3048:
610:, ruled Aleppo between 1193 CE and 1215 CE. During this time, the citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form today. Sultan Ghazi strengthened the walls, smoothed the surface of the outcrop and covered sections of the slope at the entrance area with stone cladding. The depth of the moat was increased, connected with water canals and spanned by a tall bridge-cum-viaduct, which today still serves as the entrance into the Citadel. During the first decade of the 13th century CE, the citadel evolved into a palatial city that included functions ranging from residential (palaces and baths), religious (mosque and shrines), military installations (arsenal, training ground, defence towers and the entrance block) and supporting elements (water cisterns and granaries). The most prominent renovation is the entrance block rebuilt in 1213 CE. Sultan Ghazi also had the two mosques on the Citadel restored, and expanded the city walls to include the southern and eastern suburbs, making the citadel the centre of the fortifications, rather than alongside the wall.
82:
811:
246:
254:
302:
819:
651:
557:
784:
792:
698:(1920 CE – 1945 CE). The French began archaeological excavations and extensive restoration work in the 1930s CE, particularly on the perimeter wall. The Mamluk Throne Hall was also completely restored during this time and given a new flat roof decorated in 19th-century CE Damascene style. A modern amphitheater was constructed on a section of an unexcavated surface of the citadel in 1980 to hold events and concerts.
464:, who undertook the revival of the city under the name Beroia. Medieval Arab historians say that the history of the citadel as a fortified acropolis began under Seleucus I Nicator. In some areas of the citadel there are up to two meters of remains of Hellenistic settlement. A colonnaded street led up to the citadel hill from the west, where the south area of Aleppo still retains the Hellenistic grid street plan.
592:, who was held for two years. In addition to his many works in both Aleppo and Damascus, Nur ad-Din rebuilt the Aleppo city walls and fortified the citadel. Arab sources report that he also made several other improvements, such as a high, brick-walled entrance ramp, a palace, and a racecourse likely covered with grass. Nur ad-Din additionally restored or rebuilt the two mosques and donated an elaborate wooden
270:
286:
262:
873:
278:
66:
1590:
173:
707:
89:
1383:
718:(1,480 feet) and width of 325 metres (1,066 feet). At the top this ellipse measures 285 metres (935 feet) by 160 metres (520 feet) with the height of this slanting foundation measuring 50 metres (160 feet). In the past, the entire mound was covered with large blocks of gleaming limestone, some of which still remain today.
1379:
729:
government in the 16th century CE. A succession of five right-angle turns and three large gates (with carved figures) leads to the main inner castle entrance. In the interior of the
Citadel, are the Weapons' Hall, the Byzantine Hall and the Throne Hall, with a restored decorated ceiling. Prior to the
662:
period, the military role of the citadel as a defense fortress slowly diminished as the city began to grow outside the city walls and was taking its form as a commercial metropolis. The
Citadel was still used as a barracks for Ottoman soldiers, although it is not known exactly how many were stationed
499:
in the 7th century CE, the population of Aleppo is said to have taken refuge in the
Citadel because the city wall was in a deplorable state. Currently, very few remains from the Byzantine period have been found on the Citadel Hill, although the two mosques inside the Citadel are known to be converted
762:
used the
Citadel as a military base, and according to the opposition fighters, with the walls acting as cover while shelling surrounding areas and ancient arrow slits in walls being used by snipers to target rebels. As a result of this contemporary usage, the Citadel has received significant damage.
484:, in his 363 CE visit to Aleppo noted "I stayed there for a day, visited the acropolis, offered a white bull to Zeus according to imperial customs, and held a short talk with the town council about worshiping the deities." Very few physical remains have been found from the Roman age in the Citadel.
774:
on
February 6, 2023 CE. On 17 February 2024 CE, Citadel of Aleppo was reopened after the completion of the first and second phase of the restoration of southern forward tower (the entrance to the citadel), which was greatly affected by the earthquake. Also other phases of the citadel’s restoration
633:
In 1415 CE, the Mamluk governor of Aleppo, prince Sayf al-Din, was authorized to rebuild the citadel, which by then stood at the centre of a significant trading city of between 50,000–100,000 inhabitants. Sayf al-Din's additions included two new advance towers on the north and south slopes of the
847:
Ghazi's "palace of glory" burned down on his wedding night and he escaped with the queen, but it was later rebuilt and today stands as one of the most important and impressive monuments in the citadel crown. The
Ayyubids were not the first to build a palace on the citadel. Today, numerous
859:
has three sections. The first was used for dressing, undressing, and resting. The second was an unheated but warmer room, and this was followed by a hot room, and a steam room equipped with alcoves. Hot and cold water was piped through to the hammam with earthenware pipes.
