602:(3 nm in the secondary electron surface mode) and then a short focal length instrument with 0.5 nm beam size. He used the second SEM to examine thin samples in the transmission mode and to examine solid samples using the high energy electron scattered from the surface of the sample, the electrons that had been called 'low-loss electrons by Oliver C Wells who had proposed their use in the SEM. Initially this high resolution low-loss mode was used to examine bacteriophage and blood cells in collaboration with researchers at NYU, and at the Veteran's Administration Hospital in New Jersey however, the bulk of his work was devoted to using the microscopes as tools to scribe things using the lithography techniques that were becoming familiar for making silicon chips. He and his colleague Michael Hatzakis used these new electron beam lithography to make the first silicon transistors with micron dimensions. and sub-micron dimensions showing that it would be possible to scale down the dimensions of electron devices well below the dimensions that were being used at the time.
605:"I had a marvellous time doing research in the IBM research laboratory" he recalls "I had essentially turned my hobby into my career." He remembers having a roomful of electronics and was overjoyed to spend his time building new things and testing them. There he spent around 16 years in research in one of the best 'playhouses for electronics' in the world, building microscopes and equipment for the fabrication of miniature components. In 1977 he was given the enviable position of being an IBM fellow, an honour accorded to, at that time, only around 40 out of IBM's 40,000 engineers and scientists. This gave him the freedom to follow whatever road of enquiry he wished and he continued his work pushing the limits of what was called at the time microfabrication. Over the next ten years he conducted a series of careful experiments measuring the ultimate resolution of electron beam lithography and then used the highest resolution methods to fabricate electronic devices.
609:
effectively to eliminate the backscattered electrons. These membrane substrates allowed the first metal structures with dimensions below 10 nm to be fabricated and tested. Because these dimensions were now measured in single nanometers he and his coworkers decided to call these nanostructures and the techniques used to make them nanofabrication rather than use the prefix micro that had been common parlance until then. These membrane samples also found application many years later in MEMs (Micro-Electro-Mechanical) devices, and also as 'cantilevers' in biomedical applications. Early experiments with X-ray lithography also used similar membranes.
52:
594:
Headquarters. His first assignment at the T J Watson
Research laboratory was to find a long life electron emitter to replace the tungsten wire filaments used in electron microscopes at the time. IBM had built the first billion bit computer store using an electron beam to write on photographic film and the relatively short lifetime of the tungsten filament sources was not acceptable. To solve this problem he developed the first practical electron guns that used
590:
surfaces, used the microscope's electron beam for the first time to write patterns, subsequently using ion etching to transfer these patterns into gold, tungsten and silicon structures as small as 40 nm. These were the first man-made nanostructures in materials suitable for microelectronic circuits opening up the possibility for the extreme miniaturization of electronic circuits that was to occur in the decades to come.
585:, and later with Dr William C Nixon, on the in situ study of surfaces undergoing ion etching in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microscope he used had originally been built by Oatley and had then been modified Garry Stewart who had also added an ion source that focussed ions onto the sample surface. Garry Stewart, who was another of Professor Oatley's students, then moved to the
613:
4000EX) so that it operated in a scanning mode and produced a minimum beam size of about 0.3 nm. He used this system working in collaboration with researchers at the IMEC microelectronics research laboratory in Leuven, Belgium, to build some of the smallest and fastest field effect transistors that had ever been built.
589:
where he oversaw the design and building of the world's first commercial SEM, the
Stereoscan. During his PhD Alec rebuilt the SEM fitting a magnetic final lens in place of the original electrostatic lens thereby improving the microscope's resolution to about 10 nm, and after examining ion etched
612:
When he arrived back in
Cambridge, Lord Broers set up a nanofabrication laboratory to extend the technology of miniaturisation to the atomic scale by developing some of the novel fabrication methods that he had discovered at IBM. He modified a 400 kV transmission electron microscope (JEOL
601:
emitters. These emitters not only solved the lifetime problem, but also provided higher electron brightness than tungsten filaments, and in the late 1960s and early 1970s he built two new SEMs for examining surfaces that took advantage of this and produced higher resolution than previous SEMs
593:
After graduating from
Cambridge, Lord Broers spent nearly 20 years in research and development with IBM in the United States. He worked for sixteen years at the Thomas J Watson Research Centre in New York, then for 3 years at the East Fishkill Development Laboratory, and finally at Corporate
608:
One of the deleterious effects that limited resolution was the fogging effect of the electrons backscattered from the bulk of the sample. To avoid this Broers and
Sedgwick invented a thin membrane substrate using technologies used to make inkjet printer heads. The membrane was thin enough
2048:
2013:
2058:
345:(1990–96) and Head of the Cambridge University Engineering Department (1993–96). He was Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University, 1996–2003. In 1997 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the
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2053:
2088:
2078:
2063:
1978:
2003:
1973:
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63:
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Lord Broers has received more than twenty honorary degrees and fellowships from universities, colleges, and academic and professional institutions. He is a
Foreign Member of the US
722:
346:
1983:
1657:
1451:
Van Hove, M. (1993). "Scaling behavior of delta-doped AlGaAs/InGaAs high electron mobility transistors with gatelengths down to 60 nm and source-drain gaps down to 230 nm".
