779:
446:
497:
464:
862:. According to some, his disease was a quickly progressing form, contracted during his wedding voyage. Others however note that both Alexandru and Dimitrie had suffered from "chest illness" for many years, and had taken little care of themselves. Journalist Lumința Duca-Sanda reads this as a reference to "the heart disease that had also struck down his father". A. C. Cuza provides additional detail, noting that the young pretender had a "chronic heart disease" and was sexually impotent.
370:), Dimitrie on November 17/5, 1865. As noted by scholar Mihaela Mudure, "Elena never complained about her husband's filandering, nor about her inability to birth a child, who would have consolidated her marital relationship with Alexandru Ioan Cuza. She records the appearance of two children, born to her husband's mistress, as a normal occurrence. In the adoption papers, they are mentioned as 'bereft of parents'". Both boys were baptized
482:
813:, a "small group of those whom they call 'Cuzists'" was helping Alexandru to advance his vague claim to the throne; however, any proof as to whether he was actually involved in the incidents, if it existed, was made a state secret by the intervention of government officials. Beldiman, who was still Cuza's political associate, saw the rebellion as entirely instigated by the Russians.
36:
558:. Although Cuza Sr was no longer welcomed in Romania, his wife and the two boys made occasional returns to their domain at Ruginoasa. In mid-1867, Carol visited Elena in Ruginoasa, reportedly informing her that he did not oppose Alexandru Ioan's return as a loyal subject. Maria Obrenović followed the Cuzas into exile, accompanied by her nephew Efrem Ghermani. In
632:, which was also claimed by Obrenović Serbia. Meanwhile, Elena Cuza continued to care for her husband's progeny, creating a family home for them at Ruginoasa, where they were often joined by her relatives, the Lambrino family. In the mid-1870s, the Cuza children again left Ruginoasa to pursue their studies abroad. Alexandru Al. Ioan himself graduated from the
891:(a distant relative of the figures involved), Sașa Cuza made little or no effort to provide for Elena Cuza, and never "returned in kind her mother's love". She was tolerated for a while on Ruginoasa premises, before Maria Moruzi-Cuza pressured her into leaving, and then took her to court over the validity of Alexandru's last will. The former consort of the
415:, while some in Cuza's party did look to Maria Obrenović's sons as the natural successors to the throne, "there was so much opposition to the idea of a native prince, as well as to Cuza himself, that this alternative had little chance of success." She continues: "By 1865 Cuza had won a formidable array of opponents on both the right and left."
423:. According to Roman: "Contemporaries knew about and did not refrain from condemning the great prince's immoral behavior, nor from turning the subject into a scandal where the mother was the main culprit." Nevertheless, both Alexandru and Dimitrie were still being introduced as orphans. In one such version of events, they were presented as
879:
back to
Ruginoasa, and buried alongside the tombs of his father and brother. In the immediate aftermath, Elena asked to be handed her adoptive son's private papers, but Maria and Sebastian Moruzi refused to relinquish them: " could not hand over Alexandru's documents without creating suspicion that she was only out to get his fortune."
385:
dedicated supporters of rule by a foreign prince. As noted by scholar
Frederick Kellogg: "On some Romanian palates, Cuza's amorous affair smacked of a scheme to establish a native dynasty with bastards as heirs to the crown." The fledgling Romanian state was still under tutelage by a consortium of European powers—of these, the
996:
and retained it as cultural patrimony. During 2003, CFR unsuccessfully sued the
Romanian state for damages. The claim to Cuza's inheritance had meanwhile been revived by other supposed male descendants. With a 1944 affidavit preserved in its 1994 photocopy, Frenchman Fabius Laiter claimed that he was
878:
newspaper reported that, by March 30, the Prince was "in mortal danger", and that Elena Cuza was traveling there to see him a final time. She received the news of his death while still en route; the task of recovering his body fell on his brother-in-law, Sebastian Moruzi. His remains were transported
418:
Gender historian
Nicoleta Roman uses the Cuza family as a study case of illegitimacy and adultery in the two principalities. She notes that the adoption was probably accepted by Elena after her husband's pressures. This is also reported by military historian Constantin Chiper, according to whom Elena
636:
Faculty of Law, and took some additional lectures in
History. The Ruginoasa manor was again left unattended until 1879, when, as the new co-owner of the place, Alexandru took over the administrative chores. An inveterate card player, he gambled away much of its revenue. In 1885 and 1886, he traveled
816:
Some time later, Sașa Cuza withdrew from public life, and settled in
Ruginoasa. He had by become the only recognized male heir: also at Ruginoasa, Dimitrie had shot himself after an unhappy love affair. As the one surviving son, Alexandru enjoyed ownership over most of Ruginoasa and the traditional
526:
side, having joined the Wise Men of
Heliopolis Lodge. During Cuza's arrest, the conspirators separated Cuza and Maria from Elena, who was left with the two boys. Seen as especially dangerous, Librecht was imprisoned by the 1st Chasseurs Battalion. He was subject to several quick trials over charges
595:
reported to his ambassadors that Carol was meeting the opposition of "extreme parties", and that "hostile newspapers have no shame in publicly advancing as a candidate one of Cuza's sons, for whom a
Regency seems to have been already created." In 1875, a Bondrea Cuza and a Mrs. Figa opened a legal
306:, who had opposed Cuza's arrival to the throne in 1859. Through Maria, the two Cuza boys were also half-brothers of Milan, the future Serbian King, who was Maria's eldest son. On the Catargi side, their uncle Alexandru and cousin Alexis were noted career diplomats, while another uncle, George, was
384:
Their acceptance into the family came just as Cuza's authoritarian reign descended into administrative chaos, and as the monarch himself was calming his nervous states with alcohol and womanizing. The adoption act was especially alarming for the growing camp of anti-Cuzists, many of whom were
252:
Alexandru stepped back from politics shortly after the peasant riots of 1888, having been identified as their inspiration, and possibly co-instigator. Also that year, when
Dimitrie Cuza died, he was the last surviving direct male heir of the Cuzas, and the sole landowner of
527:
of embezzlement, and, though eventually acquitted, was asked to leave the country. In parallel, the deposed monarch was also pressured into exile. Elena decided to join him, even as the
Rosettis (some of whom had participated in the coup), asked her to sue for a divorce.
