1907:). In reference to these two contradictory aspects, he cited Călinescu saying to Toma: "Not only are your lyrics indescribably beautiful artistically, but they highlight a combatant gray hairness, in love with the turmoil, instigating to an acute fight, a burning trust in progress. You are, allow me to say this, a master of clandestine poetry, enduring to this day as a professor of energy."
33:
1850:, which he had completed in 1941, seven years before Romania became Communist—there, Toma was only present in a bibliographical note. Speaking during the 1950s, he indicated that he had since come to "understand" the poet, and that he had been helped in this "by the lesson of the times". Lucian Boia noted that Călinescu's point made a distinction between purely
1804:, the dissenting communist and literary critic, the younger Toma simply acted on his father's "senile ambition" to replace Arghezi as the nation's leading poet. The episode had a perverse effect in liberal circles: Crohmălniceanu claims that he himself avoided ever citing Toma in his critical columns.
852:
were selected for their political convictions. Toma was not allocated as much space as
Eminescu and Sadoveanu, but his entry matched those on Caragiale and Alecsandri. The textbook ended with an anthology of newer literary works by authors in favor with the regime—alongside poet Mihai Beniuc, these
564:
At that stage in his life, Toma had joined the communist underground. As his wife Sidy later recounted to
Communist Party officials, both she and her husband helped hide Party members in their home during the interwar period, when the movement had been outlawed. She also noted that it was Alexandru
1778:
argued in favor of a progressive scale of guilt, on which the "naïve opportunism" of the 1950s ranked lower than the "shameful opportunism" of the 1970s and 1980s. This point raised objections from Ion Simuț, who replied that, for all the "changes in circumstances", Toma was no less objectionable
1910:
In the same context, Călinescu himself endorsed the parallel drawn between
Alexandru Toma and Eminescu, while comparing the difference between their attitudes on life to Toma's advantage. Boia considered this stance especially problematic, given that the speaker was, at the time, the undisputed
1726:
was the prime example, as well as eventually gaining the allegiance of
Arghezi. A last edition of his works was published in 1959, as part of a collection for schoolchildren, after which his name was almost never invoked in officially endorsed literature. It was however assigned to a street in
669:
and the left-leaning novelist
Sadoveanu, they stood as the sole samples of 20th-century Romanian literature. The three figures were also among the few interwar authors to be frequented by official works of criticism. Both he and Sadoveanu, together presiding over the 1949 establishment of a
753:, and culminated with the poet's own address. Toma, who displayed a dose of self-criticism over various moments of weakness in his career, underlined his own role in "the careful, masterful, cultivation of a renewed, simple, clear form, well-suited to Socialist Realism and Revolutionary
911:, an official publishing house tasked with enforcing the main editorial policies, and, according to philologist and memoirist Gheorghe Pienescu, was "its last (or so I thought) dogmatic Stalinist director." One of the last campaigns which made use of his poems was the 1953
1857:
Nevertheless, Călinescu was constantly ambivalent toward the
Socialist Realist poet, and may have used his position to produce veiled criticism of Toma and the quality of his poetry. A minor scandal arose in early 1950, after Communist officials came to suspect that his
1889:
Boia argued that other samples of Călinescu's address may have been evidence of "mockery", hidden among eulogistic arguments—while noting that these did little to shadow his role in promoting Toma as a major poet, and that his overall attitude reminded one of
1711:
on
Sadoveanu, the poet himself was fading out of official discourse by the moment of his death. He happened to die in August, at a time when the regime was preparing to celebrate the 10th anniversary of an event which it considered its founding moment, the
1922:
in 1982, included an abrupt mention of Toma, simply indicating his family and place of birth. According to Lucian Boia, this was Călinescu's way of "avenging his own cowardice from the years when he had contributed to launching 'the new
Eminescu'."
1051:
evidenced "a great and honest professional consciousness, an inspiration of intellectual quality, laid out in impeccable volutes". However, he also criticized the volume for lacking "the element of innovation in sensitivity and expression."
1004:, Toma was in fact outlining a slightly pessimistic worldview. As depicted by Toma, mankind was wasting its energies in the vain search for salvation and beauty. Still, Toma did not see human suffering as an inescapable reality, but wrote:
1783:. He also believed that nothing in Toma's work as an official poet could be recovered: "A. Toma was so well adapted to the circumstances that his poetry cannot be removed from its context, and he shall forever remain in bondage, like a
995:
poetry, one of problems solved through dramatic means, through moral means, through psychological means or even through sheer anecdote ." A socialist ideal was encapsulated in this poetic thesis. Himself a socialist, writer
1874:. Also according to Prodan, Toma was described by the speaker as having "coated himself in Eminescu chlamyde robe", which he had "tightened to fit his own body". The address alarmed members of the cultural establishment:
3220:
629:
literature and as the greatest
Romanian poet alive. He was readmitted into the reformed SSR during September 1947, shortly after an inner purge of writers perceived as fascist. Writing in 1948, Romania's official
1827:. After the 1989 Revolution, exposed to criticism over his stances, and accused of having attacked Arghezi in order to promote his father, Sorin Toma claimed that he was just following orders from Party boss
740:
A peak in
Alexandru Toma's career occurred on February 14, 1950, when the Romanian Academy celebrated his 75th birthday (with a three-day delay). The occasion was marked by the speeches of Academy President
429:, whose career he closely followed; Moscovici-Monda also adopted Symbolism, representing its late stages in local literature. By the early 1910s, Toma had also been published by the prestigious Iași review,
3394:
1846:'s position in support of Toma, alongside other situations where he endorsed the Communist regime, has been the target of controversy. The literary historian did not include Alexandru Toma in his minute
3429:
1722:, and its text was both cut short and less complimentary than many previous articles. Around that time, the regime could count on the affiliation of younger and more prestigious poets, of whom
1643:
of the Stalinist epoch in Romania", described him as "a poet of meager talent but huge ambitions". He also credited him with having authored the lyrics to the first of Communist Romania's
1365:
stance, and despite official acceptance, was in sharp contrast to the ideological tenets. Eminescu's work was therefore not made available to the public in its entirety, while some of the
900:. Official endorsement of Toma's work continued in 1953–1954, when the Romanian regime reacted against the first generation of Socialist realists by imposing the cultural doctrines of
625:
Alexandru Toma's moment of preeminence occurred by the time he was in his seventies, when the newly established Communist regime came to promote him as a paramount representative of
1624:
noted that Alexandru Toma's endorsement by the cultural authorities was specifically meant to fill the gap left by the purging of other, more talented, writers from the curriculum (
1079:
singing hymns to life and completely ignoring the theme of death", was a repository for "opportunistic literature" and "all sorts of clichés." One writing in this series, the 1950
701:, the 1951 print reached 15,000 copies, which was exceptional for its time. Also unusually for the period, the book was also circulated abroad, in state-sponsored translations (
1696:
was highlighted in official discourse: "the recourse to 'other nationalities' seemed to the new masters as an ideal method to crush the traditional cultural patterns."
