882:
416:
100:
638:
242:
51:
75:
780:
and wetlands and moist forest in the
Midwestern United States. It is predicted to continue to expand its North American range with time. Its invasiveness is assisted by its high adaptability and pollution tolerance. It is one of three species of buckthorn that occurs without cultivation in eastern
789:
invades and grows in these locations, its dense canopy prevents light from reaching the ground and therefore prevents other seedlings from growing. It tends to grow more densely and with larger individuals in lower topographical areas with moist, fertile soils, and is very problematic for land
911:, a Greek physician of the 2nd century A.D., knew of alder buckthorn, although he did not distinguish clearly in his writings between it and other closely related species. All of these plants though, were credited with the power to protect against witchcraft, demons, poisons, and headaches.
423:
Alder buckthorn is a non-spiny deciduous shrub, growing to 3–6 m (10–20 ft), occasionally to 7 m (23 ft) tall. It is usually multistemmed but rarely forms a small tree with a trunk diameter of up to 20 cm (8 in). The
713:) on damp sites. Unlike other "buckthorns", alder buckthorn does not have thorns. Other recorded names include glossy buckthorn and breaking buckthorn; historically, it was sometimes called "dogwood" through confusion of the leaves with those of
784:
It invades forests and grows in the understory in spots with a lot of light. These areas, usually where a tree has fallen, normally allow locally native tree seedlings to grow and eventually fill in the gap in the canopy. But when
728:
Alder buckthorn grows in wet soils in open woods, scrub, hedgerows and bogs, thriving well in sunlight and moderate shade, but less vigorously in dense shade; it prefers acidic soils though will also grow on neutral soils.
1196:
892:
Alder buckthorn has limited decorative qualities without conspicuous flowers or bold foliage, and is mainly grown for its conservation value, particularly to attract
Brimstone butterflies. A
428:
is dark blackish-brown, with bright lemon-yellow inner bark exposed if cut. The shoots are dark brown, the winter buds without bud scales, protected only by the densely hairy outer leaves.
1112:
900:'Variegata' and a cultivar with very slender leaves 'Asplenifolia' are sometimes grown in gardens as ornamental shrubs. The cultivar 'Tallhedge' has been selected for hedging.
934:, being regarded as the best wood for the purpose. It is particularly highly valued for time fuses because of its very even burn rate. The wood was formerly used for
922:
content. Bark for medicinal use is dried and stored for a year before use, as fresh bark is violently purgative; even dried bark can be dangerous if taken in excess.
2107:
2195:
2357:
1255:
611:
inch) in diameter, ripening from green through red in late summer to dark purple or black in early autumn, containing two or three pale brown 5-millimetre (
1824:
1193:
1057:
2032:
2133:
2058:
772:
about 200 years ago, and in Canada about 100 years ago. It was planted for hedgerows, forestry plantings, and wildlife habitat, but has become an
2257:
2412:
2407:
1772:
1701:
1453:"Low genetic diversity and potential inbreeding in an isolated population of alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) following a founder effect"
1027:
1996:
2402:
1788:
1313:
1223:
1099:
2045:
1355:
2094:
1399:
Chelsea Cunard and Thomas D. Lee (2009). "Is patience a virtue? Succession, light, and the death of invasive glossy buckthorn (
1138:
1009:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2138:
2182:
1518:"Changes in the vascular plant floras of England and Scotland between 1930–1960 and 1987–1988: The BSBI Monitoring Scheme"
1361:. New Hampshire Department of Agriculture, Markets & Food Terrestrial Invasive Plant Species, page 14. Archived from
2283:
2120:
1931:
1673:
1565:"Egg-Laying Requirements of Woodland Butterflies; Brimstones (Gonepteryx rhamni) and Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus)"
1174:
1019:
677:
is now widely accepted, being supported by recent genetic data though a few authorities still retain the genus within
666:
460:
1687:
2397:
2270:
2200:
1062:
1015:
1252:
2387:
1170:
99:
2392:
2367:
404:
2275:
1253:
Generic limits in
Rhamnus L. s.l. (Rhamnaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence phylogenies.
