54:
671:(95 km east of Aleppo) provides drinking water for Aleppo from the Euphrates. Recently Euphrates water has been diverted to revive the dead Qwēq river, and thus revive agriculture in the plains south of Aleppo. Urban areas, highlands, swamps, forests, and grazing land make up 34% of the total area of the governorate. The remaining 14% is a desert area in the southeast that is continuous with the Syrian Desert and known as the Aleppo Desert (Arabic: بادية حلب).
598:
3320:
3326:
667:, and Euphrates. However, all of these rivers arise in Turkey, and due to irrigation projects on the Turkish side of the border, the flow of these rivers dropped so much that most of them could no longer support agriculture. The Quwēq, for example, dried up completely in the 1950s. The vanishing of the rivers forced farmers to depend largely on rainfall and on water diverted from the Euphrates. A pumping station at
853:
718:
847:
2675:
111:
311:. It is the most populous governorate in Syria with a population of more than 4,867,000 (2011 Est.), almost 23% of the total population of Syria. The governorate is the fifth in area with an area of 18,482 km (7,136 sq mi), or 18,498 km, about 10% of the total area of Syria. The capital is the city of
1297:
on climate (rain shadow effect). The average temperature in the governorate is 15–20 °C (59–68 °F). The average precipitation ranges from 500 mm (20 in) in the western parts of the governorate to 200 mm (8 in) in the easternmost parts and 150 mm (6 in) in the
633:. The highest point in the governorate, Mount Bulbul (1,269 metres (4,163 ft)), is located in the northern part of Mount Kurd. River 'Ifrīn runs from north to south between Mount Simeon and Mount Kurd and then turns west to the Orontes valley, thus separating Mount Kurd from
585:
The average elevation of the terrain is 379 metres (1,243 ft). The surface gradually slopes down in north–south and west–east directions, undulating gently with an amplitude of 10–30 m for each wave. The lowlands are covered with combined
2228:
Turkish occupation "is an existential threat to the Assad government's ability to reclaim the entirety of its territory, which is a key argument that regime loyalists make in their support of Bashar al-Assad's government", Heras
570:. The eastern and northern boundaries of the governorate correspond roughly to the eastern and northern boundaries of the plateau, although the northeastern portion of the governorate crosses the
686:(the largest lake in Syria) separates Aleppo Governorate from Raqqa Governorate. Other artificial lakes include the Lake of 17 April on the River Ifrīn and the revived Shabā Lake on River Quwēq.
655:
Arable land makes up 66% of the total area in the governorate. The main crops are olives, figs, plums, pomegranates, vegetables, grains, rice, and pistachios. Pistachio is called in Syria
617:. West of the Dhahab valley the terrain rises again forming Mount 'Aqīl (Mount Taymar) west of Bāb and Mount Ḥaṣṣ west of Lake Jabboul. The terrain sinks again forming the valley of River
640:
The governorate is generally deforested except for a dispersed forest of about 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) on the eastern slope of Mount Kurd where it faces the plain of
453:. After fierce fighting, the Syrian Arab Army with Russian air support managed to take control of the capital of the Governorate, Aleppo, in December 2016 from Fatah Halab coalition.
1293:
Aleppo
Governorate has a semi-arid climate. The mountain series that runs along the Mediterranean coast, namely Mount Alawites and Mount Amanus, largely block the effects of the
441:. In June 2017, nearly six years after the war's start, the province was almost equally divided between Syrian Government forces, Syrian Opposition forces, Turkish Army /
411:. It also paved the way for European capitalists to exploit agricultural resources of the region and caused internal trade to shift into the hands of European merchants.
1919:
and reductions in the
Euphrates' river water levels are expected to cause a major impact on water and electricity access as well as food security within the region.
5428:
1298:
southeastern desert. 80% of precipitation occurs between
October and March. Snow is usually in winter. The average humidity is 60% in the west and 55% in the east.
2314:
493:
2594:
2458:
2440:
2422:
2404:
2386:
2350:
2332:
2663:
2476:
2368:
2516:
53:
2619:
3736:
1120:
344:النبي حوري). This was the most fertile and populated region in Syria. Under the Romans, the region was made in 193 CE part of the province of
2110:
2039:
2283:
501:
489:
485:
705:, has the largest concentration of Late Antiquity churches in the world, with a unique Syrian architectural style. It also has the famous
5421:
2241:
508:
71:
2565:
725:
The following cities are the administrative centres of the districts in Aleppo
Governorate (Population based on 2004 official census):
2055:
621:. The endpoint of Quwēq, the Maṭkh swamp (249 metres (817 ft)), is the lowest point in Aleppo Governorate. West of the Quwēq is
3811:
2217:
1877:
2191:
2641:
3821:
2656:
1916:
407:
settlers to northern Syria. These programs led to a stronger integration of Aleppo with the economy of the
Ottoman heartland in
332:, the region was made up of three regions: Chalybonitis (with its centre at Chalybon or Aleppo), Chalcidice (with its center at
3776:
461:
442:
5539:
5414:
2030:
2270:
3319:
403:
of
Ottoman governance in Aleppo, the authorities established the 1858 land reform law along with schemes to introduce new
2462:
2444:
2426:
2408:
2390:
2354:
2336:
4880:
3876:
2480:
2372:
2318:
221:
1973:
5534:
4413:
2649:
1068:
5387:
4975:
4728:
2595:"Informal Site and Settlement Profiles: Aleppo Governorate, Syria (February 2022) - Syrian Arab Republic | ReliefWeb"
1170:
5212:
5197:
5187:
3745:
2073:
1048:
605:
Starting from the valley of the
Euphrates, the terrain rises forming the Manbij plain, and then sinks again at the
465:
3325:
5272:
4693:
4106:
2801:
1175:
1018:
659:(Aleppo pistachio). Rivers traditionally supported agriculture; the main rivers in Aleppo are the Quwēq, 'Ifrīn,
497:
5177:
4251:
4186:
2716:
1043:
953:
948:
450:
103:
2520:
1078:
540:
4338:
5503:
5463:
4830:
4658:
4301:
3621:
3596:
1165:
1105:
1063:
963:
415:
5267:
4006:
2791:
1250:
1245:
968:
5508:
5473:
5167:
5107:
5052:
4960:
4945:
4216:
4036:
1915:. Economic conditions have deteriorated in the Aleppo region and have caused prices of goods to rise. The
1265:
1255:
1225:
1220:
1023:
1003:
575:
5172:
5132:
4743:
4081:
2786:
1013:
958:
5437:
4965:
4900:
4783:
4428:
4388:
4328:
4318:
3981:
3956:
3061:
2961:
2851:
2704:
1882:
1195:
1190:
1073:
998:
978:
973:
941:
864:
304:
200:
44:
5367:
5252:
4748:
3816:
3181:
3136:
2826:
2287:
1260:
270:
5327:
5302:
4353:
4056:
3251:
3226:
2956:
2896:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2751:
1008:
582:. To the south lie the eastern plains of Hama, and to the southwest lie the northern plains of Idlib.
