439:, PNȚ). Georgescu and Nicolschi agreed to the deal, and allowed Iron Guard's affiliates (the Legionaries) to emerge from the underground, awarding them identity papers and employment on the condition that they disarmed themselves. Georgescu was persuaded by Nicolschi to let Petrașcu go free; the minister later confessed that this was done on suspicion that the Iron Guard would otherwise provide support for the National Peasantist leaders: "The PNȚ's attempts, successful up to a certain extent, of attracting Legionaries into their party, giving them a legal possibility to act against the regime".
662:, recounted the manner in which, four years earlier, she had been tortured by a team of which Nicolschi was a member, and indicated that the latter had been one of the three to have threatened her with guns. She also detailed various torture methods (including vicious beatings of detainees) Nicolschi personally engaged in during interrogations at Malmaison Prison. According to a 1992 article for
801:, while 22 were divided between 5 other communities (in this statistic, Deletant counts Nicolschi as an ethnic Russian). He concluded that "the numbers drawn from ethnic minorities, although disproportionate, do not appear to be excessive". Deletant also is of the opinion that, while there is indication that the ethnic origin of top officials was obscured, "there is no evidence to suggest the '
450:, having diversion as their purpose". In autumn 1945, the two Communist representatives intervened to have sizable groups of Iron Guard members set free from various labor camps, while Petrașcu was awarded a degree of liberty in resuming political contacts. On Georgescu's orders, Nicolschi drew up a list of Legionaries who had been imprisoned for lesser crimes under
435:'s exiled leadership of the movement). Petrașcu, who had just been arrested, offered his subordinates' support for the National Democratic Front, which was an alliance controlled by the Communists (in the process, he avoided a direct mention of the Communist Party, and later carried on parallel negotiations with the opposition
454:'s regime, a document which formed the basis of pardons. Most of the newly released persons were subsequently kept under surveillance by Nicolschi and his Detective Corps. An unknown number of Petrașcu's supporters consequently joined the Communist Party, as part of a large wave of new members.
572:, both of whom were at the same time Soviet KGB officers; nobody could be appointed to the Securitate's leadership without their approval. Together, they oversaw the creation of the massive Communist Romanian penal system and communist terror apparatus, starting in February 1950. As historian
1495:
Valeriu Bălteanu, "1948–1958: Control, supraveghere, verificare, dominație. Agenții NKVD și consilierii sovietici din MAI și
Securitate" (1948–1958: Control, Supervision, Verification, Domination. NKVD Agents and Soviet Advisers in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Securitate"), in
323:). His case was investigated June 6–12 by the Special Investigations Service's Lieutenant Colonel Emil Velciu; Nicolschi confessed he had been recruited into Soviet intelligence by NKVD Captain Andreev. After a short trial, he was sentenced to
1960:
707:
into the Party, although her degree of involvement in the deal remains disputed (while
Nicolschi is credited with having initiated it, it was also proposed that his Soviet superiors had played a part in the decision).
728:
In 1961, after
Gheorghiu-Dej began adopting anti-Soviet themes in his discourse, Nicolschi, promoted to Lieutenant General, was sidelined and forced into retirement, without being denied the luxuries reserved for the
509:
Comrade Birtaș had received the indication to talk to her and get her to return to Oradea and admit herself into an old people's home. Details of how
Comrade Birtaș has accomplished the mission are not known to
1254:
580:: "if one does not grasp the role of political thugs such as the Soviet spies Pintilie Bodnarenko (Pantiușa) and Alexandru Nikolski in the exercise of terror in Romania during the most horrible
493:, Nicolschi ordered a wave of arbitrary arrests in 1946–1947, which – according to some sources – came to mark the lives of as many as 300,000 people. He also played a role in the killing of
1438:
262:(which was doubled by a controlling body inside the Soviet Union). In 1937, he joined the ranks of the Moscow-controlled PCdR. He did his military service in the Signals Regiment of
1707:
442:
According to
Georgescu, as a direct result of the understanding, as much as 800 Iron Guard affiliates applied for recognition, including a number of people who had "returned from
339:, where other Soviet spies, such as Vladimir Gribici and Afanasie Șișman, were also held. It was during the time that he began using his adopted name and passed himself off as an
278:
713:
109:
1726:
405:
back to
Romania. On April 9, 1946, it was he who signed the release papers when these prisoners were taken back to Romania by Soviet Lieutenant Colonel Rodin to face trial.
