328:
1059:
479:
49:
520:
600:
644:
560:
1185:, of MCRA was developed during February 2017 to distinguish between MRA for a specific MRI which are both widely recognized medical acronyms as compared to the use of MRA for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist type medications which is only used as a medical acronym in the cardiology and nephrology word.
302:
Increased urination is a commonly reported side effect, particularly during the initial phase following treatment initiation; this is mostly transient and tends to reduce with sustained treatment. Common side effects for antimineralocorticoid medications include nausea and vomiting, stomach cramps
1505:
Kosaka H, Hirayama K, Yoda N, Sasaki K, Kitayama T, Kusaka H, Matsubara M (2010). "The L-, N-, and T-type triple calcium channel blocker benidipine acts as an antagonist of mineralocorticoid receptor, a member of nuclear receptor family".
1585:
1033:
well defined. Their goal was to use these candidates for a broad spectrum of diseases. This was essentially the third wave. The first mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists were all discovered and identified by
2595:
793:
of sodium and chloride ions. The activity of mineralocorticoid antagonists is dependent on the presence of a y-lactone ring on the C-17 position. The C-7 position is also important for activity as
1578:
3184:
1571:
2588:
758:
plays a critical role when determining the appropriate doses for patients with renal and/or hepatic dysfunction. It is very important to adjust the doses for patients with
1907:
2581:
1902:
2849:
3189:
1178:
813:
816:
Antimineralocorticoids and highlighted groups that are important for activity. The y-lactone ring shown in red and the C-7 substituent in pink.
2539:
2013:
1869:
3220:
889:
The main goal of the identification of the first aldosterone antagonists, which happened during the 1950s, was to identify inhibitors of
1945:
1557:
2691:
2265:
1406:
2363:
3215:
2525:
2442:
2411:
2392:
2681:
2859:
2854:
2828:
2816:
2743:
2652:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1636:
1624:
1458:"30 YEARS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: 60 years of research and development"
3179:
2944:
1982:
2640:
2556:
1886:
2879:
2874:
2676:
2615:
2604:
2251:
1141:
928:
176:
108:
1116:
Some drugs also have antimineralocorticoid effects secondary to their main mechanism of actions. Examples include
2086:
1812:
1043:
395:
243:
327:
2635:
2397:
2178:
2090:
1553:
1547:
967:
403:
2869:
2889:
2716:
3194:
2767:
2711:
2686:
2544:
1938:
1912:
1874:
1648:
963:
936:
355:
115:
2864:
2647:
2255:
2174:
1967:
1175:
735:
407:
283:
263:
2669:
1386:
1249:
2293:
2009:
1696:
1598:
881:
core component of most antimineralocorticoids is not essential for mineralocorticoid receptor affinity.
271:
184:
84:
1563:
2999:
2984:
2964:
2894:
2323:
1707:
1097:
259:
2884:
2139:
2109:
1543:
738:
therefore require close monitoring when taking the drug. Spironolactone is also eliminated through
375:
168:
986:
as the first anti-mineralocorticoid. The second wave was all about discovering much more specific
3154:
2779:
2696:
2607:
2485:
2164:
2144:
1931:
1655:
1156:
267:
192:
92:
3014:
196:
96:
3159:
1058:
959:. For this reason, aldosterone antagonists were called mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
3084:
3079:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3019:
2755:
2733:
2479:
2453:
1825:
1611:
1594:
1523:
1487:
1402:
1364:
1308:
1231:
1146:
1047:
827:
759:
103:
3109:
1085:— much more selective than spironolactone on target, but somewhat less potent and efficacious
2659:
2355:
2154:
2124:
1515:
1477:
1469:
1394:
1354:
1344:
1298:
1290:
1221:
1211:
1062:
1030:
1026:
991:
971:
266:. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have been used for many clinical conditions in the
183:
is often used as adjunctive therapy, in combination with other drugs, for the management of
2762:
2401:
2359:
1986:
1643:
1182:
812:
699:
371:
308:
