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938:... This power has an appearance: a quartet of retired generals. It has a reality: a group of officers, partisan, ambitious and fanatical. This group and this quartet possess an expedient and limited knowledge of things. But they only see and understand the Nation and the world distorted by their delirium. Their enterprise leads directly towards a national disaster ... I forbid any Frenchman, and first of all any soldier, to execute a single one of their orders ... In the face of the misfortune which hangs over the country and the threat to the Republic, having taken advice from the
1139:, reassured de Gaulle that this plot was not backed by the CIA or any other U.S. government entity. The next day M. de Murville appeared before the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Chamber of Deputies to testify that there was no evidence of U.S. complicity. U.S. President John F. Kennedy himself contacted de Gaulle to pledge his support, including military assistance, if needed. President de Gaulle declined Kennedy's offer, fearing any controversy if American troops shot any French counterparts.
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travers leur frénésie. Leur entreprise conduit tout droit à un désastre national. Voici l'Etat bafoué, la Nation défiée, notre puissance ébranlée, notre prestige international abaissé, notre place et notre rôle en
Afrique compromis. Et par qui ? Hélas ! hélas ! hélas ! par des hommes dont c'était le devoir, l'honneur, la raison d'être de servir et d'obéir.
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militaire. Ce pouvoir a une apparence: un quarteron de généraux en retraite. Il a une réalité: un groupe d'officiers, partisans, ambitieux et fanatiques. Ce groupe et ce quarteron possèdent un savoir-faire expéditif et limité. Mais ils ne voient et ne comprennent la Nation et le monde que déformés à
927:
The following day, on Sunday 23 April, Gen. Salan arrived in
Algeria from Spain and refused to arm civilian activists. At 8:00 pm President de Gaulle appeared in his 1940s vintage military uniform on television, calling on French military personnel and civilians, in metropolitan France or in Algeria,
1460:
Devant le malheur qui plane sur la patrie et la menace qui pèse sur la République, ayant pris l'avis officiel du
Conseil constitutionnel, du Premier ministre, du président du Sénat, du président de l'Assemblée nationale, j'ai décidé de mettre en cause l'article 16 de notre Constitution. A partir
999:
The few military units which had followed the mutinying generals progressively surrendered. Gen. Challe gave himself up to the authorities on 26 April, and was immediately transferred to metropolitan France. The putsch had been successfully quashed, but
Article 16 granting full and extraordinary
685:(French settler) community opposed to independence. Self-determination was approved by 75% of voters overall and 69.5% in Algeria. The government reported voter turnout of 92.2%. Other sources claim that four out of ten of the individuals in France and Algeria entitled to vote abstained.
995:
as part of a scheduled testing program. Gerboise Verte exploded at 6:05 am. While the test and test site were already prepped as part of the French national nuclear program, the test timeline appears to have been accelerated to ensure that the security of the device was not compromised.
668:. The wording of the referendum was "Do you approve the Bill submitted to the French people by the President of the Republic concerning the self-determination of the Algerian population and the organisation of the public power in Algeria prior to self-determination".
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ran a front-page editorial that the CIA involvement was rogue and not politically approved: “It now seems established that some
American agents more or less encouraged Challe.... President Kennedy, of course knew nothing of all this". Subsequently President
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Au nom de la France, j'ordonne que tous les moyens, je dis tous les moyens, soient employés pour barrer partout la route à ces hommes-là, en attendant de les réduire. J'interdis à tout Français et, d'abord, à tout soldat, d'exécuter aucun de leurs ordres.
1727:
Communist
Forgeries: hearings before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Eighty-Seventh Congress, first session, on June 2,
57:
903:, six other officers and several civilians were simultaneously arrested in Paris. At 5:00 pm, during the ministers' council, Charles de Gaulle declared: "Gentlemen, what is serious about this affair is that it isn't serious". He then proclaimed a
798:
terrorist group), took control of the territory's capital, Algiers. General Challe criticised what he saw as the government's treason and lies toward French
Algerian colonists and loyalist Algerians who trusted it, and stated that
975:(south Oran zone) and including Foreign Legion units, followed the lead of its commander, Gen. Philippe Ginestet, in remaining loyal to the government in Paris. Ginestet was subsequently assassinated by the OAS in retaliation.
970:
called by the trade unions the day after de Gaulle's broadcast. Within the army itself much depended on the position taken by individual senior officers. The 13th Light
Division of Infantry, responsible for the strategic
1402:
Challe: le commandement réserve ses droits pour étendre son action à la métropole et reconstituer un ordre constitutionnel et républicain gravement compromis par un gouvernement dont l'illégalité éclate aux yeux de la
946:, I have decided to invoke article 16 of the Constitution . Starting from this day, I will take, directly if the need arises, the measures which seem to me demanded by circumstances ... Frenchwomen, Frenchmen! Help me!