427:
children, rescued from the 1864 flood. Cuza remained adamant that the boys had "no known parents"—this definition is preserved in his testament of January 1873, whereby Elena and the two male heirs are each granted a third of the Cuza family estate. The document nominated
707:, who had been Alexandru Ioan's long-time political associate, welcomed Sașa's resignation as a wise gesture, which "has spared this Chamber much embarrassment." He also noted that it was natural for the peasant electorate to appreciate both Cuzas, since the
664:("The older Cuza son has had a bee in his bonnet ever since he took here his one-year military service as a volunteer, and they often referred to him as Your Highness"). His younger brother, who suffered a debilitating disease of the lungs, was living in
746:. Reputedly, Alexandru now considered himself a likely candidate to the position of elective monarch. The newspaper venture was reviewed with skepticism by those farther on the left, which identified Cuza as more directly involved in printing
609:. In 1876, having been diagnosed with cancer, she committed suicide aged 41. Her belongings were left to Milan, Maria's legitimate son, who renounced all claims to them in 1879. During those years, her Obrenović son (married to the Romanian
223:. He settled back in Romania after his father's death, attempting to create a current of opinion against Carol, and being presented, by his partisans and adversaries alike, as a competitor for the throne. He rallied with the opposition
419:
Cuza was at first "revolted" by the monarch's requests, and remained "profoundly depressed" by his affair. The truth concerning Sașa's birth was a matter of public record, and a subject of great irritation for Elena's clan, the
966:("Place of Shame"). The affair resulted in an unwanted pregnancy, and Maria was compelled to marry Brătianu. Their marriage broke local taboos: it lasted just one day, ending in as hasty a divorce. The couple's son was
692:. He soon after relinquished his seat. This decision is attributed by Chiper to political adversity: "the name he carried was a danger for his father's enemies who launched on a furious campaign against his person".
600:
court, and implied that they were going to expose Sașa and Dimitrie's true parentage; in the end, the plaintiffs failed to attend the procedures, and the case was annulled. Maria Obrenović spent her final years as a
804:
and the latter ordered him to write to all villages so that they should kill their boyars and demand their rights . Russia's emperor gave money to Cuza's son, who went and bought two storage rooms full of wheat in
344:, who was also a relative of Cuza's wife Elena "Doamna", claims that there was no actual blood connection between Alexandru Ioan and his purported sons. He believes that their actual father was Maria's other lover—
939:. As a partisan of the latter, Constantin A. Stoeanovici complained that: " presented themselves in elections by promising free land to the peasants, tax exemptions, and that their candidates are descendants of
865:
The main Cuza line was abruptly ended when Alexandru Al. Ioan died, on the morning of April 4, 1890 . Various sources note that this was six months into his marriage, occurring while the couple was visiting the
358:, like her father, and rumors spread that, as part of this political intrigue, she intended to have Cuza divorce her rival. Instead, the boys were successively adopted by Elena: Alexandru on May 23 [
2288:
970:, later a historian and politician, who lived at Ruginoasa until 1938. His mother shared ownership of the manor, and, in 1912, sold the corresponding property in Barboși to socialite Elena Volenti.
721:
daily noted that the young Cuza was in fact below the legal age for holding political office, and that his letters, including one he sent to Kogălniceanu, simply illustrated his "wish to abstain."