5493:
5453:
5162:
5142:
5032:
4920:
4915:
4289:
3646:
3466:
3116:
3026:
2976:
2911:
1931:
estimate put the population at 4,867,900, though this has likely changed since the start of the war.
1230:
1215:
1110:
1100:
1057:
871:
210:
5182:
3291:
3231:
2951:
578:
plateau. The southeastern end of the governorate is continuous with the arid steppe of the northern
5488:
5282:
5157:
5072:
4890:
4737:
4646:
4363:
4241:
4226:
4171:
3926:
3881:
3491:
3281:
3051:
3046:
2966:
2891:
2836:
2741:
1907:
Agricultural output from Aleppo mainly focuses on cereal and cotton production. However, since the
1159:
891:
329:
5352:
5122:
4713:
3976:
3276:
3256:
3206:
3201:
3121:
3041:
2996:
2926:
2906:
2766:
2746:
2736:
2731:
5513:
5240:
5202:
5127:
5010:
4970:
4955:
4925:
4771:
4578:
4463:
4347:
4236:
4206:
4151:
3971:
3401:
3271:
3266:
3196:
3101:
2916:
2161:
2077:
1239:
1210:
1184:
1145:
1135:
1038:
920:
908:
898:
536:
5382:
5357:
4221:
3996:
3171:
3016:
3011:
2936:
2931:
2811:
5192:
4211:
4166:
3921:
3906:
3891:
3091:
3086:
3076:
2941:
2866:
2841:
597:
5498:
5483:
5458:
5077:
5067:
5041:
4870:
4850:
4708:
4603:
4498:
4358:
4176:
3861:
3516:
3426:
3246:
3241:
3096:
3031:
2901:
2756:
2153:
2106:
2100:
2081:
2035:
1830:
1150:
1140:
993:
679:
675:
556:
548:
426:
372:
260:
5342:
4373:
4368:
4231:
3681:
3261:
3236:
3161:
3156:
3106:
3081:
3001:
2946:
2816:
2771:
5478:
5468:
5317:
4935:
4673:
4488:
4378:
3991:
3696:
3671:
3561:
3556:
3351:
3216:
3211:
3145:
3006:
2921:
2821:
2806:
2761:
2222:
2145:
1908:
1115:
1095:
702:
645:
552:
438:
376:
256:
252:
3126:
2876:
2065:
Palestine Under the
Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500
613:
and runs in a north–south direction for about 50 km (31 mi) until it drains into
5207:
4998:
4702:
4528:
4451:
4422:
4403:
4139:
4115:
3936:
3451:
3166:
1911:, many Aleppo based commerce have now relocated across the border into Turkey, especially
1204:
1129:
1032:
913:
886:
876:
634:
419:
299:
282:
248:
244:
2063:
5092:
4855:
4835:
4815:
4805:
4800:
4623:
4266:
3849:
3786:
987:
881:
846:
664:
567:
560:
532:
520:
388:
384:
368:
484:. The operation resulted in success and starting in May 2017, the region is now under
356:
was established in the 4th century CE in the east, its centre was
Hierapolis Bambyce (
5528:
5087:
4940:
4845:
4587:
4553:
4260:
3965:
3911:
3581:
3551:
3366:
3339:
3036:
2860:
2831:
2796:
2149:
1709:
1294:
1089:
903:
629:
runs west of Mount Simeon. To the west of river 'Afrīn, the land rises again forming
579:
1949:"Aleppo governor, Indonesian delegation discuss cooperation in reconstruction field"
717:
5347:
5291:
4840:
4718:
4683:
4558:
4513:
4507:
4195:
4071:
3931:
3886:
3870:
3781:
3716:
3506:
3381:
3111:
2059:
852:
789:
690:
622:
614:
609:
valley in the east of Aleppo
Governorate. The Dhahab drains the highlands north of
606:
516:
457:
353:
1283:- a newly created district since 2008, formerly belonging to Mount Simeon District
531:
The governorate has a 221-kilometre (137 mi) long northern boundary with the
17:
4875:
4810:
4065:
3801:
3791:
3766:
3631:
3605:
3566:
3376:
3021:
2776:
779:
706:
660:
626:
345:
337:
5116:
5097:
5061:
4930:
4885:
4865:
4667:
4618:
4563:
4483:
4478:
4201:
4026:
3756:
3686:
3636:
3616:
3571:
3546:
3531:
3396:
3070:
2781:
1285:- a newly created district since 2009, formerly belonging to Al-Bab District.
