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in front of it in the yard at the end of a tall spar flew the
Russian flag with the double-headed eagle in the middle of it. Of course, this flag now had to give way to the flag of the United States, which is full of stripes and stars. On a predetermined day in the afternoon, a group of soldiers came from the American ships, led by one who carried the flag. Marching solemnly, but without accompaniment, they came to the governor's mansion, where the Russian troops were already lined up and waiting for the Americans. Now they started to pull the eagle down, but—whatever had gone into its head—it only came down a little bit, and then entangled its claws around the spar so that it could not be pulled down any further. A Russian soldier was therefore ordered to climb up the spar and disentangle it, but it seems that the eagle cast a spell on his hands, too—for he was not able to arrive at where the flag was, but instead slipped down without it. The next one to try was not able to do any better; only the third soldier was able to bring the unwilling eagle down to the ground. While the flag was brought down, music was played and cannons were fired off from the shore, and then, while the other flag was hoisted, the Americans fired off their cannons from the ships equally many times. After that American soldiers replaced the Russian ones at the gates of the fence surrounding the Kolosh village.
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purchase was known as "Seward's folly", "Walrussia", or "Seward's icebox". Editorials contended that taxpayer money had been wasted on a "polar bear garden". Nonetheless, most newspaper editors argued that the U.S. would probably derive great economic benefits from the purchase, such as considerable mineral resources that previous geological explorations of the region suggested were available there; friendship with Russia was important; and it would facilitate the acquisition of
British Columbia. Forty-five percent of supportive newspapers cited the increased potential for annexing British Columbia in their support, and
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such peoples under our national care? The purchase price was small; the annual charges for administration, civil and military, would be yet greater, and continuing. The territory included in the proposed cession was not contiguous to the national domain. It lay away at an inconvenient and a dangerous distance. The treaty had been secretly prepared, and signed and foisted upon the country at one o'clock in the morning. It was a dark deed done in the night… The
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643:, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, sponsored the Senate bill authorizing the U.S. to approve the treaty to acquire the territory. He not only agreed about the benefit to trade, but also said he expected the territory to be valuable on its own; having studied the records of explorers, he believed it contained valuable animals and forests. He compared the acquisition to contemporary
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813:, jobless and in want, at the rowdy troops and gun-toting civilians who looked on Sitka as merely one more western frontier settlement." Ahllund gives a vivid account of what life was like for civilians in Sitka under US rule and helps to explain why hardly any Russian subject wanted to stay there. Moreover, Ahllund's article is the only known description of the return voyage on the
572:, and Seward had alienated a number of Republicans, so both men believed that the purchase would help divert attention from domestic issues. The negotiations concluded after an all-night session with the signing of the treaty at 04:00 on March 30, 1867. The purchase price was set at $ 7.2 million (equivalent to $ 129 million in 2023), or about 2 cents per acre ($ 4.74/km).
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817:, a ship that was specially purchased to transport the Russians back to their native country. "The over-crowded vessel, with crewmen who got roaring drunk at every port, must have made the voyage a memorable one." Ahllund mentions stops at the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands, Tahiti, Brazil, London, and finally Kronstadt, the port for
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wrote 120 years later, "one of the strongest historical myths in
American history. It persists despite conclusive evidence to the contrary, and the efforts of the best historians to dispel it", likely in part because it fits American and Alaskan writers' view of the territory as distinct and filled with self-reliant pioneers.
