1024:. In 1939, he became the first anthropology graduate student to be named university fellow. During his time as a doctoral student, he developed his stalwart perspectives on archaeology, namely its justification as a true science and the need for its practitioners to think quantitatively when necessary. Relating his initial intellectual experience in archaeology, Spaulding recalled, "my fundamental interest at the time was clarification of the basic concepts of archaeology, which led me into explicit applications of quantitative technique and explicit definitions of archaeological problems in terms of relationship between or among well-defined variables." As a result, Spaulding—along with his colleague
2220:
1280:
were more "functional types" in the sense that they were socially and culturally significant in relation to the discernible behaviors of the maker. Spaulding concluded that because such cluster patterning existed when statistically arranged—and that artifacts were human creations that could be empirically identified and sorted into sets—meant that designated types must be "real," meaning that they were categories recognized by the individuals who manufactured and used the artifacts in question.
1322:. He asserted that quantitative applications promoted a more accurate methodology— a necessary component of scientific research. This is reflected in his hypotheses of archaeological data, where patterns can be inductively extracted from an attentive analysis of the data itself. The Ford-Spaulding Debate publicly emphasized this ideology and was instrumental in establishing an artifact classification method, acting as an impetus behind the
1096:, a new addition at the time. Originally, he was assigned director to both the "Anthropology" and "History and Philosophy of Science" programs within the foundation, but became the full-time director of Anthropology in 1961. It was here that he expressed the inherent need for anthropology to be considered a true science, intimately developing the attitudes directed towards the social sciences.
1310:. He was known for urging his fellow scholars to make use of quantitative statistics in archaeological research and maintaining his belief that anthropology was a rightful scientific discipline. As a result, his rigorous statistical methodologies and perseverance towards due scientific recognition remain pivotal elements in the historical evolution of archaeological research.
1342:) who found virtue in his statistical rigor and similarly believed in archaeology as a science, actively seeking to explain human experience rather than simply describe it. Binford, once a graduate student at the University of Michigan, credited Spaulding as his "most valuable teacher", "an intellectual rock of constructive thought and keen insight."
1084:, where he stayed for only three semesters. He also accepted the position of Assistant Curator of the university's Museum of Anthropology, where he spent most of his time administering the archaeological and ethnographic collections and exhibits. He left KU in 1947 to accept a much-desired assistant teaching position and assistant curatorship at the
1351:
within archaeology consisted of space, time, and form (and their interrelations), an essential concept still recognized in archaeological analysis today. Archaeologists study artifacts in the context of these three dimensions, and all archaeological inferences are affixed to any of these measurements. The relation of form and time represents a
212:
1376:, transforming the way the agency viewed the discipline of anthropology and instituting an invaluable resource. Millions of dollars became available to anthropologists through the NSF as the agency came to recognize the significance of their fieldwork. Today, the NSF still provides funding and support for
1279:
of measurement were not scientifically valid; " simply does not know what the word 'measurement' denotes." Cluster analysis strictly served to locate clusters of attributes—not automatic emic types, as Ford understood—that were then left to the archaeologist to interpret their meaning. These clusters
1283:
Ford desired a type "designed for the reconstruction of culture history in time and space", independent of an archaeologist's core definition or attributes of a type, considering one may choose an emically "wrong" combination of attributes as the cultural continuum constantly evolves. Such types are
1350:
In 1960, Spaulding explored his doctoral ponderings of the "dimensions of archaeology" in a critical— yet relatively forgotten— paper in which he defined a dimension as "an aspect or property of the subject matter which requires its own special measuring device." The basic analytical measurements
1292:
notion of the same, and it is argued that the two scholars were unaware of the stark differences in theory and question in each of their ripostes. The Ford-Spaulding Debate hardly resolved the uncertainty of types and prompted many readers and participants to simply compromise; both
Spaulding and
1371:
The discipline of anthropology has long been torn between the realms of science and the humanities. While those studying archaeology, physical anthropology, and cultural anthropology contend that their fields are entitled scientific inquiries, others believe anthropologists are restricted to the
1216:
became a prime target of academic dispute, for some archaeologists held the belief that the cultural popularity of defined types created a normal frequency distribution that, in turn, validated such types and reflected cultural norms. This "common sense" theory of cultural units pitted the real
1119:
Spaulding participated in a number of field projects during the course of his lifetime but documented comparatively little field material as his interests resided mostly in the refinement of theory and method. The only reports considered somewhat complete are those on the
Arzberger site in South
1217:
against the arbitrary, rooted in empirical and theoretical rationalizations. Debates flourished as proponents of the idea defended the irrationality of an empirical type, coming to a head with a series of publications that swiftly ran its course through the pages of
1226:
In 1953, Spaulding published a counter-argument of sorts titled "Statistical techniques for the discovery of artifact types" that detailed a statistical classification method for recognizing real inherent types in prehistoric material. He believed using
1111:, where he served as the dean of the College of Letters and Science from 1967 to 1971. He retired in 1983, returning to the university to teach as an honored emeritus professor until he developed an illness in 1988. He died in 1990 of cancer.