508:
Arab armies ruled over Aleppo in 636 CE. Written sources document repairs being made on the citadel after a major earthquake. Little is known about the citadel in the period of early
Christianity and Islam, except that Aleppo was a frontier town on the edges of the
3047:
838:
above. Secret passageways wind through the complex, and the main passages are decorated with figurative reliefs. The
Ayyubid block is topped by the Mamluk "Throne Hall", a hall where Mamluk sultans entertained large audiences and held official functions.
868:
The construction in the citadel was not confined to above-ground. Several wells penetrate down to 125 m (410 ft) below the surface of the crown. Underground passageways connect to the advance towers and possibly under the moat to the city.
757:
to gain control over the citadel. In July 2015 CE, a bomb was set off in a tunnel under one of the outer walls causing further damage to the citadel, in an attempt for the Free Syrian Army to dislodge the Syrian Army. During the conflict, the
1313:
345:. It is considered to be one of the oldest and largest castles in the world. Usage of the Citadel hill dates back at least to the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE. Occupied by many civilizations over time – including the
389:. It was reopened to the public in early 2018 CE with repairs to damaged parts underway, though some of the damage will be purposefully preserved as part of the history of the citadel. The citadel was damaged by the
531:
prince, conquered the city in 944 CE, and it subsequently rose to a political and economic renaissance. The
Hamdanids built a reputedly splendid palace on the banks of the river, but moved to the Citadel after
576:(ruled 1147 CE – 1174 CE) – successfully unified Aleppo and Damascus and held back the Crusaders from their repeated assaults on the cities. Several famous crusaders were imprisoned in the citadel, among them
1244:
1305:
3084:
1337:"Five years of conflict: the state of cultural heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo; A comprehensive multi-temporal satellite imagery-based damage analysis for the Ancient City of Aleppo"
638:
palace was almost completely abandoned during this period. The Mamluk period also administered restoration and preservation projects on the
Citadel. The final Mamluk sultan, al-Ashraf
373: – the majority of the construction as it stands today is thought to originate from the Ayyubid period. An extensive conservation work took place in the 2000s CE by the
81:
2545:
2011:
1365:
1252:
1468:
3089:
3094:
2832:
2048:
1991:
1492:
1458:
2029:
848:
architectural details remain from the Ayyubid period, including an entrance portal with muqarnas, or honeycomb vaulting, and a courtyard on the
3114:
1006:
3079:
1506:
1476:
1450:
682:, used stones from destroyed buildings in the citadel to build a barracks in the north of the crown. It was later restored under the rule of
1344:
725:, dating from the 12th century. Notable is the fortified gateway, accessible though an arched bridge. This feature was an addition from the
3104:
1955:
2178:
1996:
1088:
112:
2001:
1965:
1191:
695:
597:
425:
to at least the 9th century BCE, as evidenced by reliefs discovered at it during excavations by German archaeologist Kay Kohlmeyer.
2763:
771:
742:
390:
386:
2753:
2743:
2530:
2021:
2006:
1578:
956:
1282:
1945:
2825:
2208:
1800:
1061:
1034:
2213:
2957:
2778:
2768:
663:
there. An anonymous Venetian traveler mentions some 2,000 people living in the Citadel in 1556 CE. In 1679 CE, the French
1556:
830:
complex. Would-be assailants to the castle would have to take over six turns up a vaulted entrance ramp, over which were
667:
reports 1,400 people there, 350 of whom were Janissaries, the elite military corps in the service of the Ottoman Empire.
3109:
2783:
2728:
2540:
2535:
2510:
1546:
2285:
2040:
1669:
564:
The citadel rose to the peak of its importance in the period during and after the Crusader presence in the Near East.
2723:
2788:
2550:
2290:
2188:
2168:
2076:
1930:
1498:
1464:
686:
in 1850 CE – 1851 CE. A windmill, also on the northern edge of the crown, was probably built around the same time.
374:
3099:
2818:
2773:
2738:
2708:
2316:
2173:
2158:
1960:
1815:
1699:
775:
have been revealed, including the entrance, the minaret of Great Ayyubid Mosque, and the façade of Throne Hall.