629:, with French paratroopers descending on strategic airfields. The commanders in Oran and Constantine, however, refused to follow Challe's demand that they join the coup. At the same time information about the
277:
1028:
sentenced Challe and André Zeller to 15 years in prison. However, they were granted an amnesty and had their military positions restored five years later. Raoul Salan and
Jouhaud escaped. Salan was condemned
1155:. IPS, it has been said, "consistently released and reported anti-American and pro-Soviet bloc stories which are either distorted or entirely false." During a June 1961 hearing before a subcommittee of the
636:
On 22 April all flights and landings were forbidden in
Parisian airfields; an order was given to the Army to resist the coup "by all means". The following day, President De Gaulle made a famous speech
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606:(FLN). General Salan stated that he joined the coup without concerning himself with its technical planning; however, it has always been considered a four-man coup d'état, or as De Gaulle put it, "
1120:. French officials seemed to want to put out the story that "the generals plot was backed by strongly anti-communist elements in the United States Government and military services." Within days
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671:
French citizens living abroad or serving abroad in the military were allowed to vote, as were all adult Algerians, regardless of ancestry, in a single electoral college. Speaking for the
819:, took control of all of Algiers' strategic points in three hours. The units directly involved in the putsch were the 1st and 2nd REP, the 1er REC and the 14th and 18th Regiments of
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to follow the professional soldiers' call for insurgency and in some cases jailed their insurrectionist officers. The putsch met with widespread opposition, largely in the form of
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powers to de Gaulle was maintained for five months. "The Battle of the Transistors"—as it was called by the press—was quickly and definitively won by de Gaulle.
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and to reconstitute a constitutional and republican order seriously compromised by a government whose illegality is blatant in the eyes of the nation.
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testified that the article published by il Paese was likely part of a Soviet propaganda campaign designed to divide the U.S. and French governments.
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A July 1968 act granted amnesty; the 24 November 1982, law reintegrated the surviving generals into the army. Salan, Jouhaud and six other generals (
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896:, who was visiting, and several civil and military authorities. Several regiments put themselves under the command of the insurrectionary generals.
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and several Marine infantry units), but these seem to have reflected the views of their senior officers only and there was no active participation.
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The only known fatality was French Army Sergeant Pierre Brillant, who was killed by the parachutists while defending the radio transmitter at
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Algiers' population was awakened on 22 April at 7:00 am to a message read on the radio: "The army has seized control of Algeria and of the
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Following the outcome of the referendum, Michel Debré's government started secret negotiations with the GPRA. On 25 January 1961 Col.
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1090:'s administration, particularly the CIA. A day after the rebelling generals completed the takeover of Algeria, Italian newspaper
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Suggestions began to appear in French media that the perpetrators might have the backing of reactionary elements in US President
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1180:. However, Gen. Challe himself always contended that he had never been in contact with any foreign countries in this affair.
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uniform (he was 70 years old and long since a civilian head of state) ordering the French people and military to help him.
588:(former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), it took place from the afternoon of 21 to 26 April 1961 in the midst of the
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first editorialized that "It's not by chance that some people in Paris are accusing the American secret service headed by
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834:. Initially, there were pledges of support from other regiments (the 27th Dragoons, the 94th Infantry, the 7th Algerian
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Tully, Andrew (1962). "CIA: The Inside Story". p. 48 – via Crosby S. Noyes, Washington Star, date unknown.
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1116:. Reports appeared claiming that the rumor was partly spread by or at the encouragement of minor officials in the
1043:, a terrorist paramilitary organization that attempted to stop the ongoing process of the April 1962 Independence
881:, his general secretary of African and Malagasy Affairs and closest collaborator, in charge of covert operations.
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d'aujourd'hui, je prendrai, au besoin directement, les mesures qui me paraîtront exigées par les circonstances.
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552:, along with the resident European community and pro-French Algerians. Organised in French Algeria by retired
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who had unofficial editorial control. Its editor, Mario Malloni, was a member of the Soviet-backed
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called for a boycott of the referendum, as did 16 retired French generals and factions among the
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888:". The three rebel generals—Challe, Jouhaud, and Zeller—had the government's general delegate,
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On Tuesday 25 April government authorities in Paris ordered the explosion of the atomic bomb
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The coup was to come in two phases: an assertion of control in French Algeria's major cities
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of having participated in the plot of the four ‘ultra’ generals.” The next day in Russia
1012:, Algiers. Brillant was aiming at 1st REP 3rd Company Capt. Estoup when he was shot by a
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1039:(later commuted to life sentence), as was Jouhaud. Salan and others later founded the
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924:(LDH, Human Rights League) called to demonstrate against the military's coup d'état.
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General Maurice Challe, protégé of CIA director Allen Dulles, plot against De Gaulle
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visited with Premier Debré and threatened him with a coup directed by a "colonels'
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French National Audiovisual Institute INA, Les Actualités Françaises - 03/05/1961
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phase came to Prime Minister Debré's attention through the intelligence service.
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Ce qui est grave dans cette affaire, messieurs, c’est qu’elle n’est pas sérieuse
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was created from a revision of this article dated 29 November 2017
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The organisers of the putsch were opposed to the secret negotiations that
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An insurrectionary power has established itself in Algeria by a military
1541:"The Dark Romance and Grim Reality of Life in the French Foreign Legion"
942:, the Prime Minister, the president of the Senate, the president of the
1806:, Institut Charles de Gaulle, Paris, no. 15, June 1976, pp. 47–54.