1056:
as an archaeological supervisor, participating in projects throughout South Dakota, Nebraska, Mississippi, and
Kentucky until 1941. While his dissertation stalled, Spaulding took advantage of his time and joined the War Mapping Program of the
1264:. Even so, Ford believed that archaeological types could, in some measure, reflect cultural norms, but the idea that they were mostly subjective units created through trial and error and convenient testing dominated his understanding.
1008:, where his father was the dean of the School of Forestry. During his sophomore year, he married Charlotte Smith and later had two children, Ronald and Catherine. He received his B.A. in economics in 1935 and promptly enrolled in the
1372:
boundaries of the humanities. Spaulding was a staunch advocate of the former due to his passionate tenets concerning the place of quantification in archaeology. He carried this perspective with him to his director's chair at the
1363:. Although Spaulding's discussion focused largely on form and its conceivable statistical measurements, his understanding of the reality of all three dimensions can be considered a moment of clarity in the theory of archaeology.
1028:—regularly contemplated the interrelations of form, space, and time in archaeological study, an extensive and critical concept he termed the "dimensions of archaeology". Although he completed his studies in 1942, the potency of
1207:
dominated the archaeological discipline throughout the early 20th century, unrest as to the empirical suppositions of the theory fermented during the 1950s and 1960s, just as the theoretical underpinnings of the
2245:
1267:
Spaulding responded with haste, challenging Ford's methodologies. His technique of simply "counting and ranking" types was not a reliable measurement, nor was it scientific. The lack of any
976:
in archaeological research and the legitimacy of anthropology as a science. His push for thorough statistical analysis in the field triggered a series of academic debates with archaeologist
1866:
Spaulding, Albert C. (1960). "The dimensions of archaeology". "Essays in the
Science and Culture in Honor of Leslie A. White". Eds. G.E. Dole and R. L. Carneiro. New York: Crowell. p. 438.
1260:. Spaulding's method would only serve to highlight the extent to which temporally popular styles prevailed and categorize cultural continuity without seriously considering the basics of
2255:
1941:
University of
Michigan. (1952). "The President's Report to the Board of Regents for the Academic Year ... Financial Statement for the Fiscal Year." Ann Arbor: UM Libraries. p. 340.
1092:. Eventually, he attained the recognition of full-time professor and curator, but left the university in 1959 to become the program director of the Office of Social Science at the
1484:
Spaulding, Albert
Clanton, William Adams, and Sol Tax. Albert Clanton Spaulding Papers 1940s-1980s. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
1415:
984:
was meticulously investigated—a dynamic discourse now known as the Ford-Spaulding Debate. He was also instrumental in increasing funding for archaeology through the
2275:
2270:
1275:
of types questionable in the absence of mathematical precision and sophistication— a virtue that
Spaulding constantly sought to refine. Therefore, Ford's
1108:
899:
69:
2260:
952:
2265:
2250:
1409:
924:
816:
1330:
in evaluating the validity of typological patterns according to behavioral relations contributed to the "behavioral turn" seen in the
2037:
861:
774:
480:
1318:
Undoubtedly, Spaulding's greatest contribution to the field of archaeology was his insistence on using appropriate methods, namely
1397:
1204:
881:
664:
2215:
1049:
914:
904:
1040:
Spaulding's archaeological career spanned every corner of North
America, beginning with a brief teaching position at the
1146:
1058:
909:
502:
1373:
1240:
1142:
1093:
985:
764:
679:
592:
455:
100:
17:
1021:
945:
919:
562:
542:
470:
1682:
Ford, James A. (1954). "Comment on A.C. Spaulding, 'Statistical
Techniques for the Discovery of Artifact Types.'"
