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695:. He called Dionysians the scientific dissenters who explore "the fringes of knowledge". He wrote, "In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian."
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659:) of cancer. The death of Rath, who had acted as the financial administrator of the Institute for Muscle Research, left Szent-Györgyi in a financial mess. He refused to write government grant proposals minutely specifiying his research methods and expected results. After Szent-Györgyi commented on his financial hardships in a 1971 newspaper interview, attorney Franklin Salisbury helped him establish a private nonprofit organization, the
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406:, was ennobled. At the time of Szent-Györgyi's birth, being of the nobility was considered important and created opportunities that otherwise were not available. (Miklós Szent-Györgyi's parents were Imre Szent-Györgyi and Mária Csiky). His mother, Jozefina, a Roman Catholic, was a daughter of József Lenhossék and Anna Bossányi. Jozefina was a sister of
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Gábor Tóth: From vitamins to peptides - Research topics in Szent-Györgyi's departments. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi
Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 35–57.
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József Pál: From the Unity of Life to the
Coequality of the Forms of Consciousness. Worries of Albert Szent-Györgyi in Times of War. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing
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Tamás Vajda: Effects of the discovery of vitamin C on the paprika industry and the economy of the southern part of the
Hungarian Great Plain. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi)
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Mária Homoki-Nagy: Protection of the creations of the mind in the history of
Hungarian law. Copyright and patent rights; primacy and ethics in science. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona
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in 1911, and then began research in his uncle's anatomy lab. His studies were interrupted in 1914 to serve as an army medic in World War I. In 1916, disgusted with the war, Szent-Györgyi shot himself in the arm, claimed to be wounded from enemy fire, and was sent home on medical leave. He was then
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Miklós Gábor: Albert Szent-Györgyi's
Studies on Flavones. Impact of the Discovery. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 94-122.
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Gábor Szabó: The passage of Szent-Györgyi to biophysics: a journey from the blur of the boundaries of disciplines through the instruments used for research with a stopover at the paprika centrifuge and arriving at the super lasers. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi
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Csaba Jancsák: Albert Szent-Györgyi and the
Student Union of the University of Szeged. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014.
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allowed him to establish the
Institute for Muscle Research at Woods Hole. Szent-Györgyi conducted research at the MBL from 1947 to 1986 year-round. There, he found that whole muscle tissue retained its contractility almost indefinitely if stored cold in a fifty percent glycerol solution, thus
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Ildikó Tasiné Csúcs: The science-rescuing activity of Albert Szent-Györgyi and its roots in
Hungary after 1945. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing
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Béla Pukánszky: The thoughts of Albert Szent-Györgyi on pedagogy. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi
Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 153–169.
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with financial support from
Hungarian businessman Stephen Rath. However, he still faced funding difficulties for several years due to his foreign status and former association with the Hungarian Communist government. In 1948, he received a research position with the
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István Hannus: The Analysis of Vitamin C in Szeged. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 58–76.
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János Wölfling: Life through the eyes of a chemist. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 24–34.
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József Pál: About Albert Szent-Györgyi's Poems. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 228–237.
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László Dux: On the Basics of Biochemistry. In: The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 13–23.
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Ilona Újszászi (ed.): The intellectual heritage of Albert Szent-Györgyi = Szegedi Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014.
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After the war, Szent-Györgyi had become well-recognized as a public figure and there was some speculation that he might become President of Hungary, should the Soviets permit it. Szent-Györgyi established a laboratory at the
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418:. His family included three generations of scientists. Music was important in the Lenhossék family. His mother Jozefina prepared to become an opera singer and auditioned for Gustav Mahler, then a conductor at the
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He married Cornelia Demény (1898–1981), daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster-General, in 1917. Their daughter, Cornelia Szent-Györgyi, was born in 1918 and died in 1969. He and Cornelia divorced in 1941.
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as a potential cause of cancer. He came to see cancer as being ultimately an electronic problem at the molecular level. In 1974, reflecting his interests in quantum physics, he proposed the term "
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Nagy, I Z (1995). "Semiconduction of proteins as an attribute of the living state: the ideas of Albert Szent-Györgyi revisited in light of the recent knowledge regarding oxygen free radicals".
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September 16, 2011, 118 years after his birth. In 2004, nine interviews were conducted with family, colleagues, and others to create a Szent-Györgyi oral history collection.
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and became head of the biochemistry department there. He was elected a member of Parliament and helped re-establish the Academy of Sciences. Dissatisfied with the
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422:. He advised her to marry instead, since her voice was not enough. Albert himself was good at the piano, while his brother Pál became a professional violinist.
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Albert Szent-Györgyi, who realized that "a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge," divided scientists into two categories: the
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Egyetemi Tudástár 2.(Series editors.: László Dux, István Hannus, József Pál, Ilona Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 238–253.
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Zallár, A; Szabó T (April 1989). "Habent sua fata libelli: the adventurous story of Albert Szent-Györgyi's book entitled Studies on Muscle (1945)".