1000:
lauded "brother Toma" for having managed to keep alive the militancy "of the great generation, 1880 to 1900." According to another contemporary voice, that of essayist
3384:
2076:
1063:, a rival of Lovinescu's, recognized in Toma an "interesting poet", with a good grasp of his second language, but concluded that his was generally not "great poetry".
227:. Supported by the regime and widely publicized until shortly before his death, he fell out of favor and his work was gradually marginalized during the final years of
1774:, which toppled the communist regime, was closely followed by open reevaluations of Toma's work and its entire context. In one such comment, written in 1990, writer
271:, where his father Leibu Moscovici worked as a grocer. Leibu's other son, Zeilic, fathered Virgiliu Moscovici, who also pursued a career in literature during the
2031:
1668:, who refused collaboration, were originally left "completely outside the game". He also proposed that Toma's promotion was indicative of a will to replace "the
3389:
820:
In the 7th grade textbook of 1953, local literature was represented by twelve writers: alongside the writers considered classics before and since (Eminescu,
1914:
After Toma's downfall and until the time of his own death, George Călinescu no longer made any noticeable reference to the poet. The revised edition of his
3349:
3216:
1141:
295:
1854:
criteria, which Communism had come to associate with "the bourgeois era", and the supposed value of poets as "announcers and creators of a new world".
2495:
242:
activist and journalist himself noted for his commitment to Socialist Realism, as well as for his officially endorsed attacks on the influential poet
203:, one of the literary figures whose writings were associated with the early years of Communism in Romania. Officials equated him with Eminescu, whose
889:
3414:
3334:
3207:
892:
was made known to the world, Toma was one of the tens of prominent Romanian authors who contributed articles in his memory; his piece, titled
3369:
3309:
3291:
3228:
2686:
2141:
1983:
1071:
Early in the 1950s, Toma was especially known for poems illustrating the communist regime's ideological priorities. According to Ion Simuț,
3354:
912:
1672:
order of things ", and "no less abhorrent" than other major Communist projects to reshape Romania—citing among these the restructuring of
486:
in 1926. The volume was paid for by Toma's friends and collaborators, but received much critical interest, and was positively reviewed by
665:). Thus, Toma's works were for the first time introduced in the school textbooks, where, alongside those by Communist short story writer
3344:
2186:
1656:
Arguing that the Communist Party fabricated the "Toma myth" in order to provide a poet whose scale would match that of the prose writer
3399:
3339:
1635:-landowning society", and further enhanced by several major cultural figures having refused to collaborate with the regime. Historian
3379:
3183:
3165:
3134:
2355:
2281:
2310:
1758:, a critically acclaimed poet who debuted in the post-1955 years, was "irritated by the method" of official poets such as Toma and
1870:
recounted how, when speaking of how Toma had "selected his own path", Călinescu made a gesture that seemed to mimick a horse with
1250:". One stanza, judged by Ion Simuț to display "involuntary humor", was written from the perspective on one such condemned author:
3419:
2373:
972:
proposed that, while being the "direct inheritor" of Eminescu's creation, and placed under his "overwhelming influence", Toma's
3364:
2981:
1716:
of 1944. It was largely as a result of this that his obituary was not featured on the front page of cultural magazines such as
1627:
908:
2347:
765:-like hands of Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, as a trustee of his people and of the entire human race, can stop the monstrous
264:
849:
3409:
3374:
1747:
646:, for having failed to acknowledge the fact. This review coincided with a cultural campaign partly replicating the Soviet
422:
936:
During his time as a Symbolist, Toma was part of a "proletarian" generation active within the movement. It also included
3359:
2784:
1693:
671:
661:
617:
dictatorship included both Alexandru Toma and Moscovici-Monda on a nationally circulated list of banned Jewish authors.
610:
588:
781:, and described by critics as one of Steriadi's best works. In 1952, some of Toma's poems were published in the volume
777:
More homages to Alexandru Toma accumulated during his later years. In 1951, his portrait was painted by the celebrated
2024:
1771:
729:, reached 30,000 copies. His works for children were featured in various separate editions. Toma also republished his
406:—this detail was later expunged from his official biographies. In his own recollections, Toma admitted having met the
299:
1631:). He suggests that this move was closely related to the claim that socialist society was naturally superior to the "
1811:, Florin Mihăilescu writes, came as both "an immediate effect" of Alexandru Toma's death and a sign of "progressive
3424:
3301:
2993:
2196:
1680:(with the collateral attempt to turn Romania into a major producer of steel), the unsuccessful plan to reclaim the
467:
1660:(himself noted for his close connection with the regime), Boia pointed that, in contrast, important poets such as
32:
1754:
spoke of "illogical overbidding" in respect to Toma's encouragement during the 1950s. Also according to Scarlat,
1134:
725:, and was printed in 10,150 copies, while the second one, issued for schoolchildren by the specialized publisher
538:
407:
2691:
2081:
1353:
One of Alexandru Toma's most recognizable themes was his re-creation of poems by Mihai Eminescu. Eminescu was a
674:, were paid homage with special festivities, which, according to literary critic Florin Mihăilescu, evidenced a
431:
196:, he is considered by many commentators to have actually been a second-shelf writer, with a problematic legacy.