1333:"Aldosterone and aldosterone receptor antagonists in patients with chronic heart failure"
2573:
915:
antagonists on rats and found that the use of one of the first aldosterone antagonists,
3054:
3004:
2979:
2969:
2924:
2914:
2899:
2811:
2738:
2727:
2706:
2550:
2448:
2308:
2119:
2037:
1972:
1880:
1747:
1722:
1631:
1482:
1457:
1398:
1359:
1332:
1303:
1278:
1226:
1199:
1151:
1076:
1014:
983:
948:
924:
916:
870:
847:
824:
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778:
719:
711:
683:
675:
469:
438:
419:
379:
287:
255:
208:
188:
53:
17:
1294:
3209:
2939:
2806:
2801:
2490:
2187:
2129:
2067:
2005:
1995:
1830:
999:
862:
437:
in serum and increased sodium excretion, resulting in decreased body fluid and lower
383:
347:
339:
291:
279:
3144:
3129:
3069:
2994:
2989:
2949:
2919:
2796:
2786:
2333:
2302:
2232:
2159:
1958:
1840:
1802:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1717:
1667:
1619:
1602:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1039:
1018:
854:
794:
790:
363:
304:
275:
223:
215:
204:
124:
88:
1519:
3149:
3114:
3099:
3059:
3049:
2959:
2954:
2701:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2475:
2283:
2202:
2192:
2047:
1820:
1777:
1767:
1003:
975:
940:
932:
912:
894:
890:
831:
806:
786:
715:
707:
430:
426:
415:
343:
335:
172:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3119:
3104:
3094:
3074:
2929:
2909:
2823:
2791:
2774:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2339:
2318:
2227:
2212:
2207:
2149:
2072:
2062:
2052:
2032:
2022:
1855:
1845:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1727:
1679:
1129:
1103:
1082:
1010:
908:
874:
866:
858:
843:
835:
820:
782:
747:
695:
691:
679:
590:
510:
307:
is possible, and warrants serum potassium monitoring on a periodic basis. The
254:. By regulating water excretion, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists lower
219:
39:
3009:
2974:
2934:
2904:
2750:
2432:
2313:
2273:
2222:
2217:
2197:
2134:
2057:
2027:
1835:
1732:
1712:
1432:
Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A.; Roche, Victoria F.; Zito, S. William.
1125:
1093:
987:
970:
of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: The first wave took place within
902:
878:
767:
755:
743:
727:
723:
687:
634:
550:
478:
434:
399:
316:
312:
247:
200:
48:
1527:
1491:
1368:
1312:
1235:
2648:
11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone, deoxycortone, desoxycorticosterone)
3064:
2723:
2664:
2494:
2377:
2372:
2278:
2237:
2114:
2104:
2095:
2082:
2042:
1954:
1850:
1022:
995:
944:
920:
802:
502:
Heart failure, Hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, Ascites, antiandrogenic
235:
161:
80:
1473:
1349:
1216:
846:
has a 20-40-fold lower affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor than
830:
with reduced adverse effects. In addition to the y-lactone ring and the
136:
3029:
3024:
2471:
1035:
979:
839:
763:
751:
731:
599:
519:
411:
391:
387:
367:
351:
251:
239:
212:
120:
67:
1200:"Aldosterone receptor antagonists: current perspectives and therapies"
1110:
and more potent and selective than either eplerenone or spironolactone
643:
559:
898:
869:'s affinity toward mineralocorticoid receptors is equal to that of
191:, the first member of the class, is also used in the management of
2636:
11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)
1923:
1057:
952:
739:
703:
311:
of hyperkalemia is that antimineralocorticoid medications reduce
2382:
180:
164:
2577:
1927:
1567:
911:, a Hungarian-Canadian endocrinologist, studied the effects of
766:
it could accumulate in the body, causing high concentration of
429:
effect by binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor inhibiting
956:
359:
974:. This company identified, shortly after the purification of
1198:
Clark III, Donald; Guichard; Calhoun; Ahmed (June 2013).
762:
because if they fail to eliminate the drug through their
718:, which give it prolonged activity (13.8 – 16. 5 hours).
1277:
Maron, Bradley A.; Leopold, Jane A. (23 February 2010).