1434:
584:
period, and their personal connections with
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and members of his entourage, it is difficult to understand the origins and the role of the Securitate".
1758:"Antanta extremelor politice românești. «Pactul» legionari - guvernul Groza" ("The Entente of Romanian Political Extremes. The Legionaries - Groza Government «Pact»"), in
718:
319:). He was apprehended by Romanian border guards after just two hours (according to subsequent reports, he was given away by the fact that he could not express himself in
1930:
1743:
1925:
1935:
1895:
497:, who, after being toppled from his position as General Secretary, had been kept in seclusion; it was Nicolschi who ordered Foriș' mother to be drowned in the
474:
led the will-to-be communist security force "Mobile
Brigade", entrusted with silencing political opposition. The unit, which was to become an embryo for the "
1955:
669:
1354:
697:
413:
1940:
631:; these minors (some as young as 12) were subjected to psychological experiments and beaten with the intention of being trained in the spirit of the "
1206:""Închisoarea îngerilor", singura pușcărie pentru copii din lume. Comuniștii au experimentat la Târgșor reeducarea minorilor "refractari sistemului""
1920:
1885:
711:
He apparently rallied with
Gheorghiu-Dej, and, despite the fact that he was still a Soviet citizen, he was decorated with the high distinction
1843:
1786:
1768:
1668:
1682:
1205:
765:
479:
587:
Upon introducing the new
Securitate policies, Nicolschi presented a series of ideological imperatives, resumed in sentences such as:
1915:
1835:
1815:
1600:
1520:
1945:
664:
600:
1823:
1243:
412:
Communist-controlled government, Nicolschi was appointed head of the Detective Corps. At the time, Nicolschi, together with
650:
As early as 1949, Nicolschi was arguably the first Securitate senior officer to become known for his brutality outside the
1880:
207:
1479:
1900:
576:
argues, this was made possible by the Soviet agents and their relations with the group around emerging Communist leader
355:
1950:
1910:
778:
Alongside Pintilie and Mazuru, Nicolschi features prominently in theories that the early Securitate was controlled by
659:
315:
436:
564:(Pantelei Bodnarenko) became the first Director of this organization. The positions of Deputy Directors went to two
1627:
420:
231:
at the time), he was the son of Alexandru Grünberg, a miller. In 1932, he joined the local section of the Romanian
1457:
734:
632:
113:
1641:
236:
232:
1453:
722:
1905:
1890:
1795:
689:
640:
577:
573:
447:
1513:
Gabriel Catalan, Mircea Stănescu, "Scurtă istorie a Securității" ("Short history of the Securitate"), in
1129:; Adameșteanu; Bălteanu, p. 46, 47; Golopenţia; Pacepa; Pop, "1950. Legația S.U.A..."; Tismăneanu, p. 297
739:
239:(PCdR); in 1933, due to his political activities, he was arrested and held for two weeks by the Romanian
118:
786:
779:
757:
387:
764:
from the Prosecutor General, who had received a formal notification from the victims' families and the
490:
370:, while, in parallel, he rose rapidly through the ranks of the PCR. In May 1945, just after the end of
1636:
603:, he ensured Soviet intervention in the proceedings, and was personally responsible for the arrest of
1875:
1870:
1827:
1748:
1687:
1559:
769:
745:
628:
569:
518:
306:
298:
294:
92:
692:, and relied on his NKVD-MGB credentials to survive political turmoil caused by the fall of Pauker,
619:
to carry out the task and carried out regular inspections, during which he would ignore evidence of
1485:
1462:
768:(Nicolschi was scheduled for hearings on April 17, 1992). The following day, he was incinerated at
753:
542:
396:
538:
391:
210:. Active until 1961, he was one of the most recognizable leaders of violent political repression.