809:
759:
683:
507:
In January 2018, the Turkish army backed by the Free Syrian Army launched the
2494:
2157:
387:
governed the area until 1918; under the Ottomans, the region was part of the
86:
73:
5376:
5261:
5082:
4909:
4793:
4678:
4543:
3806:
3796:
3771:
3751:
3726:
3626:
3496:
3486:
3431:
3386:
3221:
3190:
1984:
1912:
819:
630:
587:
571:
333:
191:
4311:
4021:
2178:
2085:
437:
The governorate has been the scene of some of the fiercest fighting in the
492:
was largely removed from the area after the Syrian Arab Army launched the
5336:
5311:
5151:
4860:
4820:
4538:
4533:
4518:
4323:
4045:
4015:
3986:
3826:
3761:
3711:
3655:
3586:
3576:
3475:
3436:
3406:
2102:
The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516-1918: A Social and Cultural History
799:
668:
641:
618:
591:
477:
473:
408:
400:
364:
229:
132:
5406:
2165:
2133:
4825:
4568:
4090:
3901:
3536:
3521:
3446:
3441:
3416:
3391:
3151:
2985:
2542:
927:) as of 2011. The districts are further divided into 46 sub-districts (
924:
694:
404:
349:
341:
5217:
5020:
4950:
4593:
4548:
4523:
4472:
4397:
4160:
3941:
3896:
3721:
3676:
3666:
3541:
3526:
3511:
3501:
3456:
3421:
3411:
3300:
2991:
2725:
2691:
2069:
1928:
928:
858:
829:
769:
749:
739:
610:
544:
481:
446:
380:
357:
312:
290:
217:
196:
125:
65:
1927:
As per the 2004 Syrian census, the population was 4,045,200. A 2011
689:
Archaeological sites are abundant in the governorate, especially at
2010:
594:
sediments that average 4–5 km in thickness over the whole surface.
4612:
4096:
3946:
3661:
3611:
3481:
3371:
2674:
721:
Aleppo city hall, the seat of the governorate and the city council
716:
698:
682:
salt lake located 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Aleppo.
596:
308:
239:
115:
110:
3916:
3705:
3360:
2242:"Turkey takes full control of Syria's Afrin region, reports say"
469:
5410:
5238:
4996:
4769:
4644:
4449:
4287:
4137:
3847:
3337:
2702:
2645:
1948:
649:
512:
2261:
Abd as-Salam, Adil (1991) General Geography of Syria (Arabic)
2134:"The Political Economy of Aleppo in an Age of Ottoman Reform"
934:
2190:
Stein, Aaron; Abouzahr, Hossam; Komar, Rao (20 July 2017).
367:
and Umayyad Muslim dynasties, the region was part of the
2138:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
375:
period the region was under the independent rule of the
693:
in the west and the plains that extend beyond towards
625:. South of Mount Simeon is the plains of Idlib. The
5366:
5326:
5301:
5281:
5251:
5141:
5106:
5051:
5031:
5009:
4899:
4782:
4727:
4692:
4657:
4602:
4577:
4497:
4462:
4412:
4387:
4337:
4300:
4250:
4185:
4150:
4105:
4080:
4055:
4035:
4005:
3955:
3860:
3735:
3695:
3645:
3595:
3465:
3350:
3290:
3180:
3135:
3060:
2975:
2850:
2715:
2218:"Skirmishes Mar Fight Against IS in Northern Syria"
266:
238:
228:
207:
190:
182:
174:
169:
161:
156:
148:
143:
131:
121:
102:
32:
566:The governorate lies on a plateau known as the
515:, which resulted in the capture of the city of
2517:"Climatological Information for Aleppo, Syria"
1891:Source 2: BBC Weather (record highs and lows)
5422:
2657:
429:, until the latter was split off circa 1960.
8:
2495:"World Weather Information Service – Aleppo"
2192:"How Turkey Is Governing in Northern Aleppo"
2621:Syrian Arab Republic - Governorates profile
2105:. Cambridge University Press. p. 181.
5429:
5415:
5407:
5248:
5235:
5006:
4993:
4779:
4766:
4654:
4641:
4459:
4446:
4297:
4284:
4147:
4134:
3857:
3844:
3347:
3334:
2712:
2699:
2664:
2650:
2642:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1305:
29:
601:Geographic features of northwestern Syria
2566:"Syria's Economy: Picking up the Pieces"
2034:. Oxford University Press. p. 748.
727:
2519:. Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from
1940:
674:The largest lake in the governorate is
418:the region was part of the short-lived
265:
237:
227:
189:
168:
155:
142:
120:
101:
62:
50:
414:In the early 20th century, during the
165:18,482 km (7,136 sq mi)
2179:Syria: French Levant States 1920-1936
425:Aleppo Governorate formerly included
348:or Magna Syria, which was ruled from
298:
206:
181:
173:
160:
147:
130:
7:
1309:Climate data for Aleppo (1946-2004)
919:The governorate is divided into ten
490:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
58:Map of Syria with Aleppo highlighted
2497:. World Meteorological Organization
509:Turkish military operation in Afrin
286:
2543:"Average Conditions Aleppo, Syria"
25:
1878:World Meteorological Organization
3324:
3318:
2673:
2150:10.1163/002249910X12573963244520
2028:Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991).
1917:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
851:
845:
109:
52:
4729:Rasm Harmil al-Imam Subdistrict
1300:
1171:Rasm Harmil al-Imam Subdistrict
433:Syrian Civil War (2011-present)
2031:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1:
2387:"Ayn Al-Arab city population"
2216:Sirwan Kajjo (2 March 2017).
1981:الموقع الرسمي لمجلس مدينة حلب
2545:. BBC Weather. November 2010
2441:"Dayr-Hafir city population"
2351:"As Safirah city population"
2099:Bruce Masters (2013-04-29).