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in Hungary in 1930. There Szent-Györgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that "hexuronic acid" was actually the long-sought
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himself issued a warrant for the arrest of Szent-Györgyi. He escaped from house arrest and spent 1944 to 1945 as a fugitive from the
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as the source for their vitamin C. Also during this time, Szent-Györgyi continued his work on cellular respiration, identifying
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549:"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion process with special reference to vitamin C and the
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sent Szent-Györgyi to Istanbul in 1944 under the guise of a scientific lecture to begin secret negotiations with the
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as a means of protesting against the U.S. war against Vietnam, and urging other people to take a similar stand.
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1729:"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems"
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https://web.archive.org/web/20160506215625/http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/6611/1/A_Sz-Gy_poems.pdf
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He married his fourth wife, Marcia Houston, in 1975. They adopted a daughter, Lola von Szent-Györgyi.
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Manchester, K L (January 1998). "Albert Szent-Györgyi and the unravelling of biological oxidation".
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1679:"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961"
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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1704:"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials"
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462:). He switched universities several times over the next few years, finally ending up at the
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Observations on the functions of peroxidase systems and the chemistry of the adrenal cortex
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Observations on the functions of peroxidase systems and the chemistry of the adrenal cortex
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Dr. Czeizel E. : Az érték még mindig bennünk van, page 172, Akadémiai kiadó, Budapest
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He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a
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had determined its structure, the antiscorbutic was given the formal chemical name of
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and began dividing his time between there and Woods Hole. In 1950, grants from the
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Straub, F B (1987). "The charismatic teacher at Szeged: Albert Szent-Györgyi".
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The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)
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friends escape from the country. During World War II, he joined the Hungarian
675:". Ralph Moss, a protégé during his cancer research years, wrote a biography,
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able to finish his medical education and received his MD in 1917. He married
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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Cohen, S S (1987). "Thoughts on the later career of Albert Szent-Gyorgyi".
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In 1947 Szent-Györgyi established the Institute for Muscle Research at the
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Holden, C (February 1979). "Albert-Szent-Györgyi, electrons, and cancer".
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2014:
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1753:"Marcia Houston Szent-Györgyi at the National Institute of Health Website"
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Szent-Györgyi married June Susan Wichterman, the 25-year-old daughter of
542:, a physicist who became his friend and research partner in bio-physics.
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Bendiner, E (May 1982). "Albert Szent-Györgyi: the art in being wrong".
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Szabó, T; Zallár A; Zallár I (1988). "Albert Szent-Györgyi in Szeged".
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Aspects of his work are an important precursor to the understanding of
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1406:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi"
386:, in 1893. His father, Miklós Szent-Györgyi, was a landowner, born in
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In 1941, he wed Marta Borbiro Miskolczy. She died of cancer in 1963.
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402:, and could trace his ancestry back to 1608 when Sámuel, a Calvinist
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447:, the daughter of the Hungarian Postmaster General, that same year.
2529:Újszászi) Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 77–93.
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Pharmaceutical achievers: the human face of pharmaceutical research
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Bioelectronics: a study in cellular regulations, defense and cancer
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In 1967, Szent-Györgyi signed a letter declaring his intention to
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http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/6615/1/Sz_Gy-Unity_of_life.pdf
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US National Library of Medicine. The Albert Szent-Györgyi Papers.
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biologist Ralph Wichterman, in 1965. They were divorced in 1968.
677:
Free Radical: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C.
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Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
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gained control of politics in Hungary, Szent-Györgyi helped his
557:". Albert Szent-Györgyi offered all of his Nobel prize money to
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Nippon Ishikai Zasshi. Journal of the Japan Medical Association
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Free Radical Albert Szent-Györgyi and the Battle over Vitamin C
1302:"Forget vitamin D! Albert Szent-Gyorgyi lived with spies, lies"
1251:"Forget vitamin C! Albert Szent-Gyorgyi lived with spies, lies"
2607:
http://publicatio.bibl.u-szeged.hu/5744/1/Science_rescuing.pdf
1813:
483:
342:; September 16, 1893 – October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian
1610:
1608:
594:
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
214:
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
1615:
Szent-Györgyi, Albert (1972). "Dionysians and Apollonians".
1334:
Dr. Czeizel E. Családfa, page 148, Kossuth Könyvkiadó, 1992.
1281:
Dr.Czeizel, E.: Családfa, page 148, Kossuth Könyvkiadó,1992.
1046:
997:
956:
751:
rule of Hungary, he emigrated to the United States in 1947.
354:
and discovering many of the components and reactions of the
2551:
Publishing Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 123–152.
1055:
1029:
962:
939:
1351:
Bowden, Mary Ellen; Amy Beth Crow; Tracy Sullivan (2003).
1049:
1043:
994:
959:
953:
450:
After the war, Szent-Györgyi began his research career in
6109:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
804:
On Oxidation, Fermentation, Vitamins, Health, and Disease
1159:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
647:
In 1941, Szent-Györgyi developed a research interest in
6104:
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1945–1947)
632:
to study muscles at the subunit level. He received the
592:, contract muscle fibers. In 1946, Albert received the
2345:
Kardos, I (1975). "A talk with Albert Szent-Györgyi".
