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composed of two parts; one being the official content consisting of the French conditions, and the second consisting of
Abdelkader's demands from the French. The result of this was granting official permission and recognition of Abdelkaders sovereignty over the Oran province, in the northwest of Algeria. This gave Abdelkader a good foundation of expanding his sphere of control, as following this he created his own state in opposition to the French rule. In this new state, Abdelkader was the sole leader and organised an army of around 2,000 men.
387:. Mokrani also wanted to assert autonomy from the French and decided to gather a war council in order to achieve this. The revolt began in April 1871 with approximately 150,000 Kabyles joining the rebellion, severely threatening the colonial operation. It ended in June 1872 when the leading figure of the revolt by that time, Boumezrag, was captured by the French. The rebellion extended through most of Algeria and was the last major revolt prior to the start of the War of Liberation, which led to independence.
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chiefs of all of the ethnic groups in the country and declared a conditional jihad. He toured the country calling for a jihad and advancing the need for preparation for war – commanding money, men and arms. By the end of 1839, Abdelkader had made an official declaration of jihad. A war of eight years followed.
305:
Initially, the young
Abdelkader took over from his father who was leading the Algerian opposition against the newly arrived French troops in the Oran province. Shortly after his succession to power, the Desmichels Treaty of 1834 was signed between Abdelkader and the French occupiers. The treaty was
309:
Whilst in power, Abdelkader made it a goal of his to attempt at resisting French occupation in other provinces, such as
Algiers. However, the French showed no desire to back down from this fight. Abdelkader saw these actions as a cause for war. Consequently, in July 1839 he assembled the principal
367:
rule. However, by 1830 the French had successfully infiltrated the region and its peoples, despite heavy resistance by locals. The dire conditions in the region, such as famine and the French pitting different ethnic groups against each other by treating some better than others, led to the Kabyle
533:, was created to pursue the fight for independence. However, internal fractures and contradictions were emerging. Many young people joined the OS to fight colonialism, and at the same time Arabism and Messali's leadership was increasingly questioned, especially by Berber members.
252:
in 1830, and seized other coastal communities. Amid internal political strife in France, decisions were repeatedly taken to retain control of the territory, and additional military forces were brought in over the following years to quell resistance in the interior of the country.
430:
concluded in 1962. While the administration of
Algeria changed significantly over the 132 years of French rule, the Mediterranean coastal region of Algeria, housing the vast majority of its population, was administered as an integral part of France from 1848 until independence.
313:
Between 1832 and 1839 Abdelkader successfully created a state, which occupied almost two-thirds of the country at its peak, and limited the French occupancy in the three coastal regions which held much importance to both the French and the
Algerians.
264:
This is because the fall of the
Deylical rule led to a political vacuum and as a result, both political and military leaders appeared in the countryside of the Mitidja region and took upon themselves the task of confronting the French occupation.
215:
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Opposition to take part in social programs imposed by the French, refusal to send the children to French schools and boycotts were among the non-violent actions adopted by the population to contrast French domination.
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462:
While in the public sphere
Algerian culture was oppressed, houses and religious sites became the new places of resistance as spaces where cultural identities and practices were protected and reinforced.
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1817:
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is a large plain surrounding the
Algerian capital of Algiers. The prospects of French occupation relied on the control of this area as it was a strategic entry into the Algerian interior. The
751:
529:
This move was criticized by nationalist members and in 1947 along with the official MTDL, still fitting into the existing political colonial framework, a secret paramilitary group, the
283:
was the first armed popular resistance of
Algerians against the French presence, which was generalized throughout the country and continued until the beginning of the 20th century.
204:
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518:, who initially asked for an election boycott. However, after Messali Hadj was released from prison in 1946, MTDL candidates participated in the first elections for the
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in 1830, a form of collective resistance was the
Algerian mass emigration to other Muslim countries. This migration, which was connected to the Muslim
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1490:
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703:(1935- ), who became a symbol of the Algerian struggle for liberation from the French when she was arrested and tortured under terrorism charges.
536:
This led to the split in 1953, between “Centralists”, urging for revolution, and Messalists, refusing to start an armed action in the short term.
261:
When the Algerian capital fell to the French army on 7 June 1830, a new phase of modern Algerian history began, the period of French colonialism.
