20:
634:
Claudian had merit as both a scientist and a theoretician: "Had social democracy been allowed to exist, Claudian would assuredly have become a sociological-cultural personality of the kind that people respect and hold dear." According to Marino, the book was "indisputably correct" but "in the ambiance of the day , totally ignored."
87:. His contribution was well received by the scientific community, but his isolation form other sociological schools, and his overall discreetness, led to his passing into relative oblivion. Disconnected from his scholarly pursuits, Claudian's poetry is generally of an introspective kind, lyricizing the writer's nostalgia.
645:" and "typically intellectual", taking up themes such as high school reveries, reflections on what could have been, and the secretive thoughts of a nostalgic character who has to act his real age. Călinescu describes such work as "surprisingly youthful, lively", as well as "finely emotional". One such piece reads:
156:'s literature and philosophy faculty in 1922, he met there and fell in love with a female colleague, Zoe D. Solomonescu. A Bucharester, she also came from a lower-class background, and the elder Claudians initially objected to their seeing each other romantically. They were nevertheless married in March 1923.
526:
police opened a file on him, worried about his nighttime contacts with PSDI militants, some of whom were its own informers. These suspected him of "subverting the state" and of promoting a "Western political regime", but were unable to penetrate his innermost circle of friends, and considered tapping
466:
against the "brutal intimidation" and "simplistic, demagogic, ideas" of the "enemies of democracy, socialism and the workers"; journalist Victor Frunză claimed this text was directed against the
Communists. In early 1946, as the PSDR's left was joined an electoral alliance led by the Communist Party,
633:
Claudian viewed himself as "a sociologist and philosopher (of sorts)", as well as "adventurer". His "integral" and "social history of ideas", Herseni notes, emerged from sociology to take up a classical position in the history of ideas, but could also take the reverse path. According to Ornea,
574:
settings of philosophical doctrines, the "collective tendencies and aspirations" that shaped individual stances, "often without the thinker himself realizing it for sure." For instance, Claudian looked into the transition from Plato's discourse on collectivist government under
125:. Eufimia's uncle, Petru Cernătescu, was an academic and well-to-do landowner. Alexandru's brother Ion trained as a physician, and later earned his reputation as a nutritionist and food historian. A paternal uncle, who was also an Army officer, was the natural father of
250:, where she also worked as a schoolteacher. The couple separated in short while, with Claudian pursuing other women. Never divorcing her "first and one true love" or renouncing her marriage name, Zoe remained his confidant and secretary until the time of his death.
230:. Starting in 1928, at his alma mater, Claudian held seminars on the history of doctrines, but left after a year. In 1929, he also took part in the structured debates which sought to inventory, organize, and correlate field data obtained by Gusti and his teams.
393:. His brother Ion and cousin Alexandru Tell, meanwhile, had drawn into the fascist opposition to the Front, openly joining the Iron Guard. Tell was executed in September 1939 as a reprisal for the assassination of National Renaissance Front Prime Minister
253:
Claudian earned a doctorate at Iași in 1930; his thesis dealt with the agrarian problem in pre-1917 Russia and the role of
Marxism in the social transformations undergone by Russia and Germany in 1917–1918. A fragment of the work, detailing the
272:. According to sociologist Victor Godeanu, it was already obsolete: although Claudian's work was formally "perfect", his most recent references were dated 1925, missing out on the "continuous social transformation in Soviet Russia".
558:
Described by his peers as a "fine intellectual", "paralyzed by discreetness", or a "withdrawn scholar, without an expansive public persona", Claudian was a respected, but often overlooked, figure in
Romanian sociology—according to
1671:
630:'s theory of "Jewish commercialism". Claudian attributed antisemitic outbursts to Christian envy for the Jews' other selected qualities, including their "industriousness, moderation, strong will, perseverance".
567:, who saw Claudian as "for sure one of our best sociologists", but linked primarily to Zeletin, Andrei, and Sanielevici (Claudian had reportedly praised Sanielevici in particular as a "genius" anthropologist).