445:
1840:
997:
the only surviving son of three children born to Dimitrie Cuza and Iliana Cojocariu. In the 1990s, a Chilean man, Abraham Orlando Decebal Cuza Hernández, publicized his claim to descent from the
354:
Cuza's legal marriage, meanwhile, produced no heirs. He and Elena were virtually separated by 1866, and, sources attest, were at best friendly to each other. Maria Obrenović was allegedly a
858:, that she had "nothing against that marriage", though she was also "stunned" to find out that she had been disinherited. Already diagnosed with heart trouble, Alexandru fell ill with
903:
was entirely extinguished with all collateral relatives dying childless, it was still invoked as a means to earn popularity within the anti-Carlist movement. In the 1890s, agitator
835:
noblewoman), she was described by her contemporaries as a prototype of 19th-century Moldavian aristocracy. She drew his attention while they were both attending a party at Colonel
2283:
577:
died in May 1873 at Heidelberg, leaving his last will to be contested by a collateral Cuza line. Elena, Alexandru and Dimitrie moved to France, sharing their house with the
257:. Gravely ill and allegedly incapable of fathering children of his own, he disinherited his adoptive mother, while favoring his young wife, Maria Moruzi. After his death in
703:
was likely to be taken by one who had betrayed his father. On March 4, his election was ruled legitimate by the Assembly, though his resignation was also recorded. Deputy
827:, essentially stripping Elena Cuza of her share in the Cuza estate. Shortly after Alexandru married fellow aristocrat Maria Moruzi (born 1863). The beautiful daughter of
2313:
1511:
2123:
958:
representative in the 1866 conspiracy to topple Cuza. Rumors leaked to the press and the affair, together with the running Cuza–Moruzi lawsuit, created a sensation:
800:, spoke about a shady connection between the Cuzas, as proponents of deeper land reform, and Russian interests in Romania. He claimed that: "Cuza's son has visited
700:
2328:
2221:
Mihaela Mudure, "Elena Cuza: de la corespondență la ficțiune", in Ofelia Ichim, Luminița Botoșineanu, Daniela Butnaru, Marius-Radu Clim, Veronica Olariu (eds.),
1381:
496:
463:
842:
Alexandru bequeathed to Maria his entire share in the Cuza estate. The decision was controversial, not least of all because Maria's ancestor, an 18th-century
348:, the Belgian-born Postmaster General of Romania. By 1864, Librecht was presiding upon a quasi-legal secret service, which ran political errands for Cuza Sr.
778:
689:
224:
2308:
2273:
1174:
792:
Later in 1888, a widespread anti-Carlist riot shook the Romanian countryside, and myths about Sașa's direct involvement began to spread. The rioters of
618:
2303:
936:
2318:
754:, the French socialist paper, read: "The director of this rag is Alexandre Couza, son of the prince Couza, who was dethroned in 1866." It called
946:
Another public scandal involving Maria Moruzi took place ca. 1897, when it became known that she was pursuing an affair with the young engineer
518:
With Elena's acquiescence, Maria had been by Alexandru Ioan's side during much of his career, and was found with him when, in February 1866, a "
955:
928:
796:
were persuaded that "sums of cash provided for by Cuza's boy" had been stolen by government officials. One peasant rebel, who escaped into the
2333:
2234:
2095:
2039:
1236:
1122:
984:. In 1945, financial pressures led Gheorghe Brătianu to sell the Ruginoasa domain, which eventually became an administrative complex of the
2278:
411:, who also concluded that, at the time, Cuza was overreaching, isolated, "surrounded and adored by his favorites". According to historian
2047:
2323:
1691:
628:
against the Ottomans. Its diplomatic conclusion was helped along by Sașa's uncle, George Catargi, who persuaded Carol not to occupy the
981:
269:. The dying out of the Cuza line remained contested into the 20th century, with inaccurate reports that "Cuza's son" was leading the
2216:
1316:
908:
535:
270:
562:, she gave birth to another son, Radu. Purportedly fathered by a Russian officer (Konstantinovich), he was given the family name
295:
165:
606:
977:. The Ruginoasa buildings, part of which had been donated to Elena Cuza's Caritatea Hospital, were heavily damaged during the
2226:
920:
677:
481:
232:
673:
228:
1001:, but failed to clarify which of the brothers was his ancestor. As of 2011, the last verified Cuza descendant was Dimitrie
359:
2154:, "Întâmplări din viață și documente omenești. Pentru prima dată abdicarea lui Cuza Vodă povestită de Elena Doamna", in
839:'s place; their marriage was officiated at Ruginoasa on October 1, 1889, with Rosnovanu and his wife as the godparents.
625:
699:
on February 13, Cuza noted that he would have wanted to represent the peasantry and champion their cause, but that the
784:
2293:
1227:
Nicoleta Roman, "Copilul și familia în Valahia primei jumătăți a secolului al XIX-lea", in Luminița Dumănescu (ed.),
904:
770:
depicted Sașa as the "accredited representative" of a "Russophile party", and a "docile organ of Russian influence."