746: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
614:
77:
during the coup (Gouvernement General building, Algiers, 23 April 1961)
1219:"1961 Generals' Putsch of Algiers | French Foreign Legion Information"
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1448:
De Gaulle: Un pouvoir insurrectionnel s'est établi en Algérie par un
1176:(West German Federal Intelligence Service) leader and Dulles protégé
1101:
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988:
885:
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1802:, ‘La défaite du putsch de 1961: un exemple de résistance civile’,
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985:
892:, arrested as well as the National Minister of Public Transport,
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592:(1954–1962) and brought the nation to the brink of a civil war.
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1935:
1712:, Patrick Pesnot, Radio show, broadcast on French public radio
1615:"Permindex / Centro Mondiale Commerciale – sinister operation?"
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contended that the French generals also had the support of the
259:
255:
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There were other claims of foreign support: French journalist
916:
715:
1841:
1519:"France's Nuclear Weapons – Origin of the Force de Frappe"
1428:
The Human Right League calls for a Segolene Royal votation
1567:
Alistair Horne, The French Army and Politics, 1984, p. 82
803:
the command reserves its right to extend its actions to
27:
Attempted coup in French Algeria during the Algerian War
1504:
Les Premiers Essais Francais au Sahara : 1960–1966
2352:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
625:. The metropolitan operation would be led by Colonel
1684:. New York: William Morrow and Company. p. 49.
602:'s government had started with the anti-colonialist
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La réhabilitation des généraux putschistes, en 1982
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Foreign Airborne Battalions and Regiments of France
700:was in no way disposed to let the French Algerian
826:. Together they comprised the elite units of the
1710:Rendez-vous with X: Algiers Putsch & the CIA
1253:Debré's official speech in the 20h news report,
930:
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673:Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic
41:
815:(1e REP), composed of 1,000 men and headed by
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2939:
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1947:
1796:, Oslo, vol. 12, no. 1, 1975, pp. 19–36.
1463:Françaises, Français ! Aidez-moi !
1268:"Message radiodiffusé et télévisé | INA"
950:Due to the popularity of a recent invention,
790:, Jean Gardes and civilians Joseph Ortiz and
271:
8:
532:
522:
610:" ("a quartet of generals in retirement").
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1974:
1954:
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1932:
1539:Langewiesche, William (12 November 2012).
1350:(in French). Editions Dricot. p. 97.
1131:, through his White House Press Secretary
877:the president was informed of the coup by
794:(who would later form the pro-colonialist
278:
264:
256:
38:
2583:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
1104:stated that the mutiny was encouraged by
762:Learn how and when to remove this message
1871:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1854:
1790:, ‘Civil Resistance to Military Coups’,
1481:, Oslo, vol. 12, no. 1, 1975, pp. 19–36.
1475:, ‘Civil Resistance to Military Coups’,
1135:'s meeting with French Foreign Minister
855:, formed a crisis cell in a room of the
5084:20th-century military history of France
5049:Military operations of the Algerian War
4959:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
4573:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
3577:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)
1705:
1703:
1701:
1210:
774:On 22 April 1961, the retired generals
2469:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
1675:
1673:
1671:
7:
5029:1960s coups d'état and coup attempts
3366:Things named after Charles de Gaulle
2680:1961 Vitry-Le-François train bombing
2619:
1285:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
954:, de Gaulle's call was heard by the
744:adding citations to reliable sources
608:un quarteron de généraux en retraite
61:From left to right: French Generals
3289:Union of Democrats for the Republic
1762:Jacques Fauvet and Jean Planchais,
510:
3584:Central African Republic (1965–66)
25:
5089:Events that led to courts-martial
3029:French Military Mission to Poland
2165:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
1082:Claims of CIA and BND involvement
582:Chief of Staff of the French Army
5034:Attempted coups d'état in France
3423:
3422:
2685:1962 Issy-les-Moulineaux bombing
2618:
2608:
2607:
1853:
1643:. New York: Morrow. p. 48.
1603:Loi n° 68-697 du 31 juillet 1968
863:was attending a presentation of
720:
675:(the political arm of the FLN),
232:
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210:
199:
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176:
165:
144:
131:
55:
5054:Presidency of Charles de Gaulle
4833:Central African Republic (2021)
4731:Central African Republic (2013)
4517:Central African Republic (2003)
4503:Central African Republic (2001)
4054:Central African Republic (1982)
4033:Central African Republic (1981)
3973:Central African Republic (1979)
731:needs additional citations for
656:had voted in favor of Algerian
32:Algiers putsch (disambiguation)
2203:Declaration of 1 November 1954
1255:ORTF public television channel
1049:Algerian territories of France
813:1st Foreign Parachute Regiment
1:
4896:Burkina Faso (September 2022)
2325:Proposed partition of Algeria
1159:in the United States Senate,
1147:was financed directly by the
5064:Far-right politics in France
4903:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
4538:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
4457:Republic of the Congo (1998)
4394:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
4331:Sierra Leone (December 1992)
4208:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988)
4180:Republic of the Congo (1987)
3784:Republic of the Congo (1972)
3682:Republic of the Congo (1968)
3633:Republic of the Congo (1966)
3486:Republic of the Congo (1960)
2416:Effects in Algerian politics
1922:Article by Pierre Abramovici
1078:) benefitted from this law.