569:
2024:
1158:
2019:
1864:
1936:
665:
the flowers are dioecious and four-parted); this restored the treatment of pre-Linnaean authors, notably
403:; in the northwest of its range (Ireland, Scotland), it is rare and scattered. It is also introduced and
2063:
1385:
Catling, P.M., and Z.S. Porebski. 1994. The history of invasion and current status of glossy buckthorn,
919:
834:, but it the past, it was also found on the northern side of the lake. Compared to other populations of
826:
has suffered greatly from habitat loss. This is due to the decline in its preferred habitats, which are
216:
881:
1300:"Invasion of transition hardwood forests by exotic Rhamnus frangula: Chronology and site requirements"
2210:
2011:
1970:
1576:
1529:
1464:
1412:
846:
Small saplings can be hand-pulled, but control of larger examples is best achieved using herbicides.
822:
Although considered an invasive species in North
America, In other places, such as Northern Ireland,
814:, and tree stands that are cut are very quickly invaded while undisturbed stands are rarely invaded.
1620:"Isolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci forFrangula alnus(Rhamnaceae)"
978:
802:
because the density of the tree canopy creates a more shady environment that is not as suitable for
1902:
1850:
1754:
364:
64:
2174:
701:"to break", refers to the brittle wood. Both the common name alder buckthorn and specific epithet
415:
2329:
2321:
2262:
1962:
1655:
1600:
1428:
1072:
852:
807:
737:
400:
254:
94:
2112:
1793:
938:, nails, and veneer. The bark yields a yellow dye, and the unripe berries furnish a green dye.
2362:
2231:
1944:
1727:
1705:
1647:
1639:
1592:
1545:
1498:
1480:
1219:
1095:
573:
31:
1451:
Finlay, Caroline M. V.; Bradley, Caroline R.; Preston, S. Jane; Provan, Jim (December 2017).
2236:
2151:
1845:
1749:
1631:
1584:
1537:
1488:
1472:
1420:
973:
773:
742:
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456:
2086:
2218:
1259:
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1023:
137:
1317:
2249:
1580:
1533:
1468:
1416:
1048:
637:
2244:
1493:
1452:
1338:
1066:
588:
533: in). They have 6–10 pairs of prominently grooved and slightly downy veins and an
432:
124:
1619:
1362:
955:
50:
2351:
2146:
1635:
1541:
964:
777:
769:
754:
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534:
425:
360:
266:
232:
84:
79:
1659:
1432:
241:
2334:
1949:
1130:
811:
343:. Unlike other "buckthorns", alder buckthorn does not have thorns. It is native to
2288:
2050:
1913:
1830:
1818:
1517:
2161:
2311:
2187:
2169:
2071:
1896:
865:
831:
626:
368:
1618:
RIGUEIRO, C.; ARROYO, J. M.; RODRÍGUEZ, R.; HAMPE, A.; JORDANO, P. (May 2009).
1476:
17:
1424:
1299:
893:
697:
340:
183:
2001:
1887:
1643:
1596:
1549:
1484:
1983:
935:
931:
857:
577:
336:
2301:
2125:
1651:
1502:
798:
stands, which tend to be older stands of trees, are much less suitable for
2223:
1704:. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. April 22, 2004. Archived from
1316:. University of Maine Cooperative Extension Bulletin #2505. Archived from
2296:
1923:
1881:
915:
861:
790:
managers. Uplands forests are not invaded as easily as lower lying ones.
661:
on the basis of its hermaphrodite flowers with a five-parted corolla (in
564:
inch) in diameter, star-shaped with five greenish-white acute triangular
376:
193:
150:
2037:
1957:
1604:
1240:
384:
372:
356:
173:
1411:(3). Biological Invasions:Volume 11, Number 3 / March, 2009: 577–586.
2076:
1564:
810:
stands are easily invaded because they allow more light to reach the
541:
392:
388:
348:
344:
163:
1858:
1839:
1588:
1000:
2099:
1988:
908:
880:
791:
706:
693:
636:
584:
565:
414:
380:
111:
1823:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
1341:. Invasive.org: Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.
753:, and the fruit an important food source for birds, particularly
622:
396:
352:
1975:
1862:
914:
The bark (and to a lesser extent the fruit) has been used as a
1702:"Reminder to Gardeners: Some Exotic Plants Banned in Illinois"
838:, the population in Ireland also has lower genetic diversity.