765:. As a result, for the first time in human history, a
5951:
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
1064:
1032:
1026:
1006:
971:
942:
936:
850:
Electronic Biology and Cancer: A New Theory of Cancer
789:, Vol. 1, No. 1 (March 1965). 24–28. (Reprinted from
1035:
945:
27:
Hungarian biochemist (1893–1986), Nobel Prize winner
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archived at Horowitz Transaction Publishers Archive
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625:eliminating the need to have fresh muscle on hand.
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6069:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1799:"Albert Szent-Gyorgi oral history collection 2004"
534:and other steps in what would become known as the
171:, discovering the components and reactions of the
1325:Kapronczay K.Orvosdinasztiák II, Turul ISSN, 1997
911:, US, on October 22, 1986. He was honored with a
6149:World Constitutional Convention call signatories
2598:Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 211–227.
2584:Department-University of Szeged. 2014. 194–210.
651:and developed ideas on applying the theories of
370:, and entered Hungarian politics after the war.
6099:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
2678:Newspaper clippings about Albert Szent-Györgyi
1500:"The Institute for Muscle Research, 1947-1972"
663:. Late in life, Szent-Györgyi began to pursue
219:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
4684:
4478:
2935:
2711:
1602:, (1988), Paragon House Publishers, New York.
350:in 1937. He is credited with first isolating
8:
640:of the United States. He was elected to the
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
628:During the 1950s Szent-Györgyi began using
565:travelled to fight for the Finns after the
6134:Academic staff of the University of Szeged
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1504:Albert Szent-Gyorgyi - Profiles in Science
224:Member of the National Academy of Sciences
55:
44:
6114:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
4730:World Constitution Coordinating Committee
1861:Learn how and when to remove this message
1475:
1393:. 16 Sep 2011. Last accessed 16 Sep 2011.
1226:
506:Szent-Györgyi accepted a position at the
6079:Hungarian emigrants to the United States
6044:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
4717:Constitution for the Federation of Earth
1401:
1399:
787:Rampart Journal of Individualist Thought
771:Constitution for the Federation of Earth
580:movement. He found that muscles contain
1774:"Albert Szent-Gyorgyi's 118th Birthday"
1431:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
1416:
1414:
1085:
924:
731:. The Germans learned of this plot and
719:. Although Hungary was allied with the
661:National Foundation for Cancer Research
584:, which when combined with the protein
474:. This work landed him a position as a
438:Szent-Györgyi began his studies at the
410:; both of these men were Professors of
2669:Works by or about Albert Szent-Györgyi
1930:Juhász-Nagy, Sándor (March 2002). "".
1901:Szolcsányi, János (October 2007). "".
818:Introduction to a Submolecular Biology
783:"Teaching and the Expanding Knowledge"
709:Hungarian National Defence Association
563:Hungarian volunteers in the Winter War
2955:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1211:"Albert Szent-Györgyi—Nobel laureate"
547:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
494:. His research involved isolating an
348:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
340:nagyrápolti Szent-Györgyi Albert Imre
209:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
6089:Nobel laureates from Austria-Hungary
2389:Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift
1300:Chris Gaylord (September 16, 2011).
1710:. American Foundation for the Blind
1685:. American Foundation for the Blind
1477:10.1146/annurev.bi.32.070163.000245
1209:Kyle, R. A.; Shampo, M. A. (2000).
2073:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08599.x
1843:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
1755:. Profiles.nlm.nih.gov. 2005-05-12
793:, Vol. 146, No. 3649 . 1278–1279.)
490:in 1929 where he was a student at
25:
2366:Szállási, A (December 1974). "".
2324:Szállási, A (November 1977). "".
2243:Szállási, A (February 1980). "".
687:Statement on scientific discovery
194:June Susan Wichterman (1965–1968)
6094:Hungarian people of World War II
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2216:Hospital Practice (Hospital Ed.)
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1380:Remembering Albert Szent-Györgyi
1022:
987:
932:
526:. In some experiments they used
466:, where his work focused on the
317:
4700:World Constitutional Convention
1951:Vértes, L (December 2000). "".
1801:. National Library of Medicine.
1460:"Lost in the Twentieth Century"
723:, the Hungarian prime minister
2794:The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
2429:Kenéz, J (December 1968). "".
2408:Miura, Y (December 1969). "".
2387:Kenéz, J (December 1973). "".
2228:10.1080/21548331.1982.11702318
1458:Szent-Gyoergyi A (June 1963).
1421:Szent-Györgyi, Albert (1929).
1408:. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
1187:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
769:convened to draft and adopt a
693:Apollonians and the Dionysians
636:in 1954. In 1955, he became a
492:Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
1:
5697:(Righteous Among the Nations)
2659:Biodiversity Heritage Library
2655:Works by Albert Szent-Györgyi
2303:Süle, T (December 1977). "".
2130:Banga, I (January 1987). "".
2001:Gábor, M (January 1996). "".
1986:10.1016/S0968-0004(97)01167-5
1551:"Towards a New Biochemistry?"