990:
anti-mineralocorticoids. The main active companies were
542:
Hypertension, Heart failure, Central Serous
Retinopathy
2802:
Prednicarbate (prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate)
1250:"List of Aldosterone receptor antagonists - Drugs.com"
1042:
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists were done with
286:. They are often used with other medications, such as
72:
Aldosterone antagonistic; Mineralocorticoid antagonist
1079:— the first and most widely used member of this class
789:
to the mineralocorticoid receptor and hindering the
425:
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists decrease the
414:. This helps the body to maintain normal volume and
350:, it binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor in the
2839:
2739:
Hydrocortamate (hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate)
2628:
2614:
2518:
2464:
2391:
2354:
2292:
2264:
2250:
2173:
2081:
2004:
1981:
1966:
1811:
1695:
1610:
1436:. Wolters Kluwer - Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
338:is a mineralocorticoid which is synthesized in the
130:
114:
102:
76:
66:
61:
32:
2616:
1021:mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for use as
919:, protected them from aldosterone-induced cardiac
2812:Prednisolamate (prednisolone diethylaminoacetate)
674:When comparing the pharmacokinetic properties of
207:actions). Most antimineralocorticoids, including
1038:experiments whereas the identification of novel
354:cell and forms a complex. This complex enhances
1069:Members of this class in clinical use include:
842:. This group is believed to be the reason why
445:List of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
3185:Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids
2880:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone)
2589:
1939:
1579:
1456:Kolkhof, Peter; Bärfacker, Lars (July 2017).
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1174:The Krause/King-Lewis acronym, developed at
1013:work, several pharmaceutical companies began
754:and 32% through feces. The information about
270:. It has proven beneficial for diseases like
56:, the most widely used antimineralocorticoid.
8:
1380:
1378:
939:protein. This protein has high affinity for
2895:Canrenoate potassium (potassium canrenoate)
2734:Benzodrocortisone (hydrocortisone benzoate)
2660:11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone)
1708:Canrenoate potassium (potassium canrenoate)
1427:
1425:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1272:
1270:
1193:
1191:
1017:programs. Their goal was to discover novel
234:Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are
2625:
2596:
2582:
2574:
2261:
1978:
1946:
1932:
1924:
1586:
1572:
1564:
893:activity. In those times, the main use of
1546:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1481:
1358:
1348:
1302:
1225:
1215:
962:There have been three major waves in the
682:, it is clear that the two drugs differ.
331:Antimineralocorticoid mechanism of action
1434:Foye's Principals of Medicinal Chemistry
865:and polarity profile for this compound,
823:is a newer drug that was developed as a
811:
585:Contaren, Luvion, Phanurane, Spiroletan
448:
326:
2682:16α,18-Dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone
1908:Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids
1167:
897:was recognized as the control of renal
639:
595:
555:
515:
474:
2860:7α-Thiomethylspironolactone (SC-26519)
2850:6β-Hydroxy-7α-thiomethylspironolactone
303:and diarrhoea. Clinically significant
29:
2855:7α-Acetylthio-17α-hydroxyprogesterone
1903:Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators
1050:in various pharmaceutical companies.
801:the interaction of C-7-unsubstituted
262:which can be very beneficial in some
146:mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
33:Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
7:
1620:Desoxycortone (desoxycorticosterone)
1385:Furman, Brian L. (1 January 2017).
1337:Vascular Health and Risk Management
1204:Vascular Health and Risk Management
931:. It became clear years later that
785:competitively block the binding of
3190:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators
2621:Tooltip Mineralocorticoid receptor
1399:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.98012-7
1279:"Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists"
366:, leading to the formation of two
25:
2692:18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone
1387:"Mineralocorticoid Antagonists ☆"
1295:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.895235
433:. This leads to higher levels of
246:, which leads to increased water
238:drugs that work primarily on the
2905:Canrenone (canrenoate y-lactone)
2870:7α-Thiospironolactone (SC-24813)
2641:11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate
642:
598:
558:
518:
477:
47:
2985:Oxprenoate potassium (RU-28318)
2763:Fludrocortisone (fludrocortone)
2526:Hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene
2393:Vasopressin receptor inhibitors
1331:Nappi, Jean; Sieg (June 2011).
935:antagonists inhibit a specific
774:Structure-activity relationship
714:is metabolized to three active
2665:Cortifen (cortiphen, kortifen)
1176:Naval Medical Center San Diego
1:
3180:Receptor/signaling modulators
2865:7α-Thioprogesterone (SC-8365)
1391:Mineralocorticoid Antagonists
710:(t1/2 = 4–6 hours). However,
2945:Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
1520:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.018
690:(t1/2 = 1.3-1.4 hours) than
626:Potassium-sparing diuretic.
382:called ENaC, located at the
3221:Potassium-sparing diuretics
3005:Prorenoic acid (prorenoate)
2980:Oxprenoic acid (oxprenoate)
2970:Mexrenoic acid (mexrenoate)
2900:Canrenoic acid (canrenoate)
1065:of aldosterone antagonists.