1963:
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1998:
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784:
1988:
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Feder, R; Spiller, E; Topalian, J; Broers, A. N.; Gudat, W; Panessa, B. J.; Zadunaisky, Z. A.; Sedat, J (1977). "High-resolution soft x-ray microscopy".
259:
252:
2038:
1968:
2028:
303:
1403:
Allee, D. R.; Broers, A. N. (1990). "Direct nanometer scale patterning of SiO2 with electron beam irradiation through a sacrificial layer".
865:
1510:
1495:
1640:
1505:
1082:
Broers, A. N.; Panessa, B. J.; Gennaro Jr, J. F. (1975). "High-resolution scanning electron microscopy of bacteriophages 3C and T4".
1931:
416:
1250:
Sedgwick, T. O.; Broers, A. N.; Agule, B. J. (1972). "A Novel Method for
Fabrication of Ultrafine Metal Lines by Electron Beams".
86:
1822:
509:
408:
271:
969:
Broers, A. N. (1969). "Some experimental and estimated characteristics of the lanthanum hexaboride rod cathode electron gun".
2018:
412:
814:
788:
1285:
Broers, A. N.; Molzen, W. W.; Cuomo, J. J.; Wittels, N. D. (1976). "Electron-beam fabrication of 80-Å metal structures".
1795:
1555:
1535:
586:
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Alec Broers began his research career in the
Engineering Department of the University of Cambridge in 1961 working with
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373:
342:
181:
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1817:
1748:
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245:
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331:
2008:
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726:
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1984 Returns to the
University of Cambridge as Professor of Electrical Engineering and Fellow of Trinity College
411:, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, and the
2043:
1862:
1847:
1311:"Josephson Effect in Nb Nanostructures", R. B. Laibowitz, A. N. Broers, J. T. Yeh, J. M. Viggiano, W. Molzen,
1832:
1812:
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456:
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1953:
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for contributions to electronic beam lithography and microscopy and for leadership in microfabrication.
1047:
Broers, A. N. (1973). "High-resolution thermionic cathode scanning transmission electron microscope".
2023:
1958:
1857:
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1412:
1369:
1334:
1259:
1179:
Broers, A. N.; Harper, J. M. E.; Molzen, W. W. (1978). "250-Å linewidths with PMMA electron resist".
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978:
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415:. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1985. He is an Honorary Fellow of
388:
569:
2010 Becomes
Chairman of the Technology Strategy Board Knowledge Transfer Network for Transport.
1618:
1753:
1743:
1626:
1437:"Electron Beam Lithography—Resolution Limits", Broers, A. N.; Hoole A. C. N. and Ryan J. M.;
1385:
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684:
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1733:
1728:
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1453:
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures
1004:
Broers, A. N. (1969). "A New High Resolution Reflection Scanning Electron Microscope".
907:
Broers, A. N. (1965). "Combined electron and ion beam processes for microelectronics".
582:
554:
460:
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369:
335:
110:
1169:, National Electronics Conference, Inc., p. 826–829, 1969 judged best Conference Paper
1947:
1905:
1900:
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1527:
920:
671:
Broers, A. N. (1981). "Resolution, overlay, and field size for lithography systems".
572:
2012-2015 Chairman of the Judging Panel of the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering.
380:
323:
204:
1325:
Molzen, W. W. (1979). "Materials and techniques used in nanostructure fabrication".
990:
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1915:
1910:
1842:
1758:
1676:
934:
Broers, A. N. (1967). "Electron Gun using Long-Life Lanthanum Hexaboride Cathode".
544:
861:
747:
349:. He chose the subject "The Role and Education of the Creative Engineer". He was
1723:
1589:
1209:, Ed. R. Bakish, Electrochemical Soc., Princeton, N.J., p. 396–406, 1980, &
1143:
1126:
364:, of Cambridge in the County of Cambridgeshire. Lord Broers was Chairman of the
145:
1885:
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1165:"High Resolution Electron Beam Fabrication", A. N. Broers & M. Hatzakis,
483:
354:
330:
in 1984 to become Professor of Electrical Engineering (1984–96) and Fellow of
152:
692:
550:
2004 Becomes Chairman of the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee
357:
327:
299:
2049:
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
1381:
1103:
17:
1868:
1806:
1789:
1697:
1152:
1033:
886:
1389:
1223:
Broers, A. N. (1988). "Resolution limits for electron-beam lithography".