385:
World Heritage Site since 1986 CE. During the 2010s, the Citadel received significant damage during the lengthy
2841:
2623:
2505:
1983:
1911:
1780:
1719:
897:
3119:
2066:
1950:
1775:
1618:
589:
585:
2867:
2992:
2987:
2758:
2688:
2683:
2295:
2058:
1835:
1795:
1739:
1729:
1649:
1608:
1512:
1482:
982:
767:
679:
675:
378:
323:
3002:
3032:
2658:
2576:
2520:
2515:
2254:
2163:
2135:
2071:
1790:
1785:
796:
581:
441:
3027:
664:
1536:
377:, in collaboration with Aleppo Archeological Society. Dominating the city, the Citadel is part of the
2693:
2566:
2356:
2193:
2183:
2140:
1880:
1830:
1805:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1628:
1571:
927:
683:
2932:
2872:
810:
253:
2912:
2902:
2411:
2371:
1860:
1694:
1679:
1003:
536:
troops attacked in 962 CE. A period of instability followed Hamdanid rule, marked by Byzantine and
457:
437:
301:
160:
2972:
2887:
818:
650:
556:
245:
2877:
2615:
2525:
2300:
2234:
1890:
1885:
1855:
1760:
1684:
714:
The citadel in its present form is on a mound, which has an elliptical base with a length of 450
461:
668:
1336:
3037:
2852:
2482:
2386:
1895:
1870:
1674:
1502:
1472:
1446:
1359:
1187:
1084:
1078:
1057:
1051:
1030:
1024:
783:
749:, the external gate of the citadel was damaged after being shelled during a clash between the
634:
citadel, and the new Mamluk palace built on top of the higher of the two entrance towers. The
569:
445:
678:. After the earthquake only soldiers lived in the citadel. The Ottoman Governor of the time,
3060:
2673:
2668:
2601:
2477:
2406:
2391:
2381:
2336:
2331:
2239:
1875:
1850:
1845:
1840:
849:
750:
746:
731:
639:
573:
488:
481:
358:
237:
791:
2997:
2982:
2917:
2862:
2801:
2748:
2733:
2591:
2581:
2426:
2366:
2275:
1689:
1564:
1540:
1010:
734:, the citadel was a tourist attraction and a site of archaeological digs and studies. The
607:
577:
492:
422:
314:
2977:
2967:
2927:
2882:
2718:
2713:
2703:
2678:
2472:
2457:
2401:
2396:
2376:
2346:
2341:
2249:
2198:
1865:
1714:
1659:
1633:
826:
The enormous stone bridge constructed by Sultan Ghazi over the moat led to an imposing
659:
487:
The Roman Empire was divided into two parts in 395 CE. Aleppo was in the eastern half,
1274:
948:
923:
480:
dynasty in 64 BCE, the citadel hill continued to have religious significance. Emperor
3073:
3012:
2962:
2952:
2897:
2892:
2857:
2698:
2571:
2467:
2321:
2280:
2229:
2203:
2120:
2110:
1916:
1709:
1704:
1613:
831:
827:
524:
370:
1551:
979:"Aleppo Citadel reopens its doors as thousands of visitors regain their memories in"
269:
2663:
2628:
2452:
2447:
2416:
2361:
2351:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2100:
1460:
The Citadel of Aleppo: Description, History, Site Plan and Visitor Tour (Guidebook)
1004:
DayPress News, "Temple of Hadad in Aleppo Citadel Sheds Light on Important Periods"
856:
735:
623:
473:
354:
285:
261:
1180:
721:
The mound is surrounded by a 22-metre-deep (72-foot) and 30-metre-wide (98-foot)
2922:
2653:
2648:
2462:
2442:
2421:
2259:
1724:
872:
759:
754:
548:
were said to have converted the two churches into mosques.
414:
405:
dates use of the hill to the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE, as referenced in
277:
65:
2596:
1734:
496:
17:
802:
There are many structural remains inside the citadel. Notable sites include:
127:
114:
2643:
1664:
835:
545:
533:
510:
406:
350:
227:
706:
596:(prayer niche) to the Mosque of Abraham. The mihrab disappeared during the
924:"Video: rebels blow up historic building in front of Aleppo citadel today"
500:from churches originally built by the Byzantines.
421:
and was known as the "City of Hadad". The temple remained in use from the
3007:
2638:
2586:
2244:
1623:
541:
528:
477:
433:
362:
334:
3022:
3017:
2937:
2326:
931:
635:
603:
518:
514:
429:
366:
2947:
2942:
2633:
1594:
726:
619:
593:
565:
560:
The roof of the baths, with the mosque and minaret in the background.
537:
418:
382:
346:
338:
52:
1405:
Aleppo Citadel reopens to visitors after restoring its main entrance
893:
2810:
1404:
622:
invasion of 1260 CE and again destroyed by the invasion led by the
1589:
871:
817:
809:
715:
649:
627:
555:
402:
342:
300:
294:
284:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
178:
56:
722:
642:, replaced the flat ceiling of the Throne Hall with nine domes.