701:. This region, known as the
300:[muˈħaːfaðˤatˈħalab]
4694:Kuweires Sharqi Subdistrict
4414:Shuyukh Tahtani Subdistrict
4107:Shaykh al-Hadid Subdistrict
2802:al-Muslimiyah al-Shamaliyah
2459:"Jarabulus city population"
1983:(in Arabic). Archived from
1782:Average precipitation days
1568:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1428:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1176:Kuweires Sharqi Subdistrict
1069:Shuyukh Tahtani Subdistrict
1019:Shaykh al-Hadid Subdistrict
5556:
3316:
2852:Tell ad-Daman Subdistrict
2271:"SY006: Sabkhat al-Jabbul"
2074:Palestine Exploration Fund
1890:
1875:
1308:
1049:Urum al-Kubrah Subdistrict
466:Operation Euphrates Shield
5444:
5247:
5234:
5005:
4992:
4778:
4765:
4653:
4640:
4458:
4445:
4296:
4283:
4252:Urum al-Kubra Subdistrict
4146:
4133:
3856:
3843:
3346:
3333:
2711:
2698:
2686:
2284:"FindArticles.com - CBSi"
1828:
1781:
1707:
1637:
1567:
1497:
1427:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
954:Tell ad-Daman Subdistrict
844:
498:Maskanah Plains offensive
472:from the border towns of
303:) is one of the fourteen
63:
51:
42:
4187:Ibbin Samaan Subdistrict
2717:Mount Simeon Subdistrict
2477:"Atarib city population"
2369:"al-Bab city population"
2333:"Manbij city population"
2315:"Aleppo city population"
1975:
1079:Al-Jalabiyah Subdistrict
1044:Ibbin Samaan Subdistrict
949:Mount Simeon Subdistrict
502:Southern Raqqa Offensive
451:Syrian Democratic Forces
36:
4339:al-Jalbiyah Subdistrict
4302:Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict
3597:Tell Rifaat Subdistrict
2423:"A'zaz city population"
2405:"Afrin city population"
2132:Masters, Bruce (2010).
1106:Tell Rifaat Subdistrict
1064:Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict
186:260/km (680/sq mi)
5108:Al-Khafsah Subdistrict
5053:Abu Qilqil Subdistrict
4659:Dayr Hafir Subdistrict
3062:Darat Izza Subdistrict
2564:Butter, David (2015).
2273:BirdLife IBA Factsheet
1281:- includes Aleppo City
1226:al-Khafsah Subdistrict
1221:Abu Qilqil Subdistrict
1166:Dayr Hafir Subdistrict
964:Darat Izza Subdistrict
722:
676:lake Sabkhat al-Jabbul
602:
5540:Governorates of Syria
5438:Governorates of Syria
5368:Tell Aran Subdistrict
5268:Abu Jurayn al-Safirah
5253:As-Safira Subdistrict
5178:Ras al-Ayn al-Bumane'
4901:Ghandoura Subdistrict
4784:Jarabulus Subdistrict
4007:Jandairis Subdistrict
3182:al-Zirbah Subdistrict
3137:al-Hadher Subdistrict
2792:Maratat al-Muslimiyah
2705:Mount Simeon District
1883:Hong Kong Observatory
1251:Tell Aran Subdistrict
1246:as-Safira Subdistrict
1196:Ghandoura Subdistrict
1191:Jarabulus Subdistrict
969:al-Zirbah Subdistrict
942:Mount Simeon District
720:
644:. The main trees are
600:
494:East Aleppo Offensive
209: • Summer (
149: • Governor
5328:Khanasir Subdistrict
5303:al-Hajib Subdistrict
5168:al-Nasiriyah Fawqani
5143:Maskanah Subdistrict
5033:Abu Kahf Subdistrict
4290:Ayn al-Arab District
4217:Kafr Nasih al-Atarib
4037:Maabatli Subdistrict
3467:Akhtarin Subdistrict
2300:Darke, Diana (2006)
1974:"History of Aleppo"
1358:Record high °C (°F)
1266:al-Hajib Subdistrict
1256:Khanasir Subdistrict
1231:Maskanah Subdistrict
1216:Abu Kahf Subdistrict
1101:Akhtarin Subdistrict
1058:Ayn al-Arab District
1024:Maabatli Subdistrict
1004:Jindires Subdistrict
456:In August 2016, the
340:(with its center at
183: • Density
27:Governorate in Syria
5173:Qashlat Yusef Basha
5133:al-Mahsanah Khafsah
4738:Rasm Harmil al-Imam
4647:Dayr Hafir District
4082:Sharran Subdistrict
2977:Haritan Subdistrict
2787:Maghayer Khan Tuman
2627:, UNOCHA, June 2014
2072:: Committee of the
1638:Record low °C (°F)
1498:Daily mean °C (°F)
1160:Dayr Hafir District
1014:Sharran Subdistrict
959:Haritan Subdistrict
547:. To the east lies
383:and then later the
330:Classical antiquity
133:Manatiq (Districts)
83: /
5535:Aleppo Governorate
5241:As-Safira District
5011:Manbij Subdistrict
4971:Qubbat at-Turkuman
4772:Jarabulus District
4579:Al-Rai Subdistrict
4464:Al-Bab Subdistrict
4429:Tell Abyad Tahtani
4389:Sarrin Subdistrict
4329:Jaadat al-Samaawat
4152:Atarib Subdistrict
3957:Bulbul Subdistrict
3737:Sawran Subdistrict
3292:Zammar Subdistrict
2962:Tabara al-Khusheir
2680:Aleppo Governorate
1242:(5 sub-districts)
1211:Manbij Subdistrict
1207:(5 sub-districts)
1187:(2 sub-districts)
1185:Jarabulus District
1162:(3 sub-districts)
1146:al-Rai Subdistrict
1136:al-Bab Subdistrict
1132:(4 sub-districts)
1121:Sawran Subdistrict
1092:(6 sub-districts)
1074:Sarrin Subdistrict
1060:(4 sub-districts)
1039:Atarib Subdistrict
1035:(3 sub-districts)
999:Bulbul Subdistrict
990:(7 sub-districts)
979:Hadher Subdistrict
974:Zammar Subdistrict
945:(7 sub-districts)
723:
603:
555:, and to the west
486:Turkish occupation
468:in order to drive
352:. The province of
279:Aleppo Governorate
271:Aleppo Governorate
175: • Total
162: • Total
152:Hussein Ahmad Diab
34:Aleppo Governorate
18:Aleppo governorate
5522:
5521:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5283:Banan Subdistrict
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5068:Arab Hassan Kabir
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4881:Umm Rutha Tahtani
4851:Jarabulus Tahtani
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4604:Tadef Subdistrict
4499:Arima Subdistrict
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
3862:Afrin Subdistrict
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3672:Ma'arat Umm Hawsh
3647:Mare' Subdistrict
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
2827:Tell Shair Samaan
2112:978-1-107-03363-4
2041:978-0-19-504652-6
2011:"Syria Provinces"
1900:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1278:
1277:
1261:Banan Subdistrict
1151:Arima Subdistrict
1141:Tadef Subdistrict
1111:Mare' Subdistrict
994:Afrin Subdistrict
838:
837:
557:Idlib Governorate