363:. He still could not find employment in his field, but in January 1937 was offered a lecturer's position in the Department of Logic. He accepted the proposal, even though he described it to
1656:
618:. This overall interpretation, Ornea argues, was "brittle and inconclusive"; however, the critic finds that certain passages still have validity. Ornea refers to Claudian's rejection of
291:. An active participant in his country's socialist movement, mentioned by historian Lucian Nastasă as "one of our country's few veritable Marxists", he contributed political essays to
367:
as "rather idiotic", confessing that he considered leaving academia altogether. Claudian was for a while affiliated with, and possibly sponsored by, a dissident left-wing faction of
1651:
563:, this was "probably because, although he did take part in one annual research, he was not involved with Dimitrie Gusti's monographic school." The same was noted by Gusti's pupil,
488:
1701:
458:, the anti-communist head of the PSDR, he became identifiable as the party ideologist, and a leading contributor to its press, rejecting offers of collaboration with the
595:. Likewise, he understood Comte as a "dissident" liberal, whose theoretical work, reconciling radicalism and anti-industrialism, was shaped by his frustration with the
550:("Halcyon"), Zoe Claudian's selection from her husband's poetry, written in a lyrically intellectual style, with problems posed in an ironic and philosophical manner.
606:
His reflections on antisemitism, albeit published in the wake of
Holocaust, were silent on that subject, and sought to explain earlier phenomena through the grid of
475:
movement, "a party of revolution, but not a revolutionary party", explicitly directed against the radical ideologies taken up by the Guard and the
Communist Party.
298:
53:
404:
interlude, Claudian became a full professor in the department of sociology and ethics, replacing the suicidal Andrei, also teaching specialized classes on the
405:
1566:
1556:
504:
145:
757:
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283:—Claudian served as their assistant, successively. In 1937–1938 he was in Paris on a scholarship from the French government; while there, he worked with
242:
in late 1929, initially offering courses on ancient philosophy within the literature and philosophy department. He and Zoe occupied a temporary home at
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1626:
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alliance, signing his name to a public memo that demanded exist from the war. A few months later, he followed the university as it was evacuated into
1666:
1646:
1561:
534:
remained in manuscript form; one deals with classical French theater, another with 19th-century French prose. (Fragments appeared in 1957–1958 in
491:. He and his wife were arrested later that year. Zoe was released, but Claudian, arrested again in August 1952, was held in confinement, first at
60:
center by the late 1940s, and became that faction's main theoretician. His condemnation of
Marxism and totalitarianism made him an enemy of the
427:, arguing that their classes ignored the realities of war and politics. In 1944, however, Claudian made a show of his public opposition to the
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1502:
1489:
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Scrisori, notițe și hârtii mărunte Cetite-n zile lungi de sărbătoare, Melancolia voastră nu mă doare Ci mă mângâie blând și trist pe frunte.
1621:
1571:
265:
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44:, he worked as a schoolteacher, entry-level academic, field researcher, and journalist, before finally earning a professorship at the
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1681:
1611:
1434:
1313:
829:
1546:
665:
Notițe, "cugetări", revoltă-ascunsă De-adolescent neînțeles de lume, Sarcasme disprețuitoare, glume, Și taina metafizică pătrunsă.
591:; the former reflected a collective republican ideal, while the latter showed Plato's own sobering experience of government under
416:. He took over for other colleagues who were on leave or had been drafted, and also taught classes at the Superior Normal School.
1661:
1616:
1606:
1586:
603:
as "excellent", but overly reliant on secondary sources and at times erroneous: "Some more history would have been appreciated."