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has been shaped by Algerian-French dichotomies; tensions between the French and Algerian language and culture. It was inspired by people such as
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faith and conduct of the jihad, and soon into his rise and maintenance of power as a figure head of the resistance he coined the nickname
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979:"Creating National Heroes: Colonial Rule, Anticolonial Politics and Conflicting Memories of Emir 'Abd al-Qadir in Algeria, 1900–1960s"
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699:(1956-1957), women would dress up as European and unhindered place bombs in sites frequented by European colons. One of them was
455:, was clearly recognized as resistance against the imposition of a non-Muslim authority and, later on, of military conscription.
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forms of resistance regarding the everyday life were a constant in the Algerian popular struggle against the French occupation.
181:
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383:– a member of the Algerian cavalry under French rule – in 1871, after his refusal to be deported to France to fight in the
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844:"France historique et monumentale: Histoire générale de France depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'a nos jours"
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1990:
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2007:
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warfare to achieve independence. At the end of the year, the MTDL leadership agreed on creating the
1958:
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384:
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1995:
1980:
1965:
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1006:
712:
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405:
342:
329:, led the Algerian popular resistance against the French in the east of Algeria with the aid of
1189:"Maciej J. Bartkowski, Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles"
554:, many Algerians realized the impossibility of a peaceful change and transition of power.“
294:
was an ideal nominee for Algerian resistance against the French. He was a man committed to his
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514:(MTDL) was created in October 1946 to replace it. This new nationalist party was still led by
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with armed attacks, like the one to the Oran Post Office in 1949, to fund their operations.
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where he continued to direct the resistance until 1848 when he captured by the colonisers.
2030:
1938:
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region had always been highly independent, able to maintain their own institutions under
859:"Histoire de la conquête de l'Algérie: écrite sur des documents inédits et authentiques"
1854:
1026:"Politics, identity and temporality in colonial Algeria in the early twentieth century"
873:"Annuaire historique universel, pour ... Par C. L. Lesur. - 1819-1830; n. S. 1831-1839"
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The French-Algerian War (1681-1688) was part of a wider campaign by France against the
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in 1947. In the following years, they prepared for armed insurrection against
333:. As the head of state, he modernised the army which aided in his fierce defense of
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losing his prominent role as Algeria nationalist leader and tension growing in the
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620:(Comité Révolutionnaire d’Unité et d’Action, CRUA). The movement then became the
562:, with many calling for confrontations with the French, recognizing the need for
978:
791:
L'Emir Khaled, premier za'iM ? Identité algérienne et colonialisme français
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Colonialisme et postcolonialisme en Méditerranée: Rencontres d'Averroès # 10
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2017:
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Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order
1083:"The Roots of Insurrection: The Role of the Algerian Village Assembly (
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and obtained a third of the 15 seats designated for Muslim Algerians.
379:, a Kabyle dignitary. The catalyst for the revolt was the mutiny of a
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887:"Conquête d'Alger ou pièces sur la conquête d'Alger et sur l'Algérie"
647:
591:
488:, who were two of the many opposing French colonial rule in Algeria.
451:
415:
295:
966:. New York, London: Holmes & Meier Publishers. pp. 72–83.
400:
380:
213:
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506:(Parti du Peuple Algerien, PPA) was declared outlawed after the
1519:
228:
took place between 1830 and 1903. In 1827, an argument between
18:
368:
uprisings. The unrest continued in the region as late as the
341:
was besieged by the French, forcing Ahmed Bey to flee to the
1613:
1456:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 135.
1421:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 397.
1386:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 456.
1324:(3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 373.
194:
Resistance movements during the French conquest of Algeria
624:(Front de Libération Nationale, FLN), which launched the
684:
Approximately 11,000 Algerian women participated in the
2104:
List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830
616:, the “Centralists” faction of the movement formed the
435:
Everyday nonviolent forms of resistance (1830s-1950s)
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2016:
1927:
1852:
1803:
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1624:
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658:winning its independence from France. An important
158:
Algerian popular resistance against French invasion
83:
Algerian popular resistance against French invasion
1509:History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria
588:Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties
512:Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties
498:Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties
492:Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties
82:
933:L' Algérie: Histoire, conquête et colonisation
1531:
1294:. Oxford Scholarship Online. pp. 32–33.
