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294:"If the papers and speakers of the other race would condemn the commission of the crime because it is crime and not try to make it appear that the Negroes were the only criminals, they would find their strongest allies in the intelligent Negroes themselves; and together the whites and blacks would root the evil out of both races... Tell your men that it is no worse for a black man to be intimate with a white woman than for the white man to be intimate with a colored woman. You set yourselves down as a lot of carping hypocrites in fact you cry aloud for the virtue of your women while you seek to destroy the morality of ours. Don’t ever think that your women will remain pure while you are debauching ours. You sow the seed — the harvest will come in due time."
373:, known as the Committee of Twenty-five, first decided to remove publisher Manly from Wilmington by force. They also had already identified numerous black leaders whom they wanted to expel from the city, including the Manly brothers. The Committee gave leaders of the black community an ultimatum: the Manly brothers would have to be gone from the city by 10 A.M. on November 10, or else they would be forcefully removed.
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289:, he therefore argued that the stereotype of the "Big Burly Black Brute" punished in lynchings was incorrect: many were "sufficiently attractive for white girls of culture and refinement to fall in love with them, as is very well-known to all.", and many were, scandalously, fathered by White men, a fact that meant interracial liaisons were also dealt by White men.
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88:, and overturned the city government. They also ran the Manly brothers out of town, threatening their lives; a large mob destroyed the printing press and burned down the newspaper offices; out of control, it also attacked black neighborhoods, killing an estimated 30-100 people and destroying much of what
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in 1899 that created barriers to voter registration and excluded most black voters from the political system. White had announced that he would not run for a third term under such conditions, and instead built a law practice in the capital and also became a highly successful banker. In 1906 he moved
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Wilmington then had a majority-black population. Statewide, the
Republican Party had mostly black members. In 1894 and 1896, the state had three active parties: fusion candidates of the allied Republican and Populist parties (which were respectively composed of mostly black and white members) gained
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to bring out their supporters. Manly's comments about interracial relationships were controversial and unwelcome in the segregated society, although most in the white community were well aware of the many relationships that white men had with black women, including some men who kept second families
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to find Manly. They had declared him an outlaw to be killed on sight. The brothers fled town that night. While there is debate about how Alex and Frank Manly left
Wilmington, by November 10, the brothers had left the city. A large white mob of more than 1500 people destroyed the printing press and
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in South
Carolina society, noting flaws in the white double standard of assuming that all relationships of black men with white women were sexually coercive. He said that consensual relationships took place between white women and black men, but when these relationships attracted public attention,
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remains, Negro men would continue preying on white women". Clawson published Manly's article daily in his newspaper in the weeks leading up to the
November 9th election and other newspapers also repeatedly published it in the two months leading up to the election. Additionally, Democrats carried
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His sons were marked by the family's losses as well, and descendants have said the family frequently talked about "what might have been" if Alex Manly had not been run out of
Wilmington and lost his newspaper business. But Manly and his descendants persisted and were described as "among
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Democrats were successful in regaining control of the state legislature in the election on
November 9, 1898. Much of the state was watching the outcome of elections in Wilmington, the largest city and with a majority-black population. A secret committee of white Democrats led by
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the only daily
African-American newspaper in the state and possibly the nation. He shared ownership with his brother Frank G. Manly. The progressive newspaper was for blacks in the Wilmington community, and it was heralded as "The Only Negro Daily in the World". The
55:, the state's only daily African-American newspaper and possibly the nation's only black-owned daily newspaper. At the time, the port of Wilmington had 10,000 residents and was the state's largest city; its population was majority black, with a rising middle class.
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in
Raleigh. It also gained national attention, in a year when North Carolina racial tensions were already high, inflamed by the Democratic campaigns for the pending election. Democrats were promoting white supremacy and exaggerating racial fears related to
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if they lost local offices and control of the city government. In 1898 a biracial fusion ticket won the mayor's office and control of the city council: the mayor and two-thirds of the aldermen were white. Democrats initiated their insurrection.
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delivered a speech asserting that, given the inability of the church or courts to protect white women from "the ravening human beasts—then I say lynch; a thousand times a week if necessary." Felton's speech was the subject of Manly's August 18
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copies of Manly's editorial with them to generate controversy in conversations and to strengthen their appeal. The editorial became so controversial that the struggling
Republicans claimed that the Democrats, not Manly, had written it.
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The Manly brothers were among the 2,100 blacks who permanently moved out of
Wilmington after the riot, resulting in its becoming a majority-white city. The brothers moved briefly to Washington, D.C., helped by former Congressman
458:. They had two sons born in Philadelphia: Milo and Lewin. The former became an activist and fought for black property rights in Wilmington; he later became executive director of the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission.