132:
The family moved around the country as
General Claudian was assigned to various posts. Alexandru was enlisted at high schools in
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magazine in 1920. Going forward, some of his verses were signed with the pen name Anton Costin, particularly those published in
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1576:
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222:'s Social Institute, of which he was secretary (1928–1929), and took part with wife Zoe in Gusti's "monographic" campaign of
45:
920:
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Claudian died on
October 16, 1962, at an urology hospital, where he was being looked after by Zoe. Two lengthy works on the
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335:'s view, a bearer of Zeletin's legacy, Claudian proposed a socio-historical analysis of philosophical systems in the 1935
122:
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he remained active within
Petrescu's new Independent Social Democratic Party (PSDI), running third on its list in the
325:
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single-party dictatorship, Claudian remained active in the semi-legal PSDR, a regular contributor to its newspaper,
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These were the years of his collaboration with the two leading figures of Iași's sociological circles:
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banned sociological teaching, and
Claudian resorted to teaching classes on child psychology at the
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1478:"Suveranii" universităților românești. Mecanisme de selecție și promovare a elitei intelectuale
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Inventing the Jew. Antisemitic Stereotypes in Romanian and Other Central East-European Cultures
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Intimitatea amfiteatrelor. Ipostaze din viața privată a universitarilor "literari" (1864–1948)
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339:("Philosophical and Sociological Research"). He applied this concept in two books,
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Initially, Claudian worked as a teacher of French at Bucharest schools, moving to
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Claudian's published poetry evidences different preoccupations, being rated by
626:), his correlating of antisemitism with systemic poverty, and his critique of
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Between his release in 1954 and 1960, Claudian worked as a researcher at the
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in 1922 to take up a position at the Military High School. He had a stint at
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Istoria filosofiei moderne, V. Filosofia românească dela origini până astăzi
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Nastasă (2010), pp. 290, 407. See also Claudian, p. ix; Frunză, pp. 391–392
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758:"Alimentația românilor de altădată: Mihai Viteazul, poreclit 'Mălai-Vodă'"
19:
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40:
sociologist, political figure, and poet. A student and practitioner of
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1450:, pp. 437–598. Bucharest: Romanian Philosophical Society, 1941.
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In his relative isolation, Claudian spent much time mapping out the
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18:
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Amintiri și gînduri din vechea școală a monografiilor sociologice
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451:, a sociological inquiry into the phenomenon of antisemitism.
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359:("Knowledge and Spirit", 1940) presents his approach to the
108:
who came from a working-class family, and his wife Eufimia (
320:
magazine. His texts were explicitly anti-fascist and anti-"
963:
Victor Godeanu, "Reviste literare, juridice, sociale", in
518:'s Iași chapter, leading a withdrawn life at his house on
471:. Under his watch, the PSDI declared itself a non-Marxian
301:(PSDR). Shortly after the December 1933 assassination of
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Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948) politicians
872:
Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent
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Claudian's literary debut involved poems published in
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Autobiography: 1907-1937, Journey East, Journey West
104:, his parents were Floru Claudian, a general in the
1094:Radu Cernătescu, "Sadoveanu și francmasoneria", in
1036:
Literatura română între cele două războaie mondiale
599:right. The latter study was described by historian
677:That I once used to read on lengthy days of feast,
756:, Nr. 576, May 2011; Mihaela Stoica Noémi Varga,
710:Claudian, p. vii. See also Nastasă (2007), p. 143
679:I feel your melancholy, not as something painful,
1657:Academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
1114:Socialismul în România. 1835 – 6 septembrie 1940
681:But, on my brow, as soft and saddening caresses.
443:. By the end of World War II, with the onset of
349:Originea socială a filosofiei lui Auguste Comte
331:A member of Iași's sociological school and, in
16:Romanian sociologist, political figure and poet
585:, to the more individualistic idealism of the
1652:Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
652:
173:. Other magazines for which he wrote include
8:
503:. Ion Claudian, meanwhile, escaped into the
1446:, Traian Herseni, S. S. Bârsănescu (eds.),
818:Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române
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686:An adolescent boy the world misunderstood,
148:. In 1918, he graduated, a student at the
56:during the interwar, moving closer to the
36:; April 8, 1898 – October 16, 1962) was a
1116:, pp. 457–460. Bucharest: Dacia Traiana,
355:'s Philosophy"), both published in 1936.