177:mineralocorticoid receptors
3237:
3130:Miricorilant (CORT-118335)
2605:Mineralocorticoid receptor
1142:Potassium-sparing diuretic
929:potassium-sparing diuretic
505:Aldactone, Spirix, Spiron
109:Mineralocorticoid receptor
3172:
2534:
1864:
1661:Methylprednisolone esters
1632:Hydrocortisone (cortisol)
1044:high-throughput screening
861:which yields a different
264:cardiovascular conditions
135:
46:
37:
1548:Medical Subject Headings
1462:Journal of Endocrinology
1025:and safe drugs with the
968:research and development
274:, primary and resistant
3195:List of corticosteroids
2890:18,19-Dinorprogesterone
2875:16α-Hydroxyprogesterone
2768:Fludrocortisone acetate
2717:Corticosterone benzoate
2677:11β-Hydroxyprogesterone
2294:Aldosterone antagonists
1913:List of corticosteroids
1649:Fludrocortisone acetate
1544:Aldosterone+Antagonists
1090:Uncommon use (to date)
964:pharmaceutical industry
923:. The same year, 1959,
226:antimineralocorticoid.
18:Aldosterone antagonists
3216:Antimineralocorticoids
3025:SC-5233 (spirolactone)
2712:Corticosterone acetate
2687:17α-Hydroxyaldosterone
1697:Antimineralocorticoids
1599:antimineralocorticoids
1066:
1009:Around 50 years after
873:and 500 times that of
817:
736:chronic kidney disease
452:Antimineralocorticoid
394:transporters increase
332:
284:chronic kidney disease
260:fluid around the heart
158:aldosterone antagonist
2744:Hydrocortisone esters
1637:Hydrocortisone esters
1061:
901:and the excretion of
815:
346:is secreted from the
330:
272:primary aldosteronism
268:cardiovascular system
185:chronic heart failure
85:Chronic heart failure
3000:Prorenoate potassium
2965:Mexrenoate potassium
2653:Desoxycortone esters
2519:Combination products
2324:Potassium canrenoate
1625:Desoxycortone esters
1098:potassium canrenoate
694:(t1/2 = 4–6 hours).
376:basolateral membrane
2885:18-Deoxyaldosterone
2817:Prednisolone esters
2670:Cortodoxone acetate
2486:mercurial diuretics
2140:Hydrochlorothiazide
2110:Bendroflumethiazide
1813:Synthesis modifiers
1673:Prednisolone esters
1554:MeSH list of agents
1474:10.1530/JOE-16-0600
1350:10.2147/VHRM.S13779
1217:10.2147/VHRM.S33759
972:Searle Laboratories
877:, hinting that the
698:goes through rapid
416:electrolyte balance
396:sodium reabsorption
323:Mechanism of action
244:sodium reabsorption
203:(due to additional
2780:Mometasone furoate
2697:19-Norprogesterone
2561:Never to phase III
2165:Trichlormethiazide
2145:Hydroflumethiazide
1891:Never to phase III
1656:Methylprednisolone
1612:Mineralocorticoids
1595:Mineralocorticoids
1181:2018-07-13 at the
1157:Antiglucocorticoid
1100:— very limited use
1067:
1048:chemical compounds
927:was launched as a
818:
333:
193:hyperaldosteronism
93:Hyperaldosteronism
3203:
3202:
3168:
3167:
2829:Prednisone esters
2756:Cortisone acetate
2571:
2570:
2454:Lithium carbonate
2356:Osmotic diuretics
2350:
2349:
2252:Potassium-sparing
2246:
2245:
1921:
1920:
1826:Aminoglutethimide
1685:Prednisone esters
1508:Eur. J. Pharmacol
1147:Mineralocorticoid
1063:Skeletal formulae
966:when it comes to
799:sterically hinder
760:renal dysfunction
667:
666:
418:, increasing the
402:excretion in the
142:
141:
104:Biological target
62:Class identifiers
16:(Redirected from
3228:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2262:
2155:Methyclothiazide
2125:Cyclopenthiazide
1979:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1532:
1531:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1468:(1): T125–T140.
