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return to Tver' in order that he might discredit himself in the eyes of the
Tverites–and indeed of any other Russians who might witness his predicament–and thus ultimately bring about his own destruction". He also says that an immediate execution of Aleksandr would have antagonized Novgorod, Pskov and Lithuania. In the autumn of 1338, Aleksandr returned to Tver and he called for his spouse and children to return from Pskov.
493:, excommunicated Aleksandr and the city at the behest of Ivan. Aleksandr is alleged to have said: "O my brothers and friends, let not this curse and excommunication be upon you because of me. I shall leave your city, and your oath to me and my oath to you shall no longer be valid". After receiving assurances from Pskov that his wife would be cared for, Aleksandr left Pskov for Lithuania.
1411:
40:
343:, who was the grand prince at the time. Aleksandr went there to conclude peace with Yury and to retrieve the body of his father, who had been executed by the Mongols in 1318. A treaty was signed on 29 June 1319 and Aleksandr and his brother were allowed to return to Tver with the body of their father.
501:
Aleksandr returned to Pskov from
Lithuania in 1331 or 1332 with the ultimate aim of recovering his principality and the grand principality. In 1334 or early 1335, he sent his son Fyodor to the Horde, who returned to Tver in 1335 with a Tatar official. Aleksandr visited Tver in the winter of 1336, and
360:
after Yury did not deliver all of the tribute from Tver to the khan. According to the
Tverite chronicle: "In that winter (1321, after the treaty with Dmitry) Prince Yury, having taken the tribute money from the Mikhaylovichi according to the treaty, did not go to meet the khan's envoy (i.e. to hand
509:
Aleksandr prepared a trip to the Horde to discuss his reinstatement as prince, after being persuaded by Ivan that it was safe to do so. Aleksandr made contact with
Theognostus and sent his boyars to the metropolitan "for the sake of his blessing and his prayers", as the chronicle says, though it is
538:
Aleksandr sent his son Fyodor to Sarai as an envoy, and at the same time, Ivan went to the khan. As a result of accusations made by "lawless people" inspired by "that all-cunning wicked counsellor the devil", according to the chronicle, Özbeg sent an ambassador to Tver, who informed him that Özbeg
517:
At Sarai, Aleksandr was granted a full pardon and the right to return to Tver. Some historians have explained
Aleksandr's reinstatement as an attempt to set up Tver against Moscow again. However, Fennell says that "the situation closely resembled that of 1326", in which Aleksandr "was permitted to
473:
Pskov not only granted
Aleksandr sanctuary, but also appointed him to be their prince. Pskov signed an agreement with Aleksandr in which they swore "not to hand him over to the Russian princes". Afterwards, a joint Muscovite–Novgorodian delegation was sent to urge him to go to the Horde, as the
419:
Shevkal, arrived in Tver from the Horde, with a large retinue. They took up residence at
Aleksandr's palace and, according to chronicle reports, started terrorizing the city, randomly robbing and killing. Rumors spread that Shevkal wanted to kill the prince, occupy the throne for himself and
1418:
383:
calls Özbeg's "anger with all the princes of Tver'", it is possible that
Aleksandr was given "sufficient rope to hang himself, to put him in a position in which there was no alternative but to compromise himself and thus bring about the destruction of Tver'".
474:
ambassadors said that his refusal would lead to the destruction of Pskov by the Horde. Aleksandr initially agreed to go to the Horde and sacrifice himself "for all the
Christian people", but he was persuaded by the Pskovites to not leave. According to
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372:
Four years later, Aleksandr succeeded his childless brother Dmitry who had been executed at the behest of Özbeg after Dmitry avenged his father's death by murdering Yury. Özbeg appointed
Aleksandr as the grand prince. According to
546:). According to Fennell, "If Uzbek had not succeeded in bringing back Pskov into the orbit of the grand prince of Vladimir, he had at least removed from the political scene the most powerful ally of Gedimin in north-east Russia".
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named Dyudko, he cried for help and a mob of furious people rushed on the Tatars and killed them all. Shevkal and his remaining guards were burnt alive in one of the houses where they had attempted to hide.
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The massacre inevitably led to Tatar reprisals. Indeed, the whole incident may have been a provocation by the Tatars to destroy Aleksandr and the princes of Tver. Özbeg dispatched a punitive force led by
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would allow him to bring back his son. Aleksandr arrived at the Horde at the end of September, and both he and his son were executed on 28 October 1339, by the orders of Özbeg.