2298:
1308:
1114:
993:
843:
592:
318:
156:. Public opinion and historians generally agree that both Cuza brothers were Cuza's natural sons from his mistress
1803:
Grigoraș, p. 15; Rășcanu, "Ruginoasa", p. 6. A slightly conflicting account in Chiper, p. 176. See also Cuza, p. 5
668:, and showed no interest in politics. Alexandru's bid was in generating opposition against Carol (who was crowned
2268:
985:
797:
589:
429:
371:
333:
177:
907:
was passing himself off as Cuza's son, in what was probably a bid to earn the peasants' attention. During the
766:" in lieu of Carol's, and also called out his and Beldiman's agenda as "Russian politics". In October, writer
585:
2208:
2031:
967:
801:
743:
290:
According to most accounts, Sașa Cuza and his younger brother Dimitrie were born from a liaison between the
196:
180:, and of General Radu Catargi. During his brief political activity, Alexandru was repeatedly described as a
950:(later a major political figure). This controversy had its own political connotations: Brătianu's father,
916:
854:. Some accounts suggest that Elena herself opposed the arrangement; she confided to her distant relative,
712:
704:
614:
523:
793:
2338:
1716:
847:
767:
731:
555:
522:" conspiracy deposed and exiled Cuza. By contrast, George Catargi was involved in the conspiracy on its
367:
236:
192:
947:
299:
432:
2343:
2239:
2128:
2106:
Petrea Irinciuc, "Patrimoniu. Noi mărturii documentare despre descendenții familiei AI. I. Cuza", in
2079:
1845:
1767:
1653:
1638:
1623:
1515:
1284:
Dan Mircea Mazălu, "Aspecte ale domniei lui Al. I. Cuza în opera istoricului Alexandru Lapedatu", in
1179:
1040:
888:
735:
567:
473:
240:
487:
436:
345:
164:, the Postmaster General and spy chief. His biological and his adoptive mother both belonged to the
161:
2196:
Sorin Iftimi, "Portrete de șevalet ale familiei Catargiu din Moldova secolului al XIX-lea (I)", in
867:
828:
681:
633:
519:
469:
451:
321:
220:
212:
157:
149:
103:
93:
60:
1508:
Documents diplomatiques français, 1871–1914. 1e série, 1871–1900. Tome 1, 10 mai 1871–30 juin 1875
2052:
1938:
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974:
836:
645:
547:
455:
408:
216:
208:
204:
83:
407:("Prince"). Among those who suggest that Cuza intended to make Sașa his successor is researcher
266:
254:
2244:
2230:
2212:
2091:
2035:
1386:
1312:
1232:
1118:
1045:
1002:
989:
851:
739:
610:
173:
809:, that the inhabitants were supposed to divide among them, but the boyars hid ." As noted by
806:
1300:
912:
644:
Alexandru Al. Ioan Cuza, obeying his adoptive mother's wish, eventually entered politics. A
412:
1752:
313:
Through Alexandru Ioan, Sașa descended from a matrimonial alliance of Moldavian boyars and
2156:
1413:
924:
669:
602:
531:
951:
896:
2223:
Clasic și modern în cercetarea filologică românească actuală, Secțiunea Istorie literară
2146:
Forțele Terestre. Buletin de Teorie Militară Editat de Statul Major al Forțelor Terestre
932:
900:
832:
649:
597:
420:
390:
386:
185:
215:", which fought to have him deposed. When Alexandru Ioan was ousted and replaced with
2262:
539:
262:
302:. Their maternal grandfather was Costin Catargi(u), a great landowner and Moldavian
1408:
1106:
978:
859:
629:
506:
341:
329:
1671:
1229:
9 Ipostaze ale copilăriei românești: istorii cu și despre copiii de ieri și de azi
219:(February 1866), Alexandru Al. Ioan followed him into exile, graduating from the
2023:
1906:
Lumința Duca-Sanda, "Primim de la cititori. Nepotul lui Cuza, un impostor?", in
1747:
1700:
759:
738:, it stated as its main goal the removal of the "foreign dynasty", demanding an
726:
717:
638:
314:
261:, the Cuza estate, including Ruginoasa manor, passed through his widow onto the
245:
2151:
855:
543:
502:
355:
303:
181:
153:
107:
730:, an anti-Hohenzollern sheet that had first seen print in 1871. Published by
207:
in 1881. In the 1860s, his father made a conscious attempt at establishing a
1908:
1721:
763:
685:
424:
200:
160:, though another hypothesis has them as born to Maria from her liaison with
35:
1841:"Casa Vasile Pogor: o reședință boierească din Iașii secolului al XIX-lea"
1009:, but states that "the monarchy is an antiquated institution in Romania."
782:
Raid on of a wealthy farmer's home during the 1888 riots, as published in
337:
169:
145:
72:
758:
a "reactionary, Russophile" gazette. The Romanian republican publicist,
2087:
2084:
România Mare votează. Alegerile parlamentare din 1919 "la firul ierbii"
819:
403:
325:
140:
2065:
Damian Ancu, "Vlașca 1907. Țăranii au fost instigați la răscoală", in
439:
as, respectively, caretaker of the estate and tutor of the Cuza boys.
1787:
1005:, who inherits the claim from his ancestor Maria Cuza, sister of the
973:
Maria Moruzi died in 1921, having by then served as president of the
871:
824:
696:
559:
258:
56:
1111:
Amintiri. Ce am auzit de la alții. Din copilărie. Din prima tinerețe
143:
aristocrat and politician. He was the eldest of the sons adopted by
1536:
O. M., "Lecția de istorie. Tratatul de pace de la San Stefano", in
211:—this, together with his dissolute lifestyle, helped coalesce the "
1305:
Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821-1878
665:
274:
2167:, Vol. IX, Issue 33, December 2017–February 2018, pp. 85–93.
172:. Through Catargi, Alexandru and Dimitrie were half-brothers of
2124:"Descendentul lui Cuza: Regalitatea este o instituție depășită"
397:
issued documents formally addressing the newly adopted Sașa as
317:. His paternal grandmother, Sultana Cozadini, was the niece of
1651:"Corpurile Legiuitoare. Ședința din 21 Februarie. Camera", in
1267:
2144:
Constantin Chiper, "Elena Cuza în memoria românilor (2)", in
1765:"A 2a edițiune. Ultime informațiuni. Rĕscoala țĕranilor", in
641:
with his nominal cousin Gheorghe Constantin Rosetti Solescu.