1453:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1328:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1219:
1195:
1186:
1172:
1031:pharmacokinetics
1027:pharmacodynamics
734:. Patients with
670:Pharmacokinetics
646:
602:
562:
522:
481:
449:
362:segments in the
242:. They decrease
179:. This group of
51:
30:
21:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3164:
3035:SC-11927 (CS-1)
2835:
2620:
2610:
2602:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2551:Clinical trials
2530:
2514:
2460:
2395:
2387:
2346:
2288:
2242:
2169:
2096:Calcium-sparing
2094:
2077:
2000:
1970:
1962:
1952:
1922:
1917:
1896:
1881:Clinical trials
1860:
1807:
1691:
1644:Fludrocortisone
1606:
1592:
1540:
1535:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1455:
1454:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1183:Wayback Machine
1173:
1169:
1165:
1138:
1073:Widespread use
1056:
1046:of millions of
887:
776:
750:is 67% through
730:47-51% through
672:
663:
659:
655:
647:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
579:
575:
571:
563:
539:
535:
531:
523:
498:
494:
490:
482:
447:
408:collecting duct
384:apical membrane
325:
309:pathophysiology
300:
298:Adverse effects
232:
197:Conn's syndrome
97:Conn's syndrome
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Spironolactone
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Dydrogesterone
2922:
2917:
2915:Dimethisterone
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2728:hydrocortisone
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2707:Corticosterone
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2630:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2482:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2449:Demeclocycline
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2407:
2405:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Spironolactone
2298:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2175:Thiazide-likes
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Chlorothiazide
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Etacrynic acid
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1976:
1973:etacrynic acid
1964:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1894:
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1892:
1889:
1878:
1872:
1866:
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1862:
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1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1748:Spironolactone
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1723:Dydrogesterone
1720:
1715:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1653:
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1651:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1629:
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1607:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1539:
1538:External links
1536:
1534:
1533:
1514:(1–3): 49–55.
1497:
1439:
1421:
1407:
1374:
1318:
1289:(7): 934–939.
1266:
1241:
1187:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1152:Corticosteroid
1149:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1077:Spironolactone
1055:
1052:
1015:drug discovery
984:spironolactone
949:corticosterone
947:in humans and
925:spironolactone
917:spironolactone
886:
883:
871:spironolactone
848:spironolactone
825:spironolactone
779:Spironolactone
775:
772:
770:in the blood.
742:(35-41%). The
720:Spironolactone
712:spironolactone
684:Spironolactone
676:spironolactone
671:
668:
665:
664:
661:
657:
653:
650:
649:
648:
641:
637:
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
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557:
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517:
513:
507:
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
484:
483:
476:
472:
470:Spironolactone
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
446:
443:
439:blood pressure
420:blood pressure
370:transporters,
348:adrenal glands
340:adrenal glands
324:
321:
299:
296:
288:ACE inhibitors
256:blood pressure
231:
228:
209:spironolactone
189:Spironolactone
171:the action of
140:
139:
133:
132:
128:
127:
118:
116:Chemical class
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
78:
74:
73:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:Spironolactone
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3233:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
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3211:
3196:
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3148:
3146:
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3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:Nonsteroidal:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
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3051:
3048:
3046:
