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population, claiming that archaeological sites were regularly vandalized, merchants would overcharge him for supplies, and 'ignorant, superstitious, and often drunk people' would provide him with unreliable information. Moreso than any of those factors, Hrdlička was frustrated with his inability to find any 'full-blooded' native people to serve as subjects for his research.
31:
476:. While these practices are not inconsistent with other ethnographers and human origin researchers of that era, the moral and ethical ramifications of these research practices continues to be debated today. His work has also been linked to the development of American eugenics laws. In 1926, he was an advisory member of the
355:
mountain range. Despite the remains taken from the area, Hrdlička overall disliked the expedition and was disappointed in what he accomplished. The expedition was plagued with constant rain, inconsistent food supply, and treacherous terrain, and Hrdlička directly mentioned his disdain for the local
454:
In the early 1900s, Hrdlicka became the chief advocate of the scholarly opinion that man had not lived in the
Americas for longer than 3,000 years. Hrdlicka and others made it "virtually taboo" for any anthropologist "desirous of a successful career" to advocate a deep antiquity for inhabitants of
492:
Marie
Stickler (whom he had courted since 1892), daughter of Phillip Jakob Strickler from Edenkoben, Bavaria, who immigrated to Manhattan in 1855. Marie died in 1918 of complications of diabetes. In the summer of 1920 Hrdlička married a second time; his fiancée was another German-American woman,
466:
More recently, Hrdlička's methods have come under scrutiny and criticism with regard to his treatment of Native
American remains. An AP newswire article, "Mexico Indian Remains Returned From NY Museum For Burial" from November 17, 2009, recounted his study of Mexico's tribal races, including the
386:. A small number of the mummies were actually studied, and Hrdlička never recorded any information on the soft tissue of the subjects. This has led to the belief that he may have disposed of the soft tissue without any research due to his focus on skeletal anthropometry.
232:
factory along with teenaged Alois to earn a living for the family with six other children. Young Hrdlička attended evening courses to improve his
English, and at the age of 18, he decided to study medicine since he had suffered from
1219:
393:, who in the 19th century argued that there are "only 3 distinct racial stems: The White, The Black, and The Yellow-Brown." Hrdlička used the "Yellow-Brown" classification as a grouping for non-European and African regions.
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and removing the flesh from the skulls as part of these studies. He also threw out the corpse of an infant that was found in a cradleboard but forwarded this artifact along with the skulls and other remains to New York's
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209:. His mother, Karolína Hrdličková, educated her child herself; his skills and knowledge made it possible to skip the primary level of school. When he was 13, Hrdlička arrived in
431:, Hrdlička said that the cradle of man is not in Central Asia but in Central Europe, as Europe is the earliest known location where human skeletal remains have been found.
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Hrdlička was involved in examining a skull to determine that it belonged to Adolph Ruth, who was sensationalized in the press after going missing in
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253:. In 1896, Hrdlička left for Paris, where he started to work as an anthropologist with other experts of the then establishing field of science.
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evolution as well as the Asia hypothesis, as he claimed there was little evidence to go on for those theories. He dismissed finds such as the
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and experienced the treatment difficulties of those times. In 1889, Hrdlička began studies at
Eclectic Medical College and then continued at
204:
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288:. The findings backed up the argument which later contributed to the theory of global origin of human species that was awarded by the
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2014:
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Between 1898 and 1903, during his scientific travel across
America, Hrdlička became the first scientist to spot and document the
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378:, in his native country (the institution later took his name). Between 1936 and 1938, Hrdlička led the excavation of over 50
336:. After he stepped down, the journal volume number, which had reached Volume 29 in 1942, was restarted at Volume 1 in 1943.
327:
238:
2049:
2019:
1192:
364:
687:
Feldman, Joseph (2016). "'Miserable San Damian—but What
Treasures!': The Life of Aleš Hrdlička's Peruvian Collection".
268:
from Asia, supporting this theory with detailed field research of skeletal remains as well as studies of the people in
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separately. After arrival, the promised job brought only a disappointment to his father who started working in a
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In a lecture on "The Origin of Man", delivered for the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, at
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1928:
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Hrdlička was almost alone in his views. The
European hypothesis fell into decline and is now considered an
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Physiological and medical observations among the
Indians of southwestern United States and northern Mexico
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in 1927 which pushed the date of human presence in the Americas back to more than 10,000 years ago.