662:, it was a complex conflict characterized by
391:Algerian Resistance during the French Algeria
8:
618:Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action
1538:
1524:
1516:
1091:Comparative Studies in Society and History
79:
48:. Please do not remove this message until
16:Popular revolutions against the occupation
2170:Background and causes of the Algerian War
1491:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962
1049:
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
2135:Resistance to the French colonial empire
44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2078:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition
1869:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1871)
1813:Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (1830)
1789:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)
818:L'Algérie dans la littérature française
780:
2109:List of participants in Mokrani Revolt
2083:1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People
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1837:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833)
1825:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832)
1712:Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha
1554:Conflicts between France and Algeria
1030:The Journal of North African Studies
957:
955:
953:
1087:) in Peasant Resistance, 1863–1962"
604:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
2145:Military history of French Algeria
337:against the French army. In 1837,
14:
2180:Algeria–France military relations
2165:African resistance to colonialism
1132:Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2015).
788:Meynier, Gilbert (January 1985).
1547:
1453:Historical dictionary of Algeria
1418:Historical dictionary of Algeria
1383:Historical dictionary of Algeria
1321:Historical dictionary of Algeria
1266:. Scarecrow Press. p. 359.
1264:Historical dictionary of Algeria
1135:Historical dictionary of Algeria
654:from 1954 to 1962, which led to
142:
96:
23:
909:. London: Hurst & Company.
905:Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991).
598:National Liberation Front (FLN)
422:, which began in 1830 with the
414:refers to the colonial rule of
2088:Declaration of 1 November 1954
1886:Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871)
1567:Declaration of 1 November 1954
1081:MacMaster, Neil (April 2013).
1024:Aissaoui, Rabah (2017-02-02).
964:Abd Al-Qadir and the Algerians
764:Declaration of 1 November 1954
546:Special Organisation (Algeria)
375:The Mokrani Revolt was led by
302:(Commander of the Believers).
1:
1605:Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
1600:Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
1595:Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
1590:French-Algerian War 1681–1688
1512:. Cambridge University Press.
1503:. Cambridge University Press.
1290:Byrne, Jeffrey James (2016).
1234:Cappot, Jean-Gabriel (1856).
1205:10.1080/10402659.2015.1037669
1042:10.1080/13629387.2017.1284592
1138:. Rowman & Littlefield.
558:” became the common goal of
428:Algerian War of Independence
1643:Invasion of Algiers in 1830
1450:Naylor, Phillip C. (2006).
1415:Naylor, Phillip C. (2006).
1380:Naylor, Phillip C. (2006).
1318:Naylor, Phillip C. (2006).
1262:Naylor, Phillip C. (2006).
815:Tailliart, Charles (1999).
248:invaded and quickly seized
182:French-Algerian War 1681–88
176:French-Algerian War 1681–88
170:invasion of Algiers in 1830
50:conditions to do so are met
2196:
2130:French conquest of Algeria
1747:Battle of Boudouaou (1840)
1724:First Battle of the Issers
1696:French conquest of Algeria
1627:French conquest of Algeria
1506:McDougall, James. (2006).
1497:McDougall, James. (2017).
1169:"La conquête de l'Afrique"
995:10.2979/histmemo.28.2.0003
962:Danziger, Raphael (1977).
857:Nettement, Alfred (1870).
735:Emir Abdelkader resistance
695:In particular, during the
677:
673:
635:
601:
543:
495:
470:
394:
352:
226:French conquest of Algeria
200:French conquest of Algeria
197:
179:
90:French conquest of Algeria
1718:First Battle of Boudouaou
1611:
1560:
1488:Horne, Alistair. (1977).
1187:Budd, Eric (2015-04-03).
1103:10.1017/s001041751300008x
688:, especially joining the
680:Women in the Algerian War
652:National Liberation Front
622:National Liberation Front
582:organisation, founded by
531:Special Organisation (OS)
522:of the newly constituted
132:
104:
95:
87:
1874:Battle of Naciria (1871)
1777:Second Assault of Dellys
1359:. Editions Parenthèses.
794:. Editions L'Harmattan.
160:refers to resistance in
2150:19th century in Algiers
1898:Battle of Issers (1871)
1730:First Assault of Dellys
1353:Fabre, Thierry (2004).
1167:Gaffarel, Paul (1892).