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2017:
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The execution of Aleksandr marked the end of a 35-year-long struggle between Moscow and Tver for supremacy and the start of the fragmentation of Tver into lesser districts (
526:
449:. For his role in leading the punitive expedition, Özbeg rewarded Ivan with the title of grand prince and shared the principality between him and Aleksandr of Suzdal.
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the chronicles simply state that he brought his son back to Pskov; however, historians have suggested that he may have went to Tver to make peace with his brother
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likely that he sought protection from the Russian Orthodox Church. Although the archbishop of Novgorod had warned him during his visit to not visit
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1509:(Moscow and Leningrad: ANSSSR, 1941-1955), Vol. 1, p. 17, Vol. 2, p. 23; John Fennell, "The Tver Uprising of 1327: A Study of the Sources,"
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514:, Aleksandr "refused judgement" and the archbishop left the city "having anathematized Pskov", according to the Novgorodian chronicle.
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478:, it is "hard to conceive of any possible motive behind the Pskovites' show of bravado except the assurance of Lithuanian support".
300:, which led to him losing the grand princely throne. After a period of exile, he was reinstated as prince before he was executed in
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15 (1967), 161-179; Michael C. Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest,"
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after Özbeg summoned him, but Aleksandr attacked him on his way, taking his possessions and forcing him to flee to
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1939:
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by the Mongols, together with his son Fyodor. His death marked the end of a 35-year-long struggle with
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218:
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437:, the brother of Yury, to sack the city. Ivan was given 50,000 Tatar troops and was joined by
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1949:
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A mob in Tver burning the Khan's cousin Shevkal alive in 1327, miniature from the
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to the city. When, on 15 August 1327, the Tatars tried to take a horse from a
415:
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356:(patent) for the grand princely throne. Aleksandr had filed a complaint to
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1505:(Moscow and Leningrad: ANSSR, 1950), 98-99, 342; A. N. Nasonov, ed.,
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it over), but went with the money to Novgorod". Yury went to the
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1817:
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178:
1999:
1779:
John Fennell, "Princely Executions in the Horde 1308-1339,"
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The execution of Aleksandr at the Horde, miniature from the
1503:
Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov
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Aleksandr was married to Anastasia of Galicia, daughter of
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571:(1333–1399), prince of Mikulin, married to Evdokia of
1515:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
316:
Aleksandr was born in 1301. He was the second son of
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He is first mentioned in 1319 when he went with the
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581:(died 1364), prince of Kholm, married to Sophia of
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445:refused to offer him asylum, Aleksandr fled to
2011:
8:
1419:"Александр Михайлович, князь тверской"
506:or find out the attitude of the population.
1425:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
628:Ancestors of Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver
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2161:
2018:
2004:
1996:
1921:
1781:Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte
633:
624:
532:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
403:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
38:
29:
377:, in spite of what the compiler of the
277:; 7 October 1301 – 28 October 1339) was
27:Prince of Tver (r. 1326–1327; 1338–1339)
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1261:13. Maria Yaroslavna, Princess of Murom
565:Lev (born 1321, date of death unknown);
1317:
1219:
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867:
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465:district went to Aleksandr of Suzdal.
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481:Ivan moved his troops to the town of
7:
1511:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
2885:People executed by the Golden Horde
289:from 1338 until his death in 1339.
1873:The Emergence of Moscow, 1304–1359
1849:The Formation of Muscovy 1300–1613
1846:Crummey, Robert O. (6 June 2014).
1501:Arsenii Nikolaevich Nasonov, ed.,
413:official and cousin of Özbeg, the
25:
292:His reign was marked by a failed
45:Prince Aleksandr of Tver in Pskov
2900:Assassinated Russian politicians
1409:
1377:Family tree of Russian monarchs
439:Aleksandr Vasilyevich of Suzdal
346:In 1322, he helped his brother
2855:14th-century murdered monarchs
2805:genealogical numbering systems
1238:26. Yaroslav Yurevich of Murom
1081:Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver
594:Maria (died 1399), married to
1:
1914:Pedigree of Alexander of Tver
605:
2860:14th-century Russian princes
2026:Royal and noble family trees
1876:. Univ of California Press.