1879:
1877:
235:, whereupon he resigned. In mid 1888, he helped journalists
188:, resembling in this Maria and her father, Costin Catargi.
762:, similarly alleged that Cuza intended to set up his own "
2028:
Avangarda românească și complexul periferiei: primul val
1231:, p. 94. Cluj-Napoca: International Book Access, 2008.
927:
and under universal male suffrage), A. C. Cuza ran as a
658:
im Kopf seit er hier sein Freiwilligenjahr und viel mit
546:. Later in 1866, Romanian representatives had selected
324:. The Cozadini family was an Italo–Greek branch of the
2163:
Aurel V. David, "'Reformarea' lui Cezar Librecht", in
1411:, "Societăți secrete și loji francmasonice (III)", in
336:, afterwards merging into the Phanariote community of
273:, and with new claimants appearing in both France and
2108:
Ioan Neculce. Buletinul Muzeului de Istoriea Moldovei
672:
in 1881). As "Prince Cuza", Sașa participated in the
2289:
Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918) politicians
114:
99:
89:
79:
66:
50:
42:
21:
362:May 11] 1865 (that is, shortly after the
2001:
1999:
1997:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1043:, "Ex-regina Natalia a Serbiei n'a murit?", in
624:During that interval, Carol successfully led a
1683:
1681:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1296:
1294:
1223:
1221:
1219:
895:died in 1909, having spent her final years in
621:; Milan himself ultimately abdicated in 1889.
554:, and had agreed to a dynastic rule under his
381:s associates, Librecht and Iordache Lambrino.
2205:The Road to Romanian Independence (1866—1914)
1867:"Cronica locală. Celebrare de căsătorie", in
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1425:
1423:
366:had effected a coup, deposing his critics in
8:
2284:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
1191:
1189:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
2189:Nicolae Grigoraș, "Dramele Ruginoasei", in
1991:Chiper, p. 176; Cuza, p. 5; Grigoraș, p. 15
1902:
1900:
1898:
1883:Grigoraș, p. 15; Rășcanu, "Ruginoasa", p. 7
1604:Gabriela Danțiș, "Referat. Titu Maiorescu,
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1265:"Iașiĭ 5 Iunie. Revistâ Politicâ [
943:Cuza, who had given land to the peasants."
919:and "Cuza's son" as rebel sympathizers. In
2251:Mihai Dim. Sturdza, "Frații Cozadini", in
1951:Cuza, pp. 7, 8; Rășcanu, "Ruginoasa", p. 6
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1779:
1777:
1750:, "Regalitatea pămênteană și streină", in
1712:
1710:
1636:"Scrisoarea Prințului Alexandru Cuza", in
1353:
1351:
1175:"Elena Cuza, minunata și demna principesă"
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
34:
18:
2173:"Arhive bucureștene. Arhiva Catargi", in
1932:
1930:
1665:
1663:
1336:Chiper, pp. 173–174; Filitti (2005), p. 5
962:itself began referring to the estate as
850:, had put to death Sașa's own forebear,
777:
2314:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
1936:"Ce e nou? Mórtea fiului lui Cuza", in
1920:
1918:
1471:, Vol. III, Issue 28, July 1867, p. 338
1017:
684:, Third College. He placed first after
441:
2180:"Arhive bucureștene. Al. I. Cuza", in
1973:Cuza, p. 5; Rășcanu, "Ruginoasa", p. 6
1669:"Informations. Lisbonne, 3 Avril", in
1382:"Cuza a ieșit prin budoar din istorie"
231:, winning a Third-College seat in the
139:; 1862 or 1864 – April 4, 1890) was a
2329:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
2148:, Issue 1 (5)/2010, pp. 173–177.
1788:"Cum s-a ratat răscoala, în Călărași"
1627:, January 28 (February 9), 1888, p. 1
1465:"Ce e nou? Domnitorulu Romaniei", in
1275:, Vol. III, Issue 61, June 1865, p. 1
688:, having rallied with the opposition
184:or more specifically an agent of the
7:
2200:, Vol. XXXV, 2016, pp. 215–249.
1399:Filitti (2006), p. 7; Kellogg, p. 13
1204:Chiper, pp. 173, 175; Kellogg, p. 31
1058:Filitti (2005), p. 5; Kellogg, p. 31
1869:Curierul Foaea Intereselor Generale
1657:, February 23 (March 6), 1888, p. 2
1575:Curierul Foaea Intereselor Generale
617:, replacing his assassinated uncle
530:The Cuzas moved periodically, from
16:Romanian pretender and newspaperman
2309:Romanian people of Italian descent
1942:, Vol. XXVI, Issue 12/1890, p. 144
1719:, "A l'Étranger. En Roumanie", in
328:Gozzadinis—who had owned parts of
191:Alexandru Ioan's reign marked the
14:
2274:Pretenders to the Romanian throne
596:case against the adoption at the
374:, having as their godfathers the
340:. Memoirist and social historian
243:found an anti-Carlist newspaper,
2304:Romanian people of Greek descent
1621:"Balotagele Colegiului III", in
1573:"Cronica locală. Căsătoria", in
495:
480:
462:
444:
2248:, Issue 32/1938, pp. 6, 7.
