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stand down from
Swedish service but was persuaded to remain and restructure the Army of the Weser. However, by 1637, Leslie was in Scotland preparing the way for his final retirement from Swedish service. He cherished his old commander's memory to the day of his death, and he kept with particular care a jewel and miniature presented to him by the king.
40:
548:' army swelled to over 20,000 men. From 1639 they rallied under a flag bearing the motto "For Christ's Crown and Covenant". Most of the officers of the Army of the Covenant were veterans of Swedish service brought home from the continental wars to form Scotland's first professional army. This took place after careful negotiations in the Swedish
728:, Leven took no part despite officially being Lord General. Actual field command fell to David Leslie who failed to control his infantry and lost the battle in consequence. Leven took only a nominal part, though attempts were afterwards made to hold him responsible. But once more the parliament refused to accept his resignation.
532:
613:, and made him captain of Edinburgh Castle. His affirmations of loyalty to the crown, which later events caused to be remembered against him, were sincere enough, but the complicated politics of the time made it difficult for Leslie, as lord general of the Scottish army, to maintain consistent policies.
688:
to the Army of the Solemn League and
Covenant at Newark in 1646, he was placed under the charge of Leven. As part of the negotiation for the Army of the Solemn League to leave England, Leven transferred the king to his Presbyterian allies unaware that these would soon lose power to the Independents.
517:
Leslie was furious with Banér and in his own account of the battle infers there had been a dispute about the tactics for the day. As it was, Leslie was forced to sacrifice many of his veteran troops in the process of saving Banér's men from being routed. Leslie intimated to
Oxenstierna that he would
556:
allowed up to 300 officers to be decommissioned along with an unknown number of ordinary soldiers. He was also able to bring from Sweden his arrears of pay in the form of cannon and muskets as "parting gifts" and these were transported for him on
Swedish naval vessels. The payment arrangement meant
560:
One of his first actions was to lead an army of some 6,000 soldiers to
Aberdeen to reduce the largely Royalist town. On his departure on 12 April Leslie left the Marquis of Montrose in charge. Leslie's reputation, guile and discretion were frequently noted by contemporary observers including the
389:
At an early age, Alexander was fostered out to the
Campbells of Glenorchy. The fosterage bond was strong and still written about by Leslie into the 1640s. Indeed, it was this link that brought Leslie into the orbit of the House of Argyll as Lord Lorne, the son of the marquis of Argyll was also a
781:
Alexander Leslie was married to Agnes Renton (died 29 June 1651, daughter of David Renton of Billie in
Berwickshire). They had two sons and five daughters: Gustavus, who apparently died young, Alexander (2nd Lord Balgonie), Barbara, Christian, Anne, Margaret and Mary. Barbara married
689:
Nevertheless, Leven remained in control of
Northern England and only agreed to relinquish his garrisons there when back-pay owing to his troops had been paid. The final instalment of this came in January 1647 after which Leven marched his army back across the Scottish border.