140:
3404:
1734:
Later, Alexandru Toma's position as a supporter of internationalism came to clash with the official discourse:
1685:
606:
483:
388:
239:
3103:
2191:
1819:
he had been a member in 1949–1960). Purged by the new uncontested leader Gheorghiu-Dej due to his support for
1055:
In more traditional circles, Toma was received with reserve. As one of Toma's first traditionalist reviewers,
965:
503:
247:
224:
642:
casually referred to Toma as "the poet most connected to the party", while criticizing his own subordinate,
3283:
2582:
2133:
2102:
2007:
1808:
870:
841:
825:
778:
287:
188:, an admiration which came to characterize his entire work. The official poet during the early years of the
1090:
and heroic self-sacrifice, while alluding to inter-ethnic brotherhood among mine workers. Part of it read:
3153:
2339:
1886:, asked George Călinescu to explain himself (the latter subsequently reiterated Toma's merits as a poet).
1801:
1739:
1636:
683:
440:
376:
228:
3233:
2793:
2040:
1001:
1883:
1689:
339:
177:
2624:
2554:
1828:
1800:
took an active part in condemning Arghezi for noncompliance with the cultural guidelines. According to
1649:
1219:
1218:
was primarily dedicated to illustrations of how Communist Party indications, such as the fight against
3000:
1043:
Noting the similarities between Toma's concepts and the ideas voiced, in the same generation, by poet
569:. The latter also became an activist of the Communist Party, taking refuge in the Soviet Union during
417:
Toma's literary debut was associated with Symbolism, and critics traditionally include him among the "
3329:
3324:
3212:
3175:
1903:
1743:
1501:
1362:
957:
920:
829:
722:
578:
436:
3254:
3126:
2094:
1751:
1704:
643:
3139:
2747:
2500:
1875:
1843:
1294:
1087:
1060:
845:
746:
742:
726:
290:. He qualified as a history and philosophy teacher, and was employed as such by several schools in
111:
1867:
1759:
1129:
Some of his works dealt with moments that the Communist regime considered emblematic, such as the
806:
802:
351:
211:
with an officially endorsed uplifting message. His other writings included positive portrayals of
3275:
2970:
1998:
1673:
1445:
Toma, whom the regime often described as a new Eminescu, added a new perspective in his version:
1130:
981:
949:
821:
814:
786:
702:
651:
542:
514:
411:
403:
384:
363:
1797:
1780:
1620:
In a collection of studies investigating the official discourse of Communist Romania, historian
235:
2946:
2777:
2491:
698:
3305:
3287:
3266:
3245:
3224:
3193:
3179:
3161:
3130:
2628:
2558:
2378:
2351:
2277:
2137:
2106:
2002:
1979:
1816:
1775:
1713:
1677:
941:
866:
837:
762:
758:
757:." The last words of his speech were comments on Stalin and the Soviet claim to stand against
396:
392:
302:
colleges. His poetic work, and his first translations from foreign authors, were published by
189:
173:
145:
1859:
1723:
1657:
1382:
878:
858:
833:
710:
675:
647:
631:
574:
534:
499:
200:
193:
181:
135:
721:("Selected Poems"), published in 1952 and 1953. The original edition featured a preface by
697:, which went through three editions between 1950 and 1954. According to literary historian
316:
3147:
3004:
2985:
2788:
2577:
2273:
2265:
2035:
1899:
1863:
1812:
1644:
1500:
A similar thing was attempted by Toma in respect to one of Eminescu's other major poems, "
969:
945:
901:
810:
706:
666:
491:
400:
272:
2400:
Vasile, p.77. According to Vasile (p.81), Toma was the Agitprop Directorate's "favorite".
639:
2713:
1919:
1374:
1361:, whose style was often somber and occasionally pessimistic—this, alongside the poet's
1302:
1044:
997:
937:
862:
790:
766:
734:
347:
343:
185:
1688:
during the 1980s. Also according to Lucian Boia, Toma's belonging to one of Romania's
478:("One Full Summer's Day"). Toma's first edition of collected works, bearing the title
3318:
3258:
2182:
1895:
1879:
1755:
1718:
1661:
1370:
1358:
1227:
1156:
1144:. Other poems of the same year celebrated the "fight for peace" endorsed by official
1056:
953:
874:
854:
798:
794:
679:
614:
526:
322:
243:
220:
2974:
689:
Virtually all of Toma's literary contributions were published in one volume, titled
2153:
1681:
1665:
1354:
1239:
1231:
1145:
1138:
1084:
977:
750:
603:
570:
426:
216:
212:
204:
115:
3241:
3118:
2942:
2315:
2125:
1891:
1792:
1735:
1728:
1621:
1366:
1243:
992:
968:. This period was also marked by echoes from the works of traditionalist poets.
882:
754:
655:
594:
522:
518:
453:
418:
283:
1823:'s group, he was expelled from the Party in 1963, and eventually immigrated to
1851:
1820:
1700:
1387:
1235:
1148:
877:", placing him alongside Neculuță, Sahia and the early 20th century socialist
694:
626:
457:
2781:
549:(Adevĕrul, 1932). The poet also worked as editor of the children's magazines
2925:
Crohmălniceanu, p.19, 21, 22; Mihăilescu, p.11, 87-89, 98-99; Selejan, p.345
1708:
1632:
1306:
1059:
noted being unimpressed by Toma's "cold and philosophical poetry". Theorist
916:
713:
in 1956; an English-language translation saw print in 1951). In addition to
487:
291:
208:
169:
77:
733:, and contributed to a 1956 anthology of poems translated from the work of
3249:
1938:
Boia, p.73, 81; Călinescu, p.845. See also Podoleanu, p.333; Rotman, p.175
207:
he would often adapt to the Socialist Realist guidelines, replacing their
3270:
3197:
2632:
2110:
1871:
1763:
1247:
1152:
1076:
635:
613:(SSR), together with all other Jewish members (October 1940). Later, the
582:
462:
380:
358:
268:
57:
2562:
1815:." Sorin Toma also fell out of favor with the Communist Party (of whose
985:
686:. The regime also awarded Toma its State Prize First Class for Poetry.