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Other economists and scholars, including Scott
Goldsmith and Terrence Cole, have criticized the metrics used to reach those conclusions by noting that most contiguous Western states would fail to meet the bar of "positive financial return" using the same criteria and by contending that looking at the
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After the transfer, a number of
Russian citizens remained in Sitka, but nearly all of them very soon decided to return to Russia, which was still possible at the expense of the Russian-American Company. Ahllund's story "corroborates other accounts of the transfer ceremony, and the dismay felt by many
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Seward told the nation that, according to
Russian estimates, Alaska had about 60,000 inhabitants. This included about 10,500 who were under the direct government of the Russian fur company: about 8,000 indigenous people and 2,500 people of Russian or mixed Russian and indigenous descent (for example,
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Already, so it was said, we were burdened with territory we had no population to fill. The
Indians within the present boundaries of the republic strained our power to govern aboriginal peoples. Could it be that we would now, with open eyes, seek to add to our difficulties by increasing the number of
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and
California would support a larger figure. Buchanan's increasingly unpopular presidency forced the matter to be shelved until a new presidential election. With the oncoming American Civil War, Stoeckl proposed a renewal of the RAC's charter. Two of its ports were to be open to foreign traders and
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resulted when the United States seized over 150 sealing ships flying the
British flag, based out of the coast of British Columbia. The conflict between the United States and Britain was resolved by an arbitration tribunal in 1893. The waters of the Bering Sea were deemed to be international waters,
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We had not spent many weeks at Sitka when two large steam ships arrived there, bringing things that belonged to the
American crown, and a few days later the new governor also arrived in a ship together with his soldiers. The wooden two-story mansion of the Russian governor stood on a high hill, and
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kept these hearings informal, preparations were made for further negotiations. Stoeckl reported a conversation in which he asked "in passing" what price the U.S. government might pay for the Russian colony and Senator Gwin replied that they "might go as far as $ 5,000,000", a figure Gorchakov found
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has argued that the US federal government has not earned a positive financial return on the purchase of Alaska. According to Barker, tax revenue and mineral and energy royalties to the federal government have been less than federal costs of governing Alaska plus interest on the borrowed funds used
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showed that if gold were discovered in Alaska, Americans and Canadians would overwhelm the Russian presence in what one scholar later described as "Siberia's Siberia". However, the principal reason for the sale was that the hard-to-defend colony would be easily conquered by British forces based in
216:($ 0.36 per acre in 2023), the United States had grown by 586,412 sq mi (1,518,800 km). Reactions to the Alaska Purchase among Americans were mostly positive, as many believed that Alaska would serve as a base to expand American trade in Asia. Some opponents labeled the purchase as "
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said that it was a "sucked orange." It contained nothing of value but furbearing animals, and these had been hunted until they were nearly extinct. Except for the Aleutian Islands and a narrow strip of land extending along the southern coast the country would be not worth taking as a gift… Unless
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Seward also said that the Russians were settled at 23 trading posts, placed on accessible islands and at points along the coast. At smaller trading posts, typically only four or five Russians were stationed: their job was to collect furs from the natives for storage and then for shipment when the
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The seal fishery was one of the chief considerations that induced the United States to purchase Alaska. It provided considerable revenue by the lease of the privilege of taking seals, an amount that was eventually more than the price paid for Alaska. From 1870 to 1890, the seal fisheries yielded
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American settlers who shared Sumner's belief in the riches of Alaska rushed to the territory but found that much capital was required to exploit its resources, many of which could also be found closer to markets in the contiguous United States. Most soon left, and by 1873, Sitka's population had
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Many Americans believed in 1867 that the purchase process had been corrupt, but W. H. Dall in 1872 wrote that, "there can be no doubt that the feelings of a majority of the citizens of the United States are in favor of it." The notion that the purchase was unpopular among Americans is, a scholar
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A majority of newspapers either supported the purchase or were neutral. A review of dozens of contemporary newspapers found general support for the purchase, especially in California; most of 48 major newspapers supported the purchase. Public opinion was not universally positive; to some the
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per skin for the total number taken. The skins were transported to London to be dressed and prepared for world markets. The business grew so large that the earnings of English laborers after the acquisition of Alaska by the United States amounted by 1890 to $ 12,000,000.
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decided to sell the territory. The Russian government discussed the proposal in 1857 and 1858 and offered to sell the territory to the United States, hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Britain. However, no deal was reached, as the risk of an
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we must not deceive ourselves and must foresee that the United States, aiming constantly to round out their possessions and desiring to dominate undividedly the whole of North America will take the afore-mentioned colonies from us and we shall not be able to regain
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accepted the territory. (Peshchurov had been sent to Sitka as commissioner of the Russian government in the transfer of Alaska.) A number of forts, blockhouses and timber buildings were handed over to the Americans. The troops occupied the barracks; General
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Seward and many other Americans expected that Asia would become an important market for U.S. products, and that Alaska would serve as a base for American trade with Asia and globally, and for the extension of American power into the Pacific.
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spread to other acts, including the Alaska purchase. Some opposed the United States obtaining its first non-contiguous territory, seeing it as a colony; others saw no need to pay for land that they expected the country to obtain through
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Over the winter of 1859–1860, Stoeckl held meetings with United States officials, though he had been instructed not to initiate discussions about the sale of the RAC assets. Communicating primarily with Assistant Secretary of State
485:. Gorchakov agreed with the necessity of abandoning Russian America but argued for a gradual process leading to its sale. He found a supporter in the naval minister and former chief manager of the Russian-American Company,
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Konstantin's letter was shown to his brother, Tsar Alexander II, who wrote "this idea is worth considering" on the front page. Supporters of Konstantin's proposal to immediately withdraw from North America included Admiral
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contrary to the US contention that they were an internal sea. The US was required to make a payment to Britain, and both nations were required to follow regulations developed to preserve the resource.