458:
had a particular affection for him, trusting him with guarding the crucial strategic garrisons in North
Germany while the main Swedish army established a foothold on the Baltic shoreline and advanced slowly southwards. In 1628, Leslie was appointed governor during the
506:; but at the time the two commanders had held equal rank: Banér commanding the Swedish Crown Army and Leslie commanding the Army of the Weser. The spectacular victory, however, was largely the work of Leslie and his subordinate, a fellow Scotsman, Lieutenant-General
544:. Scottish regiments were generally called into service by the lairds and clan chieftains obliging their tenants with feudal duty or coercion to send their kin into battle. However, support among the Presbyterians of Scotland was widespread and the
794:. In 1636 Lord Balgonie married daughter of John Leslie, Earl of Rothes. Young Leslie later followed his father into service in the Army of the Solemn League and Covenant, commanding Leven's lancers and cavalry on the right wing at the battle of
577:
where he encamped and awaited the arrival of the
Royalist forces. Rather than fight them when they arrived, Leslie invited the Royalist officers to dinner before allowing them to inspect his army. Having seen they were out-classed by the
1711:
685:
668:. The allied army then invested and captured York which surrendered within a fortnight. Later in the year Newcastle also fell after a spectacular siege and storm campaign. In 1645 after his English Allies won a victory at
539:
In 1638, events in his native country again compelled him to return to Scotland, where he was appointed "Lord General" in command of the Army of the Covenant by the Scottish administration, and as such participated in the
1081:
Louise B Taylor (ed.), Aberdeen Council Letters (6 vols. Oxford, 1942–1961), vol. 2. Aberdeen Council to Charles I, 29 June 1639; E. J. Cowan, Montrose: For Covenant and King (Edinburgh, 1995), p. 64; Murdoch, Grosjean
636:
Leven eventually accepted command of the forces raised for the intervention in England on behalf of the English Parliament. He rose to become a commander of the Covenanter Army between 1644 and 1647 and fought for the
390:
Glenorchy fosterling. This relationship perhaps explains the presence of Campbells in the same regiments as Leslie in Sweden, most notably Captain Charles Campbell (Karl Kammel), whose portrait hangs to this day in
1731:
712:. After the execution of Charles I, Argyll declared his son, Charles II, King of Great Britain and Ireland leading to the Cromwellian invasion of Scotland. The Covenanters were defeated (1650) at the
1716:
1287:
569:
without the loss of a single man. He had also by now amassed a considerable fortune and was able to live in a manner befitting a commander-in-chief, even when in the field. In the
1666:
1736:
704:, both declined command of this army. Hamilton led an ill-supported army over the border in support of the king. They were soundly defeated by English parliamentary forces at
490:, then the 3rd Marquis of Hamilton, and was promoted Major-General. Leslie was badly wounded in February 1632 near Hamburg. Despite his injury, Leslie was present at the
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With the demise of the Army of the Solemn League and Covenant, Leven retired from active military command. Splits within the Scottish Parliament saw the Royalist
1349:
Grosjean, Alexia (2002). "Royalist Soldiers and Cromwellian Allies?: The Cranstoun Regiment in Sweden, 1655–1658". In Murdoch, Steve; Mackillop, Andrew (eds.).
590:. From there he took Newcastle with ease putting pressure on the King to come to a treaty with the Scottish Covenanters. Thus followed the treaty of London.
1292:
1397:
Grosjean, Alexia; Murdoch, Steve (2007). "The Riksråd Debates, 1638–1640 (Documents 117 & 118)". In Erskine, C.; MacDonald, A.R.; Penman, M. (eds.).
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gave this force, when raised, a fresh direction and Leven himself accompanied it to Ireland as lord general. He did not remain there long, for the
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1676:
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483:, Gustavus Adolfus also sending eight warships to help raise the siege. In 1630 he seized the island of Rügen in the name of the king of Sweden.
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873:
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who had been holding the town on behalf of the Danes. Leslie continued the defence of Stralsund successfully defending the town against
787:
447:
1324:
Furgol, Edward (2002). "Beating the Odds: Alexander Leslie's 1640 Campaign in England". In Murdoch, Steve; Mackillop, Andrew (eds.).
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20:
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had begun in England, and negotiations were opened between the English and the Scottish parliaments for mutual armed assistance.
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as senior commander of the allied Army of Both Kingdoms which included the two English parliamentary armies led respectively by
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In 1644, Leven commanded the Army of the Solemn League and Covenant as it marched to England to take part in the unsuccessful
1681:
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323:
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318: – 4 April 1661) was a Scottish military officer and peer. Born illegitimate and raised as a
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that the Swedes could claim that they were not supporting rebellion in Scotland, only paying off a debt.