599:
566:
372:
311:
165:
61:
1824:
1784:
1223:
961:
119:
3221:
Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania
2344:
Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism
1369:
poems of his youth were presented as evidence that he was actually
592:), and later working as editor in chief of the Communist newspaper
2003:"Gazetari evrei și gazetele făcute de ei. Gazetărie și democrație"
445:
124:
1911:
authority on Eminescu, and "the greatest literary critic alive".
769:
in flight, can envelop it, can suffocate it, can extinguish it."
282:
Toma completed his secondary education in the industrial city of
2951:
1640:
3280:
Literatura în totalitarism. Vol. II: Bătălii pe frontul literar
2199:
2754:, Editura Noului Institut de Literatură, Bucharest, 1934, p.47
1770:
enjoyed more genuine success, and was famous for a while. The
1559:
1506:
1447:
1392:
1311:
1252:
1161:
1092:
1006:
896:("Bring the Stalinist Thought to Reality!"), was published by
286:, after which he graduated in Letters and Philosophy from the
509:
Toma was in demand as a translator. He authored versions of:
379:
and various others. Toma was progressively involved with the
326:, where he published rhyming satires under the pseudonyms of
693:("The Song of Life") and prefaced by the Communist essayist
367:. He was notably present (in 1897) on the writing staff of
95:
poet, journalist, translator, publisher, political activist
1978:, Mihail Sadoveanu City Library, Bucharest, 2007, p.260.
1309:
being frowned upon by the Communist authorities. It read:
338:, and, using this signature, published translations from
3395:
Proletarian literature writers in the Kingdom of Romania
3144:
Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent
2130:
Avangarda românească și complexul periferiei: primul val
1831:(a defense notably present in his 2005 book of memoirs,
991:
The result was "a 'conceptual' poetry, that is to say a
2997:
1866:. In his book of memoirs, Academy member and historian
3430:
Jewish Romanian writers banned by the Antonescu regime
2211:
Nicolae Cazacu, "Condamnarea raptului Basarabiei", in
1692:
was of further interest to the regime, at a time when
1115:
This is how they advised each other, as good brothers,
919:. Toma died in Bucharest the following year, his body
425:. In 1902, he began corresponding with Symbolist poet
320:
daily, he became involved with the socialist tribune,
16:
Romanian poet, journalist and translator (1875 - 1954)
3265:, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1984, p. V-XXVI.
1083:("Silvester Andrei Rescues the Coal Face"), depicted
275:, publishing several of his works under the pen name
3298:
Literatura și artele în România comunistă. 1948-1953
3121:, "Un nou Eminescu: A. Toma", in Lucian Boia (ed.),
1390:
and recommending aloofness, opened with the lyrics:
1297:
author, Alexandru Toma notably contributed the poem
865:, as well as a few others—and a similar overview of
785:("New Poetry in the P R R"), together with those of
2158:, Biblioteca Județeană "Aman", Craiova, 2000, p.6-7
391:. However, in 1897, he is known to have authored a
131:
107:
99:
91:
83:
67:
42:
21:
1557:In Alexandru Toma's version, this was adapted to:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2496:"Simptome. De ce sînt secrete tirajele cărților?"
1703:'s study on Alexandru Toma served as a model for
1301:("The Song of the Fir Tree"), a reference to the
881:. Vitner declared this to be Romania's only non-"
361:region, writing for left-wing newspapers such as
2846:
2844:
2594:
2592:
2025:"Pseudonimele lui G. Ibrăileanu. Colaborator la
976:also showed his admiration for Coșbuc, Vlahuță,
410:and, in her entourage, the celebrated dramatist
3102:Boia, p.81. The mention is part of an entry on
2621:Les maîtres de l'art roumain. Jean Al. Steriadi
2011:, Nr. 278-279 (1078-1079), June–July 2007, p.19
439:themes, deploring the fate of Romanians in the
168:poet, journalist and translator, known for his
2578:"Traducerea în românește a lui Heinrich Heine"
2311:"Dosarul Toma și câteva fișe de cadre celebre"
2302:
2300:
2298:
2187:"Vieața literară în 1911 (o privire generală)"
1918:, written during the 1960s and republished by
1453:
1398:
1317:
1258:
1222:, were to be applied in practice. Such pieces
1167:
1155:, condemning nuclear armament while depicting
1098:
1012:
853:included Banuș, Deșliu, Jebeleanu, Porumbacu,
3089:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
2963:
2961:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2858:
2856:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2678:
2676:
2606:
2604:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
1192:There is a new brand of struggle in the world
873:lectures, Vitner came to refer to Toma as a "
334:. He became known to the socialist public as
184:, Toma was influenced by 19th-century writer
164:; February 11, 1875 – August 15, 1954) was a
8:
2054:
2052:
2050:
1947:Călinescu, p.844-845. See also Rotman, p.174
3217:Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania
2586:, Nr. 247 (1047), February–March 2006, p.13
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2175:
2173:
2121:
2119:
2068:
2066:
2064:
1600:Many shall know how to face through the fog
1075:, whose title alluded to "the necessity of
1033:You cannot yet see the belief, the promise,
496:History of Contemporary Romanian Literature
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
1862:speech in honor of Toma was punctuated by
263:The future Alexandru Toma was born into a
18:
2077:"Note din lăuntru. Cum am devenit cărțar"
1206:But so that it can uplift life, mankind.
1196:With an arm of steel and forehead the sun
909:Editura de stat pentru literatură și artă
717:, some of Toma's poetry was collected in
310:. This period saw his alignment with the
3190:60 scriitori români de origină evreească
2365:
2363:
2234:
2232:
2230:
1639:, who referred to Toma as "the official
1589:Courageously parting with the shoreline,
848:and Sadoveanu himself), Toma, Sahia and
456:, Toma returned with a translation from
3385:Titular members of the Romanian Academy
3192:, Vol. II, Bibliografia, Bucharest, .
2270:Istoria literaturii române contemporane
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1931:
1334:Littlest fir tree, nice little fir tree
557:, before launching the literary review
466:, published in 1918, and staged by the
357:Toma was mostly active in the press of
2947:"Un fost militant comunist se explică"
2213:Anuarul Catedrei de Științe Socioumane
1878:, urged on by the official historians
1490:When brothers urge, when brothers call
1480:Believe in man: what he wants, he can;
1305:—a symbol and custom condoned despite
1117:Bogănici Neculai and Silvester Andrei,
2627:, Bucharest, 1962, p.44, 62-64, 73.