1853:
1529:
558:
530:
501:. In 1967, he indicated that one of his subordinates, a certain "comrade (Gavril) Birtaș" of the
147:
494:
289:(Cernăuți). He was sent undercover into Romania on May 26, 1941, carrying papers with the name
1831:
1811:
1782:
1596:
1592:
700:
644:
612:
561:
416:
324:
320:
251:
248:
1771:("1950. The US Legation Informs: The USSR's Domination over Romania Cannot Be Loosened"), in
1739:
1577:
1551:
950:
Bălteanu, p. 47; Deletant, p. 19; Pop, "Antanta extremelor...", p. 36; Tudor & Pavelescu
616:
498:
175:
1647:
1533:
1244:"Alexandru Nicolschi, ilegalist comunist, spion sovietic, deținut și general de securitate"
1848:
1584:
1565:
1515:
802:
794:
546:
515:
471:
383:
363:
228:
1355:"Decretul nr. 157/1971 privind conferirea unor ordine ale Republicii Socialiste România"
1769:"1950. Legația S.U.A informează: Dominația U.R.S.S asupra României nu poate fi slăbită"
1615:("The Communist Party's Infiltration by Legionaries. Green Souls with Red Berets"), in
790:
604:
402:
271:
97:
797:
claims that of the total 60 leaders of the Securitate Directorate, 38 were ethnically
1864:
673:
565:
463:
451:
379:
309:
240:
595:
has begun to gnaw at us . Our apparatus cannot be gnawed at, but this is an aspect .
1722:
1612:"Infiltrarea partidului comunist de către legionari. Suflete verzi cu berete roșii"
1573:
1558:("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"),
1541:
1435:"Sighet Memorial: Room 14 – The Security Police (Securitate) between 1948 and 1989"
730:
651:
624:
608:
443:
371:
302:
196:
137:
50:
545:, who were accused of having destroyed their own enterprises as a means to resist
467:
244:
1210:
783:
721:. At around that time, his suspicion towards Gheorghiu-Dej allegedly led him to
693:
409:
336:
332:
328:
255:
668:, Nicolschi ordered the murder of seven prisoners (allegedly the leaders of an
968:
Enuță, p. 30-33; Aurel Dragoș Munteanu; Pop, "Antanta extremelor...", p. 35-36
704:
685:
636:
592:
522:
475:
432:
428:
286:
203:
1846:[Moscow – Lubyanka Prison. Marshal Antonescu: Other Interrogations].
1685:[Communists and Greens – Failure of the Alliance Desired by Moscow].
798:
749:
703:. Pauker was officially accused, among other things, of having welcomed the
581:
367:
259:
199:
192:
69:
1025:
Enuţă, p. 34; Aurel Dragoș Munteanu; Pop, "Antanta extremelor...", p. 36-37
1844:"Moscova – închisoarea Liubianka. Mareșalul Antonescu: alte interogatorii"
1730:
761:
534:
352:
340:
267:
224:
46:
1589:
Communist Terror in Romania. Gheorghui-Dej and the Police State, 1948-65
911:
Adameșteanu; Deletant, p. 19; Bălteanu, p. 46-47; Tismăneanu, p. 45, 297
1807:
1803:
620:
483:
424:
359:
263:
189:
82:
1961:
Recipients of the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic
1460:[The Neglected Crimes of Communism. An Ill-Inspired Syntagm].