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strongly protested the edict, which potentially threatened both the commerce and expansionary ambitions of the United States. Seeking favorable relations with the U.S., Alexander agreed to the
224:" as they contended that the United States had acquired useless land. Nearly all Russian settlers left Alaska in the aftermath of the purchase; Alaska would remain sparsely populated until the
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100,000 skins a year. The company to which the administration of the fisheries was entrusted by a lease from the US government paid a rental of $ 50,000 per annum and in addition thereto
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gold were found in the country much time would elapse before it would be blessed with Hoe printing presses, Methodist chapels and a metropolitan police. It was "a frozen wilderness."
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Aleksei Alekseyevich Peshchurov said, "General Rousseau, by authority from His Majesty, the Emperor of Russia, I transfer to the United States the territory of Alaska." General
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A description of the events was published in Finland six years later. It was written by a blacksmith named Thomas Ahllund, who had been recruited to work in Sitka:
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increase in net national income, instead of only US Treasury revenue, would paint a much more accurate picture of the financial return of Alaska as an investment.
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During the first half of the 18th century, Russia had established a colonial presence in parts of North America, but few Russians ever settled in Alaska.
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991:"Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska", Primary Documents in American History, The Library of Congress, April 25, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
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established his residence in the governor's house, and most of the Russian citizens went home, leaving a few traders and priests who chose to remain.
624:), established in 1804 to handle the valuable trade in the skins of sea otters; in 1867, it had 116 small log cabins and 968 residents. The other was
463:, a younger brother of the Tsar, began to press for the handover of Russian America to the United States in 1857. In a memorandum to Foreign Minister
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The purchase of Alaska has been referenced as a "bargain basement deal" and as the principal positive accomplishment of the otherwise much-maligned
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Basin. The Emperor eventually sided with Gorchakov, deciding to postpone negotiations until the end of the RAC's patent, set to expire in 1861.
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declined from about 2,500 to a few hundred. The United States acquired an area over twice as large as Texas, but it was not until the great
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sent missionaries to the natives and built churches. About 700 Russians enforced sovereignty in a territory over twice as large as
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celebrates the formal transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States, which took place on October 18, 1867, according to the
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Bolkhovitinov, Nikolay N. (1990). "The Crimean War and the Emergence of Proposals for the Sale of Russian America, 1853–1861".
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604:, meaning "great land" or "mainland". The United States chose the name "Alaska" to refer to the area purchased from Russia.
1704:"Purchase of Alaska, 1867", Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs of the United States. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
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neighboring Canada in any future conflict, and Russia did not wish to see its archrival being next door just across the
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The signing of the Alaska Treaty of Cessation on March 30, 1867. Left to right: Robert S. Chew, William H. Seward,
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far too low. Stoeckl informed Appleton and Gwin of this, the latter saying that his Congressional colleagues in
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for a sum of $ 7.2 million in 1867 (equivalent to $ 129 million in 2023). On May 15 of that year, the
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Kushner, Howard. "The significance of the Alaska purchase to American expansion." in S. Frederick Starr, ed.,
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Grinëv, Andrei. V. (2010). "A Brief Survey of the Russian Historiography of Russian America of Recent Years".
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Kushner, Howard I. (1975). "'Seward's Folly'?: American Commerce in Russian America and the Alaska Purchase".
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company's boats arrived to take the furs away. There were two larger towns. One was New Archangel (now named
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Neunherz, R. E. (1989). ""Hemmed In": Reactions in British Columbia to the Purchase of Russian America".
513:, Stoeckl reported the interest expressed by the Americans in acquiring Russian America. While President
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1340:"Manifest Opportunity: The Alaska Purchase as a Bridge Between United States Expansion and Imperialism"
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stated that, consistent with Seward's reason, Alaska would increase American trade with East Asia.
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John M. Miller has taken the argument further by contending that US oil companies that developed
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on October 18, 1867. Russian and American soldiers paraded in front of the governor's house; the
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Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska and related resources at the Library of Congress
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1365:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875"
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commercial agreements with Peru and Chile to be signed to give "a fresh jolt" to the company.
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was almost extinct, and Russia needed money after being defeated by France and Britain in the
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Welch, Richard E. Jr. (1958). "American Public Opinion and the Purchase of Russian America".