827:
795:
750:
30:"Alder buckthorn" redirects here. The term may also refer to
1389:, in Southern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 108:305–310
576:, flowering in May to June in clusters of two to ten in the
1356:"Guide to invasive upland plant species in New Hampshire"
930:
Alder buckthorn charcoal is prized in the manufacture of
669:. Although much disputed historically, the separation of
830:. It is currently only found on the southern side of
856:
have been banned from sale, transport, or import to
1871:
27:
Species of flowering plant in the family
Rhamnaceae
1773:"Invasive Plants of Wisconsin Common Buckthorn (
864:. It is considered invasive, but not banned, in
735:is one of just two food plants (the other being
645:Alder buckthorn was first formally described by
1350:
1348:
979:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T164056A68082189.en
1071:Note that this website has been superseded by
8:
1838:Alder Buckthorn; info, images and video at
1825:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
1728:"Connecticut Invasive Plant List July 2009"
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1859:
1293:
1291:
1058:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
240:
73:
49:
38:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1492:
1214:Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989).
1188:
1186:
1184:
977:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1210:
1208:
1169:. Vol. 12 – via eFloras.org,
505: in) wide (rarely to 11 cm or
1674:"What you can do to control buckthorn!"
1314:"Common Buckthorn and Glossy Buckthorn"
1152:
1150:
1148:
1126:
1124:
1122:
946:
776:, invading forests in the northeastern
625:. The seeds are primarily dispersed by
58:Foliage with mature and immature fruit
1251:Bolmgren, K., & Oxelman, B. 2004.
1690:. MN Department of Natural Resources.
1676:. MN Department of Natural Resources.
1516:Rich, T.C.G.; Woodruff, E.R. (1996).
1446:
1444:
1442:
1283:Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow
7:
2211:74bcab2a-560b-4809-afd1-b72f64a833a1
1302:. University of New Hampshire, 2007.
1216:Flora of Britain and Northern Europe
629:birds, which readily eat the fruit.
2358:IUCN Red List least concern species
1281:Vedel, H., & Lange, J. (1960).
1028:Australian National Botanic Gardens
965:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
653:. It was subsequently separated by
491: in) long by 2.5–4 cm (1–
1157:Chen, Yilin; Schirarend, Carsten.
888:'Asplenifolia' with autumn colours
25:
1789:University of Wisconsin Extension
2276:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:717344-1
1636:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02527.x
749:). The flowers are valuable for
98:
1792:. June 16, 2010. Archived from
1010:International Plant Names Index
1569:The Journal of Applied Ecology
1135:Interactive Flora of NW Europe
705:refer to its association with
1:
1733:. CT Invasive Plants Council.
1563:McKay, H. V. (August 1991).
1542:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00077-1
2413:Taxa named by Philip Miller
2408:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1624:Molecular Ecology Resources
1175:Harvard University Herbaria
1092:Trees of Britain and Europe
1020:Harvard University Herbaria
768:was probably introduced to
2429:
1477:10.1038/s41598-017-03166-1
1241:Facsimile at Botanicus.org
1063:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1016:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
407:in eastern North America.
29:
1425:10.1007/s10530-008-9272-8
1237:The Gardener's Dictionary
1171:Missouri Botanical Garden
519: in by 6 cm or
260:
253:
248:
239:
222:
215:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
57:
48:
41:
2403:Plants described in 1753
850:and the related species
544:are small, 3–5 mm (
431:The leaves are arranged
383:, and south to northern
1522:Biological Conservation
1285:. Methuen & Co Ltd.
657:in 1768 into the genus
1173:, St. Louis, MO &
1090:Rushforth, K. (1999).
972:: e.T164056A68082189.
889:
696:
642:
420:
419:Winter shoot with buds
401:the Caucasus Mountains
2383:Flora of Central Asia
2378:Flora of Western Asia
2373:Flora of North Africa
884:
818:Habitat fragmentation
640:
418:
1777:) Glossy Buckthorn (
1405:Biological Invasions
435:on 8–15-millimetre (
339:shrub in the family
323:, commonly known as
308:Girtanneria frangula
296:Frangula pentapetala
1851:Plants for a Future
1799:on February 7, 2022
1755:Plants for a Future
1581:1991JApEc..28..731M
1534:1996BCons..75..217R
1469:2017NatSR...7.3010F
1417:2009BiInv..11..577C
1235:Miller, P. (1754).