100:. He had moved to the city permanently after North Carolina passed legislation in 1899 to disenfranchise blacks in the state. Alex married Caroline Sadgwar at his house. Alex Manly and his wife moved to
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saying that white men were hypocrites for protecting their white women while seeking to "destroy the morality of ours." He noted that whites had long preyed sexually on black women, both during
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advocated for black civil rights, better health-care, roads, and bicycle paths. Its success attracted white advertisers, and the newspaper and its editors were well respected in Wilmington.
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claimed that Manly's editorial "made Wilmington seethe with uncontrollable indignation, bitterness, and rage." Critics described Manly's article as slanderous and degrading to white women.
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wife; her paternal great-grandfather was a French sea captain. She had become engaged to Manly in Wilmington. N.C., and the couple were wed at the home of North Carolina Congressman
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477:. He married but was later divorced. But his namesake son, Lewin Manly Jr., became a successful dentist. When a Commission was appointed to study what is now known as the
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as governor in 1896. When biracial fusionist candidates were elected to Wilmington's mayor and council, a secret committee of Democrats conducted the only successful
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in Georgia who wrote about African-American males having relationships with white women. At the time, white Democrats were inflaming racial tensions and promoting
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Philadelphia's most industrious and civic minded citizens." Lewin Manly was less successful than his brother. He did not finish college and worked as a waiter in
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In August 1898 Manly published a editorial objecting to lynchings and rejected stereotypes of black men as rapists of white women. He had earlier responded to a
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to the ground, and went on to massacre many of the towns black citizens in what would later be known as the Wilmington 1898 Coup d'etat and Massacre.
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for the first time since Reconstruction by lowering property requirements, which benefited the white majority of the state as well as black voters.
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from North Carolina. For a time, Manly served in his office and wrote civil rights legislation, which White was unable to get through Congress.
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108:. Alex Manly supported his family as a painter, but remained politically active; he helped found The Armstrong Association, a precursor to the
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is marked by a historical plaque that includes information about him and the insurrection of 1898, noted as a turning point in state history.
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white people called it rape. Referring to another social fact that many whites wanted to ignore, he said that many "black" men were in fact
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of African-American men in order to "protect" white women from the sexual attentions of Black men. Clawson published her speech in the
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465:, Alex Manly became a member of an African-American newspaper council. He helped found The Armstrong Association, a precursor to the
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423:. Sadgwar was the daughter of Frederick Cutlar Sadgwar, a prominent businessman in Wilmington's African American community and his
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But, the Democrats worked to regain political control of the legislature and the state. In 1897 they generated rhetoric about
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and Corinne Manly, who was enslaved by the Governor. Among his siblings were brothers Frank G. and much younger Thomas Manly.
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Manly and his brother Frank moved to Washington, D.C., in 1900. Frank Manly eventually moved to Alabama, where he taught at
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A small collection of Manly's papers, including photographs of him and his brother, and his wife and son Milo, is held at
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of mixed European ancestry and African ancestry. Through his father's paternal line, Manly was a descendant of Governor
481:, Lewin Manly Jr. was among those who favored compensation to descendants of victims for property and economic losses.
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285:, with white fathers who themselves had liaisons with African American women. Alluding to studies by black journalist
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to curry votes in the next election cycle. In 1898 they continued to inflame white racial fears and campaigned for
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David became a carpenter, and taught his trade to Frederick. After the war Frederick completed his education at
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East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.
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who, like many African Americans, possessed African ancestry and European ancestry, while his mother was a
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in a bid to regain power in the state legislature. They had lost control in the 1894 and 1896 elections to
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Raleigh: North Carolina office of Archives and History. (Report of the 1898 Race Riot Commission)
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in Pennsylvania. He returned to Wilmington and developed as a leader in the business community.
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control of the state legislature in the elections, defeating the Democrats. In 1896, Republican
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The Family Tree: A Lynching in Georgia, A Legacy of Secrets, and My Search for the Truth,
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rebuttal editorial (reprint shown here). Manly's editorial was used as a pretext for the
45:(May 13, 1866 – October 5, 1944) was an American newspaper owner and editor who lived in
469:. He suffered from losing his newspaper and worked as a painter to support his family.
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685:"Mrs. Felton Speaks / She Makes a Sensational Speech Before the Agricultural Society"
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508:, Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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Bonitz, John Henry William, 1839-1913. John Henry William Bonitz Papers, 1863-1973.
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1016:, African American Heritage Foundation of Wilmington, 2009, accessed 17 March 2016
711:"A Horrid Slander / The Most Infamous That Ever Appeared in Print in This State"
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Frazier, Eric (19 November 2006). "Lewin Manly: The injustice we never forget".