374:
309:
801:
1319:
1236:
846:
836:
826:
722:
552:
394:
369:
319:
46:
2055:
Spaulding, Albert C. (1960). "The dimensions of archaeology". In
Gertrude E. Dole; Robert L. Carneiro (eds.).
1103:, Spaulding left NSF in 1963 to serve as the chairman of the Department of Anthropology and professor at the
1272:
1132:
871:
737:
669:
585:
465:
357:
294:
259:
249:
227:
222:
1381:
1360:
1359:
approach; the alliance of all three constitutes a comprehensive archaeological unit and the foundation of
1323:
1213:
1209:
1161:
1085:
1045:
1009:
981:
969:
811:
612:
597:
537:
445:
384:
143:
1041:
1017:
1005:
938:
851:
831:
635:
617:
557:
517:
487:
475:
425:
379:
329:
254:
195:
179:
112:
1089:
1032:
forced him to delay publication of his dissertation until 1946, upon which he was awarded his degree.
2240:
2235:
2093:. Bobbs-Merrill reprint series in the social sciences. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. pp. 12–27.
2076:. Bobbs-Merrill reprint series in the social sciences. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. pp. 60–83.
1276:
1125:
1104:
1081:
1077:
841:
522:
492:
460:
435:
334:
324:
299:
289:
151:
147:
96:
1595:
Hawley, Marlin F. (2003). "The Hanthorne Site (14LT335), A Late Woodland Site in Southeast Kansas".
1403:
1012:'s anthropology M.A. program, receiving his degree in 1937. He pursued his Ph.D. in anthropology at
1586:
Spaulding, Albert Clanton, William Adams, and Sol Tax. Albert Clanton Spaulding Papers 1940s-1980s.
1568:
Spaulding, Albert Clanton, William Adams, and Sol Tax. Albert Clanton Spaulding Papers 1940s-1980s.
1541:
Spaulding, Albert, William Adams Clanton, and Sol Tax. Albert Clanton Spaulding Papers 1940s-1980s.
1013:
856:
689:
572:
547:
450:
440:
420:
264:
81:
2176:
2168:
2131:
2123:
2016:
2008:
1532:. Vol. 51, No. 200, Plain's Archaeology's Past: A Collection of Personal Narratives. pp. 527-536.
1440:
1219:
876:
567:
512:
284:
1420:
1967 – Served on nominating committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1069:
engineer. He mapped the coastal ranges of southern California before traveling to Pennsylvania.
1455:
Albert C. Spaulding memorial lectureship created at the University of California, Santa Barbara
2193:
2160:
2094:
2077:
2060:
2043:
2033:
2000:
1971:
1435:
1985 – Awarded Special Award for Distinguished Service by the Society for American Archaeology
1192:
1001:
684:
674:
652:
399:
389:
1621:
Brainerd, George W. (1951). "The place of chronological ordering in archeological analysis."
2152:
2115:
1992:
1963:
1327:
1284:
merely created by the archaeologist based on any discontinuity observed in the record. This
1232:
1228:
1171:
997:
622:
602:
339:
314:
174:
155:
104:
73:
2143:
Spaulding, Albert C. (1953). "Statistical techniques for the discovery of artifact types".
1634:
Spaulding, Albert C. (1953). "Statistical techniques for the discovery of artifact types".
1818:
Spaulding, Albert C. (1953). "Statistical techniques for the discovery of artifact types".
1356:
1339:
1331:
1307:
1268:
1155:
1100:
866:
806:
783:
532:
2219:
1261:
1248:
1138:
1066:
821:
527:
344:
304:
77:
1829:
Critical Approaches to Fieldwork: Contemporary and Historical Archaeological Practice.
1334:
of quantitative application and behavioral reasoning. His theories greatly influenced
2229:
2135:
2020:
1335:
1257:
1244:
1177:
1025:
977:
699:
694:
642:
364:
2180:
2211:
1954:
Spaulding, Albert C. (1988). "Distinguished Lecture: Archeology and anthropology".
1429:
1978-1981 – Served on finance committee of the American Anthropological Association
1289:
1253:
1073:
1029:
607:
497:
203:
129:
1967:
1432:
1981 – Awarded Distinguished Service Award by the Society for American Archaeology
1352:
1285:
1256:
constructs of the archaeologist and that the concept of culture itself is quite
1235:— produced such meaningful and evident types, giving credence to the methods of
1044:
after receiving his B.A. in 1935. During his time as a master's student at the
779:
647:
404:
277:
244:
133:
108:
1452:
Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Santa Barbara
1231:
to group artifacts of similar attributes favored by the maker— corroborated by
1396:
1953-1964 – Associate editor, secretary, vice president, and president of the
1062:
973:
759:
2197:
2192:(Thesis). Columbia University, New York: Peabody Foundation for Archaeology.