954:Walker, A. (2018).
633:Taxonomy and naming
65:Conservation status
1775:Rhamnus cathartica
1457:Scientific Reports
1339:"glossy buckthorn"
1298:Wingard, Hanna S.
1258:2011-08-19 at the
1199:2011-07-20 at the
1073:World Flora Online
918:, due to its 3–7%
890:
853:Rhamnus cathartica
808:Eastern white pine
738:Rhamnus cathartica
643:
421:
371:, east to central
333:breaking buckthorn
272:Frangula atlantica
2398:Flora of Xinjiang
2345:
2344:
2232:Open Tree of Life
1865:Taxon identifiers
1192:Natural England:
747:Gonepteryx rhamni
587:is a small black
574:insect-pollinated
316:
315:
302:Frangula vulgaris
284:Frangula frangula
249:Distribution map
88:
32:Rhamnus alnifolia
16:(Redirected from
2420:
2388:Flora of Siberia
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2314:
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2304:
2292:
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2240:
2239:
2227:
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2214:
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2191:
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2188:NHMSYS0000458887
2178:
2177:
2165:
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2155:
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2129:
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2015:
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2004:
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1991:
1979:
1978:
1966:
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1953:
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1939:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1860:
1855:
1846:"Frangula alnus"
1808:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1785:
1760:
1759:
1750:"Frangula alnus"
1746:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1718:
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1713:
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1513:
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1448:
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1396:
1390:
1387:Rhamnus frangula
1383:
1377:
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1374:
1373:
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1352:
1343:
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1329:
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1279:
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1249:
1243:
1233:
1227:
1212:
1203:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1177:, Cambridge, MA.
1161:Rhamnus frangula
1154:
1143:
1128:
1117:
1111:Flora Europaea:
1109:
1103:
1088:
1075:
1070:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1003:Frangula dodonei
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
981:
951:
774:invasive species
761:Invasive species
743:common brimstone
718:Cornus sanguinea
651:Rhamnus frangula
620:
619:
615:
610:
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482:
476:
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471:
468:
454:
453:
449:
444:
443:
439:
329:glossy buckthorn
280:Ard. nom. inval.
278:Frangula dodonei
264:Rhamnus frangula
244:
228:
103:
102:
82:
77:
76:
53:
39:
21:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2393:Flora of Russia
2368:Flora of Europe
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2295:
2287:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2222:
2219:Observation.org
2217:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2159:MichiganFlora:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
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1886:
1885:
1880:
1867:
1844:
1815:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1771:
1768:
1766:Further reading
1763:
1748:
1747:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1708:on June 8, 2011
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1589:10.2307/2404579
1562:
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1557:
1515:
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1510:
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1332:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1269:
1260:Wayback Machine
1250:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1213:
1206:
1201:Wayback Machine
1194:Alder buckthorn
1191:
1182:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1129:
1120:
1110:
1106:
1089:
1078:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
999:
998:
994:
984:
982:
953:
952:
948:
944:
928:
906:
879:
874:
844:
820:
763:
726:
688:The genus name
641:Flowering shoot
635:
617:
613:
612:
607:
603:
602:
597:
593:
592:
560:
556:
555:
550:
546:
545:
529:
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522:
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515:
511:
508:
506:
501:
497:
494:
492:
487:
483:
480:
478:
473:
469:
466:
464:
463:, 3–7 cm (
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
436:
413:
347:, northernmost
325:alder buckthorn
235:
230:
224:
211:
97:
89:
78:
74:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Alder Buckthorn
15:
12:
11:
5:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:wfo-0000691852
2326:
2316:
2306:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2228:
2215:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2117:
2104:
2091:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1903:Frangula alnus
1893:
1877:
1875:
1873:Frangula alnus
1869:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1840:Woodland Trust
1832:Frangula alnus
1828:
1820:Frangula alnus
1814:
1813:External links
1811:
1810:
1809:
1779:Frangula alnus
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1736:
1719:
1693:
1679:
1665:
1630:(3): 986–989.