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3041:
3038:
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3028:
3026:
3023:
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3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:Guggulsterone
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Prednimustine
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:Chlormerodrin
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
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2416:
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2341:
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2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:Spirolactones
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Chlortalidone
2186:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Cyclothiazide
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Tienilic acid
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1996:Acetazolamide
1994:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1983:CA inhibitors
1980:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
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1901:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:Carbenoxolone
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
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1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:Nonsteroidal:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
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1669:
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1662:
1659:
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1657:
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1650:
1647:
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1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1410:
1408:9780128012383
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:non-steroidal
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:non-steroidal
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:Roussel Uclaf
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
943:but also for
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:lipophilicity
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
838:has a 9α,11α-
837:
833:
829:
826:
822:
814:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
669:
651:
645:
640:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
607:
601:
596:
594:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
567:
561:
556:
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
527:
521:
516:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
486:
480:
475:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:distal tubule
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:Na+/K+ ATPase
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:transcription
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
297:
295:
293:
292:beta blockers
289:
285:
281:
280:heart failure
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
229:
227:
225:
221:
217:
216:spirolactones
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:) and female
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
138:
134:
129:
126:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3145:Nitrendipine
3091:
3070:Trimegestone
2995:Progesterone
2990:Pregnenolone
2950:Medrogestone
2920:Drospirenone
2846:
2797:Prednazoline
2787:Prednisolone
2484:
2441:
2410:
2334:Nonsteroidal
2332:
2301:
2266:ESC blockers
2233:Quinethazone
2160:Polythiazide
1968:Sulfonamides
1841:Ketoconazole
1803:Nitrendipine
1759:
1753:Trimegestone
1743:Progesterone
1738:Medrogestone
1718:Drospirenone
1704:
1668:Prednisolone
1556:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1465:
1461:
1433:
1414:27 September
1412:. Retrieved
1390:
1340:
1336:
1286:
1282:
1259:27 September
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1207:
1203:
1170:
1122:drospirenone
1118:progesterone
1115:
1108:nonsteroidal
1068:
1008:
961:
907:
888:
855:nonsteroidal
853:Despite the
852:
819:
795:substituents
791:reabsorption
777:
706:to inactive
686:has shorter
673:
424:
390:cell. These
388:renal tubule
374:pump at the
358:of specific
352:renal tubule
334:
305:hyperkalemia
301:
276:hypertension
233:
230:Medical uses
224:nonsteroidal
205:antiandrogen
157:
153:
149:
145:
143:
131:Legal status
125:Nonsteroidal
89:Hypertension
38:
3155:PF-03882845
3150:Ocedurenone
3115:Esaxerenone
3100:Apararenone
3060:Spiroxasone
3050:Spirorenone
2960:Metribolone
2955:Mespirenone
2840:Antagonists
2702:Aldosterone
2547:from market
2510:Cicletanine
2505:Theobromine
2499:Meralluride
2476:Isopropanol
2284:Triamterene
2203:Clorexolone
2193:Clofenamide
2177:(primarily
2048:Indacrinone
1877:from market
1821:Acetoxolone
1778:Esaxerenone
1768:Apararenone
1343:: 353–363.
1283:Circulation
1210:: 321–331.
1023:efficacious
1004:Schering AG