2164:
2047:
2004:
1975:
2098:
2081:
1377:
1088:
and its Museum of Anthropology. The position he vacated at KU was filled by
732:
727:
659:
2064:
1669:
Ford, James A. and Julian H. Steward. (1954). "On the Concept of Types".
1053:
1493:
Voorhies, Barbara. (1992). "Obituary: Albert C. Spaulding, 1914-1990".
168:
Northeastern archaeology and general trends in the northern forest zone
2190:
Northeastern archaeology and general trends in the northern forest zone
1183:
769:
749:
717:
507:
2172:
2127:
2012:
1167:
744:
162:
1902:
Wade, Nicholas. "Anthropology a Science? Statement Deepens a Rift."
968:(August 13, 1914 – May 29, 1990) was an American anthropologist and
2156:
2119:
1996:
1384:, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics.
1107:
for three years. He ultimately accepted a teaching position at the
1528:
Smith, Carlyle S. (2006). "From Long Island to the Great Plains."
1212:
came to fruition. At the same time, the nature and legitimacy of
754:
211:
1706:
Some Prehistoric Design Developments in the Southeastern States
2074:
Statistical description and comparison of artifact assemblages
1515:
Squier, Robert J. (1996). "KU Anthropology: The Early Years."
85:
2091:
Prehistoric cultural development in the Eastern United States
2032:. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
2057:
Essays in the science of culture in honor of Leslie A. White
1408:
1963–1966, 1973-1976 – Served on the executive board of the
1930:
Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia.
1355:
approach while the relation of form and space represents a
2030:
Archaeological Investigations on Agattu, Aleutian Islands
1188:
1953 – Upper Great Lakes survey, Garnell site in Michigan
1704:
Spaulding, Albert C. (1953). "Review of Measurements of
1610:
Applying Evolutionary Archaeology: A Systematic Approach
1252:, declaring that archaeological types are more or less
1983:
Spaulding, Albert C. (1985). "Fifty years of theory".
1730:
Ford, James. A. (1954). "Spaulding's Review of Ford."
1424:
1306:
Spaulding remains one of the early forerunners of the
1393:
1939 – Named university fellow at Columbia University
1239:. In response, James Ford took the side of a nascent
2246:
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1660:
O'Brien, Michael J. and R. Lee Lyman. (2000) p. 209.
1416:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1288:comprehension of types clashed against Spaulding's
173:
161:
139:
125:
92:
65:
53:
32:
25:
1446:Fellow of the American Anthropological Association
1120:Dakota and Agattu Island in the Aleutian Islands.
996:Albert Spaulding was born on August 14, 1914, in
1612:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 207.
2256:University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
1787:Willey, Gordon R. and Philip Phillips. (1958).
1151:1940 – WPA Archaeological Survey of Mississippi
2106:Spaulding, Albert C. (1954). "Reply to Ford".
1791:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 13.
1651:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7.
1449:Fellow of the Society for American Archaeology
1080:, Spaulding accepted an offer to teach at the
1884:O'Brien, Michael J. and R. Lee Lyman. (2000).
1842:Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Vol. 1
1765:Ford, James A. and Julian H. Steward. (1954).
1756:Ford, James A. and Julian H. Steward. (1954).
1695:Ford, James A. and Julian H. Steward. (1954).
1608:O'Brien, Michael J. and R. Lee Lyman. (2000)
1475:. National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
946:
8:
1928:Gibbon, Guy E. and Kenneth M. Ames. (1998).
1743:Spaulding, Albert C. (1954). Reply to Ford.
2218:
1875:Spaulding, Albert C. (1960). pp. 437-456.
1857:. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press. p. xvii.
1473:International Directory of Anthropologists
1414:1964 – Vice president of Section H of the
953:
939:
190:
22:
1789:Method and Theory in American Archaeology
1297:Influence on anthropology and archaeology
1293:Ford, in their own rights, were correct.
1243:and contested Spaulding's self-perceived
2059:. New York: Crowell. pp. 437–56.
1932:New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 272.