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Manly's opinion piece was republished in white papers, including the Wilmington
269:, as white men often held economic and political power over black women in the
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129:
431:, who had moved permanently to Washington, D.C., after North Carolina passed
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Wilmington's Lie: The Murderous Coup of 1898 and the Rise of White Supremacy
440:, where he founded a bank, and a black residential community in New Jersey.
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But on the night of November 9, a "pre-arranged lynching party" went to the
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in Virginia. He later moved to Wilmington, where he taught Sunday school at
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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. s.v. "Alex Manly."
736:"Citizens Aroused / Emphatic Demand Made That the Editor of the Infamous
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125:
89:
552:
https://media2.newsobserver.com/content/media/2010/5/3/ghostsof1898.pdf
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1271:, Library, University of North Carolina (includes photograph of Manly)
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Democrats capitalized on Manly's editorial, claiming that "as long as
104:, where they had a family. Frank Manly moved to Alabama and taught at
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Leave the City and Remove His Plant - An Ultimatum Sent by Committee"
1122:
Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy
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989:"How a Wilmington woman is connected to 1898 and to music history"
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49:. With his brother, Frank G. Manly, as co-owner, he published the
192:. In 1898 the fusionist legislature passed a law to expand the
124:. Both of his parents were of mixed ancestry: his father was a
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Alexander Lightfoot Manly, called "Alex", was born in 1866 in
112:, and was a member of the African-American newspaper council.
1026:"Photo: Alex Manly and wife, Caroline Sadgwar Manly, c. 1925"
954:. North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources. Archived from
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of Georgia gave a speech before the Agricultural Society at
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Official Report of the 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission
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The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894-1901
1190:
Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
1171:, New York: Russell and Russell. (partial preview online)
1117:, North Carolina Office of Archives & History, 2006
257:
Manly responded in an August 18, 1898 editorial in his
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African-American newspaper owner and editor (1866–1944)
1185:, Unpublished manuscript, Wilmington, N.C.: H. Hayden.
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He generated great controversy by referring openly to
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Racially motivated violence against African Americans
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While in the capital, Alex Manly married his fiancée
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Together, the Manlys moved from Washington, D.C. to
415:(also referred to as Carrie Sadgwar), a graduate of
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19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
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University of North Carolina, accessed 30 July 2014
139:After attending local schools, Alex Manly attended
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614:"Photo: Alex Manly and his brother Frank," c. 1898
244:, in which she spoke out in favor of broad use of
159:In 1895, Manly became the owner and editor of the
722:reprinted Manly's August 18, 1898 editorial from
388:Manly sought shelter with black U.S. Congressman
1056:, Alex L. Manly Papers, East Carolina University
1028:, Alex L. Manly Papers, East Carolina University
616:, Alex L. Manly Papers, East Carolina University
564:"Letter from Caroline Sadgwar Manly to her sons"
74:coalition; these voters also elected Republican
1218:A Day of Blood: the 1898 Wilmington Race Riots.
1211:Miller, Margaret. "Public Archives: Alex Manly"
291:
1098:Photo of Alex Manly as a young man is part of
799:"August 18, 1898: Wilmington Record Editorial"
624:
622:
8:
1360:19th-century African-American businesspeople
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773:
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1325:Activists for African-American civil rights
1100:John Henry William Bonitz Papers, 1863-1973
952:1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission Report
84:in United States history, now known as the
1213:, New Hanover County Public Library, 2012.
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324:, a white local businessman and editor of
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70:candidates supported by a Republican and
230:Wilmington insurrection of November 1898
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1291:Lucy Burnett, "Manly, Alex (1866-1944)"
1205:Dictionary of North Carolina Biography.
1038:"Photo: Alex Manly and family," c. 1900
700:article. Speech was on August 11, 1898.
518:
369:after losing the election. A group of
188:candidate, the first Republican since
1385:Lynching victims in the United States
1380:19th-century African-American writers
1183:The Story of the Wilmington Rebellion
490:1994, the site of Manly's newspaper,
7:
1375:20th-century African-American people
1370:19th-century American businesspeople
1266:Biography and photo: Alex Manly, at
1192:(1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
1115:1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission
803:The North Carolina Election of 1898,
506:The North Carolina Election of 1898
149:Chestnut Street Presbyterian Church
1287:, North Carolina Historical Marker
1127:University of North Carolina Press
14:
1275:Biographical Sketches: Alex Manly
1174:Frazier, Eric. "Ghosts of 1898,"
1155:Clawson, Thomas W., active 1898.
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1178:State Edition, 17 November 2006.
320:with their mixed-race children.
1355:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
746:. November 11, 1898. p. 2.
479:Wilmington Insurrection of 1898
354:Wilmington Insurrection of 1898
86:Wilmington Insurrection of 1898
717:. November 4, 1898. p. 4.