976:aldosterone
941:aldosterone
933:aldosterone
913:aldosterone
895:aldosterone
891:aldosterone
840:epoxy group
832:substituent
807:aldosterone
787:aldosterone
722:has a long
716:metabolites
708:metabolites
464:Brand name
431:aldosterone
427:aldosterone
380:Na+ channel
344:aldosterone
336:Aldosterone
258:and reduce
195:(including
173:aldosterone
169:antagonizes
137:In Wikidata
3210:Categories
3140:Nimodipine
3135:Nifedipine
3125:Finerenone
3120:Felodipine
3105:Benidipine
3095:Amlodipine
3075:Vamorolone
3015:RO-14-9012
2930:Eplerenone
2910:Dicirenone
2847:Steroidal:
2824:Prednisone
2792:Prednazate
2775:Mometasone
2608:modulators
2428:Satavaptan
2423:Mozavaptan
2418:Conivaptan
2340:Finerenone
2319:Eplerenone
2228:Metolazone
2213:Indapamide
2208:Fenquizone
2150:Mebutizide
2073:Torasemide
2063:Piretanide
2053:Muzolimine
2033:Bumetanide
2023:Furosemide
1856:Trilostane
1846:Metyrapone
1798:Nimodipine
1793:Nifedipine
1788:Finerenone
1783:Felodipine
1773:Benidipine
1763:Amlodipine
1728:Eplerenone
1705:Steroidal:
1680:Prednisone
1163:References
1130:benidipine
1104:Finerenone
1083:Eplerenone
996:Ciba-Geigy
909:Hans Selye
875:eplerenone
867:finerenone
859:finerenone
857:nature of
844:eplerenone
836:eplerenone
821:Eplerenone
783:Eplerenone
748:eplerenone
700:metabolism
696:Eplerenone
692:eplerenone
680:eplerenone
591:Finerenone
511:Eplerenone
455:Structure
220:Finerenone
40:Drug class
27:Drug class
3160:SM-368229
3010:Prorenone
2975:Mexrenone
2935:Gestodene
2751:Cortisone
2557:Phase III
2545:Withdrawn
2433:Tolvaptan
2314:Canrenone
2274:Amiloride
2223:Meticrane
2218:Mefruside
2198:Clopamide
2135:Epitizide
2083:Thiazides
2058:Ozolinone
2028:Azosemide
1955:Diuretics
1887:Phase III
1875:Withdrawn
1836:Enoxolone
1733:Gestodene
1713:Canrenone
1254:Drugs.com
1126:gestodene
1094:Canrenone
988:steroidal
903:potassium
879:steroidal
768:potassium
756:excretion
744:excretion
724:half-life
688:half-life
635:Mexrenone
629:Kerendia
582:Diuretic
551:Canrenone
435:potassium
400:potassium
317:excretion
313:potassium
248:excretion
213:steroidal
201:hirsutism
121:Steroidal
3176:See also
3085:ZK-97894
3080:ZK-91587
3065:Tibolone
3045:SC-27169
3040:SC-19886
3020:RU-26752
2724:Cortisol
2629:Agonists
2495:Mersalyl
2378:Glycerol
2373:Mannitol
2279:Benzamil
2238:Xipamide
2115:Butizide
2105:Altizide
2043:Etozolin
1899:See also
1851:Mitotane
1558:82000451
1528:20307534
1492:28634268
1369:21731887
1313:20177008
1236:23836977
1179:Archived
1136:See also
1054:Examples
945:cortisol
937:receptor
921:necrosis
834:on C-7,
805:such as
803:agonists
728:excreted
458:Formula
406:and the
236:diuretic
162:diuretic
81:Diuretic
68:Synonyms
3110:BR-4628
3030:SC-8109
2472:Ethanol
2412:Vaptans
2010:Na-K-Cl
1483:5488394
1360:3119593
1304:2828634
1227:3699348
1036:in vivo
1011:Selye's
982:-based
980:steroid
885:History
764:kidneys
752:kidneys
732:kidneys
726:and is
702:by the
545:Inspra
412:kidneys
410:of the
392:protein
386:of the
368:protein
364:nucleus
342:. When
252:kidneys
250:by the
240:kidneys
160:, is a
2540:WHO-EM
2443:Others
1870:WHO-EM
1550:(MeSH)
1526:
1490:
1480:
1405:
1367:
1357:
1311:
1301:
1234:
1224:
1128:, and
992:Searle
899:sodium
828:analog
797:there
211:, are
167:which
2465:Other
2087:Na-Cl
1971:(and
740:feces
704:liver
222:is a
181:drugs
156:) or
2480:2M2B
2400:and
2383:Urea
2254:(at
2006:Loop
1985:(at
1597:and
1524:PMID
1488:PMID
1416:2018
1403:ISBN
1365:PMID
1309:PMID
1261:2018
1232:PMID
1096:and
1029:and
1002:and
957:rats
955:and
953:mice
781:and
678:and
461:Use
398:and
378:and
315:(K)
282:and
165:drug
154:MCRA
2398:DCT
2179:DCT
2091:DCT
2089:at
2012:at
1959:C03
1603:H02
1516:doi
1512:635
1478:PMC
1470:doi
1466:234
1395:doi
1355:PMC
1345:doi
1299:PMC
1291:doi
1287:121
1222:PMC
1212:doi
951:in
746:of
360:DNA
290:or
175:at
152:or
150:MRA
77:Use
3212::
2730:)
2617:MR
2553::
2497:,
2493:,
2478:,
2474:,
2402:CD
2364:DL
2362:,
2360:PT
2256:CD
2014:AL
1987:PT
1883::
1522:.
1510:.
1486:.
1476:.
1464:.
1460:.
1442:^
1424:^
1401:.
1393:.
1389:.
1377:^
1363:.
1353:.
1339:.
1335:.
1321:^
1307:.
1297:.
1285:.
1281:.
1269:^
1252:.
1230:.
1220:.
1206:.
1202:.
1190:^
1132:.
1124:,
1120:,
1106:—
1006:.
998:,
994:,
978:,
905:.
850:.
809:.
658:32
654:24
614:22
610:21
574:28
570:22
534:30
530:24
499:S
493:32
489:24
441:.
422:.
319:.
294:.
278:,
218:.
187:.
144:A
123:;
95:;
91:;
87:;
83:;
2726:(
2597:e
2590:t
2583:v
2501:)
2489:(
2404:)
2396:(
2366:)
2358:(
2258:)
2181:)
2098:)
2093:,
2085:(
2016:)
2008:(
1989:)
1975:)
1961:)
1957:(
1947:e
1940:t
1933:v
1605:)
1601:(
1587:e
1580:t
1573:v
1530:.
1518::
1494:.
1472::
1418:.
1397::
1371:.
1347::
1341:7
1315:.
1293::
1263:.
1238:.
1214::
1208:9
662:5
660:O
656:H
652:C
622:3
620:O
618:4
616:N
612:H
608:C
578:3
576:O
572:H
568:C
538:6
536:O
532:H
528:C
497:4
495:O
491:H
487:C
148:(
20:)
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