1464:
1109:University of California, Santa Barbara
202:
1778:. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. p. 70.
1326:of the 1960s. His introduction of the
980:in which the nature of archaeological
2276:20th-century American anthropologists
1991:(2—Golden anniversary issue): 301–8.
1855:Debating Archaeology: Updated Edition
7:
2271:20th-century American archaeologists
1410:American Anthropological Association
1223:known as the Ford-Spaulding Debate.
1471:National Research Council. (1940).
1378:scientific anthropological research
1919:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 191.
1425:Society for California Archaeology
972:who encouraged the application of
14:
1917:The A to Z of Early North America
1398:Society for American Archaeology
210:
16:For the American violinist, see
1404:Michigan Archaeological Society
1338:(arguably the "founder" of the
1686:. Vol. 19, No. 4. pp. 390-391.
1599:. Vol. 24, No. 2. pp. 167-193.
1497:. Vol. 57, No. 2. pp. 197-201.
1160:1956-1947 – Hanthorne site in
1145:, and Buffalo Pasture site in
1016:in 1938 under the guidance of
900:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
2261:University of Michigan alumni
2216:Biodiversity Heritage Library
2188:Spaulding, Albert C. (1946).
2089:Spaulding, Albert C. (1955).
2072:Spaulding, Albert C. (1960).
2028:Spaulding, Albert C. (1962).
1968:10.1525/aa.1988.90.2.02a00010
1844:. New York: Routledge. p. 61.
1774:Ewen, Charles Robin. (2003).
1638:. Vol. 18, No. 4. pp. 305–13.
1193:Santa Cruz Island, California
1099:After a brief appointment at
1050:Works Progress Administration
2266:University of Montana alumni
2251:People from Choteau, Montana
1893:Spaulding, Albert C. (1960).
1673:. Vol. 56, No. 1. pp. 42-57.
1597:North American Archaeologist
1147:Stanley County, South Dakota
1915:Wesson, Cameron B. (2009).
1831:New York: Routledge. p. 84.
1388:Honors and leadership roles
1374:National Science Foundation
1367:National Science Foundation
1128:and Spencer Lake, Wisconsin
1094:National Science Foundation
986:National Science Foundation
101:prehistory of North America
76:), University of Michigan (
18:Albert Spalding (violinist)
2292:
1809:Voorhies, Barbara. (1992).
1800:Voorhies, Barbara. (1992).
1721:Voorhies, Barbara. (1992).
1577:Voorhies, Barbara. (1992).
1559:Voorhies, Barbara. (1992).
1550:Voorhies, Barbara. (1992).
1519:. Vol. 8, No. 1. pp. 1-13.
1506:Voorhies, Barbara. (1992).
1022:direct historical approach
920:List of indigenous peoples
15:
2212:Works by Albert Spaulding
1853:Binford, Lewis R. (2009)
1647:Odell, George H. (2004).
1346:Archaeological dimensions
1020:, a firm advocate of the
665:Cross-cultural comparison
185:
118:
1840:Barker, Graeme. (1999).
1423:1967 – President of the
1402:1958 – President of the
1314:Quantitative archaeology
1237:evolutionary archaeology
1184:Cahokia Mounds, Illinois
1172:Aleutian Islands, Alaska
992:Early life and education
970:processual archaeologist
966:Albert Clanton Spaulding
837:Historical particularism
70:Montana State University
1956:American Anthropologist
1732:American Anthropologist
1710:American Anthropologist
1671:American Anthropologist
1625:. Vol. 16. pp. 301-313.
1380:including archaeology,
1133:Butler County, Kentucky
974:quantitative statistics
670:Participant observation
97:Quantitative statistics
1827:Lucas, Gavin. (2002).
1747:. Vol. 19. pp. 391-393
1712:. Vol 55. pp. 588-591.
1438:Associate director of
1302:Theory and methodology
1176:1949 – Krugloi Point,
1162:Labette County, Kansas
1086:University of Michigan
1076:, having received his
1046:University of Michigan
1010:University of Michigan
812:Cross-cultural studies
144:University of Michigan
1530:Plains Anthropologist
1203:While the concept of
1199:Ford-Spaulding Debate
1042:University of Montana
1018:William Duncan Strong
1006:University of Montana
180:William Duncan Strong
113:physical anthropology
107:, American and Asian
1271:testing left Ford's
1214:archaeological types
1105:University of Oregon
1082:University of Kansas
905:Anthropology by year
842:Boasian anthropology
817:Cultural materialism
802:Actor–network theory
400:Paleoanthropological
152:University of Oregon
148:University of Kansas
103:, prehistory of the
1734:. Vol. 56: 109-114.