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summarized the minority opinion of some American newspaper editors who opposed the purchase:
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The US$ 7.2 million check used to pay for Alaska (equivalent to $ 129 million in 2023)
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in 1896 that Alaska generally came to be seen as a valuable addition to U.S. territory.
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Program featuring the purchase check cashed for gold at Riggs Bank (17:00 minute mark).
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2070:) No. 15/1873 (1 August) – No. 19/1873 (1 October)); firsthand account of the transfer
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However, exclusive US control of this resource was eventually challenged, and the
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declaring Russia's sovereignty over the North American Pacific coast north of the
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which came into effect in Alaska the day following the transfer, replacing the
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The Age of Reconstruction: How Lincoln's New Birth of Freedom Remade the World
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The fires of patriotism: Alaskans in the days of the First World War 1910–1920
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having a Russian father and a native mother). The remaining 50,000 or so were
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392:(RAC) received a charter to hunt for fur. No colony was established, but the
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did not earn enough profits to compensate for the risks that they incurred.
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ratified a bilateral treaty that had been signed on March 30, and American
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Tarnished Expansion: The Alaska Scandal, the Press, and Congress 1867–1871
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Russia continued to see an opportunity to weaken British power by causing
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209:. Seward and Stoeckl agreed to a treaty for the sale on March 30, 1867.
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534:'s ratification of the treaty. This page just contains the Tsar's full
416:(115 miles or 185 km) of the Russian claim. US Secretary of State
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1689:"Why the Purchase of Alaska Was Far From "Folly", by Jesse Greenspan,
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651:. The United States Senate approved the treaty by a vote of 37 to 2.
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Bailey, Thomas A. (1934). "Why the United States Purchased Alaska".
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1873:. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, pp. 99-120.
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The principal urban newspaper that opposed the purchase was the
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412:. The edict also forbade foreign ships to approach within 100
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Alaska: Speech of William H. Seward at Sitka, August 12, 1869
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The Last Alaskan Barrel: An Arctic Oil Bonanza that Never Was
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The American Historical Review 48, No. 3 (1943), pp. 521–531.
424:. In the treaty, Russia limited its claims to lands north of
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at the time, entered into negotiations with Russian diplomat
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became legally effective across the territory on October 18.
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From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776
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towards the United States' acquisition of Alaska after the
1552:(Adobe Flash). Featured Speaker, Professor Preston Jones.
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Gibson, James R. (1979). "Why the Russians Sold Alaska".
1674:"Seward's Folly: Who's Laughing Now?", by Karen Harris,
1524:. The Seward Phoenix LOG. April 3, 2014. Archived from
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Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State
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Dall, W. H. (1872). "Is Alaska a Paying Investment".
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and also agreed to open Russian ports to U.S. ships.
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Claus-M Naske; Herman E. Slotnick (March 15, 1994).
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2491:Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands (1986)
2022:A History of the United States since the Civil War
2010:The Alaska Purchase and Russian-American Relations
1995:; Kingston, Ontario & Fairbanks, Alaska, 1990.
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1590:A History of the United States since the Civil War
388:. They arrived in Alaska in 1732, and in 1799 the
384:, merchants and fur trappers who expanded through
1907:Seward's Folly: A New Look at the Alaska Purchase
1877:Dunning, William A. (1912). "Paying for Alaska".
1065:Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State
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1909:(University of Alaska Press, 2016). xiv, 225 pp.
2318:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
2003:. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press.
1942:(2). Translated by Bland, Richard L.: 265–278.
1574:: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (
1302:"Truth and Expectation: Myth in Alaska History"
1227:"Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska"
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954:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
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481:and the Russian minister to the United States,
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2127:Original Document of Check to Purchase Alaska
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1091:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 330.
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1693:, September 3, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
548:available for full text of ratification.
240:in 1912, ultimately becoming the modern-day
185:, having faced a catastrophic defeat in the
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2858:President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library
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457:was a more pressing concern in Washington.
431:By the 1850s, a population of once 300,000
228:began in 1896. Originally organized as the
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1989:Russian America: A Biographical Dictionary
1678:, January 2, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
1651:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
564:in the beginning of March 1867. President
367:Territorial expansion of the United States
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2648:Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address
2097:Meeting of Frontiers, Library of Congress
1048:Russian Opinion on the Cession of Alaska.
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821:, where they arrived on August 28, 1869.
787:After the flag transition was completed,
616:living outside of Russia's jurisdiction.
2054:(2). Translated by Hallamaa, Panu: 1–25.