662:referendum of 8 January 1961
5079:April 1961 events in Africa
5024:Algiers in the Algerian War
4882:Burkina Faso (January 2022)
4075:Upper Volta (February 1983)
2031:Algerian popular resistance
1303:Nohlen & Stöver, p. 685
921:Ligue des droits de l'homme
843:head of the Parisian police
5115:
5094:Organisation armée secrète
4429:Sierra Leone (August 1996)
3339:Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle
3284:Rally of the French People
3247:1965 presidential election
2971:Names and terms of address
2908:Besançon courthouse attack
2811:Jean-Pierre Maïone-Libaude
2666:Organisation armée secrète
2567:Organisation armée secrète
2508:Algerian National Movement
2230:Hijacking of the FLN plane
1989:French conquest of Algeria
1771:The French Foreign Legion.
1588:Argoud, de Gaulle: le duel
1586:Dubois, Ghislain (1995).
1347:Argoud, de Gaulle: le duel
1157:Committee on the Judiciary
849:, and the director of the
704:created in 1848 after the
29:
5014:Military coups in Algeria
4968:
4082:Upper Volta (August 1983)
3418:
2961:
2605:
2496:National Liberation Front
2438:1 November 1954 Stadiums
2277:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
2114:Sétif and Guelma massacre
1793:Journal of Peace Research
1478:Journal of Peace Research
1344:Dubois, Ghislain (1996).
1137:Maurice Couve de Murville
911:parties, the trade union
604:National Liberation Front
295:
249:
244:
158:
124:
81:
54:
46:
5059:Anti-communism in France
5019:Military coups in France
5009:1961 in the Algerian War
4566:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
3966:Equatorial Guinea (1979)
3344:Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize
2513:Algerian Communist Party
2501:National Liberation Army
2282:Charonne subway massacre
2139:Decolonisation of Africa
1736:2027/umn.31951d02092309h
1380:The Algerian War 1954–62
1313:Horne, Alistair (1978).
1149:Communist Party of Italy
3598:Burundi (November 1966)
2562:Front Algérie Française
2215:Battle of Philippeville
1905:4 November 2013 at the
1590:. Éd. Dricot, p. 107
1283:& Stöver, P (2010)
1173:Bundesnachrichtendienst
1026:Haut Tribunal militaire
966:, including a one-hour
5039:1961 crimes in Algeria
4868:Sudan (September 2021)
3703:Libya (September 1969)
3619:Nigeria (January 1966)
3387:Operation Resurrection
3225:Algiers putsch of 1961
3126:Provisional Government
3121:Brazzaville Conference
3099:Empire Defense Council
2903:Algiers putsch of 1961
2147:Brazzaville Conference
1849:
1829:Listen to this article
1766:, Arthaud, Paris, 1961
1764:La Fronde des Généraux
1753:Le Putsch des Généraux
1680:Tully, Andrew (1962).
1639:Tully, Andrew (1962).
948:
940:Constitutional Council
928:to oppose the putsch:
809:
533:
529:putsch of the generals
523:
518:
511:انقلاب 1961 في الجزائر
159:Commanders and leaders
5074:French Fifth Republic
5044:1961 crimes in France
4359:Bophuthatswana (1994)
3717:Libya (December 1969)
3507:French Algeria (1961)
3349:Fifth French Republic
3116:Casablanca Conference
2879:Objectif 500 millions
2865:The Day of the Jackal
2690:Battle of Bab El Oued
2392:French Fifth Republic
2369:Algerian independence
1848:
1682:CIA: The Inside Story
1641:CIA: The Inside Story
1316:A Savage War of Peace
811:During the night the
786:, helped by colonels
597:French Prime Minister
527:), also known as the
245:Casualties and losses
4952:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
4889:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
4875:Sudan (October 2021)
4724:Libya (October 2013)
4682:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
4668:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
4531:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
4510:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
4489:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
4471:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
4450:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
4005:Guinea-Bissau (1980)
3472:in Africa since 1960
3319:Vive le Québec libre
3262:Later life and death
3131:Liberation of France
3065:Battle of Montcornet
3060:4th Armored Division
2913:Charles Martel Group
2858:Le Combat dans l'île
2409:1962 Algerian crisis
2404:Aftermath in Algeria
2320:Manifesto of the 121
2304:Communauté française
2036:Algerian nationalism
1880:More spoken articles
1730:. Washington. 1961.
1206:Notes and references
1064:Marie-Michel Gouraud
740:improve this article
708:become independent.