655:
611:
experiment provoked by the Communist authorities in 1949–1952 at the
526:
502:
375:
1820:
Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism
1033:
1031:
1556:
Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc
866:
864:
462:
Nicolschi was later assigned General Inspector of the traditional
525:, Nicolschi escorted the latter out of the country and as far as
401:, and others, all of whom had been captured by the Soviets) from
1712:
1673:
1503:
Lavinia Betea, "Testamentul lui Foriș" ("Foriș' Last Will"), in
643:, he led a squad of torturers that was entrusted with obtaining
557:
After the founding of the Securitate on August 30 of that year,
282:
1746:("It's Time for the Securitate to be Repudiated"), part IV, in
1007:
Georgescu, in Enuță, p. 33; Pop, "Antanta extremelor...", p. 37
1255:
Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes in Romania
1064:
Bălteanu, p. 47; Pacepa; Pop, "1950. Legația S.U.A..."; Tănase
760:. This happened on the very same day he was presented with a
1458:"Crimele neglijate ale comunismului. O sintagmă neinspirată"
482:
envoys. At the time, Nicolschi himself rose to the rank of
1439:
Memorial of the Victims of Communism and of the Resistance
1481:
The Anti-Humans. Student Re-Education in Romanian Prisons
1683:"Comuniști și verzi – Eșecul alianței dorite de Moscova"
1176:
Cesereanu; Cioroianu, p. 317; Frunză, p. 150; Golopenția
378:, where he was entrusted with the task of transporting
270:. He subsequently worked for the telephone exchange in
1396:
1394:
688:'s "Muscovite wing", Nicolschi maintained links with
427:
activist who oversaw the main interior branch of the
279:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
227:, on the eastern bank of the Dniester river (part of
1546:
Banalitatea răului. Istoria Securității în documente
1055:
Bălteanu, p. 47; Deletant, p. 19; Pacepa; Golopenția
1016:
Enuță, p. 34; Pop, "Antanta extremelor...", p. 36-37
946:
944:
16:
Romanian communist activist and intelligence officer
143:
133:
110:
Order of the Star of the Romanian People's Republic
105:
88:
77:
58:
28:
21:
1417:
1415:
623:. During that time, Nicolschi also supervised the
362:. In October, Nicolschi was incorporated into the
998:Georgescu, in Pop, "Antanta extremelor...", p. 36
929:Bălteanu, p. 47; Deletant, p. 19; Miruna Munteanu
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
880:
878:
876:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
358:on August 28, 1944, and benefited from a general
305:, in which Romanian troops, under the command of
1361:(in Romanian). Buletinul Oficial. August 6, 1971
1344:Adameșteanu; Bălteanu, p. 47; Tismăneanu, p. 297
717:. In 1953, he became a General Secretary in the
976:
974:
281:, Grünberg became a Soviet citizen, joined the
1610:
1331:
1329:
537:, which notably implicated the industrialists
266:in 1937–39, being discharged with the rank of
1323:Adameșteanu; Deletant, p. 19; Bălteanu, p. 47
1086:
1084:
1082:
782:(as notably voiced by the press of the ultra-
277:In December 1940, following the onset of the
183:
8:
1681:Aurel Dragoș Munteanu (September 20, 2006).
331:on August 7, 1941. He was sent to prison in
647:from Gheorghe Crăciun and other employees.
166:, his chosen surname was often rendered as
1789:("Gheorghiu-Dej, the Man of Grudges"), in
1744:"E timpul ca Securitatea să fie repudiată"
1296:Bălteanu, p. 47; Tănase; Tismăneanu, p. 43
18:
1626:("The History of Stalinism in Romania"),
1490:Pitești, Centru de Reeducare Studențească
1072:
1070:
766:Association of Former Political Prisoners
805:' of officers of other ethnic origins".
654:. This came after a Romanian refugee to
1931:World War II spies for the Soviet Union
813:
607:. He also played a leading role in the
529:. During May, Nicolschi, together with
247:. Later in the 1930s, as associates of
188:; June 2, 1915 – April 16, 1992) was a
1926:Romanian emigrants to the Soviet Union
1842:Alina Tudor; Șerban Pavelescu (1997).
478:", comprised an active cell of Soviet
1729:("The Life of Alexandru Nicolschi"),
1671:("The Trial of the Death Canal"), in
1654:("Introduction to Anton Golopenția's
301:(the invasion of the Soviet Union by
7:
1936:20th-century Romanian civil servants
1896:Romanian Communist Party politicians
1536:("The Securitate's «Language»"), at
1149:Cesereanu; Pacepa; Tismăneanu, p. 43
680:Inner-Party conflicts and retirement
533:, engineered a series of trials for
514:In early 1948, after the PCR forced
1956:Collaborators with the Soviet Union
1652:de Anton Golopenția (Anchetatorii)"
1314:Enuță, p. 35; Aurel Dragoș Munteanu
1037:Pop, "Antanta extremelor...", p. 37
989:Pop, "Antanta extremelor...", p. 36
505:section, had taken the initiative:
744:, 2nd class. He lived through the
670:anti-communist resistance movement
14:
714:Steaua Republicii Populare Române
599:Involved in the interrogation of
1941:Romanian prisoners and detainees
1624:Istoria stalinismului în România
920:Bălteanu, p. 47; Deletant, p. 19
870:Deletant, p. 19; Miruna Munteanu
829:Bălteanu, p. 46; Deletant, p. 19
635:". In the inquiry preceding the
382:and his group of collaborators (
1727:"Viața lui Alexandru Nicolschi"
180:Александр Серге́евич Никольский
1824:University of California Press
1204:Mihai, Dana (April 26, 2015).