328:approach to "saving human civilization".
998:"O carte, din 1945, despre antisemitism"
863:
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690:Insights into the metaphysical obscure.
675:Letters, notes, and minor bits of paper,
462:. As early as January 1945, he wrote in
79:, discussing the social triggers behind
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511:, before fleeing to the West in 1950.
1702:Inmates of the Danube–Black Sea Canal
1516:. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1981.
1497:. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Limes, 2010.
1412:Antisemitismul și cauzele lui sociale
1223:"Titel Petrescu și grupul de la Iași"
719:Nastasă (2007), p. 143; (2010), p. 63
684:Notes, "musings", hidden torment from
449:Antisemitismul și cauzele lui sociale
341:Colectivismul în filosofia lui Platon
297:, a magazine on the left-wing of the
7:
383:After the 1938 establishment of the
343:("Collectivism in the Philosophy of
954:Nastasă (2010), pp. 63, 83, 290–291
337:Cercetări filosofice și sociologice
129:, the poet and political activist.
1567:20th-century Romanian philosophers
1557:Saint Sava National College alumni
112:Cernătescu), whose ancestors were
14:
1637:Romanian historians of philosophy
312:, Claudian began contributing to
1692:Romanian prisoners and detainees
1627:20th-century Romanian historians
1423:Istoria stalinismului în România
299:Romanian Social Democratic Party
54:Romanian Social Democratic Party
1667:Romanian people of World War II
1647:Romanian political philosophers
540:Studii și Cercetări Științifice
264:, and the ideological push for
238:Claudian began teaching at the
1562:University of Bucharest alumni
925:Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
152:. Taking his diploma from the
144:, originally matriculating at
1:
1076:Herseni, pp. 544–545, 548–550
1038:, Vol. I, p. 159. Bucharest:
748:"Ascensiunea lui Dolfi Trost"
123:Wallachian Revolution of 1848
52:, Claudian enlisted with the
1632:Romanian literary historians
1358:University of Nebraska Press
1261:Nastasă (2010), pp. 290, 471
1085:Nastasă (2007), pp. 107, 354
840:Nastasă (2007), pp. 144, 353
495:, then at the Peninsula and
469:general election of November
400:In 1941, during the Guard's
75:worked on the assumption of
1622:Romanian Marxist historians
1572:20th-century Romanian poets
1306:University of Chicago Press
1196:Nastasă (2007), pp. 411–412
1125:Nastasă (2010), pp. 95, 407
820:, Vol. I, p. 355. Pitești:
782:Nastasă (2007), pp. 143–144
268:, was published in 1931 by
150:Saint Sava National College
1718:
1064:Revista Fundațiilor Regale
479:Repression and final years
385:National Renaissance Front
140:, and finally the capital
121:s and participants in the
1385:Herseni, pp. 548–549, 550
1110:Constantin Titel Petrescu
456:Constantin Titel Petrescu
25:(photo published in 1985)
1682:Romanian anti-communists
1612:Sociologists of religion
1406:Alexandru Claudian (ed.