549:Raqqa Governorate
427:Idlib Governorate
389:Vilayet of Aleppo
276:
275:
64:Coordinates (
16:(Redirected from
5547:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5408:
5249:
5236:
5007:
4994:
4780:
4767:
4674:Humaymah Kabirah
4655:
4642:
4460:
4447:
4379:Ras al-Ayn Qibli
4354:Jubb Faraj Kabir
4298:
4285:
4148:
4135:
4057:Rajo Subdistrict
3858:
3845:
3697:Nubl Subdistrict
3352:Azaz Subdistrict
3348:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3252:Othmaniya Kabira
2957:Rasm al-Mofakker
2897:Ballas al-Jadida
2887:Atshana Gharbiya
2882:Atshana Sharqiya
2752:Duwayr al-Zaytun
2713:
2700:
2678:
2677:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2575:. pp. 9, 14
2570:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2479:. Archived from
2473:
2467:
2466:
2461:. Archived from
2455:
2449:
2448:
2443:. Archived from
2437:
2431:
2430:
2425:. Archived from
2419:
2413:
2412:
2407:. Archived from
2401:
2395:
2394:
2389:. Archived from
2383:
2377:
2376:
2371:. Archived from
2365:
2359:
2358:
2353:. Archived from
2347:
2341:
2340:
2335:. Archived from
2329:
2323:
2322:
2317:. Archived from
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2286:. Archived from
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2223:Voice of America
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2144:(1/2): 290–292.
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2007:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1909:Syrian Civil War
1885:(sun 1961–1990)
1785:
1306:
1301:
1240:Safirah District
1116:Nubl Subdistrict
1096:Azaz Subdistrict
1009:Rajo Subdistrict
935:
855:
849:
728:
703:Limestone Massif
574:valley into the
553:Ḥamā Governorate
462:Free Syrian Army
460:, backed by the
439:Syrian Civil War
302:
288:
240:Main language(s)
214:
114:
113:
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
88:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
56:
30:
21:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5440:
5435:
5405:
5392:
5362:
5322:
5297:
5277:
5243:
5222:
5163:Mujammaa Huttin
5137:
5102:
5047:
5027:
5001:
4999:Manbij District
4980:
4895:
4774:
4753:
4723:
4703:Kuweires Sharqi
4688:
4649:
4628:
4598:
4573:
4493:
4454:
4452:Al-Bab District
4433:
4423:Shuyukh Tahtani
4408:
4404:Shuyukh Fawqani
4383:
4333:
4292:
4271:
4246:
4181:
4142:
4140:Atarib District
4121:
4116:Shaykh al-Hadid
4101:
4076:
4051:
4031:
4001:
3951:
3852:
3831:
3731:
3691:
3641:
3591:
3461:
3452:Tulayl ash-Sham
3342:
3329:
3323:
3306:
3286:
3176:
3167:Maryamin Samaan
3131:
3117:Qabtan al-Jabal
3056:
3027:Maarat al-Artiq
2971:
2912:Buwaida Saghira
2846:
2707:
2694:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2523:on 4 March 2016
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1925:
1905:
1896:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1205:Manbij District
1130:Al-Bab District
1033:Atarib District
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
893:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
866:
862:
856:
843:
715:
551:, to the south
529:
519:and the entire
435:
420:State of Aleppo
397:
326:
321:
295:Muḥāfaẓat Ḥalab
259:
255:
251:
247:
208:
108:
91:
89:
85:
82:
77:
74:
72:
70:
69:
59:
47:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5553:
5551:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5527:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5372:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5307:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5287:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5257:
5255:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5183:Saan al-Ghazal
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5147:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5093:Hayyah Kabirah
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5015:
5013:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4856:Marma al-Hajar
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4816:al-Haluwaniyah
4813:
4808:
4806:al-Bir Tahtani
4803:
4801:al-Bir Fawqani
4798:
4788:
4786:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4663:
4661:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4468:
4466:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4267:Urum al-Sughra
4264:
4256:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4156:
4154:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3866:
3864:
3854:
3853:
3850:Afrin District
3848:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Kafr Burayshah
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3330:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Huweir al-Eiss
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Oweinat Kabira
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2611:
2586:
2556:
2534:
2508:
2486:
2483:on 2012-07-23.
2468:
2465:on 2012-12-03.
2450:
2447:on 2012-07-29.
2432:
2429:on 2012-07-29.
2414:
2411:on 2012-07-30.
2396:
2393:on 2012-12-03.
2378:
2375:on 2012-12-03.
2360:
2357:on 2012-07-23.
2342:
2339:on 2012-07-29.
2324:
2321:on 2012-05-20.
2306:
2293:
2290:on 2012-07-09.
2275:
2263:
2254:
2233:
2208:
2182:
2171:
2124:
2111:
2091:
2047:
2040:
2020:
1997:
1965:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1924:
1921:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:sunshine hours
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1290:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
988:Afrin District
984:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
933:
912:
907:
902:
897:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
863:
850:
842:
839:
836:
835:
832:
826:
825:
822:
816:
815:
812:
806:
805:
802:
796:
795:
792:
786:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
766:
765:
762:
756:
755:
752:
746:
745:
742:
736:
735:
732:
714:
711:
637:to the south.