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A little later, Leven used his influence in support of a proposal to raise a Scottish army to help the
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Military migration and state formation: the British military community in seventeenth-century Sweden
565:, who both commented on his qualities in their writings. His reputation was well earned and he took
1595:
665:
586:, Leslie conducted a brilliant campaign in the North of England, overwhelming the Royalists at the
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in that same year. The overall commander, however, is said by some Swedish historians to have been
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in reward for his extraordinary military achievements at home and abroad appointed Leslie to the
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in an incident known as 'the Onfall of Alyth', and was sent to London. He was confined to the
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Network North: Scottish Kin, Commercial and Covert Associations in Northern Europe, 1603–1746
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for some time, until he was released on providing a bond of £20,000, whereupon he retired to
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The song "General Lesley's March" is said to have been sung by Scottish soldiers during the
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Alexander Leslie was born circa 1580 as an illegitimate son of George Leslie, a captain of
1537:
Stevenson, David (October 2007). "Leslie, Alexander, first earl of Leven (c. 1580–1661)".
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In 1608, he transferred to the Swedish army where he served with distinction. In 1627 the
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747:. Sometime later in London he was arrested for a second time, but negotiations involving
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582:, the Royalists chose to retire rather than to engage Leslie's superior forces. In the
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knighted Alexander Leslie, by now a full colonel, along with three of his countrymen;
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In 1631, Leslie organized English and Scottish troops raised for the Swedish army by
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1470:"The Battle of Wittstock 1636: Conflicting Reports on a Swedish Victory in Germany"
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382:, and a mother sometimes described as "a wench in Rannoch". He was a member of the
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as often stated). Alexander, his eldest son and namesake, became a colonel in the
552:(state council) during which Leslie worked behind the scenes to ensure Chancellor
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obtained him his liberty, and he was finally freed from his engagements in 1654.
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836:
545:
383:
331:
91:
1548:
1578:
1447:
Alexander Leslie and the Scottish Generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648
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1296:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 506–507.
574:
319:
759:
673:
661:
535:
Traditional "Blue Banner" insignia used by Reformed Presbyterian Churches
434:. However, this remains speculated and disputed between many historians.
660:. Under Leven's command these forces inflicted a crushing defeat on the
736:
693:
531:
370:. Leslie would live a long life, dying roughly at the age of 80 or 81.
39:
1209:
832:
708:. This led to the return of the Argyll faction in Scotland after the
117:
430:
service in 1605, and eventually attained the rank of captain in the
330:, and in Scotland became Lord General in command of the Army of the
1518:. Vol. v (8 vols. ed.). Edinburgh. pp. 373, 383–384.
1469:
1303:
A Regimental History of the Scottish Covenanting Armies, 1639–1651
1277:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
732:
530:
510:, a fact related by Banér himself in his report of the battle to
1351:
Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experience c. 1550–1900
1327:
Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experience c. 1550–1900
770:
754:
In one of his final military acts, Leven helped his son-in-law,
479:
army in what effectively constituted Sweden's entrance into the
70:
893:"Alexander Leslie, 1st earl of Leven | Scottish army commander"
1587:. Vol. 33. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 68–76.
1399:
Scotland: The Making and Unmaking of the Nation, c. 1100–1707
1712:
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1643–44
1468:
Murdoch, Steve; Zickermann, Kathrin; Marks, Adam (2012).
1401:. Major Documents. Vol. 5. Dundee. pp. 214–223.
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And they all lived together in a little crooked house.
820:
He bought a crooked cat, which caught a crooked mouse.
19:"Alexander Leslie" redirects here. For other uses, see
1375:
An Unofficial Alliance: Scotland and Sweden, 1569–1654
814:
There was a crooked man and he walked a crooked mile,
426:
It is sometimes claimed that Alexander Leslie entered
498:
in 1636 and was one of the Swedish commanders at the
920:, v, p. 373; Grosjean and Murdoch, SSNE no.1; Ailes
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oust the Argyll radicals. Leven and his subordinate
1732:
Swedish military personnel of the Thirty Years' War
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817:He found a crooked sixpence upon a crooked stile.
724:In the new war, and in the disastrous campaign of
514:and the other contemporary reports of the battle.
731:In August 1651 Leven was captured in the town of
561:English officer John Aston and intellectual, Sir
1717:Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1648–1651
831:in the 1640s, though it is more likely to be a
812:
322:child, he subsequently advanced to the rank of
1426:. Leiden. pp. 17–18, 39–48, 233, 356–357.