1324:processual movement
1059:U.S. Forest Service
1014:Columbia University
857:Performance studies
750:Kinship and descent
690:Cultural relativism
340:Paleoethnobotanical
315:Ethnoarchaeological
82:Columbia University
27:Albert C. Spaulding
2145:American Antiquity
2108:American Antiquity
1985:American Antiquity
1904:The New York Times
1745:American Antiquity
1684:American Antiquity
1636:American Antiquity
1623:American Antiquity
1495:American Antiquity
1441:American Antiquity
1241:post-processualism
1229:cluster algorithms
1220:American Antiquity
877:Post-structuralism
636:Research framework
1708:, by J.A. Ford."
1517:KU Anthropologist
1233:chi-squared tests
1210:"New Archaeology"
1004:and attended the
1002:Missoula, Montana
963:
962:
862:Political economy
685:Thick description
482:Political economy
345:Zooarchaeological
305:Bioarchaeological
189:
188:
120:Scientific career
47:Chouteau, Montana
2283:
2222:
2201:
2184:
2139:
2102:
2085:
2068:
2051:
2024:
1979:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1328:chi-squared test
1090:Carlyle S. Smith
1061:as an assistant
1048:, he joined the
1000:. He grew up in
998:Choteau, Montana
955:
948:
941:
483:
365:Anthrozoological
214:
191:
175:Doctoral advisor
156:UC Santa Barbara
105:Aleutian Islands
99:in archaeology,
60:
42:
40:
23:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2226:
2225:
2208:
2187:
2142:
2105:
2088:
2071:
2054:
2040:
2027:
1982:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1649:Lithic Analysis
1646:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1390:
1369:
1348:
1340:New Archaeology
1332:New Archaeology
1316:
1308:New Archaeology
1304:
1299:
1269:goodness of fit
1205:culture history
1201:
1156:Wynot, Nebraska
1117:
1101:Yale University
1072:In the wake of
1067:photogrammetric
1038:
994:
959:
930:
929:
895:
887:
886:
867:Practice theory
807:Alliance theory
797:
789:
788:
784:Postcolonialism
713:
705:
704:
638:
628:
627:
593:Anthropological
588:
578:
577:
481:
431:
430:
410:
409:
360:
350:
349:
280:
270:
269:
240:
232:
66:Alma mater
58:
49:
44:
43:August 14, 1914
38:
36:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2207:
2206:External links
2204:
2203:
2202:
2185:
2157:10.2307/277099
2140:
2120:10.2307/277610
2114:(4): 391–393.
2103:
2086:
2069:
2052:
2038:
2025:
1997:10.2307/280488
1980:
1958:. New Series.
1949:
1948:Selected works
1946:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1846:
1833:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1714:
1697:
1688:
1675:
1662:
1653:
1640:
1627:
1614:
1601:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1521:
1508:
1499:
1486:
1477:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1368:
1365:
1347:
1344:
1320:quantification
1315:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1277:ordinal scales
1262:culture theory
1249:modus operandi
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1191:1970s-1980s –
1189:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1139:Arzberger site
1135:
1129:
1116:
1115:Field projects
1113:
1037:
1034:
993:
990:
961:
960:
958:
957:
950:
943:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
882:Systems theory
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
822:Culture theory
819:
814:
809:
804:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
741:
740:
730:
725:
720:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
656:
655:
645:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
589:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
432:
429:
428:
423:
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
405:Primatological
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
281:
278:Archaeological
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
245:Archaeological
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
231:
230:
225:
219:
216:
215:
207:
206:
200:
199:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
141:
137:
136:
127:
123:
122:
116:
115:
94:
93:Known for
90:
89:
67:
63:
62:
61:(aged 75)
55:
51:
50:
45:
34:
30:
29:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2288:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:(4): 305–13.
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2039:9781949098273
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:(2): 263–71.
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1906:. 9 Dec 2010.