1717:"How Alaska Became a Federal Aid Magnet"
1522:"Biographer calls Seward's Folly a myth"
1452:American Slavic and East European Review
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27:1867 sale by Russia to the United States
3177:Bilateral treaties of the United States
2806:1868 impeachment managers investigation
2486:Treaty of the Danish West Indies (1917)
2041:"From the Memoirs of a Finnish Workman"
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3167:Treaties involving territorial changes
3162:Russian Empire–United States relations
3152:March 1867 events in the United States
1991:, p. 395. Alaska History no. 33,
1768:"Was the Alaska Purchase a Good Deal?"
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3147:History of United States expansionism
3132:Aboriginal title in the United States
2853:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site
1794:State of Alaska 2014 Holiday Calendar
1663:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1633:From the Memoirs of a Finnish Workman
1013:Smithsonian Journeys Travel Quarterly
358:Russia and the United States, c. 1866
7:
2827:1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections
1610:Bancroft, H. H., (1885) pp. 590–629.
763:The transfer ceremony took place in
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2586:Vice President of the United States
2471:Treaty of Cession of Tutuila (1900)
2313:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
1766:Powell, Michael (August 20, 2010).
1715:Powell, Michael (August 18, 2010).
1088:Alaska: A History of the 49th State
1032:
1009:"Tracing Alaska's Russian Heritage"
556:, including the Royal Navy base at
2476:Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa (1904)
655:Public opinion favors the purchase
212:At an original cost of $ 0.02 per
25:
2799:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson
1390:. NY: Harper & Brothers: 252.
568:was busy with negotiations about
3137:Colonial United States (Russian)
3085:
3084:
2848:Andrew Johnson National Cemetery
2668:
2661:
2499:
2227:
2204:Department of Alaska (1867–1884)
2179:
2079:Digitized page images & text
1338:Cook, Mary Alice (Spring 2011).
775:raised amid peals of artillery.
539:
267:
119:
106:
3202:Pre-statehood history of Alaska
3187:Territorial evolution of Russia
2638:1864 U.S. presidential election
2214:Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)
2103:"Inside the Archivist's Office"
1631:, introduction to Ahllund, T.,
1488:California Historical Quarterly
1161:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
1007:Montaigne, Fen (July 7, 2016).
975:Gross Domestic Product deflator
701:. The ongoing controversy over
697:, published by Seward opponent
3172:Treaties of the Russian Empire
3016:Bibliography of Andrew Johnson
2817:1866 National Union Convention
2759:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
2687:Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
2643:1864 National Union Convention
2575:President of the United States
2209:District of Alaska (1884–1912)
1660:New International Encyclopedia
645:European colonial acquisitions
1:
2779:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
2481:Annexation of Oklahoma (1906)
2219:Recent history (1959–present)
2039:Ahllund, Thomas (Fall 2006).
1549:Founding of Anchorage, Alaska
1384:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
956:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
422:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
3197:Presidency of Andrew Johnson
3192:Bilateral treaties of Russia
3142:History of the American West
2466:Tripartite Convention (1899)
1861:History of Alaska: 1730–1885
1257:Indian Placenames in America
866:presidency of Andrew Johnson
544: Wikimedia Commons has
3042:Treason must be made odious
2707:Pardons for ex-Confederates
2456:Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
2199:Russian America (1733–1867)
1963:. Oxford University Press.
1955:Herring, George C. (2008).
1879:Political Science Quarterly
1190:. Harp Week. Archived from
881:Alaskan petroleum resources
369:; Alaska Purchase in purple
232:, the area was renamed the
183:Alexander II of Russia
3223:
3117:1867 in the Russian Empire
2965:Andrew Johnson and slavery
2880:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum
2832:1868 Democratic Convention
2794:Second impeachment inquiry
1588:Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer,
1270:The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
1216:. Volume: 3, 1891, p. 348.
1061:"Purchase of Alaska, 1867"
649:French conquest of Algeria
487:Ferdinand von Wrangel
3122:1867 in the United States
3051:
3031:Ledger-removal allegation
2789:First impeachment inquiry
2659:
2566:
2508:
2497:
2411:Louisiana Purchase (1803)
2396:
2291:Aleutian Islands campaign
2225:
2177:
2056:(Originally published in
1948:10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.265
1936:Pacific Historical Review
1830:Pacific Historical Review
1619:Pierce, R. (1990), p 395.