733:. In 1971, he was awarded the
1:
1921:Soviet people of World War II
1886:People from Tiraspolsky Uyezd
1852:(in Romanian). Archived from
374:in Europe, he was present in
297:movements in preparation for
258:were elected to the internal
185:Alexandr Sergeyevich Nikolsky
1787:"Dej - omul resentimentului"
1570:Ceaușescu and the Securitate
1466:(in Romanian). Vol. 326
1379:Adameșteanu; Bălteanu, p. 47
756:of 1989, as the result of a
1800:Stalinism pentru eternitate
1669:"Procesul Canalului Morții"
1242:Mihai Burcea; Marius Stan.
1117:Deletant, p. 17; Golopenția
938:Adameșteanu; Frunză, p. 150
735:Order of Tudor Vladimirescu
660:Adriana Georgescu-Cosmovici
316:Romania during World War II
223:Born to a Jewish family in
184:
114:Order of Tudor Vladimirescu
1977:
1108:Nicolschi, in Betea, p. 45
285:, and trained as a spy in
1484:, Soldiers of the Cross,
684:Although an associate of
627:of hundreds of minors at
179:
153:
126:
1916:Romanian police officers
1658:(The Inquisitors)"), at
1099:Betea, p. 45; Golopenția
725:in the latter's office.
698:Minister of the Interior
437:National Peasants' Party
414:Minister of the Interior
293:, in order to report on
237:Romanian Communist Party
233:Union of Communist Youth
1667:Valentin Hossu-Longin,
1488:, 1971 (translation of
1167:Nicolschi, in Cesereanu
431:(claiming to represent
351:He was set free by the
1946:Inmates of Aiud prison
1611:
1139:The Security Police...
1127:The Security Police...
789:). Referring to this,
752:, two years after the
690:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
641:Danube-Black Sea Canal
597:
578:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
512:
1708:"Sinistrul Nicolschi"
1534:"«Limba» Securității"
1523:(2004), p. 38–53
959:Tudor & Pavelescu
787:Greater Romania Party
589:
507:
1881:People from Tiraspol
1560:Editura Curtea Veche
1454:Gabriela Adameșteanu
1251:bucovinaprofunda.com
639:for sabotage at the
299:Operation Barbarossa
1901:Securitate generals
1796:Vladimir Tismăneanu
1486:Englewood, Colorado
1463:Observator Cultural
1276:Communist Terror...
754:Romanian Revolution
748:years, and died in
601:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
574:Vladimir Tismăneanu
419:, was contacted by
160:Alexandru Nicolschi
23:Alexandru Nicolschi
1951:Romanian torturers
1911:Incarcerated spies
1595:pp. 122–123.
1593:C. Hurst & Co.
1530:Ruxandra Cesereanu
1400:Deletant, p. 20-21
672:) in transit from
645:forced confessions
559:Lieutenant General
491:Alexandru Drăghici
468:Siguranța Statului
388:Constantin Pantazi
245:Siguranța Statului
148:Lieutenant general
128:Espionage activity
81:Russian, Soviet,
1760:Dosarele Istoriei
1752:, October 8, 2005
1749:Jurnalul Național
1706:Miruna Munteanu,
1688:Jurnalul Național
1630:, Bucharest, 1990
1617:Dosarele Istoriei
1562:, Bucharest, 2005
1498:Dosarele Istoriei
1456:(June 26, 2006).