660:during the disputed
564:in French Algeria),
30:For other uses, see
4945:Sierra Leone (2023)
4938:Burkina Faso (2023)
4773:Burkina Faso (2016)
4766:Burkina Faso (2015)
4545:Burkina Faso (2003)
4443:Sierra Leone (1997)
4401:Sierra Leone (1996)
4317:Sierra Leone (1992)
4215:Burkina Faso (1989)
4166:Burkina Faso (1987)
3668:Sierra Leone (1968)
3626:Nigeria (July 1966)
3591:Burundi (July 1966)
3392:Order of Liberation
3070:Battle of Abbeville
2761:Jean-Jacques Susini
2545:Commandos de Chasse
2539:French Armed Forces
2153:First Indochina War
1994:Invasion of Algiers
1892:Human Rights League
1751:Pierre Abramovici,
1619:mcadams.posc.mu.edu
1153:World Peace Council
817:Hélie de Saint Marc
805:Metropolitan France
792:Jean-Jacques Susini
666:metropolitan France
534:Putsch des généraux
524:Coup d'État d'Alger
239:Hélie de Saint Marc
5069:French nationalism
4068:Upper Volta (1982)
4012:Upper Volta (1980)
3910:Uganda (June 1977)
3798:Upper Volta (1974)
3612:Upper Volta (1966)
2791:Jean-Pierre Cherid
2751:Pierre Lagaillarde
2240:Week of barricades
2220:Soummam conference
2040:Attempted reforms
1850:
1492:Militaria Magazine
1223:foreignlegion.info
1020:Trials and amnesty
956:conscript soldiers
907:in Algeria, while
905:state of emergency
828:airborne divisions
658:self-determination
562:commander-in-chief
541:intended to force
468:2nd Ouled Bouachra
398:1st Ouled Bouachra
4996:
4995:
4973:: successful coup
4752:The Gambia (2014)
4689:Mali (April 2012)
4675:Mali (March 2012)
4647:Madagascar (2010)
4629:Madagascar (2009)
4615:Mauritania (2008)
4601:Madagascar (2006)
4587:Mauritania (2005)
4524:Mauritania (2003)
4096:Mauritania (1984)
4047:Seychelles (1981)
4019:Mauritania (1981)
3991:Mauritania (1980)
3952:Mauritania (1979)
3945:Mauritania (1978)
3896:Seychelles (1977)
3436:
3435:
3402:Trente Glorieuses
3382:French Resistance
3307:Appeal of 18 June
3277:political parties
3270:
3269:
3190:1958 constitution
3153:
3152:
2955:Charles de Gaulle
2921:
2920:
2826:Jacques Soustelle
2801:Yves Guérin-Sérac
2786:Dominique Borella
2632:
2631:
2601:
2600:
2527:Anti-independence
2477:
2476:
2464:Martyrs' Memorial
2340:
2339:
2315:FLN football team
2235:Operation Corsica
2225:Battle of Algiers
2173:
2172:
2159:Malagasy Uprising
2122:
2121:
1846:
1783:978-0-06-092308-2
1575:978-0-911745-15-3
1378:Windrow, Martin.
1293:978-3-8329-5609-7
944:National Assembly
861:Charles de Gaulle
857:Comédie-Française
772:
771:
764:
640:, dressed in his
570:Inspector General
546:Charles de Gaulle
496:
495:
254:
253:
172:Charles de Gaulle
138:French Government
120:
119:
114:Civil war averted
16:(Redirected from
5106:
4989:
4981:
4974:
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4947:
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4919:
4912:
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3993:
3975:
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3898:
3891:
3884:
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3863:
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3849:
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3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
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3737:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3440:
3426:
3425:
3396:Resistance Medal
3220:Constantine Plan
3142:Épuration légale
3095:Administrations
3046:
3025:Interwar period
3019:Battle of Dinant
2986:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2925:
2886:The Unvanquished
2841:Dominique Venner
2831:Albert Spaggiari
2746:Charles Lacheroy
2736:Pierre Guillaume
2659:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2489:Pro-independence
2486:
2427:
2333:
2310:Constantine Plan
2248:
2194:
2182:
2101:
2019:
1975:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1896:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1769:Porch, Douglas.
1740:
1739:
1723:
1717:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1636:
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1310:
1304:
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1295:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1215:
1072:Jean-Louis Nicot
1045:Evian Agreements
973:Zone Sud Oranais
964:civil resistance
952:transistor radio
852:Sûreté nationale
767:
760:
756:
753:
747:
724:
716:
574:French Air Force
543:French President
537:), was a failed
536:
526:
512:
403:Ath Yahia Moussa
383:Bab El Bekkouche
290:
280:
273:
266:
257:
250:1 soldier killed
237:
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149:
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147:
136:
135:
134:
89:21–26 April 1961
83:
82:
59:
39:
21:
5114:
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4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4813:
4808:Ethiopia (2019)
4806:
4799:
4792:
4787:Zimbabwe (2017)
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
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4694:
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4673:
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4634:
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4613:
4606:
4599:
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4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
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4550:
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4448:
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4434:
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4420:
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4392:
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4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4222:Ethiopia (1989)
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4194:Transkei (1987)
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4103:Cameroon (1984)
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
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3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3819:Ethiopia (1974)