1610:
1575:(2): 731–743.
1555:
1528:(3): 217–229.
1508:
1438:
1401:Frangula alnus
1391:
1378:
1344:
1330:
1305:
1287:
1267:
1244:
1228:
1204:
1180:
1167:Flora of China
1144:
1140:Frangula alnus
1118:
1114:Frangula alnus
1104:
1076:
1067:The Plant List
1051:Frangula alnus
1040:
992:
958:Frangula alnus
945:
943:
940:
927:
924:
905:
902:
898:Frangula alnus
886:Frangula alnus
878:
875:
873:
870:
848:Frangula alnus
843:
840:
836:Frangula alnus
824:Frangula alnus
819:
816:
804:Frangula alnus
800:Frangula alnus
787:Frangula alnus
766:Frangula alnus
762:
759:
741:) used by the
733:Frangula alnus
725:
722:
683:Flora of China
634:
631:
591:6–10 mm (
570:hermaphroditic
412:
409:
351:, and western
320:Frangula alnus
314:
313:
312:
311:
305:
299:
293:
290:Frangula nigra
287:
281:
275:
269:
258:
257:
251:
250:
246:
245:
237:
236:
231:
226:Frangula alnus
220:
219:
213:
212:
205:
203:
199:
198:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
154:
153:
148:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
43:Frangula alnus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1878:
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1870:
1866:
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1853:
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1812:
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1707:
1703:
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1657:
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1649:
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1598:
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1523:
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1500:
1495:
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1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1368:on 2008-08-28
1364:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1320:on 2009-07-14
1319:
1315:
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1272:
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1229:
1225:
1224:0-340-40170-2
1221:
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1189:
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1164:
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1153:
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1149:
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1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:0-00-220013-9
1097:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
996:
993:
980:
975:
971:
967:
966:
961:
959:
950:
947:
941:
939:
937:
933:
925:
923:
921:
920:anthraquinone
917:
912:
910:
903:
901:
899:
895:
887:
883:
876:
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:
849:
841:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
782:
779:
778:United States
775:
771:
770:North America
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
723:
721:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:Philip Miller
652:
648:
647:Carl Linnaeus
639:
632:
630:
628:
624:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
543:
538:
536:
535:entire margin
462:
458:
434:
429:
427:
417:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:68th parallel
363:north to the
362:
361:Great Britain
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:
309:
306:
303:
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297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
268:
265:
262:
261:
259:
256:
252:
247:
243:
238:
234:
229:
227:
221:
218:
217:Binomial name
214:
210:
209:
208:F. alnus
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:Tracheophytes
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
81:
80:Least Concern
70:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1872:
1849:
1835:
1831:
1819:
1801:. Retrieved
1794:the original
1787:
1778:
1774:
1753:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1696:
1682:
1668:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1460:
1456:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1333:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1308:
1282:
1265:53: 383–390.
1262:
1247:
1236:
1231:
1215:
1166:
1160:
1139:
1134:
1131:Stace, Clive
1113:
1107:
1091:
1065:– via
1056:
1050:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1008:
1002:
995:
983:. Retrieved
969:
963:
957:
949:
929:
913:
907:
897:
891:
885:
851:
847:
845:
835:
823:
821:
812:forest floor
803:
799:
786:
783:
765:
764:
746:
736:
732:
731:
727:
717:
710:
702:
689:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
662:
658:
650:
644:
582:
539:
430:
422:
335:, is a tall
332:
328:
324:
319:
318:
317:
307:
301:
295:
289:
283:
277:
271:
263:
225:
223:
207:
206:
194:
157:
144:
131:
118:
42:
36:
2250:kew-2814031
2170:NatureServe
2072:iNaturalist
1897:Wikispecies
1803:February 3,
1712:February 7,
1688:"Buckthorn"
1463:(1): 3010.
866:Connecticut
832:Lough Neagh
745:butterfly (
681:(e.g., the
649:in 1753 as
627:frugivorous
459:. They are
433:alternately
411:Description
405:naturalised
379:in western
369:Scandinavia
138:Angiosperms
2352:Categories
2319:WisFlora:
2245:Plant List
1827:(EUFORGEN)
1372:2009-10-02
1324:2009-10-02
1239:, 8th ed.