1194:Bacu, Chapter XXI
1185:Cioroianu, p. 317
1158:Tismăneanu, p. 43
858:Tismăneanu, p. 93
780:ethnic minorities
746:Nicolae Ceaușescu
723:plant microphones
719:Interior Ministry
701:Teohari Georgescu
633:Communist new man
562:Gheorghe Pintilie
553:Securitate crimes
417:Teohari Georgescu
356:occupying Romania
325:life imprisonment
291:Vasile Ștefănescu
252:Vitali Holostenco
249:General Secretary
202:and officer, and
157:
156:
49:, Russia (now in
1968:
1857:
1818:(translation of
1781:
1767:
1740:Ion Mihai Pacepa
1738:
1733:, March 17, 2021
1721:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1677:, March 11, 2006
1666:
1648:"Introducere la
1645:
1637:Sanda Golopenția
1635:
1614:
1606:
1578:Armonk, New York
1552:Adrian Cioroianu
1528:
1512:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1422:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
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981:
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966:
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948:
939:
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927:
921:
918:
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909:
903:
900:
885:
882:
871:
868:
859:
856:
850:
847:
830:
827:
821:
818:
743:
615:; he encouraged
421:Nicolae Petrașcu
400:
312:, participated;
235:, a wing of the
208:Communist regime
206:chief under the
187:
181:
122:
101:
65:
42:
40:
19:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1861:
1860:
1849:Magazin Istoric
1841:
1791:Magazin Istoric
1779:
1773:Magazin Istoric
1765:
1736:
1719:
1716:, June 28, 2003
1703:
1694:
1692:
1680:
1664:
1639:
1633:
1622:Victor Frunză,
1603:
1585:Dennis Deletant
1583:
1566:Dennis Deletant
1526:
1516:Sfera Politicii
1510:
1505:Magazin Istoric
1492:, Madrid, 1963)
1469:
1467:
1452:
1443:
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1421:Deletant, p. 20
1420:
1413:
1409:Deletant, p. 21
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1050:
1046:Enuță, p. 34-35
1045:
1041:
1036:
1029:
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988:
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942:
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933:
928:
924:
919:
915:
910:
906:
902:Bălteanu, p. 47
901:
888:
884:Miruna Munteanu
883:
874:
869:
862:
857:
853:
849:Deletant, p. 19
848:
833:
828:
824:
820:Bălteanu, p. 46
819:
815:
811:
803:Romanianisation
795:Dennis Deletant
737:
682:
570:Vladimir Mazuru
555:
547:nationalization
472:Serghei Nicolau
470:, where he and
460:
448:August 23, 1944
394:
384:Mihai Antonescu
349:
347:Detective Corps
229:Imperial Russia
221:
216:
116:
112:
95:
93:Vanda Nicolschi
73:
67:
63:
54:
44:
38:
36:
35:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
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1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:on 2007-03-28.
1839:
1793:
1783:Stelian Tănase
1777:
1776:
1775:
1763:
1753:
1734:
1717:
1701:
1678:
1662:
1631:
1620:
1609:Almira Enuță,
1607:
1601:
1581:
1563:
1549:
1524:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1478:Dumitru Bacu,
1476:
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1411:
1402:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1346:
1337:
1325:
1316:
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1298:
1289:
1287:Frunză, p. 151
1280:
1278:, pp. 122–123.
1267:
1234:
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913:
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886:
872:
860:
851:
831:
822:
812:
810:
807:
681:
678:
676:in July 1949.