2195:, Nr. 3/1912, p.63 (digitized by the
2155:Documentar: Elena Farago, Coca Farago
1427:All things wrong and all things right
1380:One of Eminescu's most famous poems,
1200:You shall be gone, instigators of war
1198:We have Stalin as counsel of peoples.
1121:Front-runners in the socialist race.
1102:Bogănici Neculai și Silvester Andrei,
565:Toma who introduced his son Sorin to
7:
3390:Romanian Communist Party politicians
3172:De la proletcultism la postmodernism
3160:, Editura Nemira, Bucharest, 1994.
1787:without a modicum of independence."
1484:Consider yourself a creator of life;
1194:And for a standard bearer to lead us
1100:Așa sfătuiau, buni fârtați între ei,
913:World Festival of Youth and Students
869:. It was at this stage that, in his
306:magazine. He was using the pen name
3129:, Bucharest, 1998, p. 71-81.
2752:Semănătorism, poporanism, criticism
1435:If they urge you, if they call you,
1433:What is wave, like wave shall pass;
1285:"Pure art" is no longer in demand.
1104:Miner și vagonetar - puși pe listă,
192:and appointed a full member of the
87:Endymon, Falstaff, Hâncu, St. Tomșa
3350:20th-century Romanian male writers
2716:, "Duhul poeziei lui A. Toma", in
1742:, and especially by his successor
1684:, and the completion of a massive
1596:They carry wealth, errands of life
1492:How can you stand still and cold?
1106:Fruntași în întrecerea socialistă.
1081:Silvester Andrei salvează abatajul
609:government expelled Toma from the
172:views and his role in introducing
14:
3208:Demnitate în vremuri de restriște
2670:Selejan, p.171-175, 243, 324, 347
1587:Out of the many hundreds of masts
1534:Out of the many hundreds of masts
1482:What is wrong, change into right,
1467:Frați de-ndeamnă, frați de cheamă
1226:poetry perceived as antiquated: "
2374:"Societatea scriitorilor români"
2152:Ion Pătrașcu, Mariana Leferman,
2113:. See also Crohmălniceanu, p.177
1204:And we have the atom to serve us
1173:Cu braț de-oțel și fruntea soare
654:was purged of influences deemed
581:, returning to Romania with the
250:, was himself a Symbolist poet.
31:
1779:than a Ceaușescu-era poet like
1628:Censorship in Communist Romania
1488:The deed is not a passing wave;
1478:Go down towards the coming age,
1457:Crezi în om: ce vrea, el poate;
1437:You remain indifferent to all.
1423:Time goes by, time comes along,
1340:Where it is all nice and warm.
1214:Some of Toma's poetic texts in
1018:Voi nu știți crezul ce vestește
3415:University of Bucharest alumni
3123:Miturile comunismului românesc
2998:Center for Imagination Studies
2531:Boia, p.75; Selejan, p.28, 277
2470:Boia, p.75, 78; Selejan, p.324
2348:University of California Press
1916:History of Romanian Literature
1848:History of Romanian Literature
1469:Cum poți sta-mpietrit și rece?
1181:Și-n slujba noastră stă atomul
1119:Miner and trammer—both listed,
1035:Of victory in rays of heat...
894:Viață dați stalinistului gînd!
37:Toma, photographed before 1935
1:
2200:Transsylvanica Online Library
1746:. In 1984, under Ceaușescu's
1727:Bucharest and to a school in
1431:Do not hope and have no fear,
1202:Under the flood of a new life
1175:Pe Stalin sfetnic de popoare.
199:Toma was, alongside novelist
3370:Romanian publishers (people)
2292:Boia, p.73; Mihăilescu, p.11
1750:leadership, literary critic
1694:proletarian internationalism
1569:Mult sunt ce nu le-or sparge
1549:By the waves, by the winds?
1459:Ce e rău, tu schimbă-n bine,
1455:Mergi spre vremea care vine,
1425:All are old and new are all;
1412:De te-ndeamnă, de te cheamă,
1402:Toate-s vechi și nouă toate;
1268:"Arta pură" nu mai are preț.
1183:Dar ca să-nalțe viața, omul.
1171:Și-avem stegar să ne îndrume
1169:E-o luptă de soi nou în lume
1014:Destul cu harfele de jale, —
678:equivalent only to those of
662:Socialist realism in Romania
589:Soviet occupation of Romania
482:("Poems"), was published by
435:. By 1912, he was exploring
314:movement: after writing for
3355:20th-century Romanian poets
3335:Romanian children's writers
2720:, Nr. 47, March 1932, p.6-7
2557:, Bucharest, 1971, p.134.
2105:, Bucharest, 1988, p.101.
1986:. See also Podoleanu, p.333
1772:Romanian Revolution of 1989
1598:And reach across the lands,
1593:By the winds, by the waves.
1578:Ști-vor înfrunta prin ceață
1536:Parting with the shoreline,
1020:Izbândă razei de căldură...
1016:De desnădejde, ori de ură —
423:Romanian Symbolist movement
246:. Alexandru Toma's nephew,
3446:
3345:Romanian magazine founders
2350:, Berkeley, 2003, p.310.
2276:, Bucharest, 1989, p.87.
2136:, Bucharest, 2007, p.16.
2099:Caragiale față cu kitschul
1574:Duc belșug, solii de viață
1545:That fly across the lands,
1543:Out of the migratory birds
1429:Ask yourself and consider;
1281:I fall down from the Moon.
1177:Pieri-veți fauri de război
952:, contrasting to both the
907:Late in life, Toma headed
885:" line of prewar writers.
468:National Theater Bucharest
3400:Socialist realism writers
3340:Romanian magazine editors
1839:Toma and George Călinescu
1762:, and contributed ironic
1547:How many shall be drowned
1540:By the winds, by the sea?
1406:Tu te-ntreabă și socoate;
1142:Soviet entry into Romania
1029:Enough of grieving harps,
611:Romanian Writers' Society
521:'s stories for children (
484:Editura Cultura Națională
449:"for our lost brothers".