1094:. Collins
985:25 January
942:References
936:shoe lasts
926:Other uses
894:variegated
877:Decorative
667:Tournefort
578:leaf axils
391:, and the
341:Rhamnaceae
184:Rhamnaceae
2025:242322785
1644:1755-098X
1597:0021-8901
1550:0006-3207
1485:2045-2322
1133:, et al.
1024:Libraries
932:gunpowder
904:Medicinal
896:cultivar
858:Minnesota
337:deciduous
202:Species:
108:Kingdom:
2363:Frangula
2309:VASCAN:
2302:27500736
2297:Tropicos
2175:2.146361
2113:10212956
2100:717344-1
1921:BioLib:
1882:Wikidata
1660:15974997
1652:21564814
1503:28592885
1433:23517872
1256:Archived
1197:Archived
916:laxative
862:Illinois
828:boglands
781:Canada.
755:thrushes
690:Frangula
671:Frangula
659:Frangula
457:petioles
377:Xinjiang
286:H.Karst.
255:Synonyms
195:Frangula
180:Family:
151:Eudicots
85:IUCN 3.1
2038:3039454
1958:Ecocrop
1888:Q146136
1605:2404579
1577:Bibcode
1530:Bibcode
1494:5462792
1465:Bibcode
1413:Bibcode
1033:3 March
842:Control
792:Hemlock
724:Ecology
715:dogwood
692:, from
679:Rhamnus
675:Rhamnus
663:Rhamnus
621:-inch)
616:⁄
606:⁄
596:⁄
559:⁄
549:⁄
542:flowers
528:⁄
514:⁄
500:⁄
486:⁄
472:⁄
455:-inch)
450:⁄
440:⁄
385:Morocco
373:Siberia
357:Ireland
355:, from
190:Genus:
174:Rosales
170:Order:
112:Plantae
83: (
2289:158867
2258:PLANTS
2237:714690
2224:152651
2208:NZOR:
2201:106677
2152:164056
2139:504744
2064:105534
2012:fraaln
2009:FEIS:
2002:178032
1976:485613
1937:101054
1914:152442
1911:APDB:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1603:
1595:
1548:
1501:
1491:
1483:
1431:
1222:
1098:
1022:&
1012:(IPNI)
707:alders
698:frango
572:, and
566:petals
393:Alborz
389:Turkey
349:Africa
345:Europe
298:Gilib.
274:Grubov
164:Rosids
2322:13050
2263:FRAL4
2126:47001
2108:IRMNG
2084:IPA:
2077:55972
1997:EUNIS
1989:RHAFR
1950:6JLFV
1924:40395
1797:(PDF)
1784:(PDF)
1731:(PDF)
1656:S2CID
1601:JSTOR
1429:S2CID
1366:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1263:Taxon
909:Galen
711:Alnus
703:alnus
694:Latin
673:from
623:seeds
589:berry
585:fruit
461:ovate
381:China
331:, or
310:Neck.
292:Samp.
233:Mill.
158:Clade
145:Clade
132:Clade
119:Clade
2312:8593
2271:POWO
2196:NCBI
2162:2411
2147:IUCN
2134:ITIS
2095:IPNI
2087:5649
2059:GRIN
2046:GISD
2033:GBIF
1984:EPPO
1963:6266
1932:BOLD
1805:2022
1714:2010
1648:PMID
1640:ISSN
1593:ISSN
1546:ISSN
1499:PMID
1481:ISSN
1403:)".
1220:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1035:2013
987:2024
970:2018
872:Uses
860:and
751:bees
583:The
540:The
426:bark
399:and
397:Iran
375:and
359:and
353:Asia
304:Hill
2330:WFO
2284:RHS
2183:NBN
2121:ISC
2051:810
2020:FNA
1971:EoL
1945:CoL
1632:doi
1585:doi
1538:doi
1489:PMC
1473:doi
1421:doi
974:doi
796:oak
685:).
395:in
367:in
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267:L.
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521:2
516:4
512:1
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498:5
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479:2
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