211:
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1213:
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982:
869:
861:
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489:, the metropolitan of the
2895:Eastern Orthodox monarchs
2875:Murdered Russian monarchs
2865:Grand princes of Vladimir
1983:
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558:. He had eight children:
274:
37:
2251:Spring and Autumn period
1940:Grand Prince of Vladimir
283:Grand Prince of Vladimir
93:Grand Prince of Vladimir
2890:14th-century executions
2880:Executed Russian people
1123:Vasilko Konstantinovich
683:Yaroslav II of Vladimir
491:Russian Orthodox Church
2646:Ancient Roman emperors
916:10. Youri Mikhailovich
535:
406:
285:from 1326 to 1327 and
267:Alexander Mikhailovich
33:Aleksandr Mikhailovich
1906:Biography at rulex.ru
1898:Biography at hrono.ru
1147:12. Boris Vasilkovich
657:Vsevolod the Big Nest
591:Vladimir (died 1364);
529:
400:
2812:Quarters of nobility
2363:Pharaonic dynasties
2156:United Arab Emirates
1870:(15 November 2023).
1517:8, No. 2 (2007), 251
892:Michael of Chernigov
827:19. Agrafena of Kiev
611:– 1392), married to
457:went to Ivan, while
287:Grand Prince of Tver
275:Александр Михайлович
200:Anastasia of Galicia
128:Grand Prince of Tver
2744:Pontefract de Lacys
2397:21st, 22nd and 23rd
1758:, pp. 164–165.
1663:, pp. 158–159.
1639:, pp. 117–118.
1553:, p. 111, 114.
1428:(in Russian). 1906.
798:9. Fedosia Igorevna
588:Andrey (died 1364);
562:Fyodor (died 1339);
121:Aleksandr of Suzdal
2663:Byzantine emperors
2641:Cornelii Scipiones
1507:Pskovskie Letopisi
1178:Maria of Chernigov
775:18. Igor Glebovich
536:
476:John L. I. Fennell
407:
375:John L. I. Fennell
219:Mikhail II of Tver
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2344:Singapura-Melakan
1994:
1993:
1966:Succeeded by
1947:Succeeded by
1883:978-0-520-34759-5
1859:978-1-317-87200-9
1441:, pp. 92–93.
1367:
1366:
1363:
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1204:Dmitry Borisovich
556:Yuri I of Galicia
260:
259:
18:Alexander of Tver
16:(Redirected from
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2636:Caecilii Metelli
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2278:Kong (Confucius)
2218:Anatolian Seljuk
2162:
2020:
2013:
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1997:
1976:Preceded by
1950:Ivan I of Moscow
1930:Preceded by
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1783:38 (1988), 9-19.
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715:Maria Shvarnovna
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435:Ivan I of Moscow
294:popular uprising
276:
215:
175:
173:
42:
30:
21:
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2870:Princes of Tver
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2817:seize quartiers
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2314:Negeri Sembilan
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1989:
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947:Elena Romanovna
852:Mikhail of Tver
622:
608:
552:
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380:Nikon Chronicle
335:to the city of
318:Mikhail of Tver
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245:Mikhail of Tver
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188:29 October 1339
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2256:Warring States
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2015:
2008:
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1986:Prince of Tver
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1959:Prince of Tver
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1925:Regnal titles
1920:
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1892:External links
1890:
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1809:
1807:, p. 170.
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341:Yury of Moscow
322:Anna of Kashin
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1868:Fennell, John
1865:
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1852:. Routledge.
1851:
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1844:
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1839:
1832:, Appendix B.
1831:
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1576:
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1528:
1523:
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1498:
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1480:, p. 97.
1479:
1474:
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1464:
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615:of Lithuania.