30:
3380:20th-century translators
3238:Noui recenzii: 1926-1929
3104:Virgiliu Moscovici-Monda
2782:"Literatura oportunistă"
1835:, "Looking Backwards").
1591:Many shall not be broken
1563:
1538:How many shall be broken
1510:
1465:Fapta nu e val ce trece;
1463:Speră, luptă fără teamă,
1410:Ce e val ca valul trece;
1408:Nu spera și nu ai teamă,
1400:Vreme trece, vreme vine,
1349:Borrowings from Eminescu
1179:Sub potopirea vieții noi
1047:, Lovinescu argued that
850:Dumitru Theodor Neculuță
817:and twenty-four others.
395:translation of poems by
248:Virgiliu Moscovici-Monda
240:Romanian Communist Party
3420:Romanian schoolteachers
2994:Babeș-Bolyai University
2992:, Vol. 3, 2002, at the
2197:Babeș-Bolyai University
1894:" (a concept coined by
1616:Endorsement and decline
1576:Și străbat pământurile,
1523:Ce străbat pământurile,
1521:Dintre pasări călătoare
1516:Câte oare le vor sparge
1486:Hope, fight fearlessly,
1461:Faur vieții te socoate;
1414:Tu rămâi la toate rece.
1319:Brăduleț, brăduț drăguț
1151:after the start of the
1031:Of disarray, of hatred.
871:University of Bucharest
779:Jean Alexandru Steriadi
682:and local Party leader
476:Zi de vară până'n seară
470:a year later. In 1925,
288:University of Bucharest
156:(occasionally known as
3365:Romanian propagandists
1790:In 1948, as editor of
1766:of their work. Toma's
1740:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1602:The waves, the winds.
1585:
1532:
1525:Câte-o să le-nece oare
1512:Dintre sute de catarge
1504:". The original read:
1476:
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1323:Haide, vino-n casa mea
1318:
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1168:
1165:
1135:Grivița Strike of 1933
1113:
1099:
1096:
1027:
1013:
1010:
964:style associated with
888:In spring 1953, after
684:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
541:(Adevĕrul, 1932); and
474:released his brochure
441:Bessarabia Governorate
377:Avram Steuerman-Rodion
229:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
180:. Having debuted as a
2551:Clasicismul în teatru
2224:Podoleanu, p.333, 334
1884:Constantin Daicoviciu
1580:Valurile, vânturile.
1527:Valurile, vânturile?
1404:Ce e rău și ce e bine
1159:in eulogistic terms:
966:Ștefan Octavian Iosif
783:Poezie nouă în R.P.R.
745:, literary historian
504:Ion Heliade Rădulescu
498:. It earned Toma the
340:Adelbert von Chamisso
259:Early life and career
234:He was the father of
3410:People from Urziceni
3375:Romanian translators
3304:, Bucharest, 2010.
3286:, Bucharest, 2008.
3244:, Bucharest, 1930.
3223:, Bucharest, 2008.
3205:Liviu Rotman (ed.),
3178:, Constanța, 2002.
3024:Crohmălniceanu, p.22
3015:Crohmălniceanu, p.21
2583:Realitatea Evreiască
2167:Călinescu, p.844-845
2008:Realitatea Evreiască
1904:Nineteen Eighty-Four
1738:was reintroduced by
1571:Vânturile, valurile.
1567:Dârze lasă malurile,
1565:Câte sute de catarge
1518:Vânturile, valurile?
1502:Out of All the Masts
1338:Come, enter my house
1325:Unde-i cald și bine.
1277:I the stellar singer
1260:Eu astralul cântăreț
958:Alexandru Macedonski
932:Conceptual Symbolism
830:Grigore Alexandrescu
621:Official endorsement
579:Operation Barbarossa
437:Romanian nationalist
215:workers, praises of
3360:Romanian male poets
3234:Constantin Șăineanu
3170:Florin Mihăilescu,
3154:Ovid Crohmălniceanu
3106:(Călinescu, p.845).
2748:Mihail Dragomirescu
2661:Selejan, p.147, 351
2504:, Nr. 115, May 2002
2501:Observator Cultural
2340:Vladimir Tismăneanu
1976:Document în replică
1807:Arghezi's eventual
1802:Ovid Crohmălniceanu
1686:House of the People
1637:Vladimir Tismăneanu
1514:Care lasă malurile,
1088:socialist emulation
1061:Mihail Dragomirescu
1002:Constantin Șăineanu
923:at Cenușa Society.
727:Editura Tineretului
178:Romanian literature
3158:Amintiri deghizate
3003:2009-04-29 at the
2984:2011-08-24 at the
2975:"Mașinăria falică
2971:Ruxandra Cesereanu
2955:, October 13, 2005
2829:Boia, p.71, 73, 79
2787:2009-05-03 at the
2643:Selejan, p.242-244
2540:Selejan, p.28, 277
2309:Christian Levant,
2034:2012-08-04 at the
1974:C. Popescu-Cadem,
1829:Iosif Chișinevschi
1748:national communist
1678:Marxian guidelines
1373:and a believer in
1283:Stuff's not right.
