304:, and it is in consequence of the description in this book of the communication between the lateral ventricles of the brain that his name is known to every student of medicine at the present day. The opening now always spoken of as the "foramen of Monro" is very small in the healthy brain, but when abnormal accumulation of CSF on the brain is present (known as hydrocephalus) may be as wide as 20 mm. It was this morbid condition that drew Monro's attention to the foramen, and he first described it in a paper read before the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh in 1764, but gives a fuller account in this work on the nervous system. A further important observation in this paper was that the healthy cranial cavity is rigid and of constant volume and, he argued, that since the brain "is nearly incompressible, the quantity of blood within the head must remain the same." This was taken up by his former student
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who set out the hypothesis that the contents of the skull (blood, CSF, and brain tissue) are a state of volume equilibrium, so that any increase in volume of one of the cranial constituents must be compensated by a decrease in volume of another. This has since been validated and is known as the
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though a physician who never practised as a surgeon, in 1777 successfully resisted the appointment of a separate professor of surgery. He gave a full course of lectures, including surgery, every year from 1759 to 1800. From 1800 to 1807, he delivered part of the course, his son
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taking the evening class. The results were satisfactory and so he presented a petition to the Town
Council at the close of the session asking them to appoint his son formally as his successor. This petition was granted on 10 June and Alexander Monro
210:, in whose house he lived. Alexander spent some time in Edinburgh during early 1757 in order to fill the place of his father, who was confined to the house by illness. He finally was admitted a licentiate of the
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He showed an interest for anatomy and after entering on the medical course, aged 18, he became a useful assistant to his father in the dissecting room. He attended the lectures of Drs
Rutherford,
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found his class too large for the lecture room and had to divide the class, repeating his lecture in the evening. This he found difficult, and he experimented with his son (Alexander Monro
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This was his last lecture, and after it his faculties gradually decayed. He became drowsy after dinner, and his nose used to bleed from time to time. In 1813, he had an apoplectic attack.
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Manuscript copies of notes of his lectures on anatomy delivered in 1774 and 1775 are preserved in the library of the Royal
Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, and some
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family. His major achievements included, describing the lymphatic system, providing the most detailed elucidation of the musculo-skeletal system to date and introducing
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In 1771, he wrote a paper on the effect of drugs on the nervous system. He published two controversial observations on the lymphatics in 1758, maintaining that he—in
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took his degree as Doctor of
Medicine on 20 October 1755. He then proceeded to his studies abroad. He spent a short time in London, where he attended the lectures of
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549:"The Monros of Auchinbowie and Cognate Families". By John Alexander Inglis. Edinburgh. Printed privately by T and A Constable. Printers to His Majesty. 1911.
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when he was 12 years old, to attend the ordinary course of philosophy before beginning his professional training. He studied mathematics under
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into the curriculum. He is known for the Monro–Kellie doctrine on intracranial pressure, a hypothesis developed by Monro and his former pupil
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Kellie, George (1824). "Appearances observed in the dissection of two individuals; death from cold and congestion of the brain".
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Experiments on the
Nervous System with Opium and Metalline Substances, to Determine the Nature and Effects of Animal Electricity
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Description of all the Bursae
Mucosse of the Human Body, their Structure, Accidents, and Diseases, and Operations for their Cure
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delivered the opening anatomy and surgery lectures of the 1758–59 course and then handed the work to his son
Alexander Monro s
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on 2 May 1758 and as a Fellow on 1 May 1759. He was to be elected
President of the College in 1779. On 12 April 1782 Monro s
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331:. These experiments led him to the conclusion that nerve force was not identical with electricity. His last book,
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who was afterwards Lord
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The
Structure and Physiology of Fishes Explained and Compared with Those of Man and Other Animals
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He died 2 October 1817. He is buried with his parents and wife, Katherine Inglis (died 1803) in
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Mokri, B. (26 June 2001). "The Monro–Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion".
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in central Edinburgh. The grave lies west of the church and north of the Adam mausoleum.
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had published on the topic a century before, to insufficient general notice. The German
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He had always paid much attention to comparative anatomy, and published in 1785
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and served as President in 1785. In 1784 he was elected a member of the
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Essays and Heads of Lectures on Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Surgery
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Monro's father decided to make him his successor and sent him to the
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Alexander Monro, the third and youngest son of Isabella Macdonald of
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Observations on the Structure and Functions of the Nervous System
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completing it, and in 1808 gave the introductory lecture only.
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Presidents of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
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In later life he was living at 30 St Andrew Square in the
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where he formed a friendship with two famous anatomists,
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In the session of 1753–54, his father Alexander Monro
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Office bearers of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh
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432:Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1816-17
133:on 20 May 1733. He was sent with his brothers to
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