568:Aleppo plateau
561:Hatay Province
528:
525:
521:Afrin District
434:
431:
416:French Mandate
396:
395:Modern history
393:
369:Jund Qinnasrin
325:
322:
320:
317:
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:
242:
236:
235:
232:
226:
225:
215:
205:
204:
194:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
106:
100:
99:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
43:
40:
39:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5552:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5420:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5088:Hamir Labidah
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5073:Awsajli Kabir
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Kherbet Kiyar
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:Urum al-Kubra
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4242:al-Shaykh Ali
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Maarat Atarib
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Burj Abdullah
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Awlad al-Arab
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:al-Yaarubiyah
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Turkman Bareh
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Tal'ar Sharqi
3560:
3558:
3557:Tal'ar Gharbi
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:al-Fayruziyah
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3340:Azaz District
3336:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3282:Ziyara Samaan
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3052:Yaqed al-Adas
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Shaykh Najjar
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2967:Um al-Karamel
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2861:Tell al-Daman
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:al-Dhahabiyah
2835:
2833:
2832:Tell Shughayb
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:al-Muslimiyah
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Ayn al-Kabira
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2601:. 16 May 2022
2600:
2599:reliefweb.int
2596:
2590:
2587:
2574:
2573:Chatham House
2567:
2560:
2557:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1987:on 2013-07-23
1986:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:Mean monthly
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:precipitation
1706:
1700:
1695:
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1675:
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1420:
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1405:
1400:
1395:
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1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:Mediterranean
1288:
1286:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
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1147:
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1134:
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1128:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:Azaz District
1088:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
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1025:
1022:
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1017:
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1007:
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1000:
997:
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986:
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977:
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905:
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831:
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823:
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811:
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788:
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748:
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733:
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719:
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710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:fustuq Ḥalabī
653:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
599:
595:
593:
589:
583:
581:
580:Syrian Desert
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
559:and Turkey's
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:provinces of
542:
538:
534:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:launched the
463:
459:
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448:
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440:
432:
430:
428:
423:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
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394:
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318:
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306:
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296:
292:
284:
280:
272:
269:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
241:
233:
231:
230:ISO 3166 code
223:
219:
216:
212:
202:
198:
195:
193:
185:
177:
164:
151:
138:
136:
134:
127:
124:
117:
112:
107:
105:
96:
87:36.2°N 37.6°E
67:
55:
46:
41:
31:
19:
5448:
5375:
5353:al-Samiriyah
5348:Rasm Al-Nafl
5335:
5310:
5290:
5260:
5150:
5123:Khan al-Humr
5115:
5060:
5040:
5019:
5018:
4961:Tell Aghbar
4908:
4831:Ayn al-Bayda
4792:
4791:
4744:Shaykh Ahmad
4736:
4719:Rasm al-Abed
4701:
4684:Umm el-Marra
4666:
4611:
4586:
4506:
4471:
4421:
4396:
4346:
4310:
4309:
4259:
4196:Ibbin Samaan
4194:
4159:
4114:
4089:
4072:Meidan Ekbis
4064:
4044:
4014:
3977:Darmashkanli
3964:
3869:
3822:Az-Zahiriyah
3744:
3704:
3654:
3604:
3474:
3402:al-Malikiyah
3382:Kafr Khasher
3359:
3299:
3257:Rasm al-Eiss
3189:
3144:
3122:al-Sakhriyah
3069:
3042:Shaykh Zayat
2984:
2859:
2724:
2688:
2679:
2629:, retrieved
2620:
2614:
2603:. Retrieved
2598:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2572:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:the original
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2489:
2481:the original
2471:
2463:the original
2453:
2445:the original
2435:
2427:the original
2417:
2409:the original
2399:
2391:the original
2381:
2373:the original
2363:
2355:the original
2345:
2337:the original
2327:
2319:the original
2309:
2301:
2296:
2288:the original
2278:
2266:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2236:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2201:14 September
2199:. Retrieved
2196:Syria Deeply
2195:
2185:
2174:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2101:
2094:
2064:
2060:Al-Muqaddasi
2050:
2029:
2023:
2015:statoids.com
2014:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1980:
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1955:. 2017-09-21
1952:
1943:
1926:
1906:
1881:
1712:mm (inches)
1292:
1280:
1272:
940:
918:
857:
724:
691:Mount Simeon
688:
673:
656:
654:
639:
627:river 'Afrīn
623:Mount Simeon
615:Lake Jabboul
607:Dhahab river
604:
584:
565:
530:
511:against the
506:
458:Turkish Army
455:
436:
424:
413:
401:Tanzimat era
398:
362:
354:Euphratensis
336:العيس), and
327:
305:governorates
294:
278:
277:
137:
5504:Rif Dimashq
5464:Deir ez-Zor
5203:Tell Akhdar
5128:al-Maamurah
4976:al-Suwaydah
4946:Jubb al-Dam
4876:Qirq Maghar
4811:al-Hajaliah
4348:al-Jalbiyah
4319:al-Farazdaq
4312:Ayn al-Arab
4237:al-Sahharah
4207:Kafr Karmin
3982:Deir Ballut
3972:Burj Haider
3792:Kafr Shoush
3777:al-Judaydah
3767:Hawar Kilis
3632:Shaykh Issa
3606:Tell Rifaat
3567:Tall Battal
3377:Kafr Kalbin
3272:Tell Hidyah
3267:Tell Allush
3022:Kafr Hamrah
2917:Deir Saliba
2777:Kafr Saghir
2549:10 November
2527:10 November
2501:10 November
2076:. pp.