1220:art for art's sake
1131:October Revolution
982:Corneliu Moldovanu
822:Ion Luca Caragiale
815:Veronica Porumbacu
787:Anatol E. Baconsky
705:in 1955 and 1955,
607:National Legionary
598:. In Romania, the
412:Ion Luca Caragiale
225:poems for children
3425:Jewish communists
3310:978-973-50-2773-5
3296:Cristian Vasile,
3292:978-973-23-1961-1
3284:Cartea Românească
3229:978-973-630-189-6
3150:, Bucharest, 1986
2838:Boia, p.71, 75-76
2729:Șăineanu, p.26-28
2625:Editura Meridiane
2555:Editura Meridiane
2391:Rotman, p.174-175
2142:978-973-23-1911-6
2134:Cartea Românească
2103:Cartea Românească
1984:978-973-8369-21-4
1817:Central Committee
1776:Bujor Nedelcovici
1768:Cîntecul bradului
1744:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1714:King Michael Coup
1690:ethnic minorities
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1299:Cîntecul bradului
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942:Traian Demetrescu
867:Soviet literature
838:Vasile Alecsandri
826:Alexandru Vlahuță
397:Elisabeth of Wied
393:Romanian-language
174:Socialist Realism
162:Solomon Moscovici
151:
150:
146:Socialist Realism
132:Literary movement
55:February 11, 1875
46:Solomon Moscovici
25:Solomon Moscovici
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846:Nicolae Bălcescu
759:nuclear armament
747:George Călinescu
743:Traian Săvulescu
676:personality cult
652:Romanian culture
648:Zhdanov Doctrine
632:Marxist-Leninist
577:after the start
573:, fighting as a
535:Heinrich Lhotzky
523:Editura Adevĕrul
517:(Ancona, 1925);
500:Romanian Academy
472:Viața Românească
432:Viața Românească
385:Romanian Kingdom
383:circles and the
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929:
902:Georgy Malenkov
811:Eugen Jebeleanu
775:
723:Sergiu Fărcășan
667:Alexandru Sahia
650:, during which
623:
555:Amicul Copiilor
551:Steaua Copiilor
533:(Hertz, 1931);
492:Eugen Lovinescu
371:, published in
304:Lumea Ilustrată
273:interwar period
261:
256:
76:
72:
71:August 15, 1954
56:
50:
48:
47:
38:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3443:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3294:
3273:
3255:Mircea Scarlat
3252:
3231:
3200:
3188:S. Podoleanu,
3186:
3168:
3151:
3137:
3127:Editura Nemira
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3062:
3060:Boia, p.77, 79
3053:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2957:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2873:
2871:Selejan, p.324
2864:
2852:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2799:
2756:
2740:
2738:Șăineanu, p.28
2731:
2722:
2714:Gala Galaction
2706:
2704:Selejan, p.289
2697:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:Boris Marian,
2566:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2506:
2481:
2479:Boia, p.75, 78
2472:
2463:
2461:Selejan, p.243
2454:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2379:Dacia Literară
2359:
2321:
2294:
2285:
2249:
2247:Șăineanu, p.25
2240:
2226:
2217:
2204:
2169:
2160:
2145:
2115:
2095:Ștefan Cazimir
2087:
2085:, Nr. 6-7/2009
2060:
2046:
2013:
1988:
1967:
1949:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1920:Alexandru Piru
1840:
1837:
1833:Privind înapoi
1809:rehabilitation
1752:Mircea Scarlat
1705:Mihail Novicov
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1583:
1553:
1552:
1530:
1496:
1495:
1474:
1441:
1440:
1419:
1375:class struggle
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1330:
1303:Christmas tree
1289:
1288:
1273:
1210:
1209:
1188:
1125:
1124:
1111:
1077:optimistically
1068:
1065:
1045:Haralamb Lecca
1039:
1038:
1025:
998:Gala Galaction
938:George Bacovia
933:
930:
928:
925:
890:Stalin's death
863:Petru Dumitriu
774:
771:
735:Heinrich Heine
672:Writers' Union
644:Nicolae Moraru
634:ideologue and
622:
619:
531:Joyless Street
515:Count Gobineau
511:La Renaissance
452:Shortly after
421:" wing of the
399:, the wife of
389:labor movement
348:Nikolaus Lenau
344:Heinrich Heine
277:Virgiliu Monda
260:
257:
255:
252:
186:Mihai Eminescu
154:Alexandru Toma
149:
148:
133:
129:
128:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:(aged 79)
69:
65:
64:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
23:Alexandru Toma
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3442:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:Marin Sorescu
3257:, preface to
3256:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3203:(in Romanian)
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:973-9224-63-6
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:973-9144-49-7
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:973-569-209-0
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3069:Boia, p.77-78
3066:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2968:(in Romanian)
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:(in Romanian)
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2916:Scarlat, p.IX
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2898:Boia, p.80-81
2895:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2850:Boia, p.72-73
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2820:Boia, p.74-75
2817:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:, Nr. 25/2008
2796:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:(in Romanian)
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2695:, Nr. 10/2008
2694:
2693:
2688:
2685:G. Pienescu,
2683:(in Romanian)
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2652:Boia, p.71-72
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:Mircea Deac,
2616:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:Boia, p.76-77
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:(in Romanian)
2570:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:Ion Brăescu,
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:(in Romanian)
2485:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:Boia, p.71-73
2406:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:(in Romanian)
2366:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:0-520-23747-1
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:, May 9, 2006
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:(in Romanian)
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:973-21-0159-8
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2183:Ilarie Chendi
2180:(in Romanian)
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2075:G. Pienescu,
2073:(in Romanian)
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:, Nr. 11/2008
2043:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:(Iași, 1897)"
2028:
2021:(in Romanian)
2017:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:(in Romanian)
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:George Orwell
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:Mihail Roller
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:Marin Sorescu
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1724:Nicolae Labiș
1721:
1720:
1719:Contemporanul
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:Tudor Arghezi
1659:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1584:
1581:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1550:
1531:
1528:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1493:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1438:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:Neoclassicist
1356:
1348:
1341:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1264:Cad din lună.
1255:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:individualist
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Cîntul vieții
1207:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Joseph Stalin
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:Cîntul vieții
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:Ilarie Chendi
1053:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
931:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
875:national poet
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:Aurel Baranga
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:George Coșbuc
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:Mihu Dragomir
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:Cîntul vieții
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:Cîntul vieții
687:
685:
681:
680:Joseph Stalin
677:
673:
668:
664:
663:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
620:
618:
616:
615:Ion Antonescu
612:
608:
605:
601:
597:
596:
591:
590:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:Hugo Bettauer
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
450:
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
433:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
408:Queen-consort
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:
360:
355:
353:
352:Sándor Petőfi
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
258:
253:
251:
249:
245:
244:Tudor Arghezi
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
223:, as well as
222:
221:Joseph Stalin
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:lyrical poems
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
147:
143:
142:
137:
134:
130:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
70:
66:
63:
59:
45:
41:
34:
29:
20:
3297:
3279:
3262:
3237:
3206:
3189:
3171:
3157:
3143:
3122:
3098:
3065:
3056:
3029:
3020:
3011:
2989:
2976:
2950:
2921:
2912:
2907:Scarlat, p.V
2903:
2894:
2867:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2792:
2751:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2700:
2690:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2620:
2615:
2581:
2569:
2550:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2499:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2382:, Nr. 2/2008
2377:
2343:
2314:
2288:
2269:
2243:
2220:
2215:, 2012, p.11
2212:
2207:
2190:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2129:
2098:
2090:
2080:
2039:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1991:
1975:
1970:
1943:
1934:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1888:
1868:David Prodan
1856:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1806:
1791:
1789:
1767:
1760:Eugen Frunză
1733:
1717:
1698:
1682:Danube Delta
1669:
1666:Lucian Blaga
1655:
1648:
1625:
1619:
1586:
1564:
1556:
1533:
1511:
1499:
1477:
1452:
1444:
1422:
1397:
1381:
1379:
1355:conservative
1352:
1333:
1316:
1298:
1292:
1279:Am freezing!