1122:Pacific Historical Review
580:The Russian name for the
37:
3036:Buell Commission records
2912:Martha Johnson Patterson
2754:Civil Rights Act of 1866
2712:State of the Union, 1865
2446:Guano Islands Act (1856)
2421:Adams–Onís Treaty (1819)
2416:Red River Cession (1818)
2401:Thirteen Colonies (1776)
2244:Russian-American Company
1979:Russia's American Colony
1601:Ahllund, T. (1873/2006).
1300:Haycox, Stephen (1990).
1035:, pp. 151–153, 157.
712:Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer
390:Russian-American Company
53:March 30, 1867
2822:Swing Around the Circle
2441:Gadsden Purchase (1853)
2426:Texas Annexation (1845)
2276:Alaska boundary dispute
2136:(registration required)
2008:Jensen, Ronald (1975).
1401:Jones, Preston (2013).
530:The first page of Tsar
394:Russian Orthodox Church
255:Part of a series on the
199:U.S. Secretary of State
3207:Alexander II of Russia
2906:Eliza McCardle Johnson
2607:(1853–1857, 1862–1865)
2594:Senator from Tennessee
2461:Treaty of Paris (1898)
2451:Alaska Purchase (1867)
2436:Mexican Cession (1848)
2406:Treaty of Paris (1783)
2281:1925 serum run to Nome
2132:June 14, 2008, at the
1999:Holbo, Paul S (1983).
1745:. Caseman Publishing.
1259:, Vol. 1 (2015), p. 11
1212:Seward, Frederick W.,
853:Bering Sea Controversy
785:
760:
732:
680:
549:
483:Eduard de Stoeckl
474:
378:
370:
359:
203:Eduard de Stoeckl
79:May 15, 1867
3182:Purchased territories
2749:Judicial Circuits Act
2697:Judicial appointments
2605:Governor of Tennessee
1857:Bancroft, Hubert Howe
1741:Miller, John (2010).
742:
666:
529:
461:Grand Duke Konstantin
448:. Therefore, Emperor
426:parallel 54°40′ north
365:
357:
2812:National Union Party
2764:Tenure of Office Act
2431:Oregon Treaty (1846)
2343:History of Fairbanks
2331:History of Anchorage
2303:Alaska Statehood Act
809:of the Russians and
771:was lowered and the
441:California Gold Rush
291:Department of Alaska
230:Department of Alaska
172:United States Senate
158:was the purchase of
2930:Mary Johnson Stover
2769:Command of Army Act
2744:Reconstruction Acts
2113:. December 26, 2011
2081:), a primary source
2073:Seward, William H.
1993:The Limestone Press
1231:Library of Congress
1186:Kennedy, Robert C.
977:figures follow the
789:Captain of 2nd Rank
757:Frederick W. Seward
465:Alexander Gorchakov
410:51st parallel north
303:Territory of Alaska
238:Territory of Alaska
34:
3064:Ulysses S. Grant →
2995:William A. Johnson
2975:Elizabeth J. Forby
2918:David T. Patterson
2734:Colorado Territory
2702:Reconstruction era
2187:Timeline of Alaska
2107:American Artifacts
2018:Oberholtzer, Ellis
1981:. (1987): 295–315.
1807:on August 20, 2014
1772:The New York Times
1721:The New York Times
926:Louisiana Purchase
900:Gregorian calendar
876:for the purchase.
827:Klondike Gold Rush
798:Jefferson C. Davis
761:
686:The New York Times
681:
576:American ownership
550:
455:American Civil War
371:
360:
297:District of Alaska
234:District of Alaska
226:Klondike Gold Rush
207:American Civil War
3099:
3098:
3077:Schuyler Colfax →
3072:← Hannibal Hamlin
3057:← Abraham Lincoln
3021:Alcoholism debate
3000:Florence J. Smith
2888:Tennessee Johnson
2628:Southern Unionist
2596:(1857–1862, 1875)
2526:
2525:
2356:
2355:
2237:Topics and events
2171:History of Alaska
2066:(editor-in-chief
1970:978-0-19-507822-0
1752:978-0-9828780-0-2
1436:New Orleans Times
1414:978-1-60223-205-1
1268:Elspeth Leacock,
1237:on March 29, 2015
1194:on March 26, 2013
1098:978-0-8061-2573-2
749:Eduard de Stoeckl
735:Transfer ceremony
669:William H. Seward
562:William H. Seward
450:Alexander II
418:John Quincy Adams
352:
351:
261:History of Alaska
195:William H. Seward
152:
151:
16:(Redirected from
3214:
3088:
3087:
2872:Southern Justice
2672:
2665:
2608:
2597:
2589:
2578:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2517:Manifest destiny
2503:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2231:
2230:
2183:
2182:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2063:Suomen Kuvalehti
2055:
2045:
2025:
2013:
2004:
1974:
1962:
1951:
1930:
1915:Wilson Quarterly
1902:
1853:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1800:, archived from
1799:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1763:
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1756:
1738:
1732:
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1563:
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1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:on June 22, 2017
1518:
1512:
1511:
1500:10.2307/25157541
1483:
1477:
1476:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1438:, April 10, 1867
1432:
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1379:
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1297:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1260:
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1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1233:. Archived from
1223:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1183:
1177:
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988:
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921:Gadsden Purchase
916:Florida Purchase
860:Financial return
846:
845:
841:
838:
730:
708:manifest destiny
694:New York Tribune
630:Pribilof Islands
582:Alaska Peninsula
554:British Columbia
543:
542:
479:Yevfimy Putyatin
402:Alexander I
400:. In 1821, Tsar
383:
344:
337:
330:
271:
270:
252:
236:in 1884 and the
125:
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112:
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94:October 18, 1867
86:
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69:Washington, D.C.