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
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3740:
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3568:
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3505:
3498:
3493:Ethiopia (1960)
3491:
3484:
3473:
3467:
3437:
3432:
3414:
3370:
3331:
3325:
3312:Bayeux speeches
3299:
3293:
3276:
3275:Governments and
3266:
3257:1969 referendum
3237:1962 referendum
3201:
3174:1958 elections
3170:May 1958 crisis
3149:
3084:
3076:
3051:
3035:
2981:
2975:
2957:
2952:
2922:
2917:
2891:
2871:film adaptation
2845:
2806:Roger Holeindre
2796:Pierre Descaves
2781:Georges Bidault
2774:
2772:
2765:
2716:Roger Degueldre
2699:
2668:
2663:
2633:
2628:
2597:
2571:
2522:
2473:
2431:
2425:
2387:May 1958 crisis
2379:
2373:
2336:
2327:
2291:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2242:
2209:Toussaint Rouge
2195:
2188:
2169:
2143:
2118:
2095:
2068:Crémieux Decree
2061:Divide and rule
2017:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1924:
1916:
1907:Wayback Machine
1894:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1861:This audio file
1858:
1851:
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1839:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1815:
1809:
1748:
1743:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1716:, 14 April 2001
1708:
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1451:pronunciamiento
1447:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1431:, Nouvelobs.com
1425:
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1298:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1257:, 22 April 1961
1252:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:May 1958 crisis
1186:
1178:Reinhard Gehlen
1133:Pierre Salinger
1129:John F. Kennedy
1088:John F. Kennedy
1084:
1022:
1006:
879:Jacques Foccart
768:
757:
751:
748:
737:
725:
714:
650:
548:not to abandon
499:
498:
497:
492:
393:May 1958 crisis
303:Toussaint Rouge
291:
286:
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5016:
5011:
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5000:
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4993:
4991:
4990:
4987:attempted coup
4982:
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4955:
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4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4854:Tunisia (2021)
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4759:Burundi (2015)
4755:
4748:
4745:Lesotho (2014)
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4703:Eritrea (2013)
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
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4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4496:Burundi (2001)
4492:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4415:Burundi (1996)
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4387:Comoros (1995)
4383:
4380:Liberia (1994)
4376:
4373:Lesotho (1994)
4369:
4362:
4355:
4352:Nigeria (1993)
4348:
4341:
4338:Burundi (1993)
4334:
4327:
4324:Algeria (1992)
4320:
4313:
4306:
4303:Lesotho (1991)
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4261:Nigeria (1990)
4257:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4187:Tunisia (1987)
4183:
4176:
4173:Burundi (1987)
4169:
4162:
4155:
4152:Lesotho (1986)
4148:
4145:Liberia (1985)
4141:
4134:
4127:
4124:Nigeria (1985)
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4089:Nigeria (1983)
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3998:Liberia (1980)
3994:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3931:Comoros (1978)
3927:
3924:Somalia (1978)
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3875:Nigeria (1976)
3871:
3868:Burundi (1976)
3864:
3861:Comoros (1976)
3857:
3850:
3847:Nigeria (1975)
3843:
3836:
3829:
3826:Comoros (1975)
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3777:Morocco (1972)
3773:
3766:
3763:Dahomey (1972)
3759:
3752:
3749:Morocco (1971)
3745:
3738:
3735:Lesotho (1970)
3730:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3710:Somalia (1969)
3706:
3699:
3692:
3689:Dahomey (1969)
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3661:Algeria (1967)
3657:
3650:
3643:
3640:Dahomey (1967)
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3570:Burundi (1965)
3566:
3563:Dahomey (1965)
3559:
3556:Algeria (1965)
3552:
3545:
3538:
3535:Dahomey (1963)
3531:
3528:Algeria (1962)
3524:
3521:Senegal (1962)
3517:
3514:Somalia (1961)
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3359:Gaullist Party
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2966:Foreign policy
2962:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Robert Pesquet
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Edmond Jouhaud
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Albert Dovecar
2718:
2713:
2711:Antoine Argoud
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2695:Commando Delta
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2432:commemorations
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2399:Year of Africa
2396:
2395:
2394:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2345:End of the war
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2287:Paris massacre
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2252:Algiers putsch
2249:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2054:1943 manifesto
2051:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2023:French Algeria
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2006:Mokrani Revolt
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1897:
1873:
1859:
1852:
1840:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:External links
1821:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1797:
1785:
1767:
1760:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1718:
1697:
1691:978-0688013202
1690:
1667:
1656:
1650:978-0688013202
1649:
1631:
1606:
1595:
1579:
1559:
1531:
1510:
1496:
1483:
1465:
1441:
1418:
1405:
1395:
1388:
1382:. p. 37.