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:Lewis Binford
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:materialistic
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:Sitka, Alaska
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:Agattu Island
1165:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:Hughes County
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:Gordon Willey
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
936:
934:
933:
926:
925:Organizations
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
891:
890:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:Structuralism
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
847:Functionalism
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
793:
792:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
739:
738:sociocultural
736:
735:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
709:
708:
701:
700:Emic and etic
698:
696:
695:Ethnocentrism
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
644:
643:Anthropometry
641:
640:
637:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Ethnopoetical
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
587:
582:
581:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
563:Transpersonal
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Psychological
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:Institutional
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
479:
477:
474:
472:
471:Environmental
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
413:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
354:
353:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:Environmental
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
274:
273:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
236:
235:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
218:
217:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:
184:
181:
178:
176:
172:
169:
166:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
56:
52:
48:
35:
31:
24:
19:
2189:
2148:
2144:
2111:
2107:
2090:
2073:
2056:
2029:
1988:
1984:
1959:
1955:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1439:
1382:archaeometry
1370:
1349:
1317:
1305:
1290:essentialist
1282:
1266:
1247:
1225:
1218:
1202:
1118:
1098:
1074:World War II
1071:
1039:
1030:World War II
995:
965:
964:
910:Bibliography
852:Interpretive
827:Diffusionism
796:Key theories
782: /
712:Key concepts
623:Sociological
603:Ethnological
390:Neurological
375:Evolutionary
320:Experiential
204:Anthropology
167:
140:Institutions
130:Anthropology
119:
59:(1990-05-29)
57:May 29, 1990
2241:1990 deaths
2236:1914 births
1063:topographic
780:Colonialism
723:Development
680:Reflexivity
648:Ethnography
598:Descriptive
456:Development
395:Nutritional
370:Biocultural
295:Battlefield
134:Archaeology
109:ethnography
2230:Categories
1460:References
1357:synchronic
1353:diachronic
1254:subjective
982:typologies
978:James Ford
760:Prehistory
613:Historical
586:Linguistic
498:Historical
466:Ecological
358:Biological
260:Linguistic
250:Biological
39:1914-08-14
2198:715768116
2165:0002-7316
2136:144656442
2048:460418225
2021:147025614
2005:0002-7316
1976:0002-7294
1776:Artifacts
1273:seriation
1126:Rice Lake
733:Evolution
728:Ethnicity
660:Ethnology
538:Political
446:Cognitive
385:Molecular
2181:56633835
2099:28479692
2082:29301183
1170:and the
1054:New Deal
915:Journals
832:Feminism
618:Semiotic
558:Symbolic
553:Religion
488:Feminist
476:Economic
426:Cultural
380:Forensic
335:Maritime
330:Forensic
325:Feminist
300:Biblical
290:Aviation
255:Cultural
196:a series
194:Part of
1361:context
1182:1949 –
1166:1949 –
1154:1941 –
1137:1939 –
1131:1937 –
1124:1936 –
1052:of the
770:Society
718:Culture
533:Musical
528:Museums
523:Medical
508:Kinship
461:Digital
436:Applied
228:History
223:Outline
2196:
2179:
2173:277099
2171:
2163:
2134:
2128:277610
2126:
2097:
2080:
2065:490514
2063:
2046:
2036:
2019:
2013:280488
2011:
2003:
1974:
1036:Career
745:Gender
675:Holism
573:Visual
548:Public
451:Cyborg
421:Social
285:Aerial
265:Social
163:Thesis
126:Fields
2177:S2CID
2169:JSTOR
2132:S2CID
2124:JSTOR
2017:S2CID
2009:JSTOR
1078:Ph.D.
894:Lists
775:Value
653:cyber
568:Urban
518:Media
513:Legal
239:Types
2194:OCLC
2161:ISSN
2095:OCLC
2078:OCLC
2061:OCLC
2044:OCLC
2034:ISBN
2001:ISSN
1972:ISSN
1258:etic
1245:emic
1065:and
765:Race
755:Meme
493:Food
78:M.A.
74:B.A.
54:Died
33:Born
2214:at
2153:doi
2116:doi
1993:doi
1964:doi
1141:in
441:Art
86:PhD
80:),
2232::
2175:.
2167:.
2159:.
2149:18
2147:.
2130:.
2122:.
2112:19
2110:.
2042:.
2015:.
2007:.
1999:.
1989:50
1987:.
1970:.
1960:90
988:.
198:on
154:,
150:,
146:,
132:,
111:,
2200:.
2183:.
2155::
2138:.
2118::
2101:.
2084:.
2067:.
2050:.
2023:.
1995::
1978:.
1966::
954:e
947:t
940:v
88:)
84:(
72:(
41:)
37:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