977:Jansen, Jan C. (2016).
930:Gaffarel, Paul (2004).
504:Algerian People's Party
172:and lasted until 1903.
168:, which began with the
1742:Battle Of Ammal (1840)
1660:Second Battle of Blida
1618:
1563:Ministry of Mujahideen
524:French Fourth Republic
408:
221:
211:
2175:Rebellions in Algeria
2155:Separatism in Algeria
2053:De Lamoricière Treaty
1864:Battle of Alma (1871)
1783:Battle of Sidi Brahim
1684:Battle of Constantine
1666:Massacre of El Ouffia
1654:First Battle of Blida
1617:
1236:"L'Algerie française"
426:and lasted until the
404:
349:Mokrani Kabyle Revolt
287:Abdelkader Resistance
217:
207:
2160:Wars of independence
2140:Algerian nationalism
1919:Capture of Touggourt
1765:Battle of Beni Mered
1736:Siege of Constantine
1585:Djidjelli expedition
1500:A History of Algeria
576:Organisation Special
572:Special Organisation
568:Special Organisation
560:Algerian nationalism
540:Special Organisation
478:Algerian nationalism
473:Algerian nationalism
467:Algerian nationalism
318:Ahmed Bey Resistance
1912:Capture of Palestro
1771:Battle of the Smala
1637:Shipwreck of Dellys
842:Hugo, Abel (1843).
646:was fought between
632:Algerian Revolution
578:, OS) was a secret
424:invasion of Algiers
385:Franco-Prussian War
232:, the ruler of the
37:of this article is
2041:De Bourmont Treaty
1759:Battle of Mazagran
1648:Battle of Staouéli
1619:
1576:Pre-1830 conflicts
983:History and Memory
747:Kabylia resistance
723:Mitidja resistance
713:History of Algeria
674:Women's resistance
660:decolonization war
626:War of Independenc
584:Mohamed Belouizdad
556:Self-determination
409:
406:Mohamed Belouizdad
327:Bey of Constantine
274:Mitidja resistance
257:Mitidja Resistance
244:, following which
222:
212:
2117:
2116:
2026:Desmichels Treaty
1794:Siege of Laghouat
1273:978-0-8108-5340-9
1145:978-0-8108-7918-8
936:. Serre Editeur.
718:Deylik of Algeria
697:Battle of Algiers
664:guerrilla warfare
650:and the Algerian
520:National Assembly
240:escalated into a
236:, and the French
234:Deylik of Algiers
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486:Djamila Bouhired
445:Right after the
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1991:May 1958 crisis
1939:Toussaint Rouge
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1678:Battle of Macta
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1494:. Viking Press.
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1483:Further reading
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666:and the use of
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447:French invasion
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343:Aures Mountains
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292:Emir Abdelkader
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209:Emir Abdelkader
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188:Barbary Pirates
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166:French conquest
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2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2003:Algiers putsch
2000:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1855:Mokrani Revolt
1850:
1849:
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1846:
1834:
1822:
1809:
1807:
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1279:
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1199:(2): 259–261.
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1159:
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1097:(2): 419–447.
1073:
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949:
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907:Modern Algeria
892:
878:
864:
849:
834:
827:
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800:
779:
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771:
766:
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759:French Algeria
756:
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732:
720:
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708:
705:
678:Main article:
675:
672:
636:Main article:
633:
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602:Main article:
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552:Sétif massacre
544:Main article:
541:
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508:Sétif protests
496:Main article:
493:
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471:Main article:
468:
465:
436:
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412:French Algeria
397:French Algeria
395:Main article:
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389:
377:Cheikh Mokrani
370:Mokrani Revolt
355:Mokrani Revolt
353:Main article:
350:
347:
319:
316:
288:
285:
258:
255:
242:naval blockade
219:Cheikh Mokrani
198:Main article:
195:
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190:in the 1680s.