1340:, Nr. 10–12/1936, p. 371
1059:George Mihail Zamfirescu
653:
454:As a close associate of
402:National Legionary State
246:; she had to commute to
127:Alexandru Christian Tell
1662:Romanian schoolteachers
1617:Intellectual historians
1607:Sociologists of science
1587:Romanian male essayists
1480:, Vol. I. Cluj-Napoca:
1061:, "Cronici ieșene", in
532:sociology of literature
351:("The Social Origin of
154:University of Bucharest
67:Claudian's work in the
1697:Inmates of Aiud prison
1577:20th-century essayists
1376:Nastasă (2007), p. 107
1270:Nastasă (2010), p. 291
1240:Nastasă (2010), p. 290
1172:"Halucinantul an 1944"
1146:Nastasă (2010), p. 367
1137:Nastasă (2007), p. 354
1022:Nastasă (2010), p. 471
945:Nastasă (2010), p. 382
892:Nastasă (2007), p. 353
731:Nastasă (2010), p. 407
673:
651:
616:historical materialism
572:socially deterministic
501:Danube–Black Sea Canal
361:sociology of knowledge
26:
1597:Romanian philosophers
1592:Romanian sociologists
1547:People from Cernavodă
1408:Constantin Schifirneț
969:, April 9, 1931, p. 5
874:, p. 854. Bucharest:
849:Nastasă (2010), p. 63
773:Nastasă (2010), p. 94
593:Dionysius of Syracuse
505:anti-communist maquis
483:In 1948, the nascent
447:, Claudian published
414:social stratification
410:sociology of religion
379:World War II and PSDI
371:, whose overseer was
22:
1642:Historians of Russia
1458:Viața unui om singur
1324:Herseni, pp. 548–550
622:(with references to
499:labor camps, on the
369:Romanian Freemasonry
357:Cunoaștere și suflet
201:Revista de Filosofie
69:sociology of culture
1687:Romanian dissidents
1677:Romanian Freemasons
1442:, "Sociologia", in
1356:, p. 160. Lincoln:
1205:Frunză, pp. 244–245
1100:, Nr. 6/2010, p. 17
1067:, Nr.1/1934, p. 674
1032:Ovid Crohmălniceanu
822:Editura Paralela 45
753:Observator Cultural
489:Faculty of Medicine
412:, and the study of
318:liberal nationalist
1582:Romanian essayists
1304:, p. 93. Chicago:
1231:, January 27, 2012
1177:2015-07-22 at the
1003:2015-09-24 at the
936:Stahl, pp. 174–175
921:Alexandru Claudian
901:Stahl, pp. 98, 106
816:Aurel Sasu (ed.),
507:, joining up with
240:University of Iași
234:University of Iași
161:Henric Sanielevici
77:social determinism
46:University of Iași
32:(also rendered as
30:Alexandru Claudian
27:
23:Alexandru Claudian
1552:Romanian nobility
1503:978-973-726-469-5
1490:978-973-726-278-3
1470:978-973-46-1628-2
1394:Marino, pp. 32–33
1366:978-0-8032-2098-0
696:
695:
620:scientific racism
577:philosopher kings
445:Soviet occupation
324:", suggesting an
256:serf emancipation
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1474:Lucian Nastasă,
1444:Nicolae Bagdasar
1416:Editura Albatros
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373:Mihail Sadoveanu
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381:
308:by the fascist
236:
224:rural sociology
98:
93:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1715:
1713:
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1704:
1699:
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1559:
1554:
1549:
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1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1510:Henri H. Stahl
1507:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1472:
1451:
1440:Traian Herseni
1437:
1419:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1342:
1326:
1317:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1228:Ziarul de Iași
1207:
1198:
1189:
1168:Solomon Marcus
1157:
1148:
1139:
1127:
1118:
1102:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1051:
1024:
1015:
971:
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833:
784:
775:
766:
733:
721:
712:
702:
700:
697:
694:
693:
671:
565:Henri H. Stahl
555:
552:
509:Nicolae Dabija
480:
477:
441:Alexandru Dima
380:
377:
333:Traian Herseni
303:Prime Minister
277:Ștefan Zeletin
235:
232:
228:Fundu Moldovei
220:Dimitrie Gusti
205:Revista Română
182:Viața Literară
176:Facla Literară
146:Mihai Viteazul
97:
94:
92:
89:
58:anti-communist
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1714:
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1482:Editura Limes
1479:
1476:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:Adrian Marino
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:973-28-0177-8
1432:
1428:
1425:. Bucharest:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:. Bucharest:
1413:
1409:
1405:
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1400:
1391:
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1373:
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1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:Nicolae Iorga