410:
290:
2814:
1560:
1533:
978:
432:
milked his sheep on the citadel hill. After the decline of the
1547:
Historic Cities Support Programme, Aga Khan Trust for Culture
694:
Soldiers continued to be stationed in the citadel during the
540:
attacks, as well as a short-term rule by the Egyptian-based
855:
Laid out in traditional medieval Islamic style, the palace
1306:"Ancient Syrian castles serve again as fighting positions"
949:"Syrian heritage destruction revealed in satellite images"
1443:
Die Zitadelle von Aleppo und der Tempel des Wettergottes
1380:"آثار سوريا لم تسلم من الزلزال.. تضرر قلعتي حلب والمرقب"
1275:"Syria civil war: Bomb damages Aleppo's ancient citadel"
738:
was often used for musical concerts or cultural events.
401:
The recently discovered temple of the ancient storm-god
1251:. Agence France Presse. 11 August 2012. Archived from
440:
ruled the area (8th–7th century BCE), followed by the
3085:
13th-century establishments in the Ayyubid Sultanate
328:
198:
Partially ruined (some parts repaired and destroyed)
2614:
2559:
2498:
2491:
2435:
2309:
2268:
2222:
2149:
2093:
2057:
2039:
2020:
1982:
1975:
1938:
1929:
1904:
1823:
1814:
1748:
1642:
1601:
1304:Abigail Hauslohner and Ahmed Ramadan (5 May 2013).
674:Aleppo and the citadel were heavily damaged in the
233:
223:
215:
207:
202:
194:
184:
166:
156:
151:
143:
106:
32:
1179:
864:Satura, Hellenistic Well, and underground passages
337:fortified palace in the centre of the old city of
2546:Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex
1245:"Aleppo citadel hit by shelling, says opposition"
671:ordered a restoration of the citadel in 1521 CE.
630:which swept through Aleppo in 1400 CE – 1401 CE.
1077:Gülru Necipoğlu,Karen Leal (11 November 2010).
1494:Syria: Medieval Citadels Between East and West
1469:Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums
1441:Julia Gonella, Wahid Khayyata, Kay Kohlmeyer:
834:for pouring hot liquids on attackers from the
2826:
1572:
1053:Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria
917:
915:
8:
2189:Mamoun University for Science and Technology
40:
1364:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
766:The citadel was extensively damaged by the
2833:
2819:
2811:
2495:
1979:
1935:
1820:
1579:
1565:
1557:
1382:(in Arabic). Al Arabiya. 6 February 2023.
29:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
943:
941:
88:
790:
782:
705:
456:After Aleppo was ruled by the armies of
2012:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption
1151:Monuments of Syria; An Historical Guide
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
885:
1552:Extensive photo site about the citadel
1357:
822:The entrance of the citadel of Aleppo
7:
1386:from the original on 6 February 2023
985:from the original on 18 January 2020
959:from the original on August 13, 2022
211:3rd millennium BCE – 12th century CE
3090:Aga Khan Trust for Culture projects
1956:Church of the Dormition of Our Lady
900:from the original on August 5, 2011
318:
41:
3095:Buildings and structures in Aleppo
2179:Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts
1110:Bianca and Gaube, 2007, pp. 73–103
25:
1992:Church of Saint Francis of Assisi
1285:from the original on May 16, 2018
1026:The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria
417:. The city became the capital of
3046:
2754:Aleppo Artillery School massacre
2531:Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex
2049:Church of the Holy Mother of God
1588:
1316:from the original on 21 May 2014
289:Entrance to the Throne Hall: an
171:
87:
80:
70:The Citadel of Aleppo in 2010 CE
64:
2030:Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet
1946:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites
1347:from the original on 2019-07-22
618:The citadel was damaged by the
249:Hadad Temple Inside the Citadel
2209:International School of Aleppo
1445:. Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2005,
741:In August 2012 CE, during the
491:. During the clashes with the
1:
3115:World Heritage Sites in Syria
1182:A History of the Arab Peoples
922:@edwardedark (29 July 2014).
588:, and the King of Jerusalem,
257:The inner gate of the citadel
3080:1230s establishments in Asia
2729:Aleppo International Airport
2541:Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex
2536:Aleppo International Stadium
1023:Lluís Feliu (January 2003).
772:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
654:Inside the Citadel of Aleppo
391:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
2159:Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre
1700:Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili
1670:Central Synagogue of Aleppo
468:Roman and Byzantine periods
329:
3136:
3105:Military history of Aleppo
2551:Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena
2291:Saadallah al-Jabiri Square
2169:National Library of Aleppo
1997:Church of the Holy Trinity
1534:Syrian Ministry of Tourism
1499:Aga Khan Trust for Culture
1465:Aga Khan Trust for Culture
552:Zengid and Ayyubid periods
458:Alexander III of Macedonia
375:Aga Khan Trust for Culture
3055:
3044:
2848:
2799:
2709:Massacre of Aleppo (1850)
2511:Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium
2317:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
2174:National Museum of Aleppo
2002:Cathedral of Saint Joseph
1961:Mar Assia al-Hakim Church
843:Ayyubid Palace and Hammam
614:Mongol and Mamluk periods
75:
63:
50:
37:
2007:Church of the Holy Cross
1720:Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower
1491:Bianca, Stefano (2007),
1457:Gonnella, Julia (2008),
1429:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 46 48
1415:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 31 35
1218:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 21–24
1206:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 19–20
1168:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 14–19
1130:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 12–13
1050:Hugh N. Kennedy (2006).
894:"Ancient City of Aleppo"
814:Stone bridge and passage
436:centered in Aleppo, the
2779:September 2012 bombings
1951:Forty Martyrs Cathedral
1619:New Aleppo Neighborhood
600:when it was destroyed.
2993:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
2988:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
2769:February 2012 bombings
2759:Siege of Aleppo (1980)
2749:Chemins de Fer Syriens
2689:Siege of Aleppo (1260)
2684:1138 Aleppo earthquake
1966:Saint Elijah Cathedral
1836:Great Mosque of Aleppo
1740:Grand Serail of Aleppo
1730:Aleppo railway station
1650:Ancient City of Aleppo
1609:Ancient City of Aleppo
1249:The Daily Star Lebanon
1083:. BRILL. p. 114.
1056:. BRILL. p. 166.
1029:. BRILL. p. 192.
981:. SANA. 16 June 2018.
955:. September 19, 2014.
877:
823:
815:
799:
788:
711:
655:
572:– followed by his son
561:
460:, Aleppo was ruled by
379:Ancient City of Aleppo
306:
298:
282:
281:The fortified entrance
274:
266:
258:
250:
2868:Al-Sheikh Deeb Castle
2784:October 2012 bombings
2659:Siege of Aleppo (637)
2521:Al-Hamadaniah Stadium
2516:Al-Assad Sports Arena
2214:Lycée français d'Alep
2164:Aleppo Citadel Museum
875:
821:
813:
797:Aleppo Citadel Museum
794:
786:
709:
653:
559:
442:Neo-Babylonian Empire
304:
288:
280:
272:
264:
256:
248:
219:Until 21st century CE
128:36.19917°N 37.16250°E
2694:Battle of Marj Dabiq
2357:Levon Ter-Petrossian
2194:Al-Shahba University
2184:University of Aleppo
1881:Al-Saffahiyah Mosque
1831:Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque
1629:Salaheddine District
1186:. New York: Warner.
1178:Hourani, A. (1992).
586:Raynald of Châtillon
504:Early Islamic period
179:Syrian Arab Republic
3110:Tells (archaeology)
2913:Citadel of Damascus
2903:Krak des Chevaliers
2789:University bombings
2774:March 2012 bombings
2616:Historical timeline
2412:Saadallah al-Jabiri
2372:Mustafa Bey Barmada
2286:Sabaa Bahrat Square
2269:Streets and squares
1861:Al-Sahibiyah Mosque
1695:Khanqah al-Farafira
1680:Hammam Bab al-Ahmar
1675:Al-Shibani building
1234:Gonnela, 2008, p.25
1139:Gonnela, 2008, p.11
710:The restored square
438:Neo-Assyrian Empire
161:Government of Syria
124: /
2878:Bani Qahtan Castle
2744:1947 Aleppo pogrom
2526:Al-Ittihad Stadium
2301:King Faisal Street
2235:Aleppo Public Park
1891:Al-Adiliyah Mosque
1886:Khusruwiyah Mosque
1856:Altun Bogha Mosque
1685:Hammam al-Nahhasin
1643:Historic landmarks
1539:2019-11-16 at the
1343:. pp. 34–56.