1464:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1162:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
867:Lost in the Twentieth Century
610:National Institutes of Health
572:In 1938 he began work on the
62:
6129:Semmelweis University alumni
5956:Provisional World Parliament
2201:(40): 2435–6. October 1983.
2036:10.1016/0531-5565(94)00043-3
1886:. Paragon House Publishers.
1637:10.1126/science.176.4038.966
1357:Chemical Heritage Foundation
642:National Academy of Sciences
601:Marine Biological Laboratory
514:factor, henceforth known as
362:. He was also active in the
269:Marine Biological Laboratory
42:when mentioning individuals.
6049:American anti-war activists
5840:Maurício Campos de Medeiros
5153:Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer
4874:Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich
4047:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
2682:20th Century Press Archives
2347:The New Hungarian Quarterly
2174:Acta Biochim. Biophys. Hung
2153:Acta Biochim. Biophys. Hung
2088:Szilárd, J (May 1988). "".
1575:10.1126/science.93.2426.609
1125:"Szent-Györgyi, Albert von"
434:Szent-Györgyi in 1917 Italy
358:and the molecular basis of
6165:
5309:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
1549:Szent-Györgyi, A. (1941).
1099:Collins English Dictionary
767:World Constituent Assembly
622:American Heart Association
567:Soviet invasion of Finland
378:Szent-Györgyi was born in
197:Marcia Houston (1975–1986)
29:
6084:Hungarian Nobel laureates
5990:
5213:Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza
4710:
3244:Charles Scott Sherrington
3220:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
2847:
2450:Sulek, K (May 1968). "".
2222:(5): 179–84, 185–6, 192.
1306:Christian Science Monitor
1255:Christian Science Monitor
909:Woods Hole, Massachusetts
605:Woods Hole, Massachusetts
328:Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi
316:
307:
302:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
230:
191:Márta Borbíró (1941–1963)
116:Woods Hole, Massachusetts
75:Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi
54:
36:Szent-Györgyi Albert Imre
5927:(teacher & pacifist)
5803:(scholar & pacifist)
5369:Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli
4234:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
545:In 1937 he received the
538:. In Szeged he also met
416:Eötvös Loránd University
38:. This article uses
30:The native form of this
6119:Hungarian physiologists
5596:(Chemistry & Peace)
1877:NIH Profiles in Science
1215:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1136:Oxford University Press
699:Involvement in politics
488:University of Cambridge
480:University of Cambridge
464:University of Groningen
264:University of Cambridge
155:University of Cambridge
6054:American tax resisters
5835:(writer & scholar)
5744:David Alfaro Siqueiros
5694:André and Magda Trocmé
5676:Martin Luther King Jr.
5668:Human rights activists
5628:Edris Rice-Wray Carson
5513:Physiology or Medicine
5381:Patrick Wolrige-Gordon
5177:B. Satya Narayan Reddy
4957:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga
4612:Physiology or Medicine
4496:or Hungarian-American
3015:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
2853:Nobel Prize recipients
2830:Physiology or Medicine
2288:10.1126/science.366748
1525:"Albert Szent-Gyorgyi"
907:Szent-Györgyi died in
745:University of Budapest
588:and the energy source
476:Rockefeller Foundation
435:
339:
6074:Hungarian biochemists
5530:Hermann Joseph Muller
5525:Dickinson W. Richards
5333:Komla Agbeli Gbedemah
4910:Léopold Sédar Senghor
3516:Dickinson W. Richards
3200:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1915:10.1556/OH.2007.H2142
1132:UK English Dictionary
703:As the government of
655:to the biochemistry (
520:Walter Norman Haworth
440:Semmelweis University
433:
149:Semmelweis University
5736:Arthur Ernest Bishop
5520:Albert Szent-Györgyi
4886:José Figueres Ferrer
4626:Szent-Györgyi Albert
3939:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3300:Albert Szent-Györgyi
2838:Albert Szent-Györgyi
2819:George Paget Thomson
2775:Roger Martin du Gard
2644:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1708:Helen Keller Archive
1683:Helen Keller Archive
630:electron microscopes
508:University of Szeged
472:cellular respiration
394:(today Târgu Mureş,
364:Hungarian Resistance
259:University of Szeged
49:Albert Szent-Györgyi
18:Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
6144:Vitamin researchers
5907:(cultural theorist)
5556:Salvatore Quasimodo
5420:Dana McLean Greeley
5130:Cornelis Berkhouwer
4934:Otilio Ulate Blanco
4838:Head of governments
4331:William C. Campbell
4242:Elizabeth Blackburn
4079:Robert F. Furchgott
4071:Stanley B. Prusiner
4063:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
3963:George H. Hitchings
3927:Joseph L. Goldstein
3887:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3716:Earl Sutherland Jr.
2280:1979Sci...203..522H
2061:Acta Physiol. Scand
1974:Trends Biochem. Sci
1882:Ralph Moss (1988).