1111:
384:
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141:
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1948 Moved to Melbourne, Australia and attended Geelong Grammar School
1472:
1424:
1346:
1298:
1192:
656:
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Broers then worked in the research and development laboratories of
287:
2014:
Peers recommended by the House of Lords Appointments Commission
1622:
1205:"Resolution Limits of PMMA Resist for Electron Beam Exposure",
558:
487:
476:
471:
Selective ion beam etching in the scanning electron microscope
1207:
9th Int. Conf. on Electron & Ion Beam Sci. & Technol.
2059:
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
1127:"Surface ultrastructure of the human marrow--a brief note"
517:
1996 Vice Chancellor, University of Cambridge (until 2003)
270:
In 1994 Broers was elected an international member of the
514:
1995 Becomes a non-executive director of Lucas Industries
2054:
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
2089:
Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014
2079:
Engineering professors at the University of Cambridge
2064:
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
862:"Honorary Fellows - 2003 - Professor Sir Alec Broers"
723:
Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
630:
Voss, R. F.; Laibowitz, R. B.; Broers, A. N. (1980).
479:
USA, and serving on the Corporate Technical Committee
347:
Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
1924:
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1979:Fellows of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
563:2008 Becomes Chairman of Diamond Light Source Ltd.
520:1997 Becomes a non-executive director of Vodafone
469:degree at University of Cambridge, thesis titled
399:'s largest new scientific facility for 45 years.
2004:Vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge
1974:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
837:"St Edmund's College - University of Cambridge"
2034:Presidents of the Royal Academy of Engineering
1563:Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
1125:Trubowitz, S; Broers, A; Pease, R. F. (1970).
379:In September 2008, Lord Broers took over from
2074:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1634:
566:2009 Becomes Chairman of Bio Nano Consulting.
8:
971:Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments
1984:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
504:Cambridge University Engineering Department
372:from 2004 to 2007 and was President of the
1641:
1627:
1619:
1581:Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
1516:
50:
31:
1964:People educated at Geelong Grammar School
1142:
655:
428:1938 Born 17 September in Calcutta, India
1511:Lord Broers on the triumph of technology
1327:Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology
1999:Masters of Churchill College, Cambridge
1994:Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
1225:IBM Journal of Research and Development
622:
455:degree in electrical sciences from the
1252:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
534:with Hermann Hauser and David Cleevely
263:(born 17 September 1938) is a British
1989:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
1167:Proc. National Electronics Conference
673:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
341:Broers subsequently became Master of
304:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
7:
2069:Deputy lieutenants of Cambridgeshire
866:Institution of Mechanical Engineers
729:from the original on 4 October 2018
2084:Life peers created by Elizabeth II
25:
1932:Roger Makins, 1st Baron Sherfield
508:1994 International member of the
326:for 19 years before returning to
1006:Review of Scientific Instruments
459:, after arriving initially as a
434:1944 Moved to Purley, Surrey, UK
366:Science and Technology Committee
748:The London Gazette. Issue 57337
510:National Academy of Engineering
431:1941 Moved to Sydney, Australia
409:National Academy of Engineering
272:National Academy of Engineering
241:Alec Nigel Broers, Baron Broers
2039:Trustees of the British Museum
1969:University of Melbourne alumni
1807:Michael Augustine Raftery
417:St Edmund's College, Cambridge
413:American Philosophical Society
334:(1985–90). He is a pioneer of
1:
632:"Niobium nanobridge dc SQUID"
2029:Fellows of the Royal Society
1496:Interview with Lord Broers,
921:10.1016/0026-2714(65)90267-2
909:Microelectronics Reliability
587:Cambridge Instrument Company
539:Royal Academy of Engineering
374:Royal Academy of Engineering
343:Churchill College, Cambridge
182:Churchill College, Cambridge
99:David Glyndwr Tudor Williams
1611:The Lord Vallance of Tummel
1439:Microelectronic Engineering
1144:10.1182/blood.V35.1.112.112
719:Macmillan Memorial Lectures
27:British electrical engineer
2105:
1790:Thomas Nelson Marsham
936:Journal of Applied Physics
332:Trinity College, Cambridge
1607:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1569:
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1532:
1524:
1519:
1492:were given by Lord Broers
991:10.1088/0022-3735/2/3/310
553:2005 Broers presents the
527:for services to education
234:
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187:
175:
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116:
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58:
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1869:Gordon Richard Wray
1490:The Reith lectures, 2005
841:www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk
278:Education and early life
1813:Vulimiri Ramalingaswami
1405:Applied Physics Letters
1313:Applied Physics Letters
1287:Applied Physics Letters
1213:, 128, p. 166–170, 1980
1181:Applied Physics Letters
1049:Applied Physics Letters
715:"Hugh Miller Macmillan"
693:10.1109/T-ED.1981.20599
636:Applied Physics Letters
457:University of Cambridge
444:degree in physics from
166:University of Cambridge
66:University of Cambridge
1896:Antonio Garcia-Bellido
1838:Charles J. M. Stirling
1506:Profile of Lord Broers
1382:10.1126/science.406670
1315:, 35, p. 891–893, 1979
1104:10.1126/science.125922
537:2001 President of The
353:in 1998 and created a
292:Geelong Grammar School
158:Geelong Grammar School
64:Vice-Chancellor of the
2019:Crossbench life peers
1818:Peter Richardson
1441:32, pp. 131–142, 1996
87:The Duke of Edinburgh
1858:Elizabeth Warrington
1211:J. Electrochem. Soc.