1341:unesdoc.unesco.org
1009:2020-05-07 at the
878:
824:
816:
800:
789:
712:
676:earthquake of 1822
656:
584:, who died there,
562:
462:Seleucus I Nicator
434:Neo-Hittite Empire
307:
299:
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
167:Controlled by
133:36.19917; 37.16250
3067:
3066:
3038:Citadel of Tartus
3028:Qalaat al-Shaghur
2908:Citadel of Aleppo
2808:
2807:
2610:
2609:
2483:Sabkhat al-Jabbul
2387:Ronaldo Mouchawar
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2041:Oriental Orthodox
1925:
1924:
1896:Behramiyah Mosque
1871:Al-Tawashi Mosque
1665:Al-Jdayde quarter
1655:Citadel of Aleppo
1508:978-2-940212-02-6
1478:978-2-940212-02-6
1451:978-3-930454-44-0
1281:. July 12, 2015.
684:Sultan Abdülmecid
608:al-Zahir al-Ghazi
570:Imad ad-Din Zengi
446:Achaemenid Empire
327:
311:Citadel of Aleppo
265:View from outside
243:
242:
95:Citadel of Aleppo
33:Citadel of Aleppo
16:(Redirected from
3127:
3100:Castles in Syria
3061:Castles in Syria
3050:
2842:Castles in Syria
2835:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2764:Battle of Aleppo
2624:Rulers of Aleppo
2602:Shorta Aleppo SC
2496:
2478:Limestone Massif
2407:Qustaki al-Himsi
2392:Rushdi al-Kikhya
2382:Qustaki al-Himsi
2337:Hilarion Capucci
2332:Harut Sassounian
2240:Al-Snoubari Park
2032:(Greek Orthodox)
2022:Eastern Orthodox
1980:
1936:
1912:Ar-Rahman Mosque
1876:Al-Otrush Mosque
1851:Mahmandar Mosque
1846:Al-Qaiqan Mosque
1841:Al-Nuqtah Mosque
1821:
1781:Al-Shadbakhtiyah
1593:
1592:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1543:, Arabic section
1522:
1521:
1520:
1511:, archived from
1486:
1481:, archived from
1430:
1427:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1335:UNESCO (2017).
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1255:on 21 March 2018
1241:
1235:
1232:
1219:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1154:
1153:, London: Tauris
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1020:
1014:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
945:
936:
935:
919:
910:
909:
907:
905:
890:
850:four-iwan layout
751:Free Syrian Army
747:Syrian Civil War
743:Battle of Aleppo
732:Syrian civil war
665:consul d’Arvieux
640:Qansuh al-Ghawri
489:Byzantine Empire
423:24th century BCE
387:Battle of Aleppo
332:
322:
320:
238:Syrian Civil War
177:
175:
174:
152:Site information
139:
138:
136:
135:
134:
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
91:
90:
84:
68:
59:
44:
43:
30:
21:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3051:
3042:
3003:Qulay'ah Castle
2998:Qasr Ibn Wardan
2983:Qalaat al-Madiq
2918:Citadel of Homs
2863:Castle of al-Al
2844:
2839:
2809:
2804:
2802:Category:Aleppo
2795:
2734:State of Aleppo
2724:Baghdad Railway
2629:Kingdom of Armi
2606:
2592:Ommal Aleppo SC
2582:Al-Herafyeen SC
2555:
2506:7 April Stadium
2487:
2431:
2427:Simeon Stylites
2367:Moustapha Akkad
2305:
2276:Al-Hatab Square
2264:
2255:Sheraton Aleppo
2218:
2151:
2145:
2081:
2077:Martyrs' Church
2067:Emmanuel Church
2053:
2035:
2016:
1971:
1921:
1900:
1810:
1776:Al-Muqaddamiyah
1744:
1690:Hammam Yalbugha
1638:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1541:Wayback Machine
1530:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1490:
1479:
1467:and the Syrian
1456:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1310:Washington Post
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1114:
1109:
1098:
1091:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1013:, Jan 16, 2010.
1011:Wayback Machine
1002:
998:
988:
986:
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
947:
946:
939:
921:
920:
913:
903:
901:
892:
891:
887:
883:
876:View of the top
866:
852:, with tiling.
845:
808:
781:
704:
692:
669:Sultan Süleyman
648:
616:
578:Count of Edessa
554:
506:
470:
454:
452:Seleucid period
448:(539–333 BCE).