180:Main article:
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138:Various groups
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2015:
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984:
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945:
943:9782906431751
939:
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830:
828:9782051017039
824:
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801:9782296402041
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736:
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724:
721:
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702:
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693:
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681:
671:
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631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
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581:
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569:
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547:
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388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
366:
362:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Hussein Pasha
328:
324:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
301:
297:
293:
286:
284:
280:
275:
271:
266:
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193:
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111:
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91:
86:
81:
72:
69:
61:
51:
47:
41:
40:
36:
30:
21:
20:
2031:Tafna Treaty
1996:
1959:
1930:Algerian War
1928:
1853:
1694:
1625:
1574:
1553:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1452:
1445:
1417:
1410:
1382:
1375:
1355:
1348:
1320:
1291:
1263:
1229:
1196:
1193:Peace Review
1192:
1162:
1134:
1127:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1033:
1029:
1019:
986:
982:
972:
963:
932:
925:
906:
881:
867:
852:
837:
821:. Slatkine.
817:
810:
790:
783:
769:Algerian War
694:
686:Algerian War
683:
644:Algerian War
643:
641:
638:Algerian War
607:
580:paramilitary
575:
549:
535:
528:
516:Messali Hadj
501:
477:
476:
461:
457:
450:
444:
438:
411:
410:
374:
358:
321:
312:
308:
304:
290:
267:
263:
260:
225:
223:
185:
164:against the
157:
155:
133:Belligerents
88:Part of the
64:
55:
33:
2056: [
2044: [
2008:Bab El Oued
1901: [
1889: [
1877: [
1840: [
1828: [
1816: [
1805:Allegiances
1750: [
1698:: 1837-1870
1629:: 1830-1836
750: [
738: [
726: [
628:e in 1954.
339:Constantine
335:Constantine
325:, the last
277: [
230:Hussein Dey
2124:Categories
1976:Agounennda
1949:El Djorf I
1051:2381/39586
1036:(2): 194.
916:185065106X
775:References
550:After the
440:Nonviolent
35:neutrality
2070:Documents
1960:Blue Bird
1944:Véronique
1221:143489198
1213:1040-2659
1154:913031355
1119:144313161
1111:0010-4175
1068:152197651
1060:1362-9387
1011:157969714
1003:0935-560X
564:guerrilla
502:When the
482:Ben Badis
372:in 1871.
323:Ahmed Bey
112:1830-1903
58:July 2024
46:talk page
2018:Treaties
1997:Jumelles
1981:Bouzegza
1966:Palestro
1472:67922291
1437:67922291
1402:67922291
1340:67922291
989:(2): 3.
707:See also
117:Location
39:disputed
1971:Algiers
889:. 1832.
875:. 1837.
668:torture
656:Algeria
610:Messali
586:of the
420:Algeria
365:Ottoman
361:Kabylia
296:Shari’a
270:Mitidja
250:Algiers
162:Algeria
122:Algeria
1796:(1852)
1785:(1845)
1779:(1844)
1773:(1843)
1767:(1842)
1761:(1840)
1738:(1837)
1732:(1837)
1726:(1837)
1720:(1837)
1714:(1837)
1708:(1837)
1686:(1836)
1680:(1835)
1674:(1835)
1668:(1832)
1662:(1830)
1656:(1830)
1650:(1830)
1639:(1830)
1470:
1460:
1435:
1425:
1400:
1390:
1363:
1338:
1328:
1298:
1270:
1219:
1211:
1152:
1142:
1117:
1109:
1085:Djemâa
1066:
1058:
1009:
1001:
940:
913:
825:
798:
648:France
592:France
570:. The
510:, the
452:hijrah
416:France
246:France
238:consul
149:France
2097:Lists
2060:]
2048:]
1905:]
1893:]
1881:]
1844:]
1832:]
1820:]
1754:]
1217:S2CID
1115:S2CID
1064:S2CID
1007:S2CID
754:]
742:]
730:]
608:With
418:over
381:Spahi
281:]
1468:OCLC
1458:ISBN
1433:OCLC
1423:ISBN
1398:OCLC
1388:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1336:OCLC
1326:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1209:ISSN
1150:OCLC
1140:ISBN
1107:ISSN
1056:ISSN
999:ISSN
938:ISBN
911:ISBN
823:ISBN
796:ISBN
642:The
614:MTDL
484:and
359:The
268:The
224:The
156:The
109:Date
32:The
1201:doi
1099:doi
1046:hdl
1038:doi
991:doi
690:FNL
2126::
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1565:-
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1431:.
1396:.
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1310:^
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1197:27
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1101::
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1048::
1040::
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993::
946:.
919:.
861:.
846:.
831:.
804:.
574:(
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
52:.
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