1629:1972Sci...176..966S
1567:1941Sci....93..609S
756:refuse to pay taxes
717:resistance movement
707:and the associated
638:naturalized citizen
618:Armour Meat Company
502:Career and research
6059:Cancer researchers
5972:World constitution
5800:Hugh J. Schonfield
5760:Edward J. Sparling
5285:Irène de Lipkowski
5273:Inder Kumar Gujral
4922:Muhammad Ayub Khan
4391:William Kaelin Jr.
4387:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4130:Leland H. Hartwell
4019:Richard J. Roberts
3899:Barbara McClintock
3843:Godfrey Hounsfield
3744:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3676:Marshall Nirenberg
3644:Charles B. Huggins
3433:Tadeusz Reichstein
3421:António Egas Moniz
3216:Christiaan Eijkman
2646:on Nobelprize.org
1445:uk.bl.ethos.648034
1385:2011-11-18 at the
872:2020-01-23 at the
763:world constitution
614:Bethesda, Maryland
482:. He received his
436:
384:Kingdom of Hungary
360:muscle contraction
93:Kingdom of Hungary
85:September 16, 1893
40:Western name order
6064:Citric acid cycle
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5201:Diwan Chaman Lall
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4649:Economic Sciences
4521:Zsigmondy Richárd
4460:
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4425:Ardem Patapoutian
4274:Ralph M. Steinman
4270:Jules A. Hoffmann
4258:Robert G. Edwards
4226:Harald zur Hausen
4150:H. Robert Horvitz
4051:Eric F. Wieschaus
3987:E. Donnall Thomas
3971:J. Michael Bishop
3959:Gertrude B. Elion
3831:Hamilton O. Smith
3756:Christian de Duve
3492:Frederick Robbins
3369:Alexander Fleming
3308:Corneille Heymans
3154:Frederick Banting
3059:Allvar Gullstrand
2917:
2916:
2632:978-963-306-347-7
2618:978-963-306-347-7
2604:978-963-306-347-7
2590:978-963-306-347-7
2579:978-963-306-347-7
2568:978-963-306-347-7
2557:978-963-306-347-7
2546:978-963-306-347-7
2535:978-963-306-347-7
2524:978-963-306-347-7
2513:978-963-306-347-7
2502:978-963-306-347-7
2491:978-963-306-347-7
2480:978-963-306-347-7
2111:Geographia Medica
1893:978-0-913729-78-6
1871:
1870:
1863:
1665:"An Open Letter"
1561:(2426): 609–611.
1366:978-0-941901-30-7
1190:. Merriam-Webster
653:quantum mechanics
356:citric acid cycle
325:
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232:Scientific career
173:citric acid cycle
16:(Redirected from
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5747:(Social realist)
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5618:Charles C. Price
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1269:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1228:10.4065/75.7.722
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1138:. Archived from
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1090:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1021:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
986:
975:
969:
968:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
929:
903:Death and legacy
856:The living state
408:Mihály Lenhossék
321:
297:Doctoral advisor
291:
119:
110:
107:October 22, 1986
84:
82:
64:
59:
45:
21:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6017:
5986:
5960:
5939:
5932:Toyohiko Kagawa
5896:Stanley Slotkin
5867:(social worker)
5724:
5706:
5680:
5662:
5658:Wilder Penfield
5643:Pitirim Sorokin
5600:
5581:
5560:
5539:
5508:
5484:
5450:Nobel laureates
5444:
5397:
5385:
5373:
5361:
5349:
5337:
5325:
5321:Kenzō Matsumura
5313:
5301:
5289:
5277:
5265:
5253:
5241:
5237:Hisato Ichimada
5229:
5217:
5205:
5193:
5181:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5098:
5086:
5074:
5062:
5049:
5037:
5025:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4976:
4969:Prime Ministers
4963:
4949:
4943:Vice-presidents
4938:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4866:
4854:
4832:
4821:
4819:
4808:
4806:
4795:
4793:
4782:
4780:
4769:
4767:
4754:
4714:
4706:
4697:
4667:
4662:
4643:
4606:
4569:
4550:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4498:Nobel Laureates
4491:
4461:
4456:
4441:
4430:
4415:
4410:Charles M. Rice
4402:Harvey J. Alter
4396:
4380:
4368:
4359:Michael Rosbash
4355:Jeffrey C. Hall
4352:
4344:
4328:
4319:May-Britt Moser
4312:
4296:
4291:Shinya Yamanaka
4284:
4263:
4255:
4250:Jack W. Szostak
4239:
4223:
4218:Oliver Smithies
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4166:Peter Mansfield
4159:
4154:John E. Sulston
4143:
4127:
4116:
4100:
4092:
4076:
4068:
4056:
4043:Edward B. Lewis
4040:
4028:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3980:
3968:
3952:
3947:Susumu Tonegawa
3944:
3932:
3920:
3904:
3896:
3880:
3864:
3848:
3836:
3820:
3807:Roger Guillemin
3804:
3799:Daniel Gajdusek
3795:Baruch Blumberg
3792:
3781:
3772:Renato Dulbecco
3768:David Baltimore
3765:
3749:
3736:Karl von Frisch
3733:
3721:
3713:
3697:
3681:
3665:
3656:Haldan Hartline
3649:
3637:
3621:
3609:
3593:
3588:Maurice Wilkins
3577:
3569:
3557:
3552:Arthur Kornberg
3545:
3529:
3521:
3505:
3497:
3481:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3442:
3426:
3414:
3406:
3390:
3382:
3366:
3357:Joseph Erlanger
3354:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3285:
3277:
3261:
3253:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3213:
3208:Charles Nicolle
3205:
3197:
3189:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3051:Albrecht Kossel
3048:
3040:
3028:
3020:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2957:
2948:
2918:
2913:
2851:
2843:
2824:
2821:(Great Britain)
2815:(United States)
2799:
2796:(Great Britain)
2780:
2756:
2747:(Great Britain)
2731:
2724:
2640:
2470:
2449:
2437:(50): 2777–81.