399:
305:The Throne Hall
187:the public
186:
172:
170:
132:
130:
126:
123:
118:
115:
113:
111:
110:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
96:
92:
71:
51:
46:
28:
27:Castle in Syria
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3120:Forts in Syria
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3033:Qal'at Sukkara
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Palmyra Castle
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Khariba Castle
2930:
2928:Al-Kahf Castle
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Bourzey castle
2880:
2875:
2873:Areimeh Castle
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:People's Party
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:Qudud Halabiya
2716:
2714:Aleppo Vilayet
2711:
2706:
2704:Levant Company
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Aleppo plateau
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:Kurd Mountains
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Paul of Aleppo
2399:
2397:Omar Abu-Riche
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2377:Nazim al-Kudsi
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2347:Jerry Seinfeld
2344:
2342:Ibrahim Hananu
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2310:Notable people
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2296:Liberty Square
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Aleppo College
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2094:Historic gates
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:Bahsita Mosque
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:Al-Turantaiyah
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1715:Beit Achiqbash
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Al-Madina Souq
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1634:Sheikh Maqsood
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1602:Neighbourhoods
1599:
1598:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1529:
1528:External links
1526:
1525:
1524:
1507:
1488:
1477:
1454:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1417:
1408:
1397:
1371:
1327:
1296:
1266:
1236:
1220:
1208:
1199:
1192:
1170:
1156:
1141:
1132:
1112:
1096:
1090:978-9004185111
1089:
1069:
1062:
1042:
1035:
1015:
996:
970:
937:
930:) – via
911:
884:
882:
879:
865:
862:
844:
841:
832:machicolations
807:
806:Entrance block
804:
780:
779:Internal sites
777:
703:
700:
696:French Mandate
691:
690:French Mandate
688:
647:
646:Ottoman period
644:
615:
612:
598:French Mandate
553:
550:
505:
502:
476:destroyed the
469:
466:
453:
450:
428:The patriarch
398:
395:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
182:
181:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
149:
148:
147:Castle/Citadel
145:
141:
140:
108:
104:
103:
94:
93:
86:
85:
79:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
48:
47:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
18:Aleppo Citadel
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3132:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Sahyun Castle
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Qal'at Ja'bar
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Nimrod Castle
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Masyaf Castle
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Maniqa Castle
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Chastel Rouge
2896:
2894:
2893:Chastel Blanc
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Aleika Castle
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Aleppo Eyalet
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Al-Yarmouk SC
2575:
2573:
2572:Al-Hurriya SC
2570:
2568:
2567:Al-Ittihad SC
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Mount al-Hass
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Farhat Square
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Al-Sabil Park
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:Entertainment
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Bab Qinnasrin
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Bab al-Nairab
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Bethel Church
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1917:Tawhid Mosque
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Al-Uthmaniyah
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Al-Sultaniyah
1789:
1787:
1786:Al-Sharafiyah
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Beit Ghazaleh
1708:
1706:
1705:Beit Junblatt
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Bab al-Nairab
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1515:on 2011-06-04
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1485:on 2012-06-09
1484:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1193:9780446393928
1189:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:Burns, Ross,
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1000:
997:
984:
980:
974:
971:
958:
954:
950:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
918:
916:
912:
899:
895:
889:
886:
880:
874:
870:
863:
861:
858:
853:
851:
842:
840:
837:
833:
829:
828:bent entrance
820:
812:
805:
803:
798:
793:
785:
778:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
717:
708:
701:
699:
697:
689:
687:
685:
681:
680:Ibrahim Pasha
677:
672:
670:
666:
661:
652:
645:
643:
641:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
558:
551:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
526:
525:Sayf al-Dawla
522:
520:
516:
512:
503:
501:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
467:
465:
463:
459:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:) is a large
331:
325:
316:
312:
303:
296:
292:
287:
279:
273:Entrance gate
271:
263:
255:
247:
239:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
197:
193:
189:
183:
180:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
150:
146:
142:
137:
109:
105:
83:
74:
67:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
36:
31:
19:
3057:
2907:
2888:Burj al-Sabi
2664:Aleppo Codex
2453:Mount Simeon
2448:Dhahab River
2417:Sabah Fakhri
2362:Louay Kayali
2352:Joseph Safra
2150:Culture and
2136:Bab al-Faraj
2131:Bab al-Jinan
2126:Bab Antakeya
2116:Bab al-Maqam
2106:Bab al-Ahmar
2101:Bab al-Hadid
1806:Al-Zahiriyah
1771:Al-Kameliyah
1766:Al-Halawiyah
1756:Al-Ahmadiyah
1654:
1517:, retrieved
1513:the original
1493:
1483:the original
1459:
1442:
1411:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1374:
1349:. Retrieved
1340:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1309:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1278:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:the original
1248:
1239:
1202:
1181:
1173:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1079:
1072:
1052:
1045:
1025:
1018:
999:
987:. Retrieved
973:
961:. Retrieved
952:
902:. Retrieved
888:
867:
854:
846:
825:
801:
765:
740:
736:amphitheater
720:
713:
693:
673:
657:
632:
624:Turco-Mongol
617:
602:
563:
523:
507:
486:
471:
455:
427:
400:
330:Qalʿat Ḥalab
310:
308:
234:Battles/wars
203:Site history
185:Open to
39:
2978:Qal'at Najm
2958:Montferrand
2923:Hama Castle
2654:Dead Cities
2649:Aleppo soap
2463:Mount Barsa
2443:Queiq River
2422:Saint Maron
2260:Shahba Mall
2250:Club d'Alep
2141:Bab al-Nasr
1725:Baron Hotel
787:The theatre
760:Syrian Army
755:Syrian Army
658:During the
582:Joscelin II
409:texts from
341:, northern
216:In use
131: /
107:Coordinates
3074:Categories
2853:Abu Qubays
2597:Ouroube SC
2322:Al-Ma'arri
2204:École Amal
2059:Protestant
1968:(Maronite)
1761:Al-Firdaws
1735:Villa Rose
1519:2009-07-24
1390:6 February
1351:2019-07-22
1063:9004147136
1036:9004131582
896:. UNESCO.