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which were labeled as hominids by most scientists, instead believing that they were nothing more than
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He always sponsored his fellow expatriates and also donated to the institution of anthropology in
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803:"Revisiting Hrdlička and Boas: Asymmetries of Race and Anti-Imperialism in Interwar Anthropology"
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from 1904 until 1941. He correctly theorized that migration from Asia to the Americas via the
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who lived in the United States after his family had moved there in 1881. He was born in
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God-apes and fossil men: paleoanthropology of South Asia, Kenneth A. R. Kennedy, p. 98
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Bones of contention, controversies in the search for human origins, Roger Lewin, p. 89
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from east Asia, which he claimed was only some 3,000 years ago. He argued that the
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928:"The Seventy-Year Itch: Controversies over Human Antiquity and Their Resolution"
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1093:"I am secretary of the Smithsonian. We commit to a long-overdue reckoning"
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Hrdlička was interested in the origin of human beings. He was a critic of
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1015:"The Smithsonian's 'Bone Doctor' scavenged thousands of body parts"
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and "otherwise highly interesting" skulls from a grave site in the
1106:
Dungca, Nicole; Healy, Claire; Ba Tran, Andrew (August 15, 2023).
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Hrdlička was a pioneer in the field of anthropology and the first
1136:
Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums
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in 1904 and held that position until 1941. He was elected to the
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with his father Maxmilian Hrdlička on 10 September 1881 via the
1201:
1108:"Smithsonian's 'bone doctor' scavenged thousands of body parts"
1000:. "The 'Negro Children' at Tuskegee: The Banality of Eugenics"
315:
of physical anthropology of the U.S. National Museum, now the
724:"The Mysterious Death of Adolph Ruth | Arizona Capitol Times"
1189:, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
974:"Mexico Indian Remains Returned From N.Y. Museum for Burial"
493:
Wilhelmina "Mina" Mansfield. Both marriages were childless.
241:. To finish his medical studies, Hrdlička sat for exams in
1123:
The Perils of Race-Thinking: A Portrait of Aleš Hrdlička
467:
beheading of still-decomposing victims of a massacre of
745:"A DEATH IN THE SUPERSTITIONS: The Fate of Adolph Ruth"
339:
In January 1913, Hrdlička embarked on an expedition to
258:
theory of human colonization of the American continent
666:
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
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eventually overturned that archaeological orthodoxy.
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Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
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879:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 36–38.
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389:Hrdlička's views on race are inspired by those of
1193:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
1012:Dungca, Nicole; Healy, Claire; Tran, Andrew Ba.
374:, which was founded in 1930 by his co-explorer
2070:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1213:
722:Staff, Arizona Capitol Reports (2004-12-31).
140:; March 30, 1869 – September 5, 1943), was a
8:
567:Hrdlicka (age recorded incorrectly) (1881).
311:Aleš Hrdlička founded and became the first
1220:
1206:
1198:
547:"DigiArchiv of SRA Trebon - ver. 20.04.17"
29:
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1182:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
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514:, Register to the Papers of Aleš Hrdlička
333:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
249:for mentally affected where he learnt of
330:in 1918. That same year, he founded the
224:. His mother and three younger siblings
194:house 393 on 30 March 1869 and baptized
1187:Register to the Papers of Aleš Hrdlička
617:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
511:Chronology of the Life of Aleš Hrdlička
502:
118:Maxmilian Hrdlička, Karolina Hrdličková
569:"New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1891"
324:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
135:
7:
1230:American Anthropological Association
488:On August 6, 1896, Hrdlička married
363:in 1931 searching for the legendary
245:in 1894. At first, he worked in the
2030:American people of Bohemian descent
932:Journal of Anthropological Research
877:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
2055:People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
474:American Museum of Natural History
455:the Americas. The findings at the
320:National Museum of Natural History
14:
1127:Central European University Press
926:Meltzer, David J. (Winter 2005).
819:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2009.01199.x
801:Oppenheim, Robert (2010-02-23).
591:Smithsonian Institution Archives
166:of physical anthropology of the
1163:Works by or about Aleš Hrdlička
900:Hillerman, Tony (Winter 1971).