764:search.amphilsoc.org
760:"APS Member History"
547:(became Lord Broers)
446:Melbourne University
393:Diamond Light Source
296:Melbourne University
162:Melbourne University
37:The Right Honourable
1698:Dennis Chapman
1573:Dame Alison Richard
1465:1993JVSTB..11.1203V
1417:1990ApPhL..57.2271A
1374:1977Sci...197..259F
1339:1979JVST...16..269M
1264:1972JElS..119.1769S
1237:10.1147/rd.324.0502
1096:1975Sci...189..637B
1061:1973ApPhL..22..610B
1018:1969RScI...40.1040B
983:1969JPhE....2..273B
948:1967JAP....38.1991B
685:1981ITED...28.1268B
648:1980ApPhL..37..656V
475:1965 Researcher at
376:from 2001 to 2006.
282:Broers was born in
265:electrical engineer
1891:Albert Eschenmoser
1853:David Wallace
1833:Michael Smith
1739:Martin Fleischmann
1692:Geoffrey Burnstock
1556:Sir David Williams
482:1977 Appointed to
403:Awards and honours
389:board of directors
1941:
1940:
1754:John Rodney Guest
1744:C. Robin Ganellin
1617:
1616:
1570:Succeeded by
1543:Succeeded by
1536:Churchill College
1528:Sir Hermann Bondi
1520:Academic offices
1272:10.1149/1.2404096
1069:10.1063/1.1654527
1026:10.1063/1.1684146
956:10.1063/1.1709807
811:"List of Fellows"
785:"List of Fellows"
679:(11): 1268–1278.
532:Cambridge Network
530:1998 Founded the
498:Churchill College
381:Sir David Cooksey
238:
237:
205:Sir Hermann Bondi
136:17 September 1938
44:FRS FMedSci FREng
16:(Redirected from
2096:
2009:Knights Bachelor
1828:Raymond Smallman
1796:William Mitchell
1704:John Clarke
1643:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1608:Followed by
1587:Preceded by
1567:1996–2003
1553:Preceded by
1540:1990–1996
1525:Preceded by
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1484:External sources
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1473:10.1116/1.586921
1459:(4): 1203–1208.
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1609:
1606:
1593:
1590:The Lord Dykes
1588:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1443:
1430:
1395:
1352:
1333:(2): 269–272.
1317:
1304:
1277:
1242:
1231:(4): 502–513.
1215:
1198:
1171:
1158:
1117:
1074:
1039:
996:
977:(3): 273–276.
961:
926:
899:
878:
853:
828:
817:on 8 June 2016
802:
791:on 8 June 2016
776:
751:
740:
706:
663:
621:
620:
618:
615:
597:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
555:Reith Lectures
551:
548:
541:
535:
528:
521:
518:
515:
512:
506:
500:
494:
491:
480:
473:
463:
461:choral scholar
449:
438:
435:
432:
429:
424:
423:Career summary
421:
404:
401:
397:United Kingdom
370:House of Lords
336:nanotechnology
315:
312:
279:
276:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
185:
184:
180:4th Master of
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
155:
149:
148:
127:
123:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
111:Alison Richard
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
69:
68:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
43:
40:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2101:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Living people
1952:
1951:
1949:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Edwin H. Land
1904:
1902:
1901:Joseph Keller
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Harold Ridley
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:Keith Moffatt
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:Alec Jeffreys
1767:
1765:
1764:Werner Israel
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Richard Dixon
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:Royal Society
1651:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1546:Sir John Boyd
1538:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:(8): 1040–5.