8:
1543:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1737:Military personnel of the English Civil War
849:Frae popish relics, and a' sic innovation,
810:" is allegedly about Sir Alexander Leslie:
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1498:Nursery Rhymes lyrics, origins and history
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1211:Nursery Rhymes lyrics, origins and history
1156:1st Marquis Of Montrose Society Newsletter
672:, he marched to take the Royalist city of
350:. In England he commanded the Army of the
38:
27:
1445:Murdoch, Steve; Grosjean, Alexia (2014).
1697:Members of the Privy Council of Scotland
1687:17th-century Scottish military personnel
1667:Scottish people of the Thirty Years' War
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354:and was senior commander of the Army of
1540:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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1692:Peers of Scotland created by Charles I
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1452:
1429:
1404:
1381:
1356:
1333:
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1158:. June 2010. p. 2. Archived from
1512:Paul, Sir James Balfour (1904–1911).
362:, the Bishops' Wars, and most of the
7:
1288:Leven, Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of
488:James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton
64:4 April 1661 (aged 80–81)
309:Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven
32:Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven
1230:Minstrelsy of the Scottish Borders
874:Scotland and the Thirty Years' War
855:There's nane in the right but we,
358:(1642–1647). Leslie served in the
16:Scottish military officer and peer
14:
1069:, pp. 168–182; Grosjean, Murdoch
494:. He was appointed Sweden's 13th
21:Alexander Leslie (disambiguation)
1707:Prisoners in the Tower of London
1584:Dictionary of National Biography
1270:
149:Lord General of the Army of the
110:
97:
85:
1647:Nobility from Perth and Kinross
1494:"There was a Crooked Man rhyme"
1727:People from the Swedish Empire
1677:Scottish expatriates in Sweden
1247:Ailes, Mary Elizabeth (2002).
798:. He pre-deceased his father.
648:, before participating in the
1:
706:the Battle of Preston in 1648
573:, Leslie marched his army to
467:and the Scottish regiment of
312:
130:
53:
1557:UK public library membership
858:Of the auld Scottish nation.
680:against the local commander
366:, fighting primarily in the
156:Lord General of the Army of
1019:Murdoch, Zickermann, Marks
852:That a' the world may see,
698:James, 3rd Marquis Hamilton
282:Agnes Renton (died c. 1651)
1753:
1378:. Leiden. pp. passim.
846:We'll purge it ilka room,
843:When to the kirk we come,
735:by a group of Cromwellian
639:Solemn League and Covenant
632:Solemn League and Covenant
601:and bestowed upon him, at
352:Solemn League and Covenant
180:Solemn League and Covenant
18:
1615:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1574:"Leslie, Alexander"
1372:Grosjean, Alexia (2003).
1353:. Leiden. pp. 61–85.
1330:. Leiden. pp. 33–59.
749:Queen Christina of Sweden
216:Siege of Edinburgh Castle
37:
1652:Field marshals of Sweden
784:General Sir John Ruthven
756:Colonel William Cranston
473:Albrecht von Wallenstein
264:Second English Civil War
1420:Murdoch, Steve (2006).
1301:Furgol, Edward (1990).
1293:Encyclopædia Britannica
1053:, chapter 5; Stevenson
1021:The Battle of Wittstock
897:Encyclopedia Britannica
808:There Was a Crooked Man
492:Battle of Lützen (1632)
368:First English Civil War
232:First English Civil War
1549:10.1093/ref:odnb/16482
1253:University of Nebraska
1200:, v, pp. 373, 383–384.
1067:An Unofficial Alliance
969:An Unofficial Alliance
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802:Nursery rhyme and song
678:siege was unsuccessful
650:Battle of Marston Moor
599:Scottish Privy Council
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252:Battle of Marston Moor
160:(Scotland and England)
145:Field Marshal (Sweden)
1682:17th-century soldiers
1571:Paton, Henry (1893).