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:0-226-20407-3
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:Mircea Eliade
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1199:
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1187:, Nr. 45/2004
1186:
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1165:(in Romanian)
1161:
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1155:Marino, p. 32
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1019:
1016:
1013:, Nr. 21/2001
1012:
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918:(in Romanian)
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837:
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830:973-697-758-7
827:
823:
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621:
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613:
609:
604:
602:
601:Nicolae Iorga
598:
594:
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589:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
566:
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553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
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536:Iașul Literar
533:
528:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
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486:
478:
476:
474:
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465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:Ion Antonescu
426:
422:
421:Adrian Marino
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
391:
386:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Auguste Comte
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Gândul Vremii
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
295:
290:
289:Henri Gouhier
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
251:
249:
245:
241:
233:
231:
229:
225:
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217:
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209:Iașul Literar
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
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184:
183:
178:
177:
172:
171:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:Romanian Army
103:
95:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
21:
1602:Determinists
1513:
1494:
1477:
1457:
1447:
1422:
1411:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1320:
1301:
1293:
1288:Stahl, p. 98
1284:
1275:
1266:
1245:
1236:
1226:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1062:
1054:
1035:
1027:
1018:
1008:
964:
959:
950:
941:
932:
897:
871:
845:
836:
817:
778:
769:
761:
751:
736:
715:
706:
674:
664:
663:
660:
655:
654:
636:
632:
614:, and their
605:
586:
580:
569:
557:
547:
542:.) In 1972,
539:
535:
529:
513:
482:
463:
453:
448:
437:Transylvania
418:
399:
388:
382:
356:
348:
340:
336:
330:
313:
292:
285:Maxime Leroy
281:Petre Andrei
274:
269:
259:
252:
248:Târgu Frumos
237:
213:
208:
204:
200:
197:Pasul Vremii
196:
192:
186:
180:
174:
168:
165:Curentul Nou
164:
158:
131:
116:
109:
99:
66:
50:anti-fascist
34:Al. Claudian
33:
29:
28:
1542:1962 deaths
1537:1898 births
497:Poarta Albă
493:Aiud prison
433:Nazi German
425:Dan Bădărău
365:Tudor Vianu
306:Ion G. Duca
1531:Categories
1401:References
744:Geo Șerban
524:Securitate
520:Copou Hill
464:Libertatea
390:Lumea Nouă
310:Iron Guard
96:Early life
85:Positivism
1484:, 2007.
1429:, 1990.
1427:Humanitas
1360:, 2009.
1308:, 1990.
1048:490001217
1042:, 1972.
597:Orléanist
579:, in the
546:released
473:reformist
322:Hitlerite
142:Bucharest
102:Cernavodă
91:Biography
81:Platonism
1464:, 2010.
1460:. Iași:
1175:Archived
1001:Archived
994:Z. Ornea
966:Adevărul
824:, 2004.
762:Historia
643:intimist
582:Republic
561:Z. Ornea
419:Scholar
244:Păcurari
114:Oltenian
100:Born in
71:and the
38:Romanian
1522:8929819
1462:Polirom
1418:, 2000.
1097:Orizont
923:at the
628:Sombart
612:Kautsky
538:and in
347:") and
294:Șantier
193:Minerva
134:Caracal
42:Marxism
1520:
1501:
1488:
1468:
1433:
1364:
1312:
1046:
878:, 1986
828:
408:, the
258:, the
207:, and
1225:, in
1007:, in
760:, in
750:, in
699:Notes
588:Nomoi
548:Senin
345:Plato
226:, at
138:Buzău
118:boyar
48:. An
1518:OCLC
1499:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1044:OCLC
927:site
826:ISBN
641:as "
608:Marx
554:Work
316:, a
287:and
279:and
261:miry
216:Iași
1410:),
163:'s
110:née
83:or
1533::
1512:,
1456:,
1352:,
1300:,
1254:^
1210:^
1181:,
1170:,
1130:^
1112:,
1034:,
996:,
974:^
906:^
883:^
870:,
854:^
787:^
746:,
724:^
610:,
397:.
375:.
211:.
203:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
185:,
179:,
136:,
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