2428:
2407:
2386:
2365:
2344:
2323:
2302:
2274:(4380): 522–4.
2263:
2242:
2213:
2192:
2171:
2150:
2129:
2108:
2087:
2058:
2030:(3–4): 327–35.
2021:
2000:
1971:
1950:
1929:
1909:(42): 2007–11.
1900:
1894:
1881:
1867:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1833:Please help by
1832:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1594:
1590:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1387:Wayback Machine
1378:
1374:
1367:
1350:
1349:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1182:"Szent-Györgyi"
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1154:"Szent-Györgyi"
1152:
1151:
1147:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1094:"Szent-Györgyi"
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1054:
1039:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1008:
990:
981:
980:
973:
949:
935:
931:
930:
926:
921:
905:
883:
874:Wayback Machine
800:
779:
701:
689:
681:redox signaling
657:quantum biology
644:(NAS) in 1956.
524:L-ascorbic acid
504:
445:Kornélia Demény
428:
376:
289:
273:
222:
217:
212:
200:
186:Kornélia Demény
160:
142:Alma mater
137:
120:
114:
112:
108:
99:
97:Austria-Hungary
86:
80:
78:
77:
76:
66:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6162:
6160:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6026:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6005:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5929:
5921:
5909:
5901:
5893:
5885:
5877:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5848:Oscar Niemeyer
5845:
5837:
5832:Mark Van Doren
5829:
5821:
5813:
5811:(union leader)
5805:
5797:
5789:
5781:
5773:
5765:
5757:
5749:
5741:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5720:Hugh B. Hester
5716:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5702:Brock Chisholm
5699:
5690:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5633:Harlow Shapley
5630:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5577:Joseph Rotblat
5574:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5465:Alfred Kastler
5461:
5459:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5425:George MacLeod
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5383:
5371:
5359:
5347:
5335:
5323:
5311:
5299:
5287:
5275:
5263:
5251:
5239:
5227:
5215:
5203:
5191:
5179:
5167:
5155:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5119:
5117:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5084:
5072:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5035:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5008:Tetsu Katayama
4998:
4986:
4984:Clement Attlee
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4898:Julius Nyerere
4888:
4876:
4864:
4851:
4849:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4817:
4804:
4791:
4778:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4745:Margaret Isely
4742:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4657:Harsányi János
4653:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4638:Karikó Katalin
4635:
4629:
4623:
4616:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:Katalin Karikó
4439:
4428:
4413:
4394:
4378:
4366:
4350:
4342:
4326:
4310:
4303:Randy Schekman
4294:
4282:
4261:
4253:
4237:
4230:Luc Montagnier
4221:
4210:Mario Capecchi
4205:
4193:
4186:Barry Marshall
4181:
4169:
4162:Paul Lauterbur
4157:
4146:Sydney Brenner
4141:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4107:Paul Greengard
4103:Arvid Carlsson
4098:
4090:
4074:
4066:
4054:
4038:
4035:Martin Rodbell
4026:
4014:
4011:Edwin G. Krebs
4007:Edmond Fischer
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3955:James W. Black
3950:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3915:César Milstein
3911:Georges Köhler
3902:
3894:
3883:Sune Bergström
3878:
3875:Torsten Wiesel
3871:David H. Hubel
3862:
3846:
3834:
3827:Daniel Nathans
3818:
3811:Andrew Schally
3802:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3763:
3747:
3731:
3724:Gerald Edelman
3719:
3711:
3708:Julius Axelrod
3695:
3692:Salvador Luria
3688:Alfred Hershey
3679:
3663:
3647:
3635:
3624:François Jacob
3619:
3607:
3591:
3575:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3527:
3519:
3508:André Cournand
3503:
3495:
3479:
3467:
3464:Selman Waksman
3459:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3429:Edward Kendall
3424:
3412:
3404:
3388:
3385:Hermann Muller
3380:
3364:
3361:Herbert Gasser
3352:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3316:Gerhard Domagk
3311:
3303:
3295:
3283:
3275:
3272:William Murphy
3264:George Whipple
3259:
3251:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3149:
3142:Archibald Hill
3137:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3075:Charles Richet
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3026:
3018:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2745:Norman Haworth
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2675:
2666:
2652:
2639:
2638:External links
2636:
2635:
2634:
2623:
2609:
2595:
2581:
2570:
2559:
2548:
2537:
2526:
2515:
2504:
2493:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2447:
2431:Orvosi Hetilap
2426:
2416:(11): 1164–8.