1276:
1266:Nu-i a bună.
1257:
1240:obscurantist
1232:aestheticist
1215:
1213:
1191:
1166:
1146:Eastern Bloc
1139:World War II
1128:
1114:
1097:
1085:Stakhanovite
1080:
1072:
1070:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1028:
1011:
990:
978:Panait Cerna
973:
935:
915:, hosted in
906:
897:
893:
887:
819:
807:Ștefan Iureș
803:Eugen Frunză
782:
776:
761:: "Only the
751:Mihai Beniuc
739:
730:
719:Poezii alese
718:
714:
690:
688:
670:politicized
659:
640:Leonte Răutu
624:
593:
586:
571:World War II
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
530:
510:
508:
495:
479:
475:
471:
461:
451:
444:
430:
427:Elena Farago
416:
368:
362:
356:
335:
331:
327:
321:
315:
307:
303:
294:, including
281:
276:
262:
233:
213:Stakhanovite
198:
161:
157:
153:
152:
139:
123:
116:lyric poetry
73:(1954-08-15)
3330:1954 deaths
3325:1875 births
3276:Ana Selejan
3119:Lucian Boia
2943:Paul Cernat
2126:Paul Cernat
1999:Hary Kuller
1892:doublethink
1736:nationalism
1622:Lucian Boia
1371:progressive
1363:nationalist
1244:hermeticist
993:rationalist
962:balladesque
950:Andrei Naum
883:reactionary
842:Ion Creangă
791:Maria Banuș
773:Final years
755:Romanticism
656:reactionary
638:supervisor
604:antisemitic
543:Kurt Münzer
519:Leo Tolstoy
454:World War I
419:proletarian
364:Evenimentul
3319:Categories
3113:References
3093:Boia, p.81
3081:Boia, p.79
3051:Boia, p.77
2889:Boia, p.80
2862:Boia, p.78
2811:Boia, p.74
2610:Boia, p.76
2522:Boia, p.75
2425:Boia, p.72
2192:Luceafărul
2058:Boia, p.73
1821:Ana Pauker
1798:Sorin Toma
1701:Ion Vitner
1388:skepticism
1236:surrealist
1149:propaganda
956:school of
954:Parnassian
795:Dan Deșliu
695:Ion Vitner
627:Proletkult
547:I'm Hungry
323:Lumea Nouă
300:Saint Sava
267:family in
236:Sorin Toma
92:Occupation
51:1875-02-11
3302:Humanitas
3250:253127853
2778:Ion Simuț
2492:Ion Simuț
1852:aesthetic
1764:pastiches
1709:monograph
1699:Although
1633:bourgeois
1307:Christmas
1224:satirized
917:Bucharest
767:atom bomb
703:Hungarian
699:Ion Simuț
525:, 1930);
490:theorist
488:modernist
336:St. Tomșa
292:Bucharest
254:Biography
231:'s rule.
209:pessimism
182:Symbolist
170:communist
136:Symbolism
103:1890-1954
78:Bucharest
3271:17114213
3198:40106291
3001:Archived
2982:Archived
2977:Scânteia
2785:Archived
2633:10534094
2316:Adevărul
2111:21523836
2032:Archived
2027:Noutatea
1872:blinders
1793:Scînteia
1729:Ploiești
1367:Romantic
1248:escapist
1153:Cold War
960:and the
921:cremated
731:Tartuffe
636:Agitprop
595:Scînteia
583:Red Army
575:partisan
539:pedology
463:Tartuffe
381:far left
369:Noutatea
359:Moldavia
332:Falstaff
284:Ploiești
269:Urziceni
166:Romanian
84:Pen name
58:Urziceni
2563:1984225
1898:in his
1670:natural
1262:Îngheț!
1246:" and "
986:D. Nanu
711:Russian
600:fascist
567:Marxism
559:Lectura
506:Award.
494:in his
458:Molière
404:Carol I
312:Marxist
308:Endymon
296:Basarab
219:leader
160:, born
158:A. Toma
62:Romania
3308:
3290:
3269:
3263:Drumul
3248:
3227:
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3196:
3182:
3164:
3133:
2631:
2561:
2354:
2280:
2140:
2109:
1982:
1825:Israel
1785:scribe
1611:Legacy
1383:Glossă
1137:, and
1133:, the
1049:Poezii
974:Poezii
927:Poetry
749:, and
707:German
480:Poezii
265:Jewish
217:Soviet
120:satire
100:Period
2988:, in
2949:, in
2791:, in
2689:, in
2580:, in
2498:, in
2376:, in
2313:, in
2189:, in
2079:, in
2038:, in
2005:, in
1927:Notes
1293:As a
763:titan
513:, by
446:doina
443:in a
354:etc.
328:Hâncu
317:Munca
125:doina
108:Genre
3306:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3267:OCLC
3246:OCLC
3225:ISBN
3194:OCLC
3180:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3131:ISBN
2952:Ziua
2718:Adam
2629:OCLC
2559:OCLC
2352:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2107:OCLC
1980:ISBN
1882:and
1641:bard
1626:see
1357:and
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1238:", "
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984:and
948:and
709:and
660:see
602:and
587:see
553:and
401:King
373:Iași
330:and
298:and
238:, a
68:Died
43:Born
2996:'s
1707:'s
1664:or
545:'s
537:'s
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176:to
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