396:Personal life and later career
1:
1350:Activists from North Carolina
367:overthrow the city government
365:Democrats were determined to
184:was elected as governor as a
1340:American media personalities
1145:New York: Atria Books, 2016
1133:Alex L. Manley Papers (65),
538:Charlotte Observer and News
1406:
1390:North Carolina Republicans
1228:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
1089:, East Carolina University
1044:, East Carolina University
744:The Wilmington Weekly Star
715:The Wilmington Weekly Star
689:The Wilmington Weekly Star
449:historically black college
406:historically black college
381:burned the offices of the
211:1897–1898 editorials
145:historically black college
47:Wilmington, North Carolina
18:
1281:, State of North Carolina
1188:Litwack, Leon F. (1999).
1054:"Photo: Milo Manly," n.d.
219:On August 11, 1898, Mrs.
1345:Crimes in North Carolina
1224:Zucchino, David (2020).
1157:Thomas W. Clawson Papers
777:Branan 2016, p. 102
499:East Carolina University
352:had already planned the
327:The Wilmington Messenger
19:Not to be confused with
361:Wilmington Insurrection
122:Raleigh, North Carolina
92:had built in the city.
1216:Umfleet, LeRae. 2009.
1176:The News and Observer,
1074:Edmonds 1979, p. 177n.
859:Edmonds (1979), p. 148
504:Manly is discussed in
297:
233:
60:Rebecca Latimer Felton
31:
1297:Extant issues of the
1181:Hayden, Harry. 1936.
1085:Alex L. Manly Papers,
1014:"Sadgwar Family Home"
637:Edmonds 1979, p. 159.
467:National Urban League
311:The News and Observer
242:Tybee Island, Georgia
218:
110:National Urban League
29:
1293:, Black Past website
1203:Miller, Daniel, ed.
1042:Alex L. Manly Papers
877:Clawson (1898), p. 2
868:Clawson (1898), p. 4
850:Edmonds (1979), p. 6
841:Edmonds (1979), p. 5
823:Edmonds 1979, p. 147
433:a suffrage amendment
421:Fisk Jubilee Singers
419:and a member of the
251:Wilmington Messenger
175:Political background
1268:NC Election of 1898
913:Hayden 1936, p. 13n
696:reprinted Holman's
683:(August 26, 1898).
681:The Atlanta Journal
586:Umfleet 2009, p. 61
568:digital.lib.ecu.edu
402:Tuskegee University
155:Professional career
130:free woman of color
106:Tuskegee University
1330:Lynching survivors
1159:, 1898 manuscript.
961:on March 21, 2009.
922:Clawson 1898, p. 9
832:Clawson 1898, p. 8
814:Hayden 1936, p. 13
651:Clawson 1898, p. 2
445:Lincoln University
429:George Henry White
390:George Henry White
371:white supremacists
335:Political tensions
234:
141:Hampton University
98:George Henry White
32:
30:Manly in the 1880s
1198:978-0-375-70263-1
1163:Edmonds, Helen G.
1151:978-1-4767-1718-0
1065:Umfleet 2009, 154
978:Umfleet 2009, 184
765:Litwack 1999, 123
724:The Daily Record.
679:Holman, J. A. of
595:Umfleet 2009, 61.
475:Savannah, Georgia
182:Daniel L. Russell
76:Daniel L. Russell
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278:miscegenation
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134:Charles Manly
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1299:Daily Record
1298:
1285:"Alex Manly"
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956:the original
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837:
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756:Frazier 2006
752:
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738:Daily Record
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691:. p. 1.
688:
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571:. Retrieved
567:
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463:Philadelphia
460:
456:Philadelphia
453:
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438:Philadelphia
410:
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287:Ida B. Wells
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226:Daily Record
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221:W. H. Felton
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169:Daily Record
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102:Philadelphia
94:
79:
57:
52:Daily Record
50:
42:
38:
34:
33:
1320:1944 deaths
1315:1866 births
945:"Chapter 5"
628:Miller 1991
81:coup d'Ă©tat
1309:Categories
1109:References
1001:Miles 2012
573:2020-07-02
404:, a noted
271:segregated
162:Wilmington
116:Early life
1087:1898-1899
273:society.
267:Civil War
194:franchise
186:Fusionist
35:Alexander
425:Cherokee
283:biracial
246:lynching
126:freedman
90:freedmen
72:Populist
68:"fusion"
263:slavery
1232:
1196:
1165:1979.
1149:
1129:, 1998
485:Legacy
341:fusion
959:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
513:Notes
236:Mrs.
1230:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1147:ISBN
447:, a
308:and
306:News
143:, a
39:Alex
37:(or
461:In
436:to
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254:.
151:.
41:)
1238:.
1200:.
991:.
576:.
541:.
501:.
329:,
232:.
23:.
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