777:The Scientific Study of Mummies
774:Aufderheide, Arthur C. (2003).
438:which has been replaced by the
424:, unrelated to human ancestry.
239:Homeopathic College in New York
2065:Smithsonian Institution people
861:Matt Cartmill, Fred H. Smith,
780:. Cambridge University Press.
749:The Journal of Arizona History
328:American Philosophical Society
1:
2010:20th-century Mesoamericanists
1070:10.1525/aa.1944.46.1.02a00090
834:, Walter Carl Hartwig, p. 370
701:10.1080/02757206.2015.1130706
347:, during which he removed 80
137:[ˈa.lɛʃˈɦr̩d.lɪtʃ.ka]
16:Czech-American anthropologist
2045:Mesoamerican anthropologists
1138:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
944:10.3998/jar.0521004.0061.401
299:A page from Hrdlička's book
1040:Immigrations and Migrations
303:, with four photographs of
2086:
1178:Biography of Ales Hrdlicka
1174:Minnesota State University
1134:Redman, Samuel J. (2016).
1053:"ALÊS HRDLIĈKA, 1869–1943"
743:Kearney, James R. (1992).
436:obsolete scientific theory
2025:American Mesoamericanists
1121:Brandon, Mark A. (2023).
832:The primate fossil record
478:American Eugenics Society
450:Controversy and criticism
365:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
290:Thomas Henry Huxley Award
97:Eclectic Medical College
28:
2015:American anthropologists
1140:Harvard University Press
1051:Montagu, Ashley (1944).
902:"The Czech that Bounced"
875:Fagan, Brian M. (1996).
689:History and Anthropology
444:Out of Africa hypothesis
440:Multiregional hypothesis
127:, after 1918 changed to
125:Alois Ferdinand Hrdlička
1512:Alfred Irving Hallowell
1352:Marshall Howard Saville
1172:EMuseum short biography
1057:American Anthropologist
807:American Anthropologist
317:Smithsonian Institution
200:Kostel svatého Mikuláše
2060:Pre-Columbian scholars
1432:John Montgomery Cooper
1317:William Curtis Farabee
1154:Works by Aleš Hrdlička
549:. digi.ceskearchivy.cz
406:
308:
174:was the origin of the
2040:Czech anthropologists
1929:Virginia R. Domínguez
1814:Nancy Oestreich Lurie
1790:William C. Sturtevant
1707:Anthony F. C. Wallace
1368:George Grant MacCurdy
405:Aleš Hrdlička (1930).
404:
298:
226:emigrated to the U.S.
190:Hrdlička was born at
2050:People from Humpolec
2020:American eugenicists
1715:Joseph B. Casagrande
1285:Roland Burrage Dixon
1269:William Henry Holmes
1253:Frederic Ward Putnam
1089:Bunch III, Lonnie G.
642:search.amphilsoc.org
638:"APS Member History"
593:. Smithsonian Museum
532:(1902 edition) (via
264:migrated across the
198:the next day at the
133:Czech pronunciation:
1782:Conrad M. Arensberg
1667:Frederica de Laguna
1635:Morris Edward Opler
1440:Elsie Clews Parsons
1277:Jesse Walter Fewkes
1091:(August 20, 2023).