629:Târgșor Prison
613:Pitești Prison
605:Lena Constante
568:Nicolschi and
566:Major Generals
554:
551:
489:Together with
459:
458:Mobile Brigade
456:
366:, becoming an
348:
345:
341:ethnic Russian
220:
217:
215:
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164:Boris Grünberg
155:
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124:
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107:
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102:
90:
86:
85:
79:
75:
74:
68:
66:(aged 76)
62:April 16, 1992
60:
56:
55:
45:
33:Boris Grünberg
32:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1973:
1962:
1959:
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1932:
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1907:
1906:NKVD officers
1904:
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1891:Moldovan Jews
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1836:0-520-23747-1
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1816:973-681-899-3
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674:Gherla Prison
671:
667:
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648:
646:
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638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:Eugen Țurcanu
614:
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593:bureaucratism
588:
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543:Anton Dumitru
540:
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499:Crișul Repede
496:
492:
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464:secret police
457:
455:
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452:Ion Antonescu
449:
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430:
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380:Ion Antonescu
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318:
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310:Ion Antonescu
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296:
295:Romanian Army
292:
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241:secret police
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48:
31:
27:
20:
1854:the original
1847:
1819:
1799:
1790:
1772:
1759:
1755:Adrian Pop,
1747:
1723:Marius Oprea
1711:
1695:December 15,
1693:. Retrieved
1686:
1672:
1659:
1656:Ultima carte
1655:
1650:Ultima carte
1649:
1623:
1616:
1588:
1574:M. E. Sharpe
1569:
1555:
1545:
1542:Marius Oprea
1537:
1514:
1507:, April 1997
1504:
1497:
1489:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1461:
1444:December 15,
1442:. Retrieved
1405:
1384:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1340:
1319:
1310:
1305:Enuță, p. 35
1301:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1250:
1237:
1232:Hossu-Longin
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1209:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
980:Enuță, p. 33
964:
955:
934:
925:
916:
907:
854:
825:
816:
777:
770:
758:heart attack
731:nomenklatura
727:
712:
710:
683:
663:
652:Eastern Bloc
649:
625:re-education
609:brainwashing
598:
591:The rust of
590:
586:
556:
539:Radu Xenopol
513:
508:
495:Ștefan Foriș
488:
486:in the MGB.
461:
441:
407:
392:Piki Vasiliu
372:World War II
364:police force
350:
313:
303:Nazi Germany
290:
276:
222:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:
138:Soviet Union
127:
64:(1992-04-16)
51:Transnistria
43:June 2, 1915
1876:1992 deaths
1871:1915 births
1640: [
1540:(review of
1335:Adameșteanu
1218:January 28,
784:nationalist
773:Crematorium
738: [
694:Vasile Luca
531:Marin Jianu
410:Petru Groza
395: [
335:, and then
256:Vasile Luca
117: [
96: [
78:Nationality
1865:Categories
1660:Memoria.ro
1591:. London:
1538:Memoria.ro
1470:August 24,
1428:References
1274:Deletant,
1090:Golopenția
793:historian
705:Iron Guard
686:Ana Pauker
637:show trial
476:Securitate
433:Horia Sima
429:Iron Guard
408:Under the
329:hard labor
287:Chernivtsi
219:Early life
204:Securitate
195:activist,
134:Allegiance
53:, Moldova)
39:1915-06-02
1628:Humanitas
1260:August 6,
750:Bucharest
582:Stalinist
519:Michael I
368:inspector
260:Politburo
254:, he and
214:Biography
193:communist
72:, Romania
70:Bucharest
1830:, 2003,
1828:Berkeley
1762:, 4/1997
1731:Mediafax
1619:, 4/1997
1587:(1999).
1500:, 3/1996
1359:lege5.ro
1211:Adevărul
799:Romanian
762:subpoena
665:Cuvântul
535:sabotage
523:abdicate
403:Lubyanka
353:Red Army
333:Ploiești
321:Romanian
272:Chișinău
268:corporal
225:Tiraspol
190:Romanian
172:Nicolski
168:Nikolski
83:Romanian
47:Tiraspol
1810:, 2005
1804:Polirom
1521:Nr. 109
1365:May 11,
791:British
621:torture
484:colonel
444:Germany
425:fascist
360:amnesty
307:Marshal
176:Russian
1834:
1814:
1599:
1580:, 1995
1076:Pacepa
771:Cenușa
696:, and
656:France
527:Vienna
503:Oradea
446:after
376:Moscow
197:Soviet
162:(born
106:Awards
89:Spouse
1710:, in
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1388:Oprea
1247:(PDF)
809:Notes
742:]
399:]
200:agent
121:]
100:]
1832:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1808:Iași
1713:Ziua
1697:2020
1674:Ziua
1597:ISBN
1472:2023
1446:2020
1367:2024
1262:2024
1220:2023
541:and
516:King
423:, a
337:Aiud
327:and
314:see
283:NKVD
264:Iași
144:Rank
59:Died
29:Born
521:to
510:me.
480:MGB
170:or
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