1370:
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1329:
1305:
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1273:
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1246:
1235:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1168:Patrick Pesnot
1083:
1080:
1068:Gustave Mentré
1021:
1018:
1005:
1002:
981:Gerboise Verte
968:general strike
958:, who refused
935:pronunciamento
788:Antoine Argoud
776:Maurice Challe
770:
769:
728:
726:
719:
713:
710:
690:Antoine Argoud
649:
646:
627:Antoine Argoud
566:Edmond Jouhaud
558:Maurice Challe
550:French Algeria
519:Putsch d'Alger
503:Algiers putsch
494:
493:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
458:Ouled Rashache
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
423:Algiers putsch
414:
413:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
296:
293:
292:
285:
283:
282:
275:
268:
260:
252:
251:
247:
246:
242:
241:
206:Edmond Jouhaud
195:Maurice Challe
185:
161:
160:
156:
155:
140:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
115:
107:
103:
102:
99:French Algeria
97:
95:
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
75:Maurice Challe
67:Edmond Jouhaud
52:
51:
44:
43:
42:Algiers putsch
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Algiers putsch
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5111:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:Gambia (2022)
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:Guinea (2021)
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4608:Guinea (2008)
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4436:Zambia (1997)
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:Guinea (1996)
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4366:Gambia (1994)
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:Ciskei (1990)
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:Zambia (1990)
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:Guinea (1985)
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4117:Uganda (1985)
4114:
4111:
4110:Guinea (1984)
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:Gambia (1981)
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3917:Angola (1977)
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:Uganda (1974)
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:Rwanda (1973)
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:Uganda (1971)
3739:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:Rwanda (1961)
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Élysée Treaty
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Levant Crisis
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Claude Piegts
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2617: /
2616:
2615:
2604:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2554:La Main Rouge
2551:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:Monuments and
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:Évian Accords
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:of key events
2192:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:Other factors
2125:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:1920 petition
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1862:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:Roberts, Adam
1798:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:Roberts, Adam
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:HarperCollins
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1494:360 July 2015
1493:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1389:1-85532-516-0
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1359:
1357:9782870951835
1353:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1330:0-670-61964-7
1326:
1322:
1321:304 & 305
1318:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1161:Richard Helms
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:Elysée Palace
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:Jacques Faure
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1003:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
982:
976:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
947:
945:
941:
937:
936:
929:
925:
923:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:Jacques Faure
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
873:. During the
872:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
848:
847:Maurice Papon
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Parachutistes
823:
818:
814:
808:
806:
800:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
766:
763:
755:
745:
741:
735:
734:
729:This section
727:
723:
718:
717:
711:
709:
707:
706:1830 conquest
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
683:
678:
674:
669:
667:
664:organised in
663:
659:
655:
654:French people
647:
645:
643:
639:
638:on television
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
516:
508:
504:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
418:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
323:Philippeville
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
294:
289:
281:
276:
274:
269:
267:
262:
261:
258:
248:
243:
240:
229:
218:
207:
196:
186:
184:
173:
163:
162:
157:
153:
150:Units of the
141:
139:
129:
128:
123:
113:
112:
111:
108:
105:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4986:
4985:no sign for
4931:Gabon (2023)
4924:Niger (2023)
4917:Sudan (2023)
4840:Niger (2021)
4801:Sudan (2019)
4794:Gabon (2019)
4780:Libya (2016)
4738:Libya (2014)
4717:Egypt (2013)
4696:Sudan (2012)
4661:Niger (2011)
4654:Niger (2010)
4622:Sudan (2008)
4559:Sudan (2004)
4464:Niger (1999)
4422:Niger (1996)
4345:Libya (1993)
4310:Sudan (1992)
4289:Venda (1990)
4254:Sudan (1990)
4236:Sudan (1989)
4201:Benin (1988)
4131:Sudan (1985)
4061:Kenya (1982)
4040:Ghana (1981)
3959:Ghana (1979)
3938:Ghana (1978)
3903:Sudan (1977)
3889:Benin (1977)
3882:Sudan (1976)
3840:Libya (1975)
3833:Sudan (1975)
3812:Niger (1974)
3770:Ghana (1972)
3756:Sudan (1971)
3696:Sudan (1969)
3647:Ghana (1967)
3605:Ghana (1966)
3549:Gabon (1964)
3506:
3470:Coups d'état
3407:
3400:
3316:
3298:Speeches and
3232:Fouchet Plan
3224:
3215:Algerian War
3178:presidential
3140:
3041:World War II
3010:World War I
2902:
2884:
2877:
2863:
2856:
2836:Rolf Steiner
2623:
2612:
2576:Other groups
2552:
2543:
2303:
2263:human rights
2261:War crimes /
2251:
2207:
2106:
2093:Legal status
2085:
2081:French Union
2066:
2011:Deportations
1963:Algerian War
1929:
1910:
1811:
1803:
1791:
1770:
1763:
1752:
1746:Bibliography
1726:
1721:
1714:France Inter
1681:
1659:
1640:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1582:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1544:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1513:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1473:Adam Roberts
1468:
1449:
1444:
1433:, retrieved
1427:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1379:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1346:
1339:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1284:
1276:
1262:
1249:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1213:
1171:
1165:
1142:
1141:
1121:
1098:Allen Dulles
1091:
1085:
1056:Pierre Bigot
1053:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1007:
998:
979:
977:
972:
959:
949:
933:
931:
926:
919:
898:
894:Robert Buron
883:
874:
868:
850:
840:
820:
810:
802:
780:André Zeller
773:
758:
749:
738:Please help
733:verification
730:
702:départements
687:
680:
677:Ferhat Abbas
670:
651:
642:World War II
635:
631:metropolitan
612:
607:
600:Michel Debré
594:
590:Algerian War
578:André Zeller
528:
502:
500:
422:
416:
415:
353:Sidi Semiane
297:
288:Algerian War
217:André Zeller
183:Michel Debré
125:Belligerents
110:Coup failed
109:
63:André Zeller
49:Algerian War
47:Part of the
4847:Mali (2021)
4826:Mali (2020)
4710:Chad (2013)
4594:Chad (2006)
4580:Togo (2005)
4552:Chad (2004)
4296:Mali (1991)
4275:Chad (1990)
4229:Chad (1989)
4159:Togo (1986)
3854:Chad (1975)
3675:Mali (1968)
3654:Togo (1967)
3542:Togo (1963)
3183:legislative
3082:Free France
2995:Early life
2989:Before WWII
2756:Raoul Salan
2731:Yves Godard
2518:Oujda Group
2328: [
2243: [
2189: [
2096: [
2074:Kabyle myth
2049:Jonnart Law
1981:colonialism
1965:(1954–1962)
1925:(in French)
1917:(in French)
1895:(in French)
1592:(in French)
1546:Vanity Fair
1507:(in French)
1412:De Gaulle:
1319:. pp.