397:European hypothesis
1905:Elizabeth Brumfiel
1750:Walter Goldschmidt
1547:Wendell C. Bennett
1539:William W. Howells
1245:William John McGee
1228:Presidents of the
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168:Smithsonian Museum
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1798:M. Margaret Clark
1766:Francis L. K. Hsu
1627:Sherwood Washburn
1587:E. Adamson Hoebel
1158:Project Gutenberg
863:The human lineage
787:978-0-521-81826-1
675:978-1-4000-3205-1
529:Marquis Who's Who
376:Jindřich Matiegka
247:Middletown asylum
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48:30 March 1869
40:
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27:
23:Aleš Hrdlička
20:
1977:Ramona Perez
1897:Don Brenneis
1889:2001–Present
1870:Jane H. Hill
1683:Cora Du Bois
1675:Irving Rouse
1643:Leslie White
1595:Harry Hoijer
1480:Ralph Linton
1456:Leslie Spier
1416:Edward Sapir
1392:Robert Lowie
1343:
1325:Walter Hough
1135:
1122:
1111:
1096:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:
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993:
982:. Retrieved
980:. 2009-11-17
977:
968:
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727:. Retrieved
717:
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645:. Retrieved
641:
632:
621:. Retrieved
619:. 2023-02-09
616:
607:
595:. Retrieved
590:
581:
573:FamilySearch
572:
562:
551:. Retrieved
541:
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465:
453:
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415:Ramapithecus
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255:
235:tuberculosis
216:
189:
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128:
124:
123:
80:(1943-09-05)
2005:1943 deaths
2000:1869 births
1971:(2019–2021)
1969:Akhil Gupta
1963:(2017–2019)
1961:Alex Barker
1955:(2015–2017)
1947:(2013–2015)
1939:(2011–2013)
1931:(2009–2011)
1923:(2007–2009)
1915:(2005–2007)
1907:(2003–2005)
1899:(2001–2003)
1880:(1999–2001)
1872:(1997–1999)
1864:(1995–1997)
1856:(1993–1995)
1848:(1991–1993)
1840:(1989–1991)
1832:(1988–1989)
1824:(1986–1987)
1816:(1984–1985)
1386:(1933–1934)
1362:(1929–1930)
1354:(1927–1928)
1346:(1925–1926)
1327:(1923–1924)
1319:(1921–1922)
1311:(1919–1920)
1303:(1917–1918)
1295:(1915–1916)
1293:F. W. Hodge
1287:(1913–1914)
1279:(1911–1912)
1271:(1909–1910)
1263:(1907–1908)
1255:(1905–1906)
1247:(1902–1904)
534:archive.org
457:Folsom site
203: [
64:(in modern
1994:Categories
1806:Dell Hymes
1579:Emil Haury
1555:Fred Eggan
1261:Franz Boas
984:2018-02-19
909:New Mexico
886:0195076184
729:2024-02-20
647:2023-10-03
623:2023-10-03
553:2020-04-22
497:References
461:New Mexico
180:Folsom man
105:Occupation
44:1869-03-30
1921:Setha Low
1822:June Helm
1742:1976–2001
1531:1951–1975
1472:Neil Judd
1336:1925–1950
1237:1902–1924
1025:16 August
960:162069721
761:0021-9053
709:164172255
677:. p. 164.
597:1 January
349:trephined
292:in 1927.
243:Baltimore
115:Parent(s)
94:Education
1979:(2021– )
978:Fox News
442:and the
270:Mongolia
211:New York
196:Catholic
192:Humpolec
149:Humpolec
99:New York
52:Humpolec
1603:Sol Tax
1165:at the
952:3631536
411:hominid
380:mummies
361:Arizona
313:curator
278:Siberia
262:Indians
164:curator
153:Bohemia
56:Bohemia
1808:(1983)
1800:(1982)
1792:(1981)
1784:(1980)
1776:(1979)
1768:(1978)
1760:(1977)
1752:(1976)
1733:(1975)
1725:(1974)
1717:(1973)
1709:(1972)
1701:(1971)
1693:(1970)
1685:(1969)
1677:(1968)
1669:(1967)
1661:(1966)
1653:(1965)
1645:(1964)
1637:(1963)
1629:(1962)
1621:(1961)
1613:(1960)
1605:(1959)
1597:(1958)
1589:(1957)
1581:(1956)
1573:(1955)
1565:(1954)
1557:(1953)
1549:(1952)
1541:(1951)
1522:(1950)
1514:(1949)
1506:(1948)
1498:(1947)
1490:(1947)
1482:(1946)
1474:(1945)
1466:(1944)
1458:(1943)
1450:(1942)
1442:(1941)
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1402:(1936)
1394:(1935)
1378:(1932)
1370:(1931)
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950:
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484:Family
419:fossil
372:Prague
284:, and
282:Alaska
222:Bremen
956:S2CID
948:JSTOR
905:(PDF)
705:S2CID
526:, in
353:Andes
274:Tibet
230:cigar
220:from
207:]
142:Czech
1027:2023
881:ISBN
782:ISBN
757:ISSN
671:ISBN
599:2024
422:apes
345:Peru
341:Lima
305:Zuni
217:Elbe
75:Died
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