1149:"The Onfall of Alyth"
841:
686:Charles I surrendered
534:
450:, David Drummond and
405:
242:Battle of Boldon Hill
127:Years of service
1672:Scottish mercenaries
1233:. Project Gutenberg.
1049:; Murdoch, Grosjean
1047:A Regimental History
829:wars of the Covenant
620:in Germany, but the
580:Army of the Covenant
463:, replacing Colonel
44:Sir Alexander Leslie
1596:Peerage of Scotland
1071:The Riksråd Debates
954:, p. 32; Stevenson
924:, p. 32; Stevenson
806:The nursery rhyme "
765:He died in 1661 at
584:Second Bishops' War
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500:Battle of Wittstock
205:Battle of Wittstock
105:Kingdom of Scotland
92:Covenanter Scotland
1134:Murdoch, Grosjean
1121:Murdoch, Grosjean
1108:Murdoch, Grosjean
1032:Murdoch, Grosjean
952:Military migration
922:Military migration
682:Barnabas Scudamore
658:Earl of Manchester
654:Ferdinando Fairfax
571:First Bishops' War
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522:Return to Scotland
461:Siege of Stralsund
419:
410:in the service of
237:Siege of Newcastle
195:Siege of Stralsund
171:Army of the Weser
1662:Scottish generals
1625:
1624:
1616:Succeeded by
1555:(Subscription or
1515:The Scots Peerage
1198:The Scots Peerage
1185:Royalist Soldiers
1165:on 9 October 2022
918:The Scots Peerage
588:Battle of Newburn
481:Thirty Years' War
456:Gustavus Adolphus
432:Dutch States Army
416:Thirty Years' War
412:Gustavus Adolphus
408:Mackay's Regiment
392:Skokloster Castle
364:English Civil War
360:Thirty Years' War
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190:Thirty Years' War
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567:Edinburgh Castle
554:Axel Oxenstierna
512:Axel Oxenstierna
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1160:the original
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178:Army of the
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1722:Clan Leslie
1702:Covenanters
1642:1661 deaths
1637:1580 births
1579:Lee, Sidney
1023:pp. 71–109.
869:Clan Leslie
837:Covenanters
546:Covenanters
504:Johan Banér
414:during the
394:in Sweden.
384:Clan Leslie
332:Covenanters
316: 1580
133:1605 – 1647
1631:Categories
1613:1641–1661
1559:required.)
1503:13 October
1484:13 October
880:References
762:campaign.
508:James King
374:Early life
296:Christian
292:Alexander
153:(Scotland)
78:Allegiance
73:, Scotland
1524:cite book
1455:cite book
1449:. London.
1432:cite book
1407:cite book
1384:cite book
1359:cite book
1336:cite book
1311:cite book
1183:Grosjean
1065:Grosjean
967:Grosjean
720:Afterward
662:Royalists
626:Civil War
595:Charles I
575:Dunse Law
300:Margaret
290:Gustavus
279:Spouse(s)
1480:: 71–109
1225:Scott, W
1045:Furgol,
971:, p. 68.
941:, p. 42.
937:Murdoch
863:See also
737:dragoons
676:but his
674:Hereford
656:and the
603:Holyrood
477:imperial
294:Barbara
287:Children
173:Army of
168:Commands
151:Covenant
1581:(ed.).
1281::
1255:Press.
1241:Sources
1169:5 April
1095:Furgol
1086:, p. 99
902:7 March
835:of the
833:mockery
694:Engager
684:. When
550:Riksråd
406:Men of
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950:Ailes
777:Family
726:Dunbar
664:under
320:foster
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1163:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
916:Paul
786:(not
760:Toruń
733:Alyth
428:Dutch
298:Anne
1530:link
1505:2017
1486:2017
1461:link
1438:link
1413:link
1390:link
1365:link
1342:link
1317:link
1257:ISBN
1171:2021
1055:ODNB
956:ODNB
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904:2021
771:Fife
609:and
346:and
334:, a
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138:Rank
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