1195:Coup d'état
1076:André Petit
1032:in absentia
1014:legionnaire
1010:Ouled Fayet
870:Britannicus
836:Tirailleurs
832:French Army
784:Raoul Salan
698:French Army
652:75% of the
623:Constantine
586:Raoul Salan
554:French Army
539:coup d'état
478:Ouled Sinan
473:Kef Lakhdar
433:Bab El Oued
412:(1959-1961)
368:El Menaouer
348:Oued Zeggar
343:Fellaoucene
228:Raoul Salan
152:French Army
71:Raoul Salan
5003:Categories
3332:depictions
3330:Legacy and
3300:statements
3207:Presidency
3195:referendum
2999:Birthplace
2850:In fiction
2726:Paul Gardy
2704:Leadership
2457:Tizi Ouzou
2378:Legacy and
2362:referendum
2265:violations
2186:Chronology
1999:Atrocities
1971:Background
1876:Audio help
1867:2017-11-29
1773:New York:
1490:pp. 46–47
1144:Paese Sera
1004:Casualties
991:") in the
890:Jean Morin
752:April 2017
712:Chronology
358:Agounennda
318:El Djorf I
5099:War scare
4979:self-coup
3158:1945–1958
3087:Campaigns
3050:Battle of
2380:aftermath
2296:Reactions
2161:(1947–49)
2155:(1946–54)
2108:Pied noir
2087:Indigénat
2063:policies
1287:, p. 674
1281:Nohlen, D
915:and the
909:left-wing
822:Chasseurs
682:pied noir
556:generals
488:Kef Afoul
328:Blue Bird
313:Véronique
308:Boukerker
3428:Category
3354:Gaullism
3321: !"
3014:5th Army
2980:Life and
2673:Activity
2614:Category
2134:Cold War
1912:Le Monde
1903:Archived
1878: ·
1777:, 1991.
1435:29 April
1363:22 April
1184:See also
1123:Le Monde
1112:and the
1110:Pentagon
1093:Il Paese
1047:for the
960:en masse
875:entracte
859:, where
580:(former
568:(former
560:(former
483:Guergour
448:Bouk’hil
443:Boutaleb
408:Jumelles
378:Timimoun
363:Bouzegza
333:Palestro
94:Location
3375:Related
2896:Related
2773:members
2771:Notable
2625:Commons
2452:El Oued
2442:Algiers
2272:Torture
1979:Settler
1915:, 2001
1900:Article
1865: (
1836:minutes
1403:nation.
984:(lit. "
830:of the
696:"; the
648:Context
615:Algiers
572:of the
463:Flawcen
453:Nasinsa
388:Borders
338:Algiers
3252:May 68
3052:France
3006:Family
2982:career
2588:Harkis
2534:France
2482:Groups
2149:(1944)
1804:Espoir
1781:
1759:, 2011
1757:Fayard
1755:, éd.
1688:
1647:
1624:17 May
1573:
1386:
1354:
1327:
1291:
1228:17 May
1108:, the
1102:Pravda
993:Sahara
989:jerboa
886:Sahara
865:Racine
584:) and
515:French
507:Arabic
373:Essien
106:Result
4818:2020s
4639:2010s
4481:2000s
4246:1990s
3983:1980s
3727:1970s
3478:1960s
3136:Paris
2593:Women
2447:Batna
2421:Films
2332:]
2247:]
2193:]
2100:]
1816:(PDF)
1552:1 May
1524:1 May
1037:death
986:green
899:Gen.
694:junta
428:Paris
417:1960s
298:1950s
3409:Ngol
3394:and
3109:CFLN
1779:ISBN
1728:1961
1686:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1626:2018
1571:ISBN
1554:2017
1526:2017
1437:2007
1384:ISBN
1365:2013
1352:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1230:2018
1106:NATO
1074:and
1024:The
841:The
782:and
621:and
619:Oran
501:The
438:Oran
86:Date
73:and
3104:CNF
2178:War
1909:in
1732:hdl
1114:CIA
1041:OAS
1035:to
917:NGO
913:CGT
867:'s
796:OAS
742:by
576:),
521:or
5005::
2330:fr
2245:fr
2191:fr
2098:fr
1890:,
1834:12
1700:^
1670:^
1617:.
1569:,
1543:.
1323:.
1221:.
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
1051:.
1016:.
845:,
778:,
617:,
517::
513:;
509::
69:,
65:,
3462:e
3455:t
3448:v
3317:"
3089:)
3085:(
2947:e
2940:t
2933:v
2658:e
2651:t
2644:v
1955:e
1948:t
1941:v
1882:)
1874:(
1869:)
1838:)
1831:(
1738:.
1734::
1694:.
1653:.
1628:.
1577:.
1556:.
1528:.
1416:.
1392:.
1367:.
1333:.
1270:.
1232:.
765:)
759:(
754:)
750:(
736:.
531:(
505:(
279:e
272:t
265:v
34:.
20:)
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