60:
58:
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3211:
3157:Russian America
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3047:
3004:
2953:
2924:Charles Johnson
2894:
2836:
2739:Alaska Purchase
2673:
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2352:
2308:1964 earthquake
2249:Alaska Purchase
2232:
2228:
2223:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2134:Wayback Machine
2116:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2033:Primary sources
2016:
2007:
1998:
1985:Pierce, Richard
1971:
1954:
1933:
1912:
1905:Farrow, Lee A.
1891:10.2307/2141366
1876:
1842:10.2307/3633456
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1654:"Sealing"
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1197:
1195:
1188:"The Big Thing"
1185:
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1135:10.2307/3640094
1118:
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943:
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934:
912:
904:Julian calendar
893:
873:David R. Barker
862:
843:
839:
836:
834:
806:
793:Lovell Rousseau
747:, Mr. Bodisco,
737:
731:
728:
673:Abraham Lincoln
657:
578:
511:William M. Gwin
467:he stated that
376:was settled by
374:Russian America
348:
319:
309:State of Alaska
285:Russian America
268:
250:
242:State of Alaska
222:Seward's Icebox
193:. To this end,
156:Alaska Purchase
148:
131:
120:
118:
107:
105:
82:
80:
56:
54:
45:
33:Alaska Purchase
28:
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18:Alaska purchase
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3119:
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3112:1867 in Alaska
3104:
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2952:
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2945:
2942:Robert Johnson
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2692:Foreign policy
2689:
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2655:
2653:Kirkwood House
2650:
2645:
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2630:
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2623:Homestead Acts
2619:
2617:
2616:Pre-presidency
2613:
2612:
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2598:
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2560:Andrew Johnson
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2086:External links
2084:
2083:
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2071:
2048:Alaska History
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:. Vol. 1.
2014:
2005:
1996:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1952:
1931:
1921:(3): 179–188.
1910:
1903:
1885:(3): 385–398.
1874:
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1629:Richard Pierce
1621:
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1603:
1594:
1581:
1556:. July 9, 2015
1539:
1513:
1478:
1459:(4): 481–494.
1441:
1427:
1413:
1393:
1374:
1356:
1347:Alaska History
1323:
1283:
1281:Seward (1869).
1274:
1261:
1255:Sandy Nestor,
1248:
1218:
1205:
1178:
1167:(3): 101–111.
1148:
1104:
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983:
979:MeasuringWorth
973:United States
961:MeasuringWorth
940:
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929:
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918:
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861:
858:
819:St. Petersburg
805:
802:
753:Charles Sumner
745:William Hunter
736:
733:
726:
721:New York World
703:Reconstruction
699:Horace Greeley
677:Andrew Johnson
656:
653:
647:, such as the
641:Charles Sumner
614:Alaska Natives
588:("Аляска") or
577:
574:
570:Reconstruction
566:Andrew Johnson
515:James Buchanan
380:promyshlenniki
350:
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332:
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218:Seward's Folly
191:United Kingdom
164:Russian Empire
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2988:
2986:
2985:Henry Johnson
2983:
2981:
2980:Dolly Johnson
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
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2949:
2948:Frank Johnson
2946:
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2920:(son-in-law)
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2841:Public image
2738:
2633:War Democrat
2515:
2512:
2450:
2348:Other topics
2324:Exxon Valdez
2323:
2296:Project Hula
2286:World War II
2248:
2115:. Retrieved
2106:
2074:
2068:Julius Krohn
2061:
2051:
2047:
2021:
2009:
2000:
1988:
1978:
1958:
1939:
1935:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1860:
1836:(1): 39–49.