2056:Ad-Dimashqi
872:Ayn al-Arab
780:Ayn Al-Arab
734:Population
707:Dead Cities
646:Aleppo pine
635:Mount Ḥārim
399:During the
346:Coele-Syria
338:Cyrrhestica
90: /
45:Governorate
37:مُحافظة حلب
5529:Categories
5509:As-Suwayda
5474:Al-Hasakah
5383:Tell Hasil
5213:al-Zahirah
5198:Tell Aswad
5188:al-Tadamon
5117:Al-Khafsah
5098:Jubb Hamza
5062:Abu Qilqil
4966:Tell Hajar
4931:Arab Azzah
4886:Yusuf Bayk
4866:Qandariyah
4749:Tell Ayoub
4668:Dayr Hafir
4619:Tell Rahal
4564:Oweishiyeh
4484:Abu Taltal
4479:Abu Jabbar
4222:Kafr Nuran
4202:Kafr Halab
4027:Kafr Safra
3997:Karzahayel
3817:al-Yamamah
3687:Tell Qarah
3637:Tell Jabin
3622:Kafr Naseh
3617:Deir Jamal
3572:Tall Tanah
3547:Qar Kalbin
3427:al-Salameh
3172:Tell Dadin
3071:Darat Izza
3017:Kafr Bssin
2937:Kafr Obeid
2932:Jubb Aleis
2812:Rasm Assan
2782:Khan Tuman
2605:2022-11-05
2579:5 November
2118:2013-06-08
1991:2017-12-20
1959:2021-11-17
1935:References
1923:Population
1876:Source 1:
1784:(≥ 0.1 mm)
810:Dayr Hafir
760:As Safirah
744:2,132,100
709:of Syria.
684:Lake Assad
663:, Dhahab,
631:Mount Kurd
500:, and the
363:Under the
287:محافظة حلب
170:Population
144:Government
92:36.2; 37.6
5377:Tell Aran
5262:as-Safira
5193:Talhuthan
5083:Dandaniya
4921:Al-Shahid
4916:Al-Kuliya
4910:Ghandoura
4794:Jarabulus
4679:al-Jabbul
4544:Haji Kusa
4212:Kafr Naha
4167:al-Abzamo
3922:Kafr Nabu
3907:Beit Adin
3892:Baselhaya
3807:Shuwayrin
3797:Murayghil
3772:Ihtaimlat
3752:Baraghida
3727:al-Zahraa
3627:Kafr Naya
3497:Bahwartah
3487:Aq Burhan
3432:Shamarikh
3387:Kaljibrin
3222:Bawabiyah
3191:al-Zirbah
3146:al-Hadher
3092:Kafrantin
3087:Bishqatin
3077:Bshantara
2942:al-Mintar
2867:Abu Rweil
2842:al-Wadihi
2158:0022-4995
1976:تاريخ حلب
1913:Gaziantep
921:districts
909:Jarabulus
899:As-Safira
841:Districts
820:Jarabulus
588:Paleozoic
572:Euphrates
541:Şanlıurfa
537:Gaziantep
527:Geography
377:Hamdanids
371:. In the
334:Qinnasrin
192:Time zone
178:4,868,111
5494:Quneitra
5454:Damascus
5337:Khanasir
5312:al-Hajib
5152:Maskanah
5078:Dakhirah
5042:Abu Kahf
4891:Zugharah
4861:Mazaalah
4821:al-Jamel
4714:al-Raa'i
4709:Mazburah
4569:Qabbasin
4539:Haddabat
4534:Deir Qaq
4519:Barlahin
4489:Ameriyeh
4324:al-Haqel
4177:al-Jinah
4046:Maabatli
4016:Jindires
3987:Fafertin
3937:Maryamin
3877:Ain Dara
3827:Zayzafun
3762:Duwaybiq
3712:Bayanoun
3587:Ziadiyah
3577:Tat Hims
3517:Duweidan
3476:Akhtarin
3437:Shamarin
3407:Maraanaz
3247:Kassibeh
3242:Jubb Kas
3227:Humayrah
3097:al-Hoteh
3032:Naqqarin
2902:Batranah
2872:Ameriyeh
2757:Haddadin
2689:Capital:
2631:20 March
2166:25651220
2062:(1890).
1871:3,001.9
1777:(12.94)
1708:Average
669:Maskanah
592:Mesozoic
474:Jarablus
445:and the
409:Anatolia
385:Ottomans
365:Rashidun
261:Armenian
5489:Latakia
5388:Zira'ah
5343:Qulayaa
5273:Aqrabah
5208:Tishrin
4956:Nabghah
4926:Al-Qadi
4836:Balaban
4826:Amarnah
4624:al-Waqf
4529:al-Burj
4374:Ramilah
4369:Qinayah
4232:Awayjil
4091:Sharran
4022:Jalamah
3902:Basufan
3682:Talalin
3537:Kadrish
3532:Ka'ibah
3522:Ghaytun
3447:Tatiyah
3442:Sijaraz
3417:Nayarah
3397:Ma'arin
3392:Al-Krum
3262:Talafeh
3237:Jazraya
3162:Jmeimeh
3157:Dalamah
3152:al-Eiss
3107:Injarah
3082:Basrtun
3002:Bashkoy
2986:Haritan
2947:Mreiqes
2817:Saqlaya
2772:Hreibel
2086:1004386
1903:Economy
1772:(2.35)
1767:(1.39)
1762:(0.76)
1757:(0.09)
1752:(0.01)
1747:(0.00)
1742:(0.09)
1737:(0.70)
1732:(1.32)
1727:(1.81)
1722:(2.05)
1717:(2.37)
1633:(51.6)
1628:(37.9)
1623:(43.5)
1618:(54.3)
1613:(63.1)
1608:(69.6)
1603:(69.6)
1598:(64.6)
1593:(56.3)
1588:(48.0)
1583:(41.0)
1578:(36.3)
1573:(35.1)
1563:(63.1)
1558:(45.1)
1553:(54.1)
1548:(66.9)
1543:(77.4)
1538:(82.6)
1533:(82.9)
1528:(78.4)
1523:(70.0)