881:References
702:Modern day
590:Baldwin II
574:Nur ad-Din
497:Khosrow II
472:After the
359:Byzantines
119:37°09′45″E
116:36°11′57″N
3058:Also See:
2674:Mirdasids
2669:Hamdanids
2644:Bit Agusi
2152:education
1259:10 August
836:mezzanine
768:magnitude
546:Mirdasids
534:Byzantine
521:empires.
511:Byzantine
493:Sassanian
407:cuneiform
351:Armenians
324:romanized
228:Limestone
224:Materials
195:Condition
3008:Al-Rahba
2639:Palistin
2587:Jalaa SC
2245:Abu Abdo
1984:Catholic
1939:Historic
1931:Churches
1824:Historic
1749:Madrasas
1624:Ramouseh
1537:Archived
1384:Archived
1360:cite web
1345:Archived
1314:Archived
1289:June 21,
1283:Archived
1279:BBC News
1080:Muqarnas
1007:Archived
983:Archived
963:June 21,
957:Archived
953:BBC News
898:Archived
753:and the
606:'s son,
542:Fatimids
529:Hamdanid
478:Seleucid
444:and the
371:Ottomans
363:Ayyubids
335:medieval
319:قلعة حلب
42:قلعة حلب
3023:Shmemis
3018:Shaizar
2938:Khawabi
2679:Zengids
2327:Buhturi
1816:Mosques
1436:Sources
989:12 June
932:Twitter
745:of the
660:Ottoman
636:Ayyubid
626:leader
604:Saladin
519:Abbasid
515:Ummayad
430:Abraham
397:History
367:Mamluks
326::
297:masonry
2948:Margat
2634:Yamhad
2499:Venues
2436:Nature
1976:Modern
1905:Modern
1595:Aleppo
1505:
1475:
1449:
1190:
1087:
1060:
1033:
904:Mar 7,
857:hammam
727:Mamluk
716:metres
620:Mongol
594:mihrab
568:ruler
566:Zengid
544:. The
538:Beduin
482:Julian
474:Romans
419:Yamhad
383:UNESCO
355:Romans
347:Greeks
339:Aleppo
315:Arabic
176:
53:Aleppo
2560:Clubs
2492:Sport
1320:9 May
928:Tweet
628:Timur
495:king
403:Hadad
381:, an
343:Syria
295:ablaq
293:with
208:Built
157:Owner
57:Syria
1503:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1392:2023
1366:link
1322:2014
1291:2018
1261:2012
1188:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1031:ISBN
991:2022
965:2018
906:2012
795:The
770:7.8
723:moat
527:, a
517:and
415:Mari
413:and
411:Ebla
369:and
309:The
291:iwan
144:Type
190:Yes
3076::
1501:,
1497:,
1471:,
1463:,
1420:^
1362:}}
1358:{{
1339:.
1312:.
1308:.
1277:.
1247:.
1223:^
1211:^
1159:^
1115:^
1099:^
951:.
940:^
914:^
580:,
513:,
393:.
365:,
361:,
357:,
353:,
349:,
321:,
317::
55:,
2834:e
2827:t
2820:v
1580:e
1573:t
1566:v
1523:.
1487:.
1453:.
1394:.
1368:)
1354:.
1324:.
1293:.
1263:.
1196:.
1093:.
1066:.
1039:.
993:.
967:.
934:.
926:(
908:.
313:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