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
900:
888:
882:
879:
867:
863:
857:
854:
842:
838:
832:
829:
816:
812:
806:
803:
790:
786:
780:
777:
765:
761:
755:
752:
749:
744:
741:
728:
724:
720:
716:
710:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:
664:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
623:
616:
614:
610:
606:
603:
600:
591:
588:
584:
576:
571:
568:
565:
562:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
540:
536:
533:
529:
526:
522:
519:
516:
513:
511:
507:
505:
502:1992 Head of
501:
499:
495:
492:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
443:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:United States
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
277:
275:
273:
268:
266:
261:
254:
247:
242:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
217:Sir John Boyd
215:
209:
206:
203:
197:
191:
186:
183:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
156:
154:
150:
147:
143:
138:(age 86)
128:
124:
119:
115:
112:
109:
103:
100:
97:
91:
88:
85:
81:
75:
70:
67:
61:
57:
53:
48:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1916:Vivian Fuchs
1911:Shosaku Numa
1867:
1863:Allan Wilson
1843:John Sulston
1805:
1788:
1759:Gabriel Horn
1696:
1686:
1677:John Argyris
1604:
1602:Baron Broers
1601:
1595:
1561:
1533:
1513:, March 2005
1502:, March 2005
1497:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1411:(21): 2271.
1408:
1404:
1398:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1258:(12): 1769.
1255:
1251:
1245:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1137:(1): 112–5.
1134:
1130:
1120:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1009:
1005:
999:
974:
970:
964:
939:
935:
929:
912:
908:
902:
890:. Retrieved
881:
869:. Retrieved
856:
846:10 September
844:. Retrieved
840:
831:
819:. Retrieved
815:the original
805:
793:. Retrieved
789:the original
779:
767:. Retrieved
763:
754:
743:
731:. Retrieved
718:
709:
676:
672:
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635:
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611:
607:
604:
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545:Life Peerage
470:
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362:Baron Broers
361:
360:in 2004, as
340:
317:
281:
269:
240:
239:
212:Succeeded by
189:
106:Succeeded by
73:
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2024:IBM Fellows
1959:1938 births
1848:Jean Thomas
1749:Adrian Gill
1724:John Dowell
1687:Alec Broers
915:: 103–104.
448:, Australia
200:Preceded by
146:British Raj
94:Preceded by
18:Alec Broers
1948:Categories
1925:Statute 12
1886:Piet Borst
1774:Allen Kerr
1682:Ian Axford
1534:Master of
1293:(9): 596.
1187:(5): 392.
871:16 October
821:13 October
795:13 October
733:29 January
642:(7): 656.
617:References
484:IBM Fellow
355:crossbench
153:Alma mater
132:1938-09-17
83:Chancellor
1597:Gentlemen
358:life peer
328:Cambridge
300:Australia
194:1990–1996
190:In office
78:1996–2003
74:In office
1656:elected
1500:Magazine
727:Archived
701:47505859
577:Research
557:for the
525:Knighted
385:chairman
351:knighted
284:Calcutta
142:Calcutta
1879:Foreign
1665:Fellows
1658:in 1986
1652:of the
1650:Fellows
1498:Ingenia
1461:Bibcode
1413:Bibcode
1370:Bibcode
1362:Science
1335:Bibcode
1260:Bibcode
1153:5263118
1092:Bibcode
1084:Science
1057:Bibcode
1034:5797882
1014:Bibcode
979:Bibcode
944:Bibcode
681:Bibcode
644:Bibcode
490:'s CEO.
391:at the
387:of the
368:of the
322:in the
308:England
302:and at
253:FMedSci
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892:27 May
769:8 July
699:
395:, the
314:Career
1131:Blood
697:S2CID
523:1998
465:1965
451:1962
440:1959
306:, in
288:India
260:FREng
258:
256:,
251:
249:,
1386:PMID
1149:PMID
1108:PMID
1030:PMID
894:2021
873:2011
848:2018
823:2014
797:2014
771:2021
735:2019
294:and
126:Born
1469:doi
1421:doi
1378:doi
1366:197
1343:doi
1295:doi
1268:doi
1256:119
1233:doi
1189:doi
1139:doi
1100:doi
1088:189
1065:doi
1022:doi
987:doi
952:doi
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689:doi
652:doi
596:LaB
559:BBC
488:IBM
486:by
477:IBM
467:PhD
442:BSc
383:as
320:IBM
298:in
246:FRS
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1024::
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