1518:(60.4)
1513:(51.8)
1508:(45.3)
1503:(42.1)
1493:(74.9)
1488:(53.4)
1483:(62.2)
1478:(80.6)
1473:(91.8)
1468:(97.0)
1463:(97.2)
1458:(92.5)
1453:(83.7)
1448:(72.7)
1443:(62.4)
1438:(54.7)
1433:(50.5)
1289:Climate
925:manatiq
867:Sem‘ān
834:10,657
824:11,570
814:18,948
804:31,623
794:36,562
784:44,821
774:63,069
764:63,708
754:99,497
695:Antioch
576:Jazīrah
405:Bedouin
381:Mamluks
373:Abbasid
350:Antioch
342:Cyrrhus
324:Ancient
319:History
267:Website
257:Turkish
253:Kurdish
122:Capital
104:Country
78:37°36′E
75:36°12′N
5514:Tartus
5449:Aleppo
5318:Hawwaz
5218:Zunqul
5158:Mallah
5021:Manbij
4951:Lilawa
4941:Fursan
4871:Qirata
4846:Haymar
4594:Sosyan
4588:Al-Rai
4549:Hezwan
4524:Bizaah
4473:al-Bab
4398:Sarrin
4364:Qibbah
4172:Batibo
4161:Atarib
3992:Jalbul
3966:Bulbul
3942:Oqayba
3927:Kalota
3897:Basuta
3746:Sawran
3722:Ratyan
3677:Sunbul
3667:Herbel
3552:Taanah
3542:Qabtan
3527:Ghurur
3512:Dudyan
3502:Baruza
3492:Arshaf
3457:Yahmul
3422:Naddah
3412:Menagh
3301:Zammar
3217:Barqum
3212:Barnah
3047:Shamer
3007:Hayyan
2992:Anadan
2922:Hmeidi
2892:Ballas
2822:Siefat
2807:Qarras
2762:Hayyan
2726:Aleppo
2692:Aleppo
2304:p. 132
2247:3 June
2164:
2156:
2109:
2084:
2070:London
2038:
1929:UNOCHA
1868:127.1
1865:186.0
1862:244.9
1859:303.0
1856:365.8
1853:387.5
1850:366.0
1847:319.3
1844:243.0
1841:198.4
1838:140.0
1835:120.9
1423:(117)
1403:(106)
1398:(109)
1393:(115)
1388:(117)
1383:(106)
1314:Month
1273:
929:nawahi
914:Manbij
887:Al-Bab
877:Atarib
859:Aleppo
830:Atarib
770:Al-Bab
750:Manbij
740:Aleppo
713:Cities
680:Ramsar
545:Turkey
539:, and
496:, the
488:. The
482:Al-Bab
447:Rojava
379:. The
358:Manbij
313:Aleppo
291:ALA-LC
283:Arabic
249:Syriac
245:Arabic
126:Aleppo
66:Aleppo
5499:Raqqa
5484:Idlib
5459:Daraa
5292:Banan
4936:Belis
4841:Dabis
4613:Tadef
4559:Maran
4514:Arran
4508:Arima
4097:Qatma
3947:Qibar
3932:Kimar
3887:Barad
3871:Afrin
3782:Kafra
3717:Mayer
3662:Fafin
3656:Mare'
3612:Ahras
3507:Dabiq
3482:Ablah
3372:Jarez
3277:Zitan
3207:Banes
3202:Arada
3127:Taqad
3112:Irhab
2997:Babis
2927:Hober
2907:Burda
2877:Arjel
2767:Hilan
2747:Azzan
2737:Assan
2732:Abtin
2625:(PDF)
2569:(PDF)
2302:Syria
2229:said.
2162:JSTOR
2080:–39.
1775:328.8
1698:(18)
1693:(27)
1688:(41)
1683:(45)
1678:(59)
1673:(61)
1668:(48)
1663:(32)
1658:(28)
1653:(19)
1648:(14)
1418:(64)
1413:(86)
1408:(99)
1378:(93)
1373:(88)
1368:(70)
1363:(63)
1353:Year
894:Ḥafir
882:Afrin
865:Jabal
800:A'zaz
790:Afrin
699:Idlib
665:Aswad
661:Sājūr
642:A'zaz
619:Quwēq
533:Kilis
517:Afrin
478:A'zaz
309:Syria
234:SY-HL
218:UTC+3
197:UTC+2
116:Syria
5479:Homs
5469:Hama
4066:Rajo
3917:Inab
3802:Rael
3706:Nubl
3361:Azaz
3197:Abad
2633:2020
2581:2022
2551:2012
2529:2012
2503:2012
2249:2018
2203:2017
2154:ISSN
2107:ISBN
2082:OCLC
2036:ISBN
1953:SANA
1770:59.6
1765:35.2
1760:19.2
1735:17.9
1730:33.6
1725:46.1
1720:52.0
1715:60.3
1703:(9)
1643:(9)
1631:10.9
1616:12.4
1611:17.3
1606:20.9
1601:20.9
1596:18.1
1591:13.5
1561:17.3
1551:12.3
1546:19.4
1541:25.2
1536:28.1
1531:28.3
1526:25.8
1521:21.1
1516:15.8
1511:11.0
1491:23.8
1486:11.9
1481:16.8
1476:27.0
1471:33.2
1466:36.1
1461:36.2
1456:33.6
1451:28.7
1446:22.6
1441:16.9
1436:12.6
1431:10.3
1350:Dec
1347:Nov
1344:Oct
1341:Sep
1338:Aug
1335:Jul
1332:Jun
1329:May
1326:Apr
1323:Mar
1320:Feb
1317:Jan
904:Azaz
892:Dayr
731:City
697:and
678:, a
648:and
590:and
480:and
470:ISIL
443:TFSA
222:EEST
157:Area
5358:Tat
4359:Mil
3757:Bel
3102:Hur
3012:Fah
2146:doi
1824:72
1821:11
1794:10
1791:14
1788:13
1755:2.2
1750:0.3
1745:0.1
1740:2.3
1701:−13
1646:−10
1641:−13
1626:3.3
1621:6.4
1586:8.9
1581:5.0
1576:2.4
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