2405:
2395:(51): 2324–6.
2384:
2374:(52): 3118–9.
2368:Orvosi Hetilap
2363:
2353:(57): 136–50.
2342:
2332:(46): 2782–3.
2326:Orvosi Hetilap
2321:
2311:(52): 3170–1.
2305:Orvosi Hetilap
2300:
2261:
2245:Orvosi Hetilap
2240:
2211:
2195:Orvosi Hetilap
2190:
2180:(2–3): 135–9.
2169:
2159:(2–3): 141–8.
2148:
2132:Orvosi Hetilap
2127:
2106:
2096:(18): 949–50.
2090:Orvosi Hetilap
2085:
2056:
2019:
2003:Orvosi Hetilap
1998:
1969:
1959:(52): 2831–3.
1953:Orvosi Hetilap
1948:
1932:Orvosi Hetilap
1927:
1903:Orvosi Hetilap
1898:
1892:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1826:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1790:
1765:
1744:
1720:
1695:
1670:
1658:
1604:
1588:
1541:
1516:
1491:
1450:
1410:
1395:
1372:
1365:
1359:. p. 30.
1336:
1327:
1318:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1257:. 2011-09-16.
1242:
1201:
1173:
1145:
1142:on 2021-08-08.
1116:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
923:
922:
920:
917:
904:
901:
882:
879:
878:
877:
876:(Gandu) (1963)
864:
859:
853:
847:
834:
821:
815:
807:
799:
796:
795:
794:
778:
775:
700:
697:
688:
685:
671:" to replace "
503:
500:
478:fellow at the
427:
424:
420:Budapest Opera
388:Marosvásárhely
375:
372:
323:
322:
314:
313:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
293:
292:
281:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
261:
255:
253:
249:
248:
239:
235:
234:
228:
227:
206:
202:
201:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
182:
180:
176:
175:
166:
165:Known for
162:
161:
159:
158:
152:
145:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
132:
128:
126:
122:
121:
113:
111:(aged 93)
105:
101:
100:
87:
74:
72:
68:
67:
61:Szent-Györgyi
60:
52:
51:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6161:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6014:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5912:Tamaki Uemura
5910:
5905:
5902:
5899:(businessman)
5897:
5894:
5891:(theosophist)
5889:
5886:
5881:
5878:
5873:
5872:Satish Gujral
5870:
5865:
5862:
5857:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5809:
5806:
5801:
5798:
5793:
5792:Henri Laugier
5790:
5785:
5782:
5777:
5774:
5769:
5766:
5761:
5758:
5753:
5750:
5745:
5742:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:Varied Fields
5727:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5686:Humanitarians
5683:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:Edward Condon
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5594:
5593:Linus Pauling
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:John Boyd Orr
5570:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:Hideki Yukawa
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5440:Michael Scott
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5262:
5261:Ichirō Kiyose
5257:
5252:
5250:
5249:Henry Usborne
5245:
5240:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:International
5114:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5083:
5082:Setsuo Yamada
5078:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5034:
5033:Culbert Olson
5029:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4997:
4996:Milton Margai
4992:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4818:
4816:
4805:
4803:
4792:
4790:
4779:
4777:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4750:Georgia Lloyd
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4704:
4701:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4632:Békésy György
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4620:Bárány Róbert
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4601:Krausz Ferenc
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4545:Herskó Ferenc
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4533:Polányi János
4531:
4528:
4527:Hevesy György
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4452:
4451:Drew Weissman
4448:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4335:Satoshi Ōmura
4332:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4299:James Rothman
4295:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:Bruce Beutler
4262:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4178:Linda B. Buck
4175:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4095:Günter Blobel
4091:
4088:
4084:
4083:Louis Ignarro
4080:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4023:Phillip Sharp
4020:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3983:Joseph Murray
3979:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3935:Stanley Cohen
3931:
3928:
3924:
3923:Michael Brown
3919:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3839:Allan Cormack
3835:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3816:
3815:Rosalyn Yalow
3812:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3760:George Palade
3757:
3753:
3752:Albert Claude
3748:
3745:
3741:
3740:Konrad Lorenz
3737:
3732:
3729:
3728:Rodney Porter
3725:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3704:Ulf von Euler
3701:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3652:Ragnar Granit
3648:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3632:Jacques Monod
3629:
3625:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3604:Andrew Huxley
3601:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3580:Francis Crick
3576:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3564:Peter Medawar
3561:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3532:George Beadle
3528:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3500:Hugo Theorell
3496:
3493:
3489:
3488:Thomas Weller
3485:
3480:
3477:
3476:Fritz Lipmann
3473:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3377:Howard Florey
3374:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3256:Thomas Morgan
3252:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3146:Otto Meyerhof
3143:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3083:Róbert Bárány
3079:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3067:Alexis Carrel
3063:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3011:Camillo Golgi
3007:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2753:(Switzerland)
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Exp. Gerontol
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:(12): 611–4.