1734:"Les Socialistes Roumains", in
2319:Romanian expatriates in France
2227:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
2193:, October 1968, pp. 9–15.
2184:, Issue 7/2006, pp. 7–10.
1642:, February 28 (20), 1888, p. 1
923:(the first ones to be held in
909:rural insurgency of March 1907
887:As noted in 1938 by publicist
724:In August 1888, Cuza financed
584:s former secretary, Frenchman
298:, previously married into the
271:peasants' revolt of March 1907
1:
2177:, Issue 6/2005, pp. 5–8.
2160:, January 1995, pp. 3–8.
2082:, Andrei Florin Sora (eds.),
874:. Madrid's correspondent for
648:diary note by culture critic
2334:Tuberculosis deaths in Spain
294:and his mistress Maria, the
2279:Romanian newspaper founders
2255:, July 1999, pp. 15–18
2110:, Vol. I, 1995, pp. 119–122
1771:, April 12 (24), 1888, p. 3
935:, and soundly defeated the
785:The Illustrated London News
393:strongly objected when the
2360:
2324:University of Paris alumni
2225:, pp. 357–363. Iași:
2078:Dan Prodan, "Dorohoi", in
2005:Rășcanu, "Ruginoasa", p. 7
1812:Cuza, p. 5; Mudure, p. 362
1564:Rășcanu, "Ruginoasa", p. 6
1309:Cambridge University Press
1307:, p. 147. Cambridge etc.:
1113:, pp. 374–375. Bucharest:
921:elections in November 1919
899:town. Although the Cuzas'
588:. In August of that year,
566:, and grew up to become a
490:, by unsigned lithographer
54:April 4, 1890 (aged 25–28)
2165:Vitralii. Lumini și Umbre
1286:Annales. Series Historica
986:Romanian Railways Company
937:Progressive Conservatives
715:." A later assessment in
713:made them into landowners
695:In a letter he sent from
654:Der ältere Cuza-Sohn hat
613:) had taken power in the
203:), which was to form the
33:
26:
2048:"Pluta de naufragiu (2)"
905:Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești
798:Principality of Bulgaria
676:, winning a seat in the
674:election of January 1888
334:Duchy of the Archipelago
229:election of January 1888
2209:Purdue University Press
2182:Biblioteca Bucureștilor
2175:Biblioteca Bucureștilor
2069:, Vol. XI, 1999, p. 123
1912:, August 18, 1992, p. 2
1871:, October 6, 1889, p. 3
1756:, August 20, 1888, p. 1
1512:French Foreign Ministry
1345:Filitti (2006), pp. 7–8
1288:, Vol. 13, 2009, p. 149
1067:Filitti (2005), pp. 5–6
744:universal male suffrage
586:Arthur Baligot de Beyne
452:Maria Catargi-Obrenović
197:Danubian Principalities
158:Maria Catargi-Obrenović
125:Alexandru Al. Ioan Cuza
104:Maria Catargi-Obrenović
22:Alexandru Al. Ioan Cuza
1960:"Le Prince Couza", in
1738:, Issue 149/1888, p. 1
1577:, August 1, 1886, p. 3
929:Democratic Nationalist
917:Crown Prince Ferdinand
789:
615:Principality of Serbia
454:ca. 1860, portrait by
2086:, pp. 283–284. Iași:
1964:, April 1, 1890, p. 1
1675:, April 5, 1890, p. 2
1612:, Issue 7/2018, p. 39
1049:, Issue 21/1938, p. 7
848:Constantine Mourousis
781:
590:French Prime Minister
556:House of Hohenzollern
310:Cuza's aide-de-camp.
217:Carol of Hohenzollern
193:first political union
2030:, p. 43. Bucharest:
1849:, September 12, 2009
1540:, Issue 2/2013, p. 6
1527:Filitti (2005), p. 5
1516:Imprimerie nationale
1480:Filitti (2006), p. 7
1357:Filitti (2006), p. 8
1076:Iftimi, pp. 229, 232
982:air raids on Romania
968:Gheorghe I. Brătianu
870:—more precisely, in
774:Withdrawal and death
568:Romanian Land Forces
430:Metropolitan-Primate
233:Assembly of Deputies
2203:Frederick Kellogg,
2056:, December 30, 2002
2046:Constantin Coroiu,
1792:Express de Călărași
1704:, December 17, 2008
1447:Chiper, pp. 175–176
1142:Chiper, pp. 173–174
1024:Iftimi, pp. 229–232
705:Mihail Kogălniceanu
701:Assembly Presidency
634:University of Paris
626:War of Independence
520:monstrous coalition
470:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
322:Nicholas Mavrogenes
221:University of Paris
213:monstrous coalition
150:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
94:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
2242:, "Ruginoasa", in
2207:. West Lafayette:
2198:Cercetări Istorice
2170:Georgeta Filitti,
1725:, October 20, 1888
1717:Jacques Saint-Cère
1417:, July 1992, p. 53
1247:Kellogg, pp. 12–13
1085:Sturdza, pp. 15–16
975:Romanian Red Cross
948:Ion I. C. Brătianu
911:, some samples of
837:Gheorghe Rosnovanu
802:the Tsar of Russia
790:
768:Jacques Saint-Cère
732:Alexandru Beldiman
456:Michele Gordigiani
409:Alexandru Lapedatu
300:House of Obrenović
296:Moldavian boyaress
237:Alexandru Beldiman
205:Kingdom of Romania
154:Elena Rosetti-Cuza
108:Elena Rosetti-Cuza
2299:Romanian adoptees
2245:Universul Literar
2235:978-606-714-506-9
2122:Alexandra Jeles,
2096:978-973-46-7993-5
2040:978-973-23-1911-6
2032:Cartea Românească
1846:Jurnalul Național
1690:Florentina Tone,
1510:, p. 255. Paris:
1390:, January 4, 2005
1237:978-973-88300-9-7
1180:Jurnalul Național
1123:978-973-50-5683-4
1046:Universul Literar
740:elective monarchy
593:Albert de Broglie
372:Romanian Orthodox
174:Milan I Obrenović
166:boyar aristocracy
152:and his consort,
129:Alexandru A. Cuza
122:
121:
2351:
2269:Romanian royalty
2133:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2045:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:Cuza, pp. 5, 7–8
1856:
1850:
1838:
1834:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1745:
1739:
1736:Le Parti Ouvrier
1732:
1726:
1714:
1705:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1541:
1538:Curierul Armatei
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1438:David, pp. 86–91
1436:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1380:Sorin Semeniuc,
1379:
1375:
1358:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1301:Barbara Jelavich
1298:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1225:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:David, pp. 85–86
1131:
1125:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1038:
1025:
1022:
956:National Liberal
913:black propaganda
868:Kingdom of Spain
844:Moldavian Prince
752:Le Parti Ouvrier
682:Mehedinți County
583:
536:Kingdom of Italy
499:
484:
466:
448:
433:Calinic Miclescu
413:Barbara Jelavich
380:
319:Moldavian Prince
286:Adoption scandal
195:between the two
61:Kingdom of Spain
38:
19:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2294:Adevărul people
2259:
2258:
2253:Magazin Istoric
2240:Theodor Rășcanu
2191:Magazin Istoric
2157:Magazin Istoric
2141:
2136:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2080:Bogdan Murgescu
2077:
2073:
2067:Muzeul Național
2064:
2060:
2043:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1905:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1836:
1835:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:, March 4, 2012
1783:
1782:
1775:
1764:
1760:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1715:
1708:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1668:
1661:
1650:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1620:
1616:
1608:, vol. II", in
1603:
1599:
1595:Grigoraș, p. 15
1594:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1464:
1460:
1456:Grigoraș, p. 14
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1414:Magazin Istoric
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1377:
1376:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1226:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1183:, March 1, 2004
1173:Roxana Roseti,
1170:
1169:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1041:Theodor Rășcanu
1039:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
925:Greater Romania
889:Theodor Rășcanu
885:
846:by the name of
776:
736:Grigore Ventura
670:King of Romania
607:Empress Augusta
603:lady-in-waiting
581:
532:Austria-Hungary
516:
509:
500:
491:
485:
476:
474:C. I. Stăncescu
467:
458:
449:
391:Russian Empires
378:
288:
283:
241:Grigore Ventura
127:(also known as
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2237:
2219:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2168:
2161:
2149:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2132:, May 10, 2011
2129:România Liberă
2112:
2099:
2071:
2058:
2016:
2014:Chiper, p. 177
2007:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1962:Le XIXe Siècle
1953:
1944:
1926:
1914:
1894:
1885:
1873:
1860:
1851:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1786:Cornel Coman,
1773:
1758:
1740:
1727:
1706:
1677:
1659:
1644:
1629:
1614:
1610:Caiete Critice
1597:
1579:
1566:
1542:
1529:
1520:
1500:
1498:Chiper, p. 176
1482:
1473:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1429:Chiper, p. 175
1419:
1401:
1392:
1359:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1327:Chiper, p. 174
1320:
1290:
1277:
1258:
1256:Kellogg, p. 13
1249:
1240:
1215:
1213:Mudure, p. 359
1206:
1197:
1195:Iftimi, p. 232
1185:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1099:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1011:
990:communist rule
933:Dorohoi County
884:
881:
876:Le XIXe Siècle
775:
772:
750:. A notice in
650:Titu Maiorescu
598:Suceava County
538:, then to the
515:
512:
511:
510:
501:
494:
492:
488:Cezar Librecht
486:
479:
477:
468:
461:
459:
450:
443:
437:Efrem Ghermani
346:Cezar Librecht
287:
284:
282:
279:
199:(Moldavia and
186:Russian Empire
178:King of Serbia
162:Cezar Librecht
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
68:
64:
63:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2356:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:1-55753-065-3
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:(in Romanian)
2116:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:(in Romanian)
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1839:Simina Stan,
1837:(in Romanian)
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:(in Romanian)
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1696:la București"
1695:
1688:(in Romanian)
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:Opere, Jurnal
1601:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:(in Romanian)
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:0-521-52251-X
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:(in Romanian)
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
988:(CFR). Under
987:
983:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
882:
880:
877:
873:
869:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
831:and Adela (a
830:
826:
822:
821:
814:
812:
808:
803:
799:
795:
788:, May 5, 1888
787:
786:
780:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
722:
720:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
690:Conservatives
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
611:Natalia Keșco
608:
604:
599:
594:
591:
587:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:German Empire
537:
533:
528:
525:
521:
513:
508:
504:
498:
493:
489:
483:
478:
475:
471:
465:
460:
457:
453:
447:
442:
440:
438:
434:
431:
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377:
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285:
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276:
272:
268:
264:
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225:Conservatives
222:
218:
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167:
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117:
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106:(officially,
105:
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88:
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78:
75:
74:
69:
65:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
29:
25:
20:
2339:1860s births
2252:
2243:
2222:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2174:
2164:
2155:
2145:
2127:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2083:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2027:
2019:
2010:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1937:
1907:
1892:Cuza, p. 7–8
1888:
1868:
1863:
1854:
1844:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1699:
1693:
1670:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1632:
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1617:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1574:
1569:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1507:
1503:
1476:
1466:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1412:
1409:Dan Berindei
1404:
1395:
1385:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1304:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1228:
1209:
1200:
1178:
1138:
1129:
1110:
1107:Radu Rosetti
1102:
1095:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1044:
1020:
1006:
998:
994:nationalized
992:, the state
979:World War II
972:
963:
959:
952:Ion Brătianu
945:
940:
901:agnatic line
897:Piatra Neamț
892:
886:
875:
864:
860:tuberculosis
841:
829:Alecu Moruzi
818:
815:
810:
791:
783:
755:
751:
747:
725:
723:
716:
708:
694:
661:
657:
653:
643:
630:Vidin Eyalet
623:
578:
574:
572:
563:
551:
529:
517:
507:Theodor Aman
505:in 1863, by
472:in 1859, by
417:
402:
398:
394:
383:
375:
363:
351:
350:
342:Radu Rosetti
312:
307:
291:
289:
251:
244:
209:Cuza dynasty
190:
144:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:Maria Moruzi
71:
46:1862 or 1864
27:
2344:1890 deaths
2053:Evenimentul
2024:Paul Cernat
1748:George Panu
1271:]", in
852:Ioniță Cuza
760:George Panu
639:Carpathians
637:around the
619:Mihailo III
573:The former
315:Phanariotes
80:Royal House
2263:Categories
2152:A. C. Cuza
2139:References
1982:Cuza, p. 8
1924:Cuza, p. 5
1003:Callimachi
915:presented
856:A. C. Cuza
544:Heidelberg
503:Elena Cuza
368:Parliament
356:Russophile
332:under the
304:separatist
182:Russophile
133:A. A. Cuza
2229:, 2018.
2211:, 1995.
2090:, 2019.
2034:, 2007.
1909:Dreptatea
1722:Le Figaro
1672:L'Univers
1311:, 2004.
1273:Progresul
1117:, 2017.
1115:Humanitas
1094:Sturdza,
964:Rușinoasa
883:Posterity
794:Dâmbovița
764:camarilla
686:ballotage
662:angeredet
646:macaronic
570:general.
425:Bucharest
326:Bolognese
281:Biography
267:Brătianus
255:Ruginoasa
201:Wallachia
137:Sașa Cuza
70:aspiring
28:Pretender
1701:Adevărul
1694:Adevĕrul
1387:Ieșeanul
1007:Domnitor
999:Domnitor
960:Adevărul
954:, was a
941:Domnitor
893:Domnitor
811:O Século
807:Călărași
756:Adevărul
748:Adevărul
742:and the
727:Adevărul
718:O Século
709:Domnitor
678:Assembly
660:Măria-Ta
656:gărgăuni
579:Domnitor
575:Domnitor
552:Domnitor
514:Claimant
421:Rosettis
404:Beizadea
399:Principe
395:Domnitor
376:Domnitor
364:Domnitor
352:Domnitor
338:Istanbul
308:Domnitor
292:Domnitor
265:and the
246:Adevărul
227:for the
170:Moldavia
146:Domnitor
141:Romanian
73:Domnitor
67:Title(s)
2088:Polirom
1939:Familia
1468:Familia
833:Sturdza
825:Barboși
820:demesne
652:reads:
564:Catargi
550:as the
548:Carol I
534:to the
524:Masonic
387:Ottoman
263:Moruzis
2233:
2215:
2094:
2038:
1518:, 1929
1514:&
1315:
1235:
1121:
1096:passim
872:Madrid
697:Cannes
680:, for
560:Vienna
259:Madrid
176:, the
115:Spouse
100:Mother
90:Father
57:Madrid
2126:, in
2050:, in
1843:, in
1790:, in
1768:Epoca
1753:Lupta
1698:, in
1654:Epoca
1639:Epoca
1624:Epoca
1384:, in
1177:, in
1013:Notes
817:Cuza
711:had "
666:Paris
582:'
542:, at
379:'
275:Chile
135:, or
2231:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2036:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1119:ISBN
734:and
605:for
435:and
389:and
360:O.S.
239:and
84:Cuza
51:Died
43:Born
1268:sic
931:in
823:of
401:or
330:Kea
168:of
2265::
2042:;
2026:,
1996:^
1929:^
1917:^
1897:^
1876:^
1817:^
1776:^
1709:^
1680:^
1662:^
1582:^
1545:^
1485:^
1422:^
1362:^
1350:^
1303:,
1293:^
1218:^
1188:^
1147:^
1109:,
1029:^
277:.
249:.
131:,
59:,
1692:"
110:)
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