1833:
1829:
1811:December 18,
1809:, retrieved
1802:the original
1793:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:
1742:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1710:
1699:
1690:
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1632:
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1597:
1592:(1917)1:541.
1589:
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1560:December 22,
1558:. Retrieved
1548:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1516:
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1481:
1456:
1450:
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1435:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1403:
1396:
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1383:
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1368:
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1346:
1314:. Retrieved
1309:
1305:
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1269:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1230:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:the original
1181:
1164:
1160:
1129:(1): 15–49.
1126:
1120:
1087:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:
1055:
1047:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
986:
978:
967:November 30,
965:. Retrieved
959:
894:
885:
878:
870:
863:
850:
831:
823:
815:Winged Arrow
814:
807:
786:
781:
777:
769:Russian flag
762:
720:
717:
710:. Historian
692:
690:
685:
682:
667:Portrait of
658:
638:
634:
618:
606:
601:
597:
589:
585:
579:
551:
532:Alexander II
499:
475:
470:
459:
430:
372:
315:Other topics
221:
217:
211:
180:
155:
153:
29:
3026:Mrs. Harold
2990:Sam Johnson
2970:Henry Brown
2864:Andy's Trip
2577:(1865–1869)
1691:History.com
1494:(1): 4–26.
1070:December 4,
1018:January 20,
729:Oberholtzer
437:Crimean War
305:(1912–1959)
299:(1884–1912)
293:(1867–1884)
287:(1733–1867)
187:Crimean War
176:sovereignty
99:Signatories
3106:Categories
2932:(daughter)
2914:(daughter)
2810:Politics:
2679:Presidency
2194:Prehistory
1532:August 31,
1420:August 30,
1353:(1): 1–10.
1316:August 31,
1241:August 30,
1198:August 31,
937:References
896:Alaska Day
891:Alaska Day
871:Economist
592:, from an
507:California
446:Bering Sea
433:sea otters
280:Prehistory
83:1867-05-15
57:1867-03-30
2326:oil spill
2269:Fairbanks
1726:April 27,
804:Aftermath
628:, in the
558:Esquimalt
491:Kamchatka
244:in 1959.
162:from the
136:Languages
91:Effective
3090:Category
2513:Concept:
2336:timeline
2259:Klondike
2130:Archived
2117:April 3,
2020:(1917).
1927:40255691
1869:(2024).
1508:25157541
1173:40491056
981:series.
910:See also
727:—
639:Senator
626:St. Paul
602:alaesksu
509:Senator
493:and the
406:an edict
76:Ratified
65:Location
3009:Related
2077:(1869;
2058:Finnish
1899:2141366
1863:(1886).
1850:3633456
1822:Sources
1635:(2006).
1473:3001132
1369:loc.gov
1312:: 59–82
1143:3640094
1033:Herring
842:⁄
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598:alashka
590:Alyeska
586:Alyaska
404:issued
386:Siberia
248:History
166:by the
142:English
81: (
55: (
2958:Slaves
2908:(wife)
2899:Family
2891:(1942)
2883:(1867)
2875:(1867)
2867:(1866)
2774:Vetoes
2588:(1865)
2111:C-SPAN
2027:online
1967:
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1897:
1848:
1749:
1554:C-SPAN
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596:word,
546:a file
520:Oregon
439:. The
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197:, the
160:Alaska
145:French
124:
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71:, U.S.
50:Signed
2950:(son)
2944:(son)
2926:(son)
2784:Trial
2044:(PDF)
1923:JSTOR
1895:JSTOR
1846:JSTOR
1805:(PDF)
1798:(PDF)
1504:JSTOR
1469:JSTOR
1343:(PDF)
1169:JSTOR
1139:JSTOR
932:Notes
765:Sitka
622:Sitka
610:Inuit
594:Aleut
536:style
472:them.
398:Texas
2727:1868
2722:1867
2717:1866
2602:15th
2583:16th
2572:17th
2264:Nome
2119:2017
1965:ISBN
1813:2014
1779:2014
1747:ISBN
1728:2014
1576:link
1562:2017
1534:2015
1422:2015
1409:ISBN
1388:XLIV
1318:2015
1243:2015
1200:2015
1093:ISBN
1072:2014
1020:2018
969:2023
675:and
584:was
505:and
495:Amur
214:acre
154:The
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1944:doi
1887:doi
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