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1862:
1854:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:This section
1825:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:(4038): 966.
1622:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:0-913729-78-7
1597:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1530:
1529:Nasonline.org
1526:
1520:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1311:September 16,
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1105:
1104:HarperCollins
1101:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1002:
984:
978:
977:
967:
928:
925:
918:
916:
914:
913:Google Doodle
910:
902:
900:
897:
895:
890:
887:
881:Personal life
880:
875:
871:
868:
865:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
846:
842:
838:
835:
833:
829:
825:
824:The Crazy Ape
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
811:Bioenergetics
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
752:
750:
746:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Miklós Kállay
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
698:
696:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:free radicals
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:antiscorbutic
509:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
441:
432:
425:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
320:
315:
310:
306:
303:
300:
298:
294:
287:
286:
282:
280:
276:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
254:
250:
247:
243:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
220:
215:
210:
207:
203:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
144:
140:
133:
130:
129:
127:
123:
117:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
73:
69:
58:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
32:personal name
19:
5888:Sophia Wadia
5824:Lloyd Morain
5768:Erich Kahler
5519:
5470:C. F. Powell
5430:John Collins
5345:Lewis Silkin
5225:Gerhard Jahn
5165:Akira Kazami
5094:Shinzo Hamai
4815:Sierra Leone
4740:Philip Isely
4715:
4625:
4583:Lénárd Fülöp
4564:Kertész Imre
4436:Svante Pääbo
4421:David Julius
4375:Tasuku Honjo
4323:Edvard Moser
4315:John O'Keefe
4278:posthumously
4277:
4214:Martin Evans
4190:Robin Warren
4174:Richard Axel
4121:2001–present
3999:Bert Sakmann
3867:Roger Sperry
3859:George Snell
3855:Jean Dausset
3823:Werner Arber
3776:Howard Temin
3700:Bernard Katz
3684:Max Delbrück
3640:Francis Rous
3616:Feodor Lynen
3612:Konrad Bloch
3600:Alan Hodgkin
3584:James Watson
3560:Frank Burnet
3548:Severo Ochoa
3536:Edward Tatum
3524:Daniel Bovet
3437:Philip Hench
3349:Edward Doisy
3299:
3280:Hans Spemann
3268:George Minot
3248:Edgar Adrian
3236:Otto Warburg
3158:John Macleod
3127:August Krogh
3119:Jules Bordet
3035:Paul Ehrlich
2987:Niels Finsen
2971:Emil Behring
2883:
2837:
2455:
2451:
2434:
2430:
2413:
2409:
2392:
2388:
2371:
2367:
2350:
2346:
2329:
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327:
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252:Institutions
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6039:1986 deaths
6034:1893 births
5904:Stuart Hall
5859:(economist)
5856:Ōuchi Hyōei
5851:(architect)
5784:Gerard Piel
5653:René Dumont
5415:Abbé Pierre
5357:N. G. Ranga
5297:John Foster
5108:Politicians
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4862:Edgar Faure
4705:signatories
4595:Gábor Dénes
4589:Wigner Jenő
4539:Oláh György
4287:John Gurdon
4202:Craig Mello
4198:Andrew Fire
4111:Eric Kandel
4087:Ferid Murad
3995:Erwin Neher
3907:Niels Jerne
3672:Har Khorana
3660:George Wald
3628:André Lwoff
3596:John Eccles
3484:John Enders
3456:Max Theiler
3417:Walter Hess
3409:Paul Müller
3373:Ernst Chain
3043:Emil Kocher
3003:Robert Koch
2995:Ivan Pavlov
2979:Ronald Ross
2751:Paul Karrer
2728:Nobel Prize
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1194:8 September
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5935:(pacifist)
5924:Tano Jōdai
5919:executive)
5883:(feminist)
5827:(humanist)
5779:(humanist)
5763:(educator)
5739:(inventor)
5638:Jean Orcel
5610:Scientists
5544:Literature
5070:E.C. Quaye
4847:Presidents
4776:Costa Rica
4735:Thane Read
4556:Literature
4138:Paul Nurse
3472:Hans Krebs
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3345:Henrik Dam
3292:Otto Loewi
3288:Henry Dale
2762:Literature
2251:(8): 468.
1839:relocating
1783:8 February
1778:Google.com
1759:2011-09-15
1738:2023-07-15
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1689:2023-07-01
1510:2023-03-07
1437:1063377732
1429:Jisc.ac.uk
1268:2019-10-07
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1080:References
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832:080652930X
673:negentropy
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456:Bratislava
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242:Physiology
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6139:Vitamin C
5843:(teacher)
5816:Kay Boyle
5808:Kaoru Ōta
5795:(scholar)
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5489:Chemistry
5018:Governors
4760:Countries
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4494:Hungarian
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3891:John Vane
3786:1976–2000
3447:1951–1975
3393:Carl Cori
3183:1926–1950
2962:1901–1925
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1965:11202120
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