the
847:of the
798:, near
731:Belgium
688:and in
323:, near
289:Gorsedd
205:, also
85:scholar
1143:lacks
1068:Breman
1044:Argoad
924:UNESCO
762:Dublin
650:Abwehr
646:Berlin
599:asylum
560:Kerien
549:Rennes
497:, the
495:Maquis
475:Nantes
329:Kernev
309:Galway
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215:Galway
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295:Death
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1095:and
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171:Died
142:Born
64:news
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