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404:
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393:Tver uprising
392:
387:
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376:
370:
368:
364:
359:
355:
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349:
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342:
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320:by his wife,
319:
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55:
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41:
36:
31:
19:
2600:Tao-Klarjeti
2414:Muhammad Ali
2087:Khmer Varman
1984:
1957:
1938:
1917:(in Russian)
1909:(in Russian)
1901:(in Russian)
1872:
1848:
1840:Bibliography
1830:Fennell 2023
1805:Fennell 2023
1800:
1793:Fennell 2023
1788:
1780:
1775:
1768:Fennell 2023
1763:
1756:Fennell 2023
1751:
1744:Fennell 2023
1739:
1732:Fennell 2023
1727:
1720:Fennell 2023
1705:Fennell 2023
1700:
1693:Fennell 2023
1678:Fennell 2023
1661:Fennell 2023
1656:
1649:Fennell 2023
1644:
1637:Fennell 2023
1632:
1625:Fennell 2023
1604:Fennell 2023
1587:Fennell 2023
1582:
1575:Crummey 2014
1570:
1563:Fennell 2023
1558:
1551:Fennell 2023
1546:
1539:Fennell 2023
1534:
1527:Crummey 2014
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1490:Fennell 2023
1485:
1478:Fennell 2023
1463:Fennell 2023
1458:
1451:Fennell 2023
1446:
1439:Fennell 2023
1434:
1423:
1080:
553:
543:
541:
537:
516:
508:
500:
480:
472:
431:
414:
408:
378:
371:
351:
345:
326:
315:
296:against the
291:
266:
262:
261:
210:
44:
2850:1339 deaths
2845:1301 births
2795:Family tree
2760:Trpimirović
2527:Netherlands
609: 1325
487:Theognostos
409:In 1327, a
350:obtain the
142:Predecessor
107:Predecessor
72:Predecessor
2839:Categories
2800:Ahnentafel
2725:simplified
2579:Von Graben
2470:simplified
2339:Terengganu
2228:simplified
2172:Achaemenid
1990:1338–1339
1979:Konstantin
1969:Konstantin
1963:1326–1327
1944:1326–1327
1383:References
504:Konstantin
420:introduce
358:Özbeg Khan
312:Early life
172:1301-10-07
156:Konstantin
146:Konstantin
86:Konstantin
2765:Frankopan
2711:Monarchs
2455:De Graeff
2450:Branković
2430:Bagratuni
2129:Sri Lanka
2114:Jerusalem
522:Execution
263:Aleksandr
152:Successor
137:1338–1339
117:Successor
102:1326–1327
82:Successor
67:1326–1327
2788:See also
2732:Scotland
2679:Monarchs
2554:Portugal
2522:Nemanjić
2497:Habsburg
2492:Flanders
2334:Selangor
2309:Kelantan
2294:Monarchs
2287:Malaysia
2187:Bavandid
2182:Sasanian
2177:Arsacids
2134:Thailand
2099:Fujiwara
2082:Cambodia
2051:Thomsons
2032:Americas
1371:See also
620:Ancestry
613:Algirdas
579:Vsevolod
461:and the
459:Vladimir
455:Kostroma
451:Novgorod
443:Novgorod
441:. After
337:Vladimir
2775:Zrinski
2753:Croatia
2715:England
2705:Britain
2694:Navarre
2689:Castile
2656:Severan
2620:Imereti
2615:Kakheti
2588:Georgia
2502:Hungary
2482:Germany
2475:Bourbon
2460:Denmark
2445:Bohemia
2440:Belgium
2246:Ancient
2223:Ottoman
2202:Pahlavi
2192:Safavid
2151:Vietnam
2139:Timurid
2104:Göktürk
569:Mikhail
483:Opochka
339:to see
271:Russian
212:more...
2684:Aragon
2610:Kartli
2595:Iberia
2574:Sweden
2569:Sicily
2564:Serbia
2559:Russia
2549:Poland
2539:Norway
2517:Naples
2512:Monaco
2507:Medici
2487:Greece
2465:France
2435:Balšić
2423:Europe
2329:Perlis
2319:Pahang
2268:Middle
2211:Turkey
2077:Busaid
2067:Brunei
2039:Mexico
1933:Dmitry
1880:
1856:
1414:
602:Uliana
583:Ryazan
573:Suzdal
550:Family
426:deacon
416:baskak
353:yarlyk
348:Dmitry
329:boyars
306:Moscow
298:Tatars
251:Mother
241:Father
197:Spouse
76:Dmitry
51:(1836)
2770:Šubić
2737:Wales
2672:Spain
2629:Roman
2357:Egypt
2324:Perak
2304:Kedah
2299:Johor
2263:Early
2239:China
2197:Qajar
2144:Lanna
2119:Korea
2109:Japan
2072:Burma
2044:Aztec
544:udely
512:Sarai
469:Exile
463:Volga
447:Pskov
422:Islam
411:Tatar
388:Reign
367:Pskov
363:Horde
302:Sarai
235:Rurik
230:House
206:Issue
191:Sarai
134:Reign
99:Reign
64:Reign
2407:26th
2402:25th
2392:19th
2387:18th
2382:12th
2377:11th
2273:Late
2165:Iran
2060:Asia
1878:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1176:25.
1121:24.
945:21.
890:20.
713:17.
655:16.
453:and
333:Tver
281:and
185:Died
179:Tver
166:Born
2372:4th
2367:1st
1312:3.
1202:6.
971:5.
850:2.
739:4.
681:8.
331:of
265:or
2841::
1812:^
1712:^
1685:^
1668:^
1611:^
1594:^
1470:^
1422:.
1391:^
1079:1.
606:c.
369:.
324:.
308:.
273::
2019:e
2012:t
2005:v
1886:.
1862:.
604:(
598:;
585:;
575:;
269:(